glucose, (beta-d)-isomer profile

beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

(1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

(1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Products

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	64689
CHEMBL ID	1614854
CHEBI ID	15903
CHEBI ID	27380
CHEBI ID	37671
CHEBI ID	27517
CHEBI ID	18246
SCHEMBL ID	25601
MeSH ID	M0330318

Synonym
zymosan ,
CHEBI:15903 ,
.beta.-d-glucose
oxidase, glucose
glucosides ,
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
BGC ,
beta-d-glucose
1,3-beta-d-glucan
beta-glucose
beta-d-glucopyranose
492-61-5
C00221
DB02379
beta-d-glucose, anhydrous
beta-d-glucose anhydrous
glucoside
CHEBI:27380
(1->4)-beta-d-glucopyranan
(1->2)-beta-d-glucan
CHEBI:37671
(1->4)-beta-d-glucan
CHEBI:27517
callose ,
(1->2)-beta-d-glucopyranan
beta-(1,3)-glucan
CHEBI:18246
(1->3)-beta-d-glucan
(1->3)-beta-d-glucopyranan
(1->6)-beta-d-glucopyranan
(1,2-beta-d-glucosyl)n
(1->6)-beta-d-glucan
chembl1614854 ,
bdbm50240803
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
28905-12-6
G0047
6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrol
AE-562/43459286
j4r00m814d ,
unii-j4r00m814d
beta-d-glucopyranose, anhydrous
einecs 207-756-2
beta-dextrose
pharmakon1600-01300015
nsc759603
nsc-759603
133947-06-5
AKOS016010209
glucose, beta-d-
glucose, .beta.-d
.beta.-d-glucose anhydrous
.beta.-d-glucose, anhydrous
50986-29-3
SCHEMBL25601
(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
beta-d-glc
W-202206
b-d-glucose
mfcd00063989
?-d-glucose (contains alpha-d-glucose)
beta-d-glucose; d-glucose; glucose
DTXSID70883403
128009-02-9
136760-05-9
-d-glucose
Q23905968
.beta.-d-ribo-hexopyranose, 1,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-2-o-phenyl-4-o-(phenylmethyl)-
NCGC00263446-02
4-morpholineacetic acid, a-methylene-, methyl ester
D90709
i(2)-d-glucopyranose
YC46078
BS-22220
beta-d-glucose(contains alpha-d-glucose)
CS-0083772
beta -d-glucose
HY-121965

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The toxic effects of cassava diets on humans were reviewed."	( The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review. Agunbiade, OO; Aregheore, EM, 1991)	0.28
" General appearance, growth, food consumption, haematology, urine analysis and serum chemistry including determinations of enzyme activities, organ weights and macroscopic and microscopic pathology were used as criteria for adverse effects."	( [The subacute toxicity of glucosylthiazolidine-4-carbonic acid in rats]. Bleyl, DW; Kroh, L; Lewerenz, HJ; Macholz, R; Plass, R; Zeise, S, 1990)	0.28
" Cd(II), As(III), and V(V) were the most toxic elements as measured by all investigated parameters."	( Toxicity of metallic ions and oxides to rabbit alveolar macrophages. Gercken, G; Gulyas, H; Labedzka, M; Schmidt, N, 1989)	0.28
" The supernatant of stimulated neutrophils was also found to be toxic against hepatocytes, and again, this effect was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and fetal calf serum."	( In vitro toxicity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to rat hepatocytes: evidence for a proteinase-mediated mechanism. Dhumeaux, D; Guigui, B; Lescs, MC; Mavier, P; Preaux, AM; Zafrani, ES, )	0.13
" As target cell lysis is totally or partially inhibited by catalase, sodium azide and potassium cyanide, an involvement of toxic oxygen derivatives as cytolytic mediators was suggested."	( Eosinophil-mediated cellular cytotoxicity induced by zymosan-activated serum. De Simone, C; Ferrarelli, G; Ferrari, M; Pugnaloni, L; Rumi, C; Sorice, F, 1986)	0.27
" It is concluded that hyperthyroidism increases the susceptibility of the liver to the toxic effects of lindane, which seems to be accomplished by potentiation of the hepatic oxidative stress status."	( Influence of hyperthyroidism on lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Fernández, V; Junqueira, VB; Simon, KA; Smok, G; Troncoso, P; Videla, LA, 1995)	0.29
" No toxic effects, in clinical examinations or biochemical or haematological measurements, were found that could be ascribed to the ingestion of hypoxoside."	( A phase I trial of hypoxoside as an oral prodrug for cancer therapy--absence of toxicity. Albrecht, CF; Bouic, PJ; Etsebeth, S; Freestone, M; Gouws, L; Kruger, PB; Liebenberg, RW; Smit, BJ; Theron, E; van Jaarsveld, PP, 1995)	0.29
"0 g/kg BW/day were highly toxic to both dams and fetuses."	( Developmental toxicity of steviol, a metabolite of stevioside, in the hamster. Glinsukon, T; Mungkornkarn, P; Suttajit, M; Temcharoen, P; Toskulkao, C; Wasuntarawat, C, 1998)	0.3
" Cytotoxicity measurements performed with various human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, DLD-1, MKN-45) indicate that the newly designed drug is 3 to 4 times more toxic to colon and gastric cancer cells than NB-506."	( Substitution at the F-ring N-imide of the indolocarbazole antitumor drug NB-506 increases the cytotoxicity, DNA binding, and topoisomerase I inhibition activities. Bailly, C; Chaires, JB; Colson, P; Houssier, C; Nishimura, S; Ohkubo, M; Qu, X; Yoshinari, T, 1999)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to assess toxic effects of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serum on blood peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy donors and to evaluate if complement activation was involved."	( Toxic effects of SLE serum on normal monocytes in vitro: cell death induced by apoptosis related to complement dysfunction. Andreasson, A; Johansson, I; Klint, C; Sturfelt, G; Truedsson, L, 2000)	0.31
"The review consist of modern data of physiologic and toxic effects on organism of sweetening stevioside with low energy value."	( [Study of physiological and toxic effects of a sweetening agent stevioside (review of the literature)]. Smirnova, MG, 2001)	0.31
" This study assessed the toxic effects of plantamajoside concentrate (PC), the purity of which was above 80%, in rats following administration at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight/day for 13 weeks, as recommended by the OECD guidelines."	( A 90 day repeated oral toxicity study on plantamajoside concentrate from Plantago asiatica. Hong, CO; Jung, SH; Kim, KH; Lee, HS; Lee, KW; Lee, SJ; Park, BG; Park, HY; Park, KW; Ryu, YS; Won, HJ, 2007)	0.34
" This drug, at effective higher doses, causes many physiological adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity."	( Prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by glucosides of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Kagiya, TV; Maliakel, DM; Nair, CK, 2008)	0.35
" With confirmation from further toxicity studies, salidroside would hopefully prove to be a safe anti-Coxsackie virus agent."	( Evaluation of salidroside in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity. Ma, X; Wan, X; Zhang, T; Zheng, Y; Zhu, J; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Cassava roots contain the toxic cyanogenic glucoside linamarin."	( The retail market for fresh cassava root tubers in the European Union (EU): the case of Copenhagen, Denmark--a chemical food safety issue? Brimer, L; Kolind-Hansen, L, 2010)	0.36
" In order to achieve safe levels of 10 μg/g in cassava products, new methods of processing, especially for cassava containing more than 250 μg CN eq."	( Strategies for elimination of cyanogens from cassava for reducing toxicity and improving food safety. Nambisan, B, 2011)	0.37
" However, liver adverse reactions caused by RPM or RPMP were frequently reported all around the world recent years."	( Hepatoxicity of major constituents and extractions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata. Li, N; Mao, XJ; Wang, J; Wang, MJ; Xie, J; Yu, J; Zhao, RH; Zhaori, GT, 2011)	0.37
" Water extractions of RPM and RPMP were less toxic than any other solvent in most of the assays."	( Hepatoxicity of major constituents and extractions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata. Li, N; Mao, XJ; Wang, J; Wang, MJ; Xie, J; Yu, J; Zhao, RH; Zhaori, GT, 2011)	0.37
"The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for placebo and ipragliflozin groups."	( Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Akinlade, B; Klasen, S; Kowalski, D; Schwartz, SL; Wilpshaar, W; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
") on the pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine (major toxic and bioactive component of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx."	( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine. Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
" All adverse events were mild or moderate, with no imbalance in frequency between groups."	( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dapagliflozin: an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study. Boulton, DW; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
"Gene expression profiles of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with a standardized willow bark extract (WB), its salicin rich ethanol fraction (EtOH-FR) or the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine were evaluated for their potential to induce adverse events."	( Prediction of adverse events by in vivo gene expression profiling exemplified for phytopharmaceuticals containing salicylates and the antidepressant imipramine. Freischmidt, A; Heilmann, J; Kelber, O; Koptina, A; Müller, J; Sadeghlar, F; Ulrich-Merzenich, G; Wagner, H; Zeitler, H, 2012)	0.38
"Gene expression profiles (Agilent Whole Genome Array, n=4/group) obtained from the peripheral blood of male SD rats treated with WB (STW 33-I), EtOH-FR (30 mg/kg bw) or imipramine (20 mg/kg bw) were analysed comparatively by the Ingenuity Systems Programme, which allows to conduct model calculations of thresholds for theoretical potential adverse events (AE)."	( Prediction of adverse events by in vivo gene expression profiling exemplified for phytopharmaceuticals containing salicylates and the antidepressant imipramine. Freischmidt, A; Heilmann, J; Kelber, O; Koptina, A; Müller, J; Sadeghlar, F; Ulrich-Merzenich, G; Wagner, H; Zeitler, H, 2012)	0.38
" Those correspond to known potential adverse events."	( Prediction of adverse events by in vivo gene expression profiling exemplified for phytopharmaceuticals containing salicylates and the antidepressant imipramine. Freischmidt, A; Heilmann, J; Kelber, O; Koptina, A; Müller, J; Sadeghlar, F; Ulrich-Merzenich, G; Wagner, H; Zeitler, H, 2012)	0.38
" The mechanism for GTT induced liver injury and its synergism and toxicity reducing mechanisms, as well as the preventive measures were discussed, thus providing evidence-based basis for safe clinical application of GTT."	( [Literature research of the hepatotoxicity of glucoside tripterygium total and its synergism and toxicity reducing effects]. Ji, W; Li, HG; Su, JM, 2012)	0.38
" Nine adverse events, all of mild intensity, were reported by 8 subjects (7 with empagliflozin and 1 with the placebo)."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single doses of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in healthy Japanese subjects. Dugi, KA; Koiwai, K; Negishi, T; Sarashina, A; Seman, LJ; Sesoko, S; Taniguchi, A; Woerle, HJ; Yamamura, N, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs), vital signs and laboratory safety measurements were assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a dose-finding study. Dhanjal, P; Ferrannini, E; Fonseca, VA; Houzer, A; Wilding, JP; Wilpshaar, W, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were more frequent with dapagliflozin (40."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin as a monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese patients with inadequate glycaemic control: a phase II multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Azuma, H; Hayashi, N; Inoue, S; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Langkilde, AM; Matsuoka, O; Parikh, S; Tokudome, T, 2013)	0.39
" Proportions of patients experiencing treatment-emergent adverse events were similar across all groups: ipragliflozin (45."	( Active- and placebo-controlled dose-finding study to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of multiple doses of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ball, G; Dhanjal, P; Ferrannini, E; Fonseca, VA; Klasen, S; Wilding, JP; Wilpshaar, W, )	0.13
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C; Usiskin, K, 2013)	0.39
" Assessments included adverse events (AEs) and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following 4 weeks' treatment with empagliflozin once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hantel, S; Heise, T; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Seewaldt-Becker, E; Seman, L; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed based on adverse event (AE) reports; renal safety parameters (e."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Bakris, G; Cariou, B; David-Neto, E; Figueroa, K; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K; Wajs, E; Xi, L; Yale, JF; Yue, D, 2013)	0.39
"We examined the utility of respiratory burst measurements in alveolar macrophages to assess adverse cellular changes following exposure to urban particles."	( Respiratory burst in alveolar macrophages exposed to urban particles is not a predictor of cytotoxicity. Breznan, D; Brook, JR; Cakmak, S; Chauhan, V; Goegan, P; Karthikeyan, S; Kumarathasan, P; Nadeau, D; Vincent, R, 2013)	0.39
" Concomitant administration of metformin and RE was well tolerated with minimal hypoglycemia, no serious adverse events, and no increase in lactic acid."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozin etabonate, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and metformin when co-administered in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; James, CD; Kapur, A; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Polli, JW; Rafferty, B; Tao, W, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin treatment in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Bode, B; Fung, A; Stenlöf, K; Sullivan, D; Usiskin, K, 2013)	0.39
"The use of currently available antihyperglycemic agents can be limited by contraindications; cost; renal and hepatic dosage adjustments; dosing schedules; and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal upset, weight gain, and hypoglycemia."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Harris, KB; Riser Taylor, S, 2013)	0.39
" The safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and clinical laboratory tests."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week study. Inagaki, N; Kondo, K; Kuki, H; Maruyama, N; Susuta, Y; Yoshinari, T, 2013)	0.39
"The need for developing efficient and safe alternatives to parabens has been growing in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries."	( β-Alkylated oligomaltosides as new alternative preservatives: antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and preliminary investigation of their mechanism of action. Djedaïni-Pilard, F; Helle, F; Marçon, F; Moreau, V; Mullié, C; Thiebault, N, 2013)	0.39
" 39 (8%) patients had serious adverse events in the glimepiride group versus 24 (5%) in the canagliflozin 100 mg group and 26 (5%) in the 300 mg group."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Arias, P; Balis, DA; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Leiter, LA; Meininger, G; Niskanen, L; Xie, J; Yoon, KH, 2013)	0.39
" Empagliflozin was well tolerated, with no increase in adverse events associated with renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in subjects with renal impairment. Broedl, UC; Halabi, A; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events, all mild or moderate in intensity, were reported in three subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, two subjects with severe hepatic impairment and six subjects with normal hepatic function."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with hepatic impairment. Broedl, UC; Cinca, R; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" Frequency of adverse events was generally similar with empagliflozin (29."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia. Hach, T; Hantel, S; Jelaska, A; Pinnetti, S; Rosenstock, J; Seman, LJ; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated throughout 104 weeks."	( Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Parikh, S; Rohwedder, K; Sugg, J; Wilding, JP; Woo, V, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial. Canovatchel, W; Davidson, J; Januszewicz, A; Lavalle-González, FJ; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Tong, C, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Alba, M; Canovatchel, W; Cefalu, WT; Edwards, R; Jodar, E; Kim, KA; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Tong, C, 2014)	0.4
" Anticipated, pharmacologically mediated effects of glucosuria, osmotic diuresis, and mild electrolyte loss were observed, but there were no adverse effects at clinically relevant exposures, including in the kidneys or urogenital tract."	( Nonclinical toxicology assessments support the chronic safety of dapagliflozin, a first-in-class sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. Abell, LM; Dorr, TE; Graziano, MJ; Hagan, D; Janovitz, EB; Onorato, JM; Reilly, TP; Tirmenstein, M; Whaley, JM, )	0.13
" Overall adverse event (AE) rates were similar across groups over 52 weeks, with higher rates of genital mycotic infections and osmotic diuresis-related AEs seen with canagliflozin vs."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea: a randomised trial. Black, S; Canovatchel, W; Charpentier, G; González-Gálvez, G; Hollander, P; Law, G; Mathieu, C; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K; Vercruysse, F; Wilding, JP, 2013)	0.39
"The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed the safety of 19 alkyl glucosides as used in cosmetics and concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating."	( Safety assessment of decyl glucoside and other alkyl glucosides as used in cosmetics. Andersen, FA; Belsito, DV; Bergfeld, WF; Fiume, MM; Heldreth, B; Hill, RA; Klaassen, CD; Liebler, D; Marks, JG; Shank, RC; Slaga, TJ; Snyder, PW, )	0.13
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 63."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and metformin: an active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Berk, A; Broedl, UC; Ferrannini, E; Hach, T; Hantel, S; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse effects are genital mycotic infections occurring in 11-15% of women exposed to canagliflozin versus 2-4% of those randomized to glimepiride or sitagliptin."	( Safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mikhail, N, 2014)	0.4
" Tofogliflozin was well tolerated for 52 weeks in both trials with < 6% of treatment discontinuation because of adverse events in each treatment group."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: multicenter, open-label, rand Araki, E; Iwamoto, Y; Kaku, K; Ohtsuka, W; Suganami, H; Tanizawa, Y; Terauchi, Y; Tobe, K; Utsunomiya, K; Watada, H; Watanabe, D, 2014)	0.4
" The findings also suggested to us that SQGD is a potential immunomodulator and could protect hematopoiesis against toxic assault caused by anti-cancer drugs in the clinical setting."	( A semiquinone glucoside derivative isolated from Bacillus sp. INM-1 provides protection against 5-fluorouracil-induced immunotoxicity. Gupta, AK; Javed, S; Kumar, R; Malhotra, P; Mishra, S; Singh, PK, )	0.13
" Overall adverse event (AE) incidence over 52 weeks was 69."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin and pioglitazone. Forst, T; Goldenberg, R; Guthrie, R; Meininger, G; Stein, P; Vijapurkar, U; Yee, J, 2014)	0.4
" The main adverse events were hyperketonemia, ketonuria, and pollakiuria."	( Efficacy and safety of monotherapy with the novel sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a combined Phase 2 and 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparative Araki, E; Iwamoto, Y; Kaku, K; Suganami, H; Tanizawa, Y; Terauchi, Y; Tobe, K; Ueda, M; Utsunomiya, K; Watada, H; Watanabe, D, 2014)	0.4
" Assessment of safety/tolerability included adverse event (AE) reports, incidence of documented hypoglycaemia, and percent change from baseline in fasting plasma lipids."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of clinical studies. Bode, B; Desai, M; Fung, A; Harris, S; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Shaw, W; Sinclair, A; Usiskin, K; Vijapurkar, U, 2014)	0.4
" In patients with stage 2 CKD, adverse events were reported over 52 weeks by 83 patients (87%) on placebo (15 severe [16%] and 11 serious [12%]), 86 (88%) on empagliflozin 10 mg (six severe [6%] and six serious [6%]) and 78 (80%) on empagliflozin 25 mg (eight severe [8%] and seven serious [7%])."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin added to existing antidiabetes treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Barnett, AH; Broedl, UC; Jones, R; Manassie, J; Mithal, A; Rattunde, H; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse effects such as increased urinary frequency, genital mycotic infections, and urinary tract infections may discourage the use of CAN in the elderly patient."	( A review of the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Baggett, S; Elmore, LK; Kyle, JA; Skelley, JW, 2014)	0.4
"7% with placebo experienced ≥ 1 adverse event, mostly mild or moderate, and unrelated to study treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet and exercise. Inoue, S; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Langkilde, AM; Tokudome, T; Ueda, N; Yang, J, 2014)	0.4
" Further, a parallel increase in abnormal sperm morphology and adverse histopathological changes in testis was also associated with vanadium administration when compared to normal control."	( Protective effect of alpha glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) on chronic vanadium induced testicular toxicity and sperm nuclear DNA damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Annapurna, A; Jaya Prakash, G; Krishna, KM; Madan, K; Rama Raju, GA; Ravi Krishna, CH; Sivanarayana, T; Vijaya Bharathi, B, 2015)	0.42
" Safety/tolerability evaluations included adverse event (AE) reporting, with additional data collection prespecified for selected AEs, and assessments of renal-related, lipid, and other safety laboratory parameters."	( Safety and tolerability of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: pooled analysis of phase 3 study results. Fung, A; Kline, I; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Usiskin, K, 2014)	0.4
" Efficacy endpoints included changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight and systolic blood pressure (BP); adverse events (AEs) were also recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Bakris, G; Cariou, B; David-Neto, E; Figueroa, K; Jiang, J; Law, G; Meininger, G; Nieto, J; Usiskin, K; Wajs, E; Yale, JF; Yue, D, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events with canagliflozin included genital mycotic infections and adverse events related to reduced intravascular volume likely secondary to osmotic diuresis."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and stage 3 nephropathy. Bakris, G; Davies, M; de Zeeuw, D; Kline, I; Mayer, C; Meininger, G; Perkovic, V; Usiskin, K; Vijapurkar, U; Woo, V; Yamout, H, 2014)	0.4
" Proportions of patients with adverse events (AEs) and prespecified parameters related to previous clinical observations and dapagliflozin's action were assessed."	( Safety profile of dapagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of clinical studies for overall safety and rare events. Apanovitch, AM; de Bruin, TW; Johnsson, KM; List, JF; Parikh, SJ; Ptaszynska, A, 2014)	0.4
" Common adverse effects including genital tract infections and osmotic diuresis-related AEs were identified and reviewed."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Huang, YL; Lai, D; Shen, HP; Yang, XP; Zhong, XY, 2014)	0.4
" Only 2 patients (6%) had adverse events; both were mild."	( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Broedl, UC; Koiwai, K; Macha, S; Sakamoto, W; Salsali, A; Sarashina, A; Sasaki, T; Tanaka, Y; Ueki, K; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" rebaudiana Morita II has a low glycemic index and, in the doses tested, is not cytotoxic nor has acute or chronic effect on blood sugar, which makes it a safe sweetener."	( [Safety assessment of stevia rebaudiana bertoni grown in southeastern Mexico as food sweetener]. Aranda-González, I; Barbosa-Martín, E; Betancur-Ancona, D; Moguel-Ordoñez, Y; Segura-Campos, M; Toraya-Avilés, R, 2014)	0.4
"The effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, on blood pressure (BP) and osmotic diuresis- and intravascular volume reduction-related adverse events (AEs) were evaluated using pooled data from four placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; N=2313)."	( Effect of canagliflozin on blood pressure and adverse events related to osmotic diuresis and reduced intravascular volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fung, A; Gilbert, RE; Januszewicz, A; Kline, I; Meininger, G; Vijapurkar, U; Weir, MR, 2014)	0.4
" The main adverse effects likely to be seen are a very small increase in risk of urinary tract infections and a modest risk of developing genital fungal infections."	( A safety evaluation of canagliflozin : a first-in-class treatment for type 2 diabetes. Boyle, LD; Wilding, JP, 2014)	0.4
" Changes in HbA1c level, fasting plasma glucose and body weight, as well as adverse events, were assessed over 102 weeks."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in people with Type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 102-week trial. Bailey, CJ; List, JF; Morales Villegas, EC; Ptaszynska, A; Tang, W; Woo, V, 2015)	0.42
" Safety was assessed by adverse event (AE) reports."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 104 weeks in patients aged 55-80 years with type 2 diabetes. Bode, B; Fung, A; Harris, S; Meininger, G; Stenlöf, K; Sullivan, D; Usiskin, K, 2015)	0.42
" Treatment with flaxseed hull extract did not lead to adverse effects compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of a flaxseed hull extract in the symptomatic management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Chaudhary, J; Simons, R; Sonawane, N; Verbruggen, M, 2015)	0.42
" The drug is effective and safe until eGFR 45 ml / s, in lower values the treatment should be discontinued."	( [New SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin: modern and safe treatment of diabetes]. Rušavý, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events were reported in 70."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin monotherapy for 52 weeks in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Broedl, UC; Haneda, M; Inagaki, N; Kadowaki, T; Koiwai, K; Rattunde, H; Taniguchi, A; Terauchi, Y; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse effects appear to be minimal as compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including aspirin."	( Efficacy and Safety of White Willow Bark (Salix alba) Extracts. Shara, M; Stohs, SJ, 2015)	0.42
" No deaths, hypoglycemic events, or discontinuations due to adverse events were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" Canagliflozin was generally safe and well tolerated in these healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" The proportions of all adverse events were comparable in the two groups except for diarrhea."	( Total glucosides of paeony can reduce the hepatotoxicity caused by Methotrexate and Leflunomide combination treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis. Chen, Z; Li, XM; Li, XP; Li, ZG; Su, Y; Xiang, N; Yang, M; Zhang, MJ; Zhao, DB; Zhu, P; Zuo, XX, 2015)	0.42
" Without exerting evident adverse effects, a single systemic administration of GLA-SE rapidly and dose dependently elevated both innate and adaptive immunity in the circulation, lungs and the lymphatic system."	( Perioperative treatment with the new synthetic TLR-4 agonist GLA-SE reduces cancer metastasis without adverse effects. Ben-Eliyahu, S; Benbenishty, A; Elbaz, E; Gotlieb, N; Lavon, H; Matzner, P; Melamed, R; Reed, SG; Rosenne, E; Shaashua, L; Sorski, L, 2016)	0.43
" Clinical trials published to date show that dapagliflozin is safe and effective as monotherapy or as an add-on to insulin or oral antidiabetic agents in patients with T2DM."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in diabetes mellitus. Fioretto, P; Giaccari, A; Sesti, G, 2015)	0.42
" In the placebo, dapagliflozin 5 and 10 mg groups, respectively: adverse events (AEs) occurred in 52."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes after metformin failure: A randomized controlled trial. Han, P; Iqbal, N; Johnsson, E; Mansfield, T; Min, KW; Ptaszynska, A; T'Joen, C; Wang, B; Yang, W, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 76."	( Safety, tolerability and effects on cardiometabolic risk factors of empagliflozin monotherapy in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind extension of a Phase III randomized controlled trial. Broedl, UC; Christiansen, AV; Kim, G; Merker, L; Roden, M; Roux, F; Salsali, A; Stella, P; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Safety profile was assessed by adverse events and physical examination throughout the study."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.43
" No serious adverse events were observed during the entire study."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.43
" Protection against cardiovascular events has also been reported, as have possible increased risks of adverse outcomes such as ketoacidosis and bone fracture."	( Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blomster, J; Foote, C; Neal, B; Perkovic, V; Sundström, J; Toyama, T; Wu, JH, 2016)	0.43
" The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events."	( Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blomster, J; Foote, C; Neal, B; Perkovic, V; Sundström, J; Toyama, T; Wu, JH, 2016)	0.43
" SGLT2 inhibitors protected against the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (relative risk 0·84 [95% CI 0·75-0·95]; p=0·006), cardiovascular death (0·63 [0·51-0·77]; p<0·0001), heart failure (0·65 [0·50-0·85]; p=0·002), and death from any cause (0·71 [0·61-0·83]; p<0·0001)."	( Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blomster, J; Foote, C; Neal, B; Perkovic, V; Sundström, J; Toyama, T; Wu, JH, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were more difficult to quantify than was efficacy, with the effects of individual drugs in the class seeming to differ for some safety outcomes."	( Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blomster, J; Foote, C; Neal, B; Perkovic, V; Sundström, J; Toyama, T; Wu, JH, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed descriptively in patients who took ≥1 dose of the study drug."	( Safety and Tolerability of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Broedl, UC; Hantel, S; Kaspers, S; Kim, G; Kohler, S; Salsali, A; Woerle, HJ, 2016)	0.43
" Outcomes included the changes in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight and treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar between the ipragliflozin and placebo groups in all patients combined and in the four body mass index categories."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
"The vaccine was safe and well tolerated except for one episode of asymptomatic hypoglycaemia that was classified as severe adverse event."	( Boosting with Subtype C CN54rgp140 Protein Adjuvanted with Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant after Priming with HIV-DNA and HIV-MVA Is Safe and Enhances Immune Responses: A Phase I Trial. Aboud, S; Bakari, M; Bauer, A; Biberfeld, G; Ferrari, G; Geldmacher, C; Hoelscher, M; Joachim, A; Joseph, S; Kroidl, A; Lyamuya, EF; Maboko, L; Mann, P; McCormack, S; Missanga, M; Munseri, PJ; Nilsson, C; Polonis, VR; Robb, ML; Sandström, E; Tatoud, R; Wahren, B; Weber, J, 2016)	0.43
" The proportion of patients reporting ≥1 adverse event was similar across treatment groups, but events consistent with genital infection were more common in patients treated with empagliflozin 10 mg (3."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes from Asian countries: pooled data from four phase III trials. Crowe, S; Hach, T; Lee, J; Nishimura, R; Salsali, A; Woerle, HJ; Yoon, KH, 2016)	0.43
" Safety outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ipragliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control with metformin: Results of a phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Cha, BS; Chuang, LM; Kokubo, S; Lu, CH; Min, KW; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (ipragliflozin vs placebo) were upper respiratory tract infection (9."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ipragliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control with metformin: Results of a phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Cha, BS; Chuang, LM; Kokubo, S; Lu, CH; Min, KW; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke and hospitalization for unstable angina [4-point major adverse CV events (MACE)]."	( Cardiovascular safety of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of data from randomized placebo-controlled trials. Broedl, UC; Hantel, S; Kim, G; Salsali, A; Woerle, HJ, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were similar with dapagliflozin (66%) and placebo (71%), and hypoglycaemia was rare (≤2%)."	( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy with dapagliflozin add-on to saxagliptin plus metformin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chen, H; Garcia-Sanchez, R; González González, JG; Hansen, L; Herrera Marmolejo, M; Iqbal, N; Johnsson, E; Mathieu, C, 2016)	0.43
" However, their specific mechanism of action involves other pharmacodynamic consequences including potentially harmful adverse reactions."	( Pharmacological aspects of the safety of gliflozins. Faillie, JL, 2017)	0.46
" Similar proportions of patients reported ≥1 adverse event with saxagliptin (58."	( One-year efficacy and safety of saxagliptin add-on in patients receiving dapagliflozin and metformin. Aggarwal, N; Chen, H; Chin, A; Garcia-Hernandez, P; Hansen, L; Iqbal, N; Johnsson, E; Matthaei, S, 2016)	0.43
" Hypoglycaemia was the only treatment-related adverse event reported in >5% of patients (14."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin as add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (IOLITE): a multi-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Asahina, S; Ishihara, H; Nakao, I; Okitsu, A; Yamaguchi, S, 2016)	0.43
"The safety profile of SGLT2 inhibitors is well defined, and the adverse event profile is largely consistent with their mechanism of action."	( Update review of the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Carlson, CJ; Santamarina, ML, 2016)	0.43
"Changes in glycemic control, blood pressure, and laboratory variables from baseline, and incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Baseline characteristics and interim (3-month) efficacy and safety data from STELLA-LONG TERM, a long-term post-marketing surveillance study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in real-world clinical practice. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K, 2016)	0.43
" Survey items included demographics, treatments, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), vital signs, and laboratory variables."	( Real-world evidence for the safety of ipragliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (STELLA-ELDER): final results of a post-marketing surveillance study. Nakamura, I; Sugamori, H; Terauchi, Y; Yokote, K, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse effect rates were 64% with placebo, 63."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by collating data for overall adverse events (AEs) and AEs of special interest over the 24-week period."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Asian patients: A pooled analysis. Cain, VA; Ji, L; Johnsson, KM; Sjöström, CD; Yang, W; Zhou, Z, 2017)	0.46
"This meta-analysis shows empagliflozin is safe and effective for the treatment of T2DM along with existing diabetes pharmacotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abdulsalim, S; Chakraborty, I; Devi, R; Mali, G; Unnikrishnan, MK, 2017)	0.46
" Safety was assessed in terms of adverse events, laboratory variables and vital signs."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin over 1 year as add-on to insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: the DAISY (Dapagliflozin Added to patients under InSulin therapY) trial. Araki, E; Asano, M; Kim, H; Onishi, Y; Yajima, T, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events occurred in 82."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin over 1 year as add-on to insulin therapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: the DAISY (Dapagliflozin Added to patients under InSulin therapY) trial. Araki, E; Asano, M; Kim, H; Onishi, Y; Yajima, T, 2017)	0.46
"The incidence of renal-related adverse events (AEs) with canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a pooled population of patients in 7 active- and placebo-controlled trials (N = 5598) and in a 104-week study vs glimepiride (N = 1450) was low and similar in canagliflozin and non-canagliflozin groups."	( Renal safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Balis, D; Canovatchel, W; Desai, M; Rosenthal, N; Sun, D; Xie, J; Yavin, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Although sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are a promising treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus, they are associated with concerns about specific adverse drug reactions."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post-marketing study (J-STEP/EL Study). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Shimmoto, N; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2017)	0.46
"92%) had at least one adverse drug reaction to tofogliflozin."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post-marketing study (J-STEP/EL Study). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Shimmoto, N; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2017)	0.46
"The present study showed that the incidence of adverse drug reactions to tofogliflozin in this study of elderly patients aged ≥65 years differed little from the incidence in the preapproval clinical trials."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post-marketing study (J-STEP/EL Study). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Shimmoto, N; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2017)	0.46
" TGP combined with acitretin is a safe and effective treatment approach for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis."	( Efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony combined with acitretin in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Fan, X; Li, Z; Liu, X; Wang, G; Yu, C, 2017)	0.46
" Results showed that mice fed RD survived longer than mice fed YD upon injection of a toxic amount of DOX."	( Dietary cyanidin 3-glucoside from purple corn ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Calvenzani, V; Fornari, M; Giorgio, M; Marinelli, A; Matros, A; Micheli, LA; Mock, HP; Petroni, K; Pilu, R; Tonelli, C; Trinei, M, 2017)	0.46
" Na-GST-1/Alhydrogel was well tolerated in both hookworm-naïve and hookworm-exposed adults, with the most common adverse events being mild to moderate injection site pain and tenderness, and mild headache and nausea; no vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events were observed."	( Safety and immunogenicity of the Na-GST-1 hookworm vaccine in Brazilian and American adults. Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Brelsford, J; Campbell, D; Correa-Oliveira, R; Diemert, DJ; Enk, M; Fraga, CG; Freire, J; Gazzinelli, MF; Grahek, S; Hamilton, R; Hotez, P; Jariwala, A; Li, G; Peng, J; Periago, MV; Talles, F; Valente, V; Yakovleva, A, 2017)	0.46
" In terms of safety, the rate of adverse events in patients with T2D who received empagliflozin plus metformin was relatively lower when compared with saxagliptin plus metformin (OR=0."	( A network meta-analysis for efficacy and safety of seven regimens in the treatment of type II diabetes. Hua, WC; Li, CM; Liu, Q; Wang, H; Wang, LG, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed descriptively in participants who took at least one dose of study drug."	( Safety and Tolerability of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Analysis of Phase I-III Clinical Trials. Iliev, H; Kaspers, S; Kohler, S; Zeller, C, 2017)	0.46
" Frequently observed adverse events (AEs) were consistent with the drug's mechanism of action and were generally mild in intensity."	( Durability of response to dapagliflozin: a review of long-term efficacy and safety. Jabbour, S, 2017)	0.46
" In addition, adverse events were more frequently reported in the MTX monotherapy group than in the TGP and MTX combination group (P = 0."	( A systemic review and meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of total glucosides of peony combined with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Cai, SJ; Feng, ZT; He, GC; Li, J; Mei, ZG; Xu, J, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events were observed in approximately 70-80% patients in BMI and age subgroups of both empagliflozin groups."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A sub-analysis by body mass index and age of pooled data from three clinical trials. Ishii, S; Koiwai, K; Mitsuyoshi, R; Okamura, T; Pfarr, E; Shiba, T, 2017)	0.46
" Although this study is far from the demonstration of a toxic effect of the tested bioactives when administered to humans, it represents a starting point for future research aimed at verifying the existence of a potential hazard due to the wide use of high doses of multiple bioactives."	( Is cytotoxicity a determinant of the different in vitro and in vivo effects of bioactives? Bordoni, A; Danesi, F; Di Nunzio, M; Murgui-Bosch, L; Tomás-Chisbert, T; Tomás-Cobos, L; Valli, V, 2017)	0.46
" Larger placebo-/comparator-controlled pools of 21 (≤208 weeks; dapagliflozin, n = 5936; control, n = 3403) and 30 trials (≥12 weeks; dapagliflozin, n = 9195; control, n = 4629) assessed the rare adverse events (AEs) of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and lower limb amputation, respectively."	( Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pooled analysis of safety data from phase IIb/III clinical trials. Bailey, CJ; Jabbour, S; Karup, C; Langkilde, AM; Scheen, A; Seufert, J, 2018)	0.48
" The adverse drug reaction incidence rate was 10."	( Safety and efficacy of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in real-world clinical practice: interim results of the STELLA-LONG TERM post-marketing surveillance study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2018)	0.48
" Hypoglycaemia was the most common treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) (42."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin as add-on to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a 52-week, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, open-label extension, Phase 4 study in Japan (J-STEP/INS). Gunji, R; Kaku, K; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Terauchi, Y, 2018)	0.48
" In this subgroup analysis, patient characteristics, laboratory variables, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were compared between non-elderly (<65 years) and elderly (≥65 years) patients."	( Safety and efficacy of ipragliflozin in elderly versus non-elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a subgroup analysis of the STELLA-LONG TERM study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2018)	0.48
" Our discovery of canagliflozin-mediated simultaneous inhibition of GDH and ETC complex I in renal cells at clinically relevant concentrations, and their particular susceptibility to necrotic cell death during proliferation, provides a mechanistic rationale for the adverse effects observed especially in patients with preexisting chronic kidney disease or previous kidney injury characterized by sustained regenerative tubular epithelial cell proliferation."	( Canagliflozin mediated dual inhibition of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and complex I: an off-target adverse effect. Beneke, S; Delp, J; Dietrich, DR; Gutbier, S; Leist, M; Schlichenmaier, N; Secker, PF, 2018)	0.48
" After 24 weeks, incidences of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar between triple and dual therapy and between concomitant and sequential add-on regimens."	( Safety and tolerability of dapagliflozin, saxagliptin and metformin in combination: Post-hoc analysis of concomitant add-on versus sequential add-on to metformin and of triple versus dual therapy with metformin. Chen, H; Del Prato, S; Garcia-Sanchez, R; Hansen, L; Iqbal, N; Johnsson, E; Mathieu, C; Rosenstock, J, 2018)	0.48
" Acteoside was not toxic in physiological cellular contexts, while it increased oxidative load, affected the activity of proteostatic modules and suppressed matrix metalloproteinases in tumor cell lines."	( Selective cytotoxicity of the herbal substance acteoside against tumor cells and its mechanistic insights. Alexopoulos, LG; Aligiannis, NN; Argyropoulou, A; Cheimonidi, C; Halabalaki, M; Mikros, E; Myrianthopoulos, V; Nikou, T; Papassideri, I; Polychronopoulos, P; Sakellaropoulos, T; Samara, P; Skaltsounis, AL; Trougakos, IP; Tsakiri, EN; Tsitsilonis, OE; Zoumpourlis, V, 2018)	0.48
"Strychnos alkaloids (SAs) are the main toxic constituents in Semen Strychni, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is known for its fatal neurotoxicity."	( Prophylactic Neuroprotection of Total Glucosides of Paeoniae Radix Alba against Semen Strychni-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Reducing the Absorption of Toxic Components. Chen, X; Chu, Y; Li, S; Sun, L; Zhang, R, 2018)	0.48
" The adverse events that were more frequent with Empa/Lina were known empagliflozin-associated events (eg, increased urination, increased blood ketones)."	( Empagliflozin as add-on to linagliptin in a fixed-dose combination in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Glycaemic efficacy and safety profile in a 52-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cheng, G; George, J; Haneda, M; Kawamori, R; Lee, C; Lee, J; Miyamoto, Y; Shiki, K; Solimando, F; Suzaki, K, 2018)	0.48
"Dapagliflozin is effective and safe in patients with T2D also receiving metformin."	( Efficacy and Renal Safety of Dapagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Also Receiving Metformin: A Real-Life Experience. Aiello, V; Brancato, D; Di Noto, A; Fleres, M; Provenzano, F; Provenzano, V; Saura, G; Scorsone, A; Spano, L, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse event rates were similar between groups (ipragliflozin: 51."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin as an add-on therapy to sitagliptin and metformin in Korean patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Baik, S; Cha, BS; Chon, S; Chung, CH; Han, KA; Jung, CH; Kim, DS; Lee, IK; Lee, KW; Lee, MK; Lim, S; Park, KS; Park, S; Sakatani, T; Yoon, KH, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed descriptively in patients who took ≥ 1 dose of study drug."	( Safety and Tolerability of Combinations of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Data from Two Randomized Controlled Trials. DeFronzo, RA; Kohler, S; Lee, C, 2018)	0.48
" Hypoglycaemic adverse events were significantly higher in the INS group compared to the EMPA group (P = 0."	( Effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin-based quadruple therapy compared with insulin glargine-based therapy in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: An observational study in clinical practice. Jeon, HJ; Ku, EJ; Lee, DH; Oh, TK, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis (one [1%] of 86 patients in the placebo group, seven [8%] of 85 on mizagliflozin 5 mg, and five [6%] of 86 on mizagliflozin 10 mg), diarrhoea (none on placebo, four [5%] patients on mizagliflozin 5 mg, and eight [9%] on mizagliflozin 10 mg), and abdominal distention (three [3%] on placebo, four [5%] on mizagliflozin 5 mg, and seven [8%] on mizagliflozin 10 mg)."	( Safety and efficacy of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitor mizagliflozin for functional constipation: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2 trial. Abe, T; Endo, Y; Fukudo, S; Hongo, M; Kaku, K; Kobayashi, H; Nakajima, A; Nakajima, T; Nakata, T; Sameshima, K, 2018)	0.48
" Empa/Lina was well tolerated, with no unexpected adverse events or diabetic ketoacidosis."	( Linagliptin as add-on to empagliflozin in a fixed-dose combination in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Glycaemic efficacy and safety profile in a two-part, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. George, J; Haneda, M; Kaku, K; Lee, C; Lee, G; Lee, J; Miyamoto, Y; Shiki, K; Solimando, F; Tanaka, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events (AEs) were analyzed in the subgroup of trial participants from East Asian countries/regions."	( Safety and tolerability of empagliflozin in East Asian patients with type 2 diabetes: Pooled analysis of phase I-III clinical trials. Chang, TJ; Ji, L; Kaspers, S; Kohler, S; Lee, J; Lee, MK; Ma, RCW; Okamura, T; Seino, Y; Yabe, D; Yasui, A; Zeller, C, 2019)	0.51
"To assess the association between the use of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and seven serious adverse events of current concern."	( Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of serious adverse events: nationwide register based cohort study. Eliasson, B; Franzén, S; Gudbjörnsdottir, S; Hveem, K; Jonasson, C; Melbye, M; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H; Svensson, AM; Ueda, P, 2018)	0.48
"In this analysis of nationwide registers from two countries, use of SGLT2 inhibitors, as compared with GLP1 receptor agonists, was associated with an increased risk of lower limb amputation and diabetic ketoacidosis, but not with other serious adverse events of current concern."	( Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of serious adverse events: nationwide register based cohort study. Eliasson, B; Franzén, S; Gudbjörnsdottir, S; Hveem, K; Jonasson, C; Melbye, M; Pasternak, B; Svanström, H; Svensson, AM; Ueda, P, 2018)	0.48
" DAPA plus SAXA was generally well tolerated and the incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment arms."	( Sustained 52-week efficacy and safety of triple therapy with dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin versus dual therapy with sitagliptin added to metformin in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Del Prato, S; Garcia-Sanchez, R; Handelsman, Y; Iqbal, N; Johnsson, E; Kurlyandskaya, R; Mathieu, C; Rosenstock, J, 2019)	0.51
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions was evaluated as a safety end-point."	( Safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice: Results of 3-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse drug reactions occurred in 345 of 6,712 patients (5."	( Safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice: Results of 3-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse drug reactions were more common in patients with higher BMI than in those with lower BMI."	( Impact of body mass index on the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A subgroup analysis of 3-month interim results from the Specified Drug Use Results Survey of Ipragliflozin Treatment in Type 2 Diabet Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tabuchi, H; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2019)	0.51
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was evaluated for safety."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin for Type 2 Diabetes in Japan: 12-Month Interim Results of the STELLA-LONG TERM Post-Marketing Surveillance Study. Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2019)	0.51
"Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants, presenting a serious health hazard worldwide."	( Oleanolic acid 3-glucoside, a synthetic oleanane-type saponin, alleviates methylmercury toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Kiyono, M; Kobayashi, Y; Konishi, N; Nakamura, R; Shirahata, T; Sone, Y; Takanezawa, Y; Uraguchi, S, 2019)	0.51
" However, wide CIs for many comparisons suggest limited precision, and therefore clinically important adverse events cannot be ruled out."	( Comparative safety of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aubrey-Bassler, K; Chibrikov, E; Curnew, D; Donnan, JR; Gamble, JM; Grandy, CA; Hache, J; Johnston, K; Marra, CA; Nguyen, H; Swab, M, 2019)	0.51
" Overall, 26 adverse drug reactions occurred in 17 patients (25."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin, added on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 52-week open-label, multicenter, post-marketing clinical Fujiwara, H; Gunji, R; Kaku, K; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Suganami, H; Tamura, M; Terauchi, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Current anti-diabetic drugs that protect islet cells are often toxic to healthy cells, resulting in negative side effects."	( Metabolomics analysis of the protective effect of rubusoside on palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity in INS-1 cells using UPLC-Q/TOF MS. Huang, H; Li, W; Meng, C; Su, Z; Wei, T; Wu, J; Zheng, H, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse effects of TG were gastrointestinal discomfort and gonad toxicity, while for TGP was mild to moderate diarrhea."	( Benefits and Safety of Tripterygium Glycosides and Total Glucosides of Paeony for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Chen, GY; Hu, Q; Luo, J; Song, WJ; Tao, QW; Xu, Y, 2019)	0.51
"20% of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious ADRs, respectively."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A subanalysis of a post-marketing study (J-STEP/EL Study). Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kurihara, Y; Naito, Y; Senda, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2020)	0.56
"Vaccines were safe and well-tolerated."	( A phase 1 study of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a Schistosoma mansoni vaccine with or without glucopyranosyl lipid A aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) in healthy adults from a non-endemic area. Atmar, RL; Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Deye, G; Diemert, D; El Sahly, HM; Hotez, PJ; Jones, W; Keitel, WA; Kennedy, JK; Patel, SM; Plieskatt, JL; Potter, GE, 2019)	0.51
"Sm-TSP-2/Al with or without GLA-AF was safe and well tolerated in a Sm-naïve population."	( A phase 1 study of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a Schistosoma mansoni vaccine with or without glucopyranosyl lipid A aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) in healthy adults from a non-endemic area. Atmar, RL; Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Deye, G; Diemert, D; El Sahly, HM; Hotez, PJ; Jones, W; Keitel, WA; Kennedy, JK; Patel, SM; Plieskatt, JL; Potter, GE, 2019)	0.51
" In post hoc analyses, risks of 3-point major adverse CV events (3P-MACE: composite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke), CV death, hospitalisation for heart failure, all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalisation and incident/worsening nephropathy were evaluated for empagliflozin versus placebo by baseline age (<65, 65 to <75, ≥75 years)."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in older patients in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Bergenstal, RM; Fitchett, D; George, JT; Hantel, S; Inzucchi, SE; Kaspers, S; Kiš, SG; Monteiro, P; Toural, E; Zinman, B, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment of TAA intoxicated rats (G4) with MOLE ameliorated the toxic effects of TAA on hepatic tissue structure and function."	( Protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves ethanolic extract against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via modulation of cellular antioxidant, apoptotic and inflammatory markers. El Sabagh, HS; El-Gansh, HAI; Eldaim, MAA; Mohamed, MAE; Morsi, AH; Mousa, AA, 2019)	0.51
" At 52 weeks, the frequency of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs was similar in the three treatment groups; confirmed hypoglycaemia was reported slightly more in participants in the empagliflozin 10 mg and 25 mg groups (23."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin as add-on to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Kaneko, T; Lee, J; Pfarr, E; Shiki, K; Sone, H; Tachibana, Y; Tajima, N, 2020)	0.56
" The primary endpoint was the occurrence of adverse events such as hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (DEPICT-5): 52-week results from a randomized, open-label, phase III clinical trial. Araki, E; Asano, M; Fujii, H; Kim, H; Langkilde, AM; Ohashi, H; Okabe, T; Thoren, F; Tomonaga, O; Uchigata, Y; Watada, H; Yajima, T, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events were observed in 88."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (DEPICT-5): 52-week results from a randomized, open-label, phase III clinical trial. Araki, E; Asano, M; Fujii, H; Kim, H; Langkilde, AM; Ohashi, H; Okabe, T; Thoren, F; Tomonaga, O; Uchigata, Y; Watada, H; Yajima, T, 2020)	0.56
" Safety outcomes were monitored as treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Long-term (52-week) efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An uncontrolled, open-label extension of a phase III study. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" No serious drug-related treatment-emergent adverse events or deaths were reported."	( Long-term (52-week) efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin add-on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: An uncontrolled, open-label extension of a phase III study. Isaka, H; Kaku, K; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" Whereas, several adverse events caused by SGLT2is were also reported."	( Investigation of efficacy and safety of low-dose sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitors and differences between two agents, canagliflozin and ipragliflozin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abe, I; Abe, M; Fujii, H; Kobayashi, K; Kudo, T; Minezaki, M; Mukoubara, S; Ochi, K; Ohe, K; Ohishi, H; Ohnishi, Y; Shinagawa, T; Sugimoto, K; Takashi, Y; Yamao, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that has pronounced adverse effects."	( Heat treatment and protective potentials of luteolin-7-O-glucoside against cisplatin genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Abed, B; Bouhlel, I; Ghedira, K; Ghedira, LC; Ioannou, I; Khlifi, R; Krifa, M; Maatouk, M, 2020)	0.56
" The 3- and 12-month interim analysis showed tofogliflozin was well-tolerated, safe and clinically effective."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results of 24-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Koshida, R; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2020)	0.56
" During the 24-month observation period, the incidence rates of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious adverse drug reactions were 11."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results of 24-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Kameda, H; Koshida, R; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Tamura, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2020)	0.56
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), safety laboratory values, electrocardiogram, and vital signs were evaluated."	( Efficacy and Safety of Remogliflozin Etabonate, a New Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial. Alva, H; Aravind, SR; Asirvatham, A; Balamurugan, R; Barkate, H; Chawla, M; Dharmalingam, M; Gaikwad, R; Goyal, R; Kadam, P; Katare, S; Kodgule, R; Mohan, B; Paramesh, S; Pendse, A; Shembalkar, J; Suryawanshi, S; Tandon, M; Thacker, H; Vaidyanathan, S, 2020)	0.56
"5%), including adverse events (AEs) of special interest (hypoglycemic events, urinary tract infection, genital fungal infection)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Remogliflozin Etabonate, a New Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial. Alva, H; Aravind, SR; Asirvatham, A; Balamurugan, R; Barkate, H; Chawla, M; Dharmalingam, M; Gaikwad, R; Goyal, R; Kadam, P; Katare, S; Kodgule, R; Mohan, B; Paramesh, S; Pendse, A; Shembalkar, J; Suryawanshi, S; Tandon, M; Thacker, H; Vaidyanathan, S, 2020)	0.56
"Acute kidney injury occurred less frequently with dapagliflozin, and adverse events suggestive of volume depletion were balanced between treatment groups, both irrespective of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, diuretic or loop diuretic use (interaction P values >0."	( Safety of dapagliflozin in a broad population of patients with type 2 diabetes: Analyses from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 study. Bhatt, DL; Bonaca, M; Cahn, A; Fredriksson, M; Gause-Nilsson, IAM; Hadjadj, S; Jermendy, G; Johansson, PA; Langkilde, AM; Leiter, LA; McGuire, DK; Mosenzon, O; Murphy, SA; Raz, I; Rozenberg, A; Sabatine, MS; Wilding, JPH; Wiviott, SD; Yanuv, I, 2020)	0.56
" To evaluate whether the currently registered doses of 5 and 10 mg are optimal for cardiorenal efficacy and safety, we characterized the relationship between dapagliflozin exposure and nonglycaemic cardiorenal risk markers as well as adverse events."	( Exposure-response relationships of dapagliflozin on cardiorenal risk markers and adverse events: A pooled analysis of 13 phase II/III trials. Heerspink, HJL; Koomen, JV; Stevens, J, 2020)	0.56
"We demonstrate that doses higher than 10 mg could provide additional beneficial effects in haematocrit, systolic blood pressure, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and uric acid, without obvious increases in the rate of adverse events."	( Exposure-response relationships of dapagliflozin on cardiorenal risk markers and adverse events: A pooled analysis of 13 phase II/III trials. Heerspink, HJL; Koomen, JV; Stevens, J, 2020)	0.56
" Serious adverse events were reported in the dapagliflozin 5, 10 mg, and placebo groups (32 [11."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (the DEPICT-2 study): 52-week results from a randomized controlled trial. Araki, E; Arya, N; Dandona, P; Iqbal, N; Lind, M; Mathieu, C; Phillip, M; Rudofsky, G; Scheerer, MF; Thorén, F, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed descriptively in participants who took ≥ 1 dose of study drug."	( Pooled Safety and Tolerability Analysis of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clark, D; Iliev, H; Kaspers, S; Kinduryte Schorling, O; Lee, J; Zwiener, I, 2020)	0.56
"A well-known metabolic side effect from treatment with glucocorticoids is glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus (GIDM)."	( Study rationale and design of the EANITIATE study (EmpAgliflozin compared to NPH Insulin for sTeroId diAbeTEs) - a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial of safety and efficacy of treatment with empagliflozin compared with NPH-insulin in patients with Almdal, TP; Bagge Hansen, K; Holm Schultz, H; Klarskov, CK; Lommer Kristensen, P; Møller Christensen, T; Pedersen-Bjergaard, U; Persson, F; Snorgaard, O, 2020)	0.56
" Data for adverse events and laboratory parameters were evaluated."	( Safety and tolerability of empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of data from five randomized, controlled clinical trials. Heilmann, C; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Yamamoto, F; Yamauchi, T; Yarush, L; Yasui, A, 2020)	0.56
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events with the empagliflozin/linagliptin combination was similar to that with empagliflozin or linagliptin alone."	( Safety and tolerability of empagliflozin and linagliptin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled analysis of data from five randomized, controlled clinical trials. Heilmann, C; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Yamamoto, F; Yamauchi, T; Yarush, L; Yasui, A, 2020)	0.56
"This surveillance was carried out between September 2014 and February 2019, and recorded safety in terms of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and ADRs of special interest, and effectiveness in terms of changes in glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight from baseline to last observation carried forward."	( Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in real-world clinical practice: Results of a 36-month post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). Fujii, S; Gunji, R; Kakiuchi, S; Kaku, K; Koshida, R; Kurihara, Y; Senda, M; Utsunomiya, K, 2021)	0.62
" The results suggested that the emodin-type monoterpene and rhein might be the potential hepatotoxic components, while the metabolites of emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and emodin methyl ether showed more toxic risks."	( [Study on potential hepatotoxicity of main monomers of Polygonum multiflorum based on liver micro-tissue]. Guo, HX; Ma, SC; Wang, Q; Wen, HR; Zhang, LS; Zhang, QH, 2020)	0.56
" The outcomes included changes in HbA1c, FPG, body weight, SBP, DBP and adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin vs monotherapy as added to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Li, M; Song, J; Ying, M; Zhuang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Serum rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Western Ontario and McMaster before and after treatment and adverse effects will be secondary outcomes."	( Efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony for rheumatoid arthritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fan, G; Hu, Z; Kuang, T; Liu, X; Tang, C; Wang, W; Yang, M; Ye, L; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Data on HHF, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), systolic blood pressure, body weight, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and adverse events were collected for analysis."	( Effects of Dapagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events, Death, and Safety Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. Jiang, XY; Qu, Q; Sun, JY; Tang, C; Wang, ZY; Zheng, XD, 2021)	0.62
" Survey items included demographics, treatments, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), vital signs, and laboratory variables."	( Real-World Evidence for Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: final Results of a 3-Year Post-Marketing Surveillance Study (STELLA-LONG TERM). Maegawa, H; Nakamura, I; Tobe, K; Uno, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events involving cardiotoxicity."	( NLRP3 as Putative Marker of Ipilimumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity in the Presence of Hyperglycemia in Estrogen-Responsive and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Berretta, M; Bonelli, A; Botti, G; Caronna, A; Cocco, S; Conforti, G; De Laurentiis, M; Lombari, MC; Maurea, N; Quagliariello, V; Rea, G, 2020)	0.56
" Early initiation during an acute heart failure (AHF) hospitalization may facilitate decongestion, improve natriuresis, and facilitate safe transition to a beneficial outpatient therapy for both diabetes and heart failure."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in acute heart failure: Rationale and design of the DICTATE-AHF trial. Aaron, M; Collins, SP; Cox, ZL; Davidson, BT; Fowler, M; Hernandez, GA; Iii, ATM; Jenkins, CA; Jr, FEH; Kampe, C; Lindenfeld, J; Lindsell, CJ; Miller, KF; Stubblefield, WB, 2021)	0.62
" Among the studied patients, those with diabetes had a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events including the development of heart failure."	( Dapagliflozin suppresses ER stress and protects doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients. Chang, WT; Chen, ZC; Ho, CH; Lin, YW; Liu, PY; Shih, JY, 2021)	0.62
" For the safety outcome, participants were observed for 30 min after each injection, injection site reactions and systemic adverse events were monitored until day 84, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest were monitored for 6 months after the last injection."	( Safety and immunogenicity of the adjunct therapeutic vaccine ID93 + GLA-SE in adults who have completed treatment for tuberculosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial. Ashman, J; Bekker, LG; Bilek, N; Coler, RN; Day, TA; Diacon, A; Du Plessis, N; Fiore-Gartland, A; Frevol, A; Geldenhuys, H; Hatherill, M; Lindestam Arlehamn, C; Loxton, AG; Luabeya, AKK; Mabwe, S; Penn-Nicholson, A; Reed, SG; Reid, TD; Rolf, TA; Sagawa, ZK; Scriba, TJ; Sette, A; Shenje, J; Tameris, M; Toefy, A; Vergara, J; Walzl, G, 2021)	0.62
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed."	( Safety and immunogenicity of the adjunct therapeutic vaccine ID93 + GLA-SE in adults who have completed treatment for tuberculosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial. Ashman, J; Bekker, LG; Bilek, N; Coler, RN; Day, TA; Diacon, A; Du Plessis, N; Fiore-Gartland, A; Frevol, A; Geldenhuys, H; Hatherill, M; Lindestam Arlehamn, C; Loxton, AG; Luabeya, AKK; Mabwe, S; Penn-Nicholson, A; Reed, SG; Reid, TD; Rolf, TA; Sagawa, ZK; Scriba, TJ; Sette, A; Shenje, J; Tameris, M; Toefy, A; Vergara, J; Walzl, G, 2021)	0.62
"Vaccination with ID93 + GLA-SE was safe and immunogenic for all tested regimens."	( Safety and immunogenicity of the adjunct therapeutic vaccine ID93 + GLA-SE in adults who have completed treatment for tuberculosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial. Ashman, J; Bekker, LG; Bilek, N; Coler, RN; Day, TA; Diacon, A; Du Plessis, N; Fiore-Gartland, A; Frevol, A; Geldenhuys, H; Hatherill, M; Lindestam Arlehamn, C; Loxton, AG; Luabeya, AKK; Mabwe, S; Penn-Nicholson, A; Reed, SG; Reid, TD; Rolf, TA; Sagawa, ZK; Scriba, TJ; Sette, A; Shenje, J; Tameris, M; Toefy, A; Vergara, J; Walzl, G, 2021)	0.62
" The incidences of hypoglycemic episodes, hypotension, and metabolic adverse events were similar in the two groups."	( Safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A post hoc analysis of data from the SACRA study. Hoshide, S; Ishibashi, S; Kanegae, H; Kario, K; Kato, M; Okada, K, 2021)	0.62
" Study drug discontinuation and serious adverse events were similar according to treatment groups, irrespective of aetiology."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin according to aetiology in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from the DAPA-HF trial. Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Docherty, KF; Inzucchi, SE; Jhund, PS; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; Nicolau, JC; Petrie, MC; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD; Verma, S, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, dapagliflozin was safe and well-tolerated, irrespective of aetiology."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin according to aetiology in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from the DAPA-HF trial. Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Docherty, KF; Inzucchi, SE; Jhund, PS; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; Nicolau, JC; Petrie, MC; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD; Verma, S, 2021)	0.62
" The dual efficacy outcomes were CV death or heart failure hospitalisations, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; CV death, myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke)."	( The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in women and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bhatt, DL; Cahn, A; Gause-Nilsson, I; Herrera, M; Kato, ET; Langkilde, AM; Leiter, LA; McGuire, DK; Merlini, P; Mosenzon, O; Murphy, SA; O'Donoghue, ML; Raz, I; Sabatine, MS; Šmahelová, A; Tankova, T; Wilding, JPH; Wiviott, SD, 2021)	0.62
" Though TGP could mitigate the unanticipated adverse effects during the conventional treatment of RA, high-quality evidence-based meta-analysis data on this subject are still insufficient."	( Clinical safety of total glucosides of paeony adjuvant therapy for rheumatoid arthritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Li, H; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Ma, Y; Meng, X; Shi, N; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The meta-analysis results showed that the occurrence of hepatic adverse effect (RR = 0."	( Clinical safety of total glucosides of paeony adjuvant therapy for rheumatoid arthritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Li, H; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Ma, Y; Meng, X; Shi, N; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"This meta-analysis indicated that TGP adjuvant therapy might alleviate the incidence of hepatic adverse effect and leukopenia for the RA treatment compared to non-TGP therapy."	( Clinical safety of total glucosides of paeony adjuvant therapy for rheumatoid arthritis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Li, H; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Ma, Y; Meng, X; Shi, N; Wang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin compared with placebo in men and women with HFrEF enrolled in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Men and Women With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Trial. Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Diez, M; Docherty, KF; Jhund, PS; Katova, T; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Lindholm, D; Ljungman, CEA; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; O'Meara, E; Ogunniyi, MO; Petrie, MC; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD, 2021)	0.62
" Study drug discontinuation and serious adverse events were not more frequent in the dapagliflozin group than in the placebo group in either men or women."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Men and Women With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Trial. Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Diez, M; Docherty, KF; Jhund, PS; Katova, T; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Lindholm, D; Ljungman, CEA; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; O'Meara, E; Ogunniyi, MO; Petrie, MC; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, dapagliflozin was safe and well-tolerated irrespective of sex."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Men and Women With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure Trial. Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Diez, M; Docherty, KF; Jhund, PS; Katova, T; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Lindholm, D; Ljungman, CEA; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; O'Meara, E; Ogunniyi, MO; Petrie, MC; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD, 2021)	0.62
" Its most common dose-limiting adverse effect is nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of taxifolin/dapagliflozin combination on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Kabel, AM; Salama, SA, 2021)	0.62
" In Trial 843, the incidences of adverse events (AEs) overall and prespecified AEs of clinical interest (symptomatic hypoglycaemia, urinary tract infection, genital infection, hypovolaemia, and polyuria/pollakiuria) were similar between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control on sitagliptin. Engel, SS; Kadowaki, T; Kaku, K; Kaufman, KD; O'Neill, EA; Okamoto, T; Sato, A; Seino, Y; Shirakawa, M, 2021)	0.62
" There were no severe or serious adverse events (SAEs) and no increase in lactic acid concentration was reported during the study."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
"Co-administration of doses of remogliflozin etabonate (500 mg BID or 750 mg BID) greater than the commercial dose (100 mg BID) with metformin (2000 mg BID) was shown to be safe and effective during the observation period."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" However no significant adverse effects were recorded in both study groups."	( Comparison Of Efficacy And Safety Profile Of Empagliflozin As A Combination Therapy In Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Ahmad, M; Akhtar, L; Babar, M; Hussain, M, )	0.13
"The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) study demonstrated risk reduction for kidney and cardiovascular outcomes with dapagliflozin versus placebo in participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with and without diabetes."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin by Baseline Glycemic Status: A Prespecified Analysis From the DAPA-CKD Trial. Bajaj, HS; Chertow, GM; Correa-Rotter, R; Heerspink, HJL; Hou, FF; Jongs, N; Langkilde, AM; McMurray, JJV; Persson, F; Rossing, P; Stefansson, BV; Toto, RD; Vart, P; Wheeler, DC, 2021)	0.62
" EMPA and NHD can constrain oxidative stress liberation, inflammatory mediators proliferation, and apoptotic reactions in the renal tissue, which may be promising for further clinical applications to protect against MTX-induced renal injury or at least to reduce its adverse effects."	( Empagliﬂozin and neohesperidin protect against methotrexate-induced renal toxicity via suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation in male rats. Abo-Youssef, AM; Hassan, MIA; Hemeida, RAM; Osman, AT; Sharkawi, SMZ, 2021)	0.62
" We analysed the pharmacodynamics, adverse effects (AEs), and pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin at different doses."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin at different doses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Fang, Z; Hu, L; Li, C; Liu, M; Wu, Q; Zhang, W; Zou, F, 2022)	0.72
" Only one article detailed the occurrence of adverse reactions and thus the present study cannot make a positive conclusion on the safety of gastrodin in the treatment of tension-type headache."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of gastrodin in treatment of tension-type headache]. Chen, WJ; Fan, XM; Fu, GJ; Gong, X; Guo, CL; Jin, XL; Liao, X; Piao, JZ; Wei, JJ; Yan, Y; Zhang, YL, 2021)	0.62
" An adverse event of cardiotoxicity is the main deem to restrict in the clinical application by oncologists."	( An in vivo and in vitro model on the protective effect of corilagin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via regulation of apoptosis and PI3-K/AKT signaling pathways. Ding, L; Govindhan, A; Li, D; Li, M; Santhoshkumar, M; Xiang, H; Zhao, D, 2021)	0.62
" HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight, and other cardiometabolic variables and adverse events were evaluated."	( Long-term effectiveness and safety of quadruple combination therapy with empagliflozin versus dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: 3-year prospective observational study. Jeon, HJ; Ku, EJ; Lee, DH; Oh, TK, 2021)	0.62
" The overall incidence of adverse events, cardiovascular events and mortality did not differ between the two groups."	( Long-term effectiveness and safety of quadruple combination therapy with empagliflozin versus dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: 3-year prospective observational study. Jeon, HJ; Ku, EJ; Lee, DH; Oh, TK, 2021)	0.62
"Our results from MTT assay showed verbascoside inhibits proliferation of 4 T1 cancer cells (IC50 117 μM) while is safe for normal HEK293T cells."	( The cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of verbascoside on breast cancer 4T1 cell line. Amin, B; Daneshforouz, A; Gholami, O; Kafami, M; Nazemi, S, 2021)	0.62
"Taken together, our data showed verbascoside is a safe natural compound for normal cells while has apoptosis-inducing feature through TLR4 axis on 4 T1 cells."	( The cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of verbascoside on breast cancer 4T1 cell line. Amin, B; Daneshforouz, A; Gholami, O; Kafami, M; Nazemi, S, 2021)	0.62
" The objective of this prespecified analysis of the dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease trial (DAPA-CKD) was to assess efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in a small subgroup of participants with FSGS confirmed by kidney biopsy."	( Safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a prespecified analysis of the dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) trial. Chertow, GM; Correa-Rotter, R; Greene, T; Heerspink, HJL; Hou, FF; Jongs, N; Langkilde, AM; McMurray, JJV; Nowicki, M; Rossing, P; Sjöström, CD; Stefansson, BV; Toto, RD; Wheeler, DC; Wittmann, I, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation were similar in both groups; there were fewer serious adverse events with dapagliflozin."	( Safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a prespecified analysis of the dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) trial. Chertow, GM; Correa-Rotter, R; Greene, T; Heerspink, HJL; Hou, FF; Jongs, N; Langkilde, AM; McMurray, JJV; Nowicki, M; Rossing, P; Sjöström, CD; Stefansson, BV; Toto, RD; Wheeler, DC; Wittmann, I, 2022)	0.72
" The tolerability profile of both drugs was quite good and no major adverse effects were reported in both study groups."	( Comparison Of Efficacy And Safety Profile Of Empagliflozin Versus Dapagliflozin As Add On Therapy In Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Akhtar, L; Atif, M; Babar, M; Hussain, M, )	0.13
" Adverse events were also assessed."	( The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Xu, W; Xu, X; Yan, Y; Zhuo, Q, 2022)	0.72
" In terms of the incidence of adverse drug reactions, the incidence of hypoglycemic events was not significantly different between the experimental and control groups."	( The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Xu, W; Xu, X; Yan, Y; Zhuo, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events occurred in 27 (69%) dapagliflozin-assigned participants and 19 (58%) placebo-assigned participants over 24 weeks, and in 29 (74%) participants who received dapagliflozin over 52 weeks."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in children and young adults with type 2 diabetes: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, parallel group, phase 3 study. Isganaitis, E; Karlsson, C; Laffel, LM; Norjavaara, E; Ratnayake, J; Shehadeh, N; Tamborlane, WV; Van Name, M, 2022)	0.72
" The study endpoints were mean changes from baseline (CFB) in HbA1c (primary), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) for efficacy and adverse events (AE) monitoring for safety assessments."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed Dose Combination of Remogliflozin Etabonate and Vildagliptin in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Active-Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase III Study. Barkatestrong/Strong, H; Khaladkar, K; Mohan, B; Suryawanshi, S, 2022)	0.72
"To investigate the efficacy of dapagliflozin according to frailty status, using the Rockwood cumulative deficit approach, in DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin According to Frailty in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction : A Post Hoc Analysis of the DAPA-HF Trial. Belohlávek, J; Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Chiang, CE; Dewan, P; Docherty, KF; Drożdż, J; Inzucchi, SE; Jhund, PS; Kitakaze, M; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Lindholm, D; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; Merkely, B; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD; Tereshchenko, S, 2022)	0.72
" Study drug discontinuation and serious adverse events were not more frequent with dapagliflozin than placebo, regardless of FI class."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin According to Frailty in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction : A Post Hoc Analysis of the DAPA-HF Trial. Belohlávek, J; Bengtsson, O; Butt, JH; Chiang, CE; Dewan, P; Docherty, KF; Drożdż, J; Inzucchi, SE; Jhund, PS; Kitakaze, M; Kosiborod, MN; Køber, L; Langkilde, AM; Lindholm, D; Martinez, FA; McMurray, JJV; Merkely, B; Ponikowski, P; Sabatine, MS; Schou, M; Sjöstrand, M; Solomon, SD; Tereshchenko, S, 2022)	0.72
" Time to first occurrence of adverse events (AEs) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression models."	( Safety of Empagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials. Agarwal, R; Elsäßer, A; Hauske, SJ; Kadowaki, T; Levin, A; Nangaku, M; Ritter, I; Steubl, D; Tuttle, KR; Wanner, C; Wheeler, DC, 2022)	0.72
" The most common adverse event during empagliflozin treatment was hypoglycemia, occurring in 18% of individuals."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in glycogen storage disease type Ib: Data from an international questionnaire. Adrian, K; Al-Thihli, K; Ballhausen, D; Bidiuk, J; Bordugo, A; Boyer, M; Bratkovic, D; Brunner-Krainz, M; Burlina, A; Chakrapani, A; Corpeleijn, W; Cozens, A; Dawson, C; Derks, TGJ; Dhamko, H; Eiroa, H; Finezilber, Y; Fraile, PQ; Fung, LH; Garcia-Jiménez, MC; Gasperini, S; Grünert, SC; Haas, D; Häberle, J; Halligan, R; Hörbe-Blindt, A; Horka, LM; Huemer, M; Kecman, B; Kilavuz, S; Kriván, G; Lindner, M; Lüsebrink, N; Maier, EM; Maiorana, A; Makrilakis, K; McCandless, SE; Mei-Kwun Kwok, A; Milosevic, MD; Mitchell, JJ; Mizumoto, H; Moura de Souza, CF; Mundy, H; Ochoa, C; Pierce, K; Regier, D; Rossi, A; Santer, R; Schrier Vergano, SA; Schuman, HC; Sobieraj, P; Spenger, J; Spiegel, R; Stepien, KM; Tal, G; Tanšek, MZ; Tchan, M; Thyagu, S; Torkar, AD; Uçar, SK; Vucko, E; Weinhold, N; Wortmann, SB; Zsidegh, P, 2022)	0.72
"In patients with T2DM with or at high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, dapagliflozin reduced risk for hospitalization for heart failure and renal outcomes regardless of baseline SBP, with no difference in adverse events of interest at any level of baseline SBP."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes According to Baseline Blood Pressure: Observations From DECLARE-TIMI 58 Trial. Aylward, P; Bhatt, DL; Cahn, A; Dalby, AJ; Dellborg, M; Dimulescu, D; Furtado, RHM; Gause-Nilsson, I; Goodrich, EL; Langkilde, AM; Leiter, LA; McGuire, DK; Mosenzon, O; Murphy, SA; Nicolau, JC; Oude Ophuis, AJM; Raz, I; Sabatine, MS; Wilding, JPH; Wiviott, SD, 2022)	0.72
" For all patients in the study, drugs were evaluated for safety by documenting adverse drug reactions."	( Comparative Assessment of the Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin as Add-on Therapy to Hypoglycemic Drugs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Chen, HC; Yang, AY, 2022)	0.72
" The incidence of adverse drug reactions was approximately 7-8%."	( Comparative Assessment of the Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin as Add-on Therapy to Hypoglycemic Drugs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Chen, HC; Yang, AY, 2022)	0.72
" Sodium glucose co-transporter -2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are considered safe with a low risk of hypoglycemia."	( Efficacy and safety of combination of empagliflozin and metformin with combination of sitagliptin and metformin during Ramadan: an observational study. Aamir, AH; Ahmed, I; Asghar, A; Ghaffar, T; Ishtiaq, O; Khan, S; Kumar, S; Masood, F; Raja, UY; Randhawa, FA; Raza, A; Rehman, T; Sherin, A; Wahab, MU, 2022)	0.72
"SGLT-2 inhibitors combined with metformin for patients with diabetes during Ramadan fasting is as effective, safe and well tolerated as DPP4 combined with metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of combination of empagliflozin and metformin with combination of sitagliptin and metformin during Ramadan: an observational study. Aamir, AH; Ahmed, I; Asghar, A; Ghaffar, T; Ishtiaq, O; Khan, S; Kumar, S; Masood, F; Raja, UY; Randhawa, FA; Raza, A; Rehman, T; Sherin, A; Wahab, MU, 2022)	0.72
" Overall, TEGDMA induces various toxic effects in macrophages, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity."	( Protective Effect of Rutin on Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate-Induced Toxicity through the Inhibition of Caspase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Macrophages. Chang, YC; Huang, FM; Kuan, YH; Su, NY; Yang, LC; Yeh, KL, 2022)	0.72
" To our knowledge, this review is the first to provide a comprehensive coverage of the adverse events of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, as well as their management and counseling aspects for Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus populations."	( Safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in Asian type 2 diabetes populations. Davidson, JA; Hew, FL; Hussein, Z; Mohamed, M; Sukor, N, 2023)	0.91
" Calcipotriol did not cause adverse effects on cartilage or subchondral bone within a week, suggesting that it could be safely used in local treatment of arthritis."	( No adverse effects on periarticular tissue by intra-articular vitamin D analogue calcipotriol in a reduced-dose zymosan-induced arthritis model in rats. Finnilä, M; Huhtakangas, JA; Huovinen, J; Kauppinen, S; Laaksonen, S; Lehenkari, P; Lohela, J; Voipio, HM, 2023)	0.91
" The HR for major adverse CV events with dapagliflozin among insulin users (0."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin by Baseline Insulin Regimen and Dose: Post Hoc Analyses From DECLARE-TIMI 58. Bhatt, DL; Cahn, A; Gause-Nilsson, IAM; Goodrich, EL; Langkilde, AM; Leiter, LA; McGuire, DK; Mosenzon, O; Murphy, SA; Pollack, R; Raz, I; Rozenberg, A; Sabatine, MS; Wilding, JPH; Wiviott, SD; Yanuv, I, 2023)	0.91
"0007), and there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions (OR = 0."	( The effectiveness and safety of total glucosides of paeony in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jiang, P; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
"On the basis of conventional treatment, the combined use of TGP can enhance the clinical efficacy of SLE without increasing the incidence of adverse effects."	( The effectiveness and safety of total glucosides of paeony in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jiang, P; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, X; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The addition of dietary polyphenols did not increase adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials. Chen, Y; Deng, Y; Guo, H; He, Q; Huang, Z; Li, H; Long, Z; Wei, H; Xiang, W; Xiao, W; Yang, K; Yuan, M; Yuan, X; Zeng, L, 2023)	0.91
" For safety, RCTs showed that the addition of TGP did not increase adverse events, and may even reduce adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony in the treatment of 5 types of inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ge, A; Ge, J; He, Q; Long, Z; Xiang, W; Xiao, W; Yang, K; Zeng, L; Zhen, H, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A linear pharmacokinetic behavior was obtained after iv administation of 400-400 mg/kg of aucubin."	( Pharmacokinetic study of an iridoid glucoside: aucubin. Chang, IM; Kim, SK; Lee, MH; Shim, CK; Suh, NJ, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic studies on mice dosed intragastrically with hypoxoside showed that it was deconjugated by bacterial beta-glucosidase to form rooperol in the colon."	( Morphological characterisation of the cell-growth inhibitory activity of rooperol and pharmacokinetic aspects of hypoxoside as an oral prodrug for cancer therapy. Albrecht, CF; Kruger, PB; Theron, EJ, 1995)	0.29
"To study the pharmacokinetic behaviour of hypoxoside taken orally by 24 patients with lung cancer."	( The pharmacokinetic behaviour of hypoxoside taken orally by patients with lung cancer in a phase I trial. Albrecht, CF; Freestone, M; Gouws, L; Kruger, PB; Miller, R; Smit, BJ; van Jaarsveld, PP, 1995)	0.29
"This study concerns the pharmacokinetic behaviour and cardiovascular effects of rapid infusions of hypoxoside (CAS 83643-94-1) and rooperol (CAS 83644-00-2) in anaesthetised Chacma baboons."	( Pharmacokinetic behaviour and cardiovascular effects of intravenously administered hypoxoside and rooperol. Albrecht, CF; Coetzee, JF; Jahed, N; Kruger, PB; van Jaarsveld, PP, 1996)	0.29
" The times to Cmax (tmax) of PF were 11."	( Pharmacokinetic study of paeonimetabolin I, a major metabolite of paeoniflorin from paeony roots. Akao, T; Hattori, M; Heikal, OA; Takeda, S, 1997)	0.3
" 2-Naphthyl sulphate was eliminated from haemolymph with a half-life < 10 h and was excreted in urine."	( Pharmacokinetics of 2-naphthol following intrapericardial administration, and formation of 2-naphthyl-beta-D-glucoside and 2-naphthyl sulphate in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. James, MO; Li, CL, 1997)	0.3
" Combining data for all lobsters, the average terminal elimination half-life of parent 9-OH-BaP was 97."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elimination of 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and its glucoside and sulfate conjugates after administration to male and female American lobsters, Homarus americanus. James, MO; Li, CL, 2000)	0.31
" We performed a phase I trial to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of rebeccamycin analog when given on a daily x 5 schedule repeated every 3 weeks, characterize the toxicity profile using this schedule, observe patients for antitumor response, and determine the pharmacokinetics of the agent and pharmacodynamic interactions."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of rebeccamycin analog NSC 655649 given daily for five consecutive days. Dowlati, A; Gerson, SL; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Ivy, P; Li, X; Majka, S; Remick, SC; Sedransk, N; Spiro, T, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a three-compartmental model of drug elimination and a long terminal half-life (154 +/- 55 hours)."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of rebeccamycin analog NSC 655649 given daily for five consecutive days. Dowlati, A; Gerson, SL; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, ST; Ivy, P; Li, X; Majka, S; Remick, SC; Sedransk, N; Spiro, T, 2001)	0.31
" The elimination half-life of plasma total anthocyanins was calculated to be 132."	( Anthocyanins are absorbed in glycated forms in elderly women: a pharmacokinetic study. Cao, G; Muccitelli, HU; Prior, RL; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2001)	0.31
" There was no significant difference in the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters between the onion supplement and quercetin-4'-O-glucoside."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. Derendorf, H; Drewelow, B; Graefe, EU; Jacobasch, G; Mueller, S; Pforte, H; Riethling, AK; Uehleke, B; Veit, M; Wittig, J, 2001)	0.31
"To assess the feasibility of administering NSC 655649, a water-soluble, rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties, as a brief intravenous (IV) infusion once every 3 weeks and to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of NSC 655649, characterize its pharmacokinetic behavior, and seek preliminary evidence of antitumor activity."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of NSC 655649, a rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties. Aylesworth, C; Campbell, E; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, L; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, J; Patnaik, A; Rizzo, J; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Weiss, G, 2001)	0.31
" Plasma and urine were sampled to characterize the pharmacokinetic and excretory behavior of NSC 655649."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of NSC 655649, a rebeccamycin analog with topoisomerase inhibitory properties. Aylesworth, C; Campbell, E; Eckhardt, SG; Felton, S; Hammond, L; Hidalgo, M; Kuhn, J; Patnaik, A; Rizzo, J; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Weiss, G, 2001)	0.31
" Renal excretion rate, elimination half-life and total bioavailability of salicylates were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of salicin after oral administration of a standardised willow bark extract. Heide, L; Kötter, I; Schmid, B, 2001)	0.31
"NSC 655649 was given in both single- and multiple-dose formats, to characterize maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity, and pharmacokinetic profile."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of NSC 655649, a rebeccamycin analogue, given in both single-dose and multiple-dose formats. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, R; Binger, K; Cleary, J; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnoccha, R; Merchant, J; Thomas, J; Tutsch, K; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" Plasma and urine were sampled to assess the pharmacokinetic and excretory characteristics of NSC 655649."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of NSC 655649, a rebeccamycin analogue, given in both single-dose and multiple-dose formats. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, R; Binger, K; Cleary, J; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnoccha, R; Merchant, J; Thomas, J; Tutsch, K; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
"To explore the effects of dispensing ratio of Chinese herbs on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of effective components."	( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine]. Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)	0.31
" The concentration-time data were fitted using 3P87 Pharmacokinetic Program, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by t-test."	( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine]. Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)	0.31
"51(min), Cmax = 3845."	( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine]. Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)	0.31
"Different formulae of Chinese herbs do not always result in changes of pharmacokinetic characteristics of some one component."	( [Effects of chuanxiong-chishao dispensing ratio on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in the canine]. Chen, K; Yan, YF; Zhang, Z, 2000)	0.31
" The validated method has been successfully applied for pharmacokinetic studies of paeoniflorin from rat serum after oral administration of Guan-Xin-Er-Hao decoction."	( SPE-HPLC method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies on paeoniflorin in rat serum after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Guan-Xin-Er-Hao decoction. Guo, DA; Guo, HZ; Li, YY; Li, YZ; Ye, G, 2003)	0.32
" A non-compartment model was used for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( A deglucosylated metabolite of paeoniflorin of the root of Paeonia lactiflora and its pharmacokinetics in rats. Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Hsiu, SL; Lin, YT; Wen, KC, 2003)	0.32
" The validated method was applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of albiflorin and paeoniflorin from rat serum after oral administration of Si-Wu decoction."	( Solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat serum after oral administration of Si-Wu decoction. Guo, D; Li, L; Li, Y; Sheng, Y; Wang, C, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma samples were collected at different time to construct pharmacokinetic profiles by plotting drug concentration versus time."	( Effects of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin after intravenous administration of Paeoniae Radix extract in rats. Ding, Y; Du, L; He, X; Li, Y; Xing, D; Xu, L, 2004)	0.32
" This method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of picroside II in dogs."	( Determination of picroside II in dog plasma by HPLC and its application in a pharmacokinetics study. Xu, LZ; Yang, FC; Yang, SL, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion of enterodiol and enterolactone were evaluated after consumption of their purified plant precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)."	( Pharmacokinetics of enterolignans in healthy men and women consuming a single dose of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Arts, IC; Hollman, PC; Kuijsten, A; Vree, TB, 2005)	0.33
" Studies on pharmacokinetic interaction between the active constituents of these two herbs (paeoniflorin and sinomenine, respectively) provide empirical evidence to support their clinical practice."	( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats. Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)	0.33
" The urinary excretion of intact anthocyanins was fast and the decline of excretion rates appeared to be monophasic, suggesting a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Urinary pharmacokinetics of cyanidin glycosides in healthy young men following consumption of elderberry juice. Bitsch, I; Bitsch, R; Frank, T; Netzel, M; Sonntag, S; Strass, G, 2005)	0.33
", paeoniflorin and sinomenine, in pharmacokinetic parameters, tissues distribution, and protein binding ability could provide empirical data to support their clinical application."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of paeoniflorin and sinomenine: pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution characteristics in rats and protein binding ability in vitro. Bian, ZX; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)	0.33
" Major pharmacokinetic interactions between NSC 655649 and CDDP were not apparent."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sequences of the rebeccamycin analogue NSC 655649 and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Berg, K; Forero, L; Forouzesh, B; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Kuhn, JG; Ochoa-Bayona, JL; Ricart, AD; Rowinsky, EK; Takimoto, CH; Tolcher, AW, 2005)	0.33
" Neither pharmacokinetic interactions between the agents nor sequence-dependent toxicologic or pharmacokinetic effects were apparent."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sequences of the rebeccamycin analogue NSC 655649 and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Berg, K; Forero, L; Forouzesh, B; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Kuhn, JG; Ochoa-Bayona, JL; Ricart, AD; Rowinsky, EK; Takimoto, CH; Tolcher, AW, 2005)	0.33
" These results, compared with the pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Paeoniae Radix extract alone, indicated that the absorption of paeoniflorin after oral administration of the two JZGX formulations was significantly greater than that after oral administration of Paeoniae Radix extract alone."	( Studies of the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in two Jing-Zhi-Guan-Xin formulations after oral administration to beagle dogs. Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Peng, B; Wei, LL; Yang, XG; Zhang, GH, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for both photosensitizers were derived from plasma concentration-time data using a non-compartmental analysis and a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of a tri-glucoconjugated 5,10,15-(meta)-trihydroxyphenyl-20-phenyl porphyrin photosensitizer for PDT. A single dose study in the rat. Auchère, D; Bautista-Sanchez, A; Desroches, MC; Farinotti, R; Grierson, DS; Kasselouri, A; Labeque, B; Lamotte, C; Maillard, P; Prognon, P, 2006)	0.33
" This method was validated for specificity, accuracy and precision and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of syringin and chlorogenic acid in rat plasma after intravenous administration of Aidi lyophilizer."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of syringin and chlorogenic acid in rat plasma after administration of Aidi lyophilizer. Bi, KS; Jia, Y; Li, Q; Shen, ZD; Sun, LX; Wang, ZW; Xu, L, 2006)	0.33
" This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits after the intravenous administrations of orientin and TRO PE at three different doses."	( Determination and pharmacokinetics of orientin in rabbit plasma by liquid chromatography after intravenous administration of orientin and Trollius chinensis Bunge extract. Huo, T; Li, F; Li, X; Lu, X; Qin, F, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of Gastrodin in rat plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intranasal and intravenous administration (50mg kg(-1)) was investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of Gastrodin in rat plasma and CSF after i.n. and i.v. Chen, G; Wang, Q; Zeng, S, 2007)	0.34
" The described assay method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies in rats and a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) successfully."	( Quantitative determination of trans-polydatin, a natural strong anti-oxidative compound, in rat plasma and cellular environment of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line for pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, X; Han, D; He, H; Jing, J; Li, T; Ma, L; Ren, W; Wang, G; Wang, R; Wu, X; Yu, Q; Zhao, Y; Zheng, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Finally, the method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin in rat brain following a single subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg) to rats."	( Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of paeoniflorin in rat brain and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Chen, DY; Han, XM; Ke, Y; Shen, LL; Shen, R; Sun, XY; Wang, Y; Xia, SM; Yang, YM, 2007)	0.34
" The quantitation method was successfully applied to generate pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of markers as well as to detect other components in plasma after intravenous dose administration of herbal preparation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbal preparation. Asthana, RK; Gupta, RC; Suryawanshi, S, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma concentration-time data and urinary excretion-time data with the DAS software package."	( [Pharmacokinetics of flavonoids from xiexin decoction in rats]. Liu, ZM; Ma, YM; Shi, R; Wang, TM; Yan, JC, 2007)	0.34
" The purpose of this study was to develop an HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of harpagoside and cinnamic acid in rat plasma and investigate pharmacokinetic parameters of harpagoside and cinnamic acid after oral administration of xuanshen extract (760 mg kg(-1))."	( Simultaneous determination of harpagoside and cinnamic acid in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Jin, X; Li, P; Xiao, L; Yang, K; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The study confirms the importance of careful pharmacokinetic analysis in the characterization of herbal medicines when applied for future clinical applications."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of gentiopicroside from decoction of Radix Gentianae, Gentiana macrophylla after oral administration in rats: a pharmacokinetic comaprison with gentiopicroside after oral and intravenous administration alone. Bligh, SW; Branford-White, CJ; Cheng, XM; He, YQ; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; White, KN, 2007)	0.34
" The validated method was used to study the pharmacokinetic profile of salidroside in rat plasma after intravenous and oral administration of salidroside."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the determination of salidroside in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetics study. He, Y; Liang, Y; Liu, L; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, D; Wang, G; Wei, W; Wen, T; Xie, L; Yu, S, 2008)	0.35
" This developed method was subsequently applied to pharmacokinetic studies of the five compounds in rats successfully."	( Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, ononin, astragaloside IV, astragaloside I and ferulic acid in rat plasma after oral administration of Danggui Buxue Tang extract for their pharmacokinetic studies by liquid chromatography-mass Bao, KD; Li, CY; Li, P; Qi, LW; Wen, XD; Yan, XW; Yi, L, 2008)	0.35
" Quantification of paeoniflorin in rat plasma was achieved using a simple and rapid HPLC method for pharmacokinetic study."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of decoction of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats. Cao, J; Cheng, XM; He, YQ; Wang, CH; Wang, R; Wang, ZT; Wu, C, 2008)	0.35
"This HPLC assay is a simple, sensitive and accurate and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of scopolin in rats."	( A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of scopolin in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Cai, F; Dai, Y; Wang, Q; Xia, YF, 2008)	0.35
" Steviol glucuronide appeared in the plasma of all subjects after administration of rebaudioside A or stevioside, with median tmax values of 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of rebaudioside A and stevioside after single oral doses in healthy men. Boileau, AC; Compton, JC; Jiang, X; Mandarino, DA; Prakash, I; Wheeler, A; Winkler, PC, 2008)	0.35
" This selective and sensitive method is useful for the determination of gastrodin and HBA and in the pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds."	( Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and its metabolite p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in rat blood, brain and bile by microdialysis coupled to LC-MS/MS. Chen, YF; Lee, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2008)	0.35
" Concentrations of paeoniflorin in rat plasma were determined by HPLC-MS/MS assay and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics]. Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)	0.35
"The mainly pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin when administrated Radix Paeoniae Rubra only were as follows: C(max) (1."	( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics]. Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)	0.35
" Secondary endpoints were survival and pharmacokinetic characterization."	( Phase II and pharmacokinetic trial of rebeccamycin analog in advanced biliary cancers. Brell, J; Chak, A; Dowlati, A; Fu, P; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, S; Ivy, P; Krishnamurthi, S; Posey, J; Ramanathan, RK; Rath, L; Remick, SC, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic profile of this trial closely resembles those of prior phase I trials."	( Phase II and pharmacokinetic trial of rebeccamycin analog in advanced biliary cancers. Brell, J; Chak, A; Dowlati, A; Fu, P; Hoppel, CL; Ingalls, S; Ivy, P; Krishnamurthi, S; Posey, J; Ramanathan, RK; Rath, L; Remick, SC, 2009)	0.35
" Paeoniflorin is a main effective ingredient of Cortex Moutan and the pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin following oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, Cortex Moutan extract and SD decoction to rats were studied with approximately the same dose of 30mg/kg paeoniflorin."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, extract of Cortex Moutan and Shuang-Dan prescription to rats. Chai, Y; Wu, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, D; Zhu, Z, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to determine the influence of CC on the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids following the administration of RS in rats and to investigate the effects of CC on the pharmacokinetic mechanism."	( Influence of coptis Chinensis on pharmacokinetics of flavonoids after oral administration of radix Scutellariae in rats. Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, Y; Shi, R; Wang, C; Wang, T; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin were calculated by non-compartment model statistics."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of polydatin in Beagle dogs]. Cai, Z; Ma, AD; Yang, XM; Yu, F, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin at 3 doses were obtained, with T((1/2)); of 89."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of polydatin in Beagle dogs]. Cai, Z; Ma, AD; Yang, XM; Yu, F, 2009)	0.35
" The validated method has been successfully applied to determine the plasma concentration of catalpol for a pharmacokinetic study of catalpol after oral administration of 50 mg/kg to rats."	( Quantitation of catalpol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its pharmacokinetic study. Gu, Y; Liu, C; Lu, R; Si, D, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study is to develop a simple and rapid HPLC method and investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin after intravenous administration."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" All data were subsequently processed by the pharmacokinetic Software WinNonLin."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
"Glycyrrhizin significantly influenced the pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin, increasing the value of AUC and decreasing CL and V(d)."	( [Influence of glycyrrhizin on paeoniflorin pharmacokinetic fate in unrestrained conscious rats by intravenous administration]. Chen, X; Han, D; Li, N; Su, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for dapagliflozin in preclinical species revealed a compound with adequate oral exposure, clearance, and elimination half-life, consistent with the potential for single daily dosing in humans."	( In vitro characterization and pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin (BMS-512148), a potent sodium-glucose cotransporter type II inhibitor, in animals and humans. Discenza, L; Ellsworth, BA; Humphreys, WG; Kasichayanula, S; Khanna, A; Komoroski, B; Koplowitz, B; Li, W; Meng, W; Obermeier, M; Washburn, W; Whaley, JM; Yao, M; Zhu, M, 2010)	0.36
"SAP can significantly impact the absorption of DCQD components in rats and their pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of severe acute pancreatitis on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction components. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Liang, MZ; Tang, WF; Xia, Q; Xiang, J; Yu, Q, 2009)	0.35
" At the doses tested, sergliflozin showed less than dose-proportional pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sergliflozin etabonate, a novel inhibitor of glucose reabsorption, in healthy overweight and obese subjects: a randomized double-blind study. Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; Kapur, A; Layko, D; Murray, SC; Nunez, DJ; O'Connor-Semmes, RL; Stockman, NL; Stoltz, RR, 2010)	0.36
" This fully validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the above seven compounds in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of active xanthone glycosides, timosaponins and alkaloids in rat plasma after oral administration of Zi-Shen Pill extract for the pharmacokinetic study by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Cai, F; Chen, W; Feng, J; Gao, S; Sun, L; Wei, H; Xu, W; Yang, Q; Zhang, F, 2010)	0.36
" Thus, the method was valid enough to be applied for pharmacokinetic study of GAS in human plasma."	( Determination and pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in human plasma by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector. Cui, X; Guo, DM; Ju, XH; Liu, N; Shi, Y, 2010)	0.36
"To establish a HPLC-MS method and investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin and the pharmacokinetics difference of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats. Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)	0.36
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated and the total AUC of the three components were compared."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats. Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin were significantly different."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats. Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)	0.36
"A specific and sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin in rat plasma and was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of paeoniflorin, albiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin after oral gavage of extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and Radix Paeoniae Alba in rats. Duan, K; Feng, C; Kong, D; Liu, M; Shi, X; Wang, Q; Yang, W, 2010)	0.36
" The plasma concentrations of baicalin and wogonoside in rats at designated time periods after oral administration were successfully determined using the validated method, pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a non-compartment model."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of baicalin and wogonoside by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after oral administration of Xiaochaihu Tang and Radix scutellariae extract to rats. Chai, Y; Chen, J; Liu, X; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, Z, 2010)	0.36
"The method described in this report has high sensitivity and selectivity, and was suitable for pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin."	( [Pharmacokinetics study on paeoniflorin in radix paeoniae alba extract by LC-MS]. Bao, T; Dong, Y; Li, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2010)	0.36
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang-Min-Ling-Wan."	( LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of albiflorin and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Alba extract and Tang-Min-Ling-Wan. Bi, K; Gao, J; Tong, L; Wan, M; Zhou, D; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The current studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between dapagliflozin and pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects following single-dose administration."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Boulton, DW; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Li, T; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Shyu, WC; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of albiflorin and paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure compound, Radix Paeoniae alba extract and danggui-shaoyao-san extract to rats. Kang, LP; Li, YF; Ma, BP; Ruan, JX; Wang, M; Wang, XY; Yu, HS; Zhang, ZQ, 2011)	0.37
"1 pharmacokinetic software."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from compound Tianma granule in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of madecassoside in rats after an oral administration."	( Development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for assay of madecassoside in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Dai, Y; Han, WJ; Xia, YF, 2012)	0.38
" At different predetermined time points after administration, the concentrations of GAS in rat plasma were determined by using HPLC, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility. Hu, PY; Wu, B; Wu, ZF; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zheng, Q, 2011)	0.37
"The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC and C(max) of GAS were dramatically different (p<0."	( Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility. Hu, PY; Wu, B; Wu, ZF; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zheng, Q, 2011)	0.37
" The method was fully validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of AGL."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination and pharmacokinetic study of apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in rat plasma after intravenous administration. Cao, Q; Chen, Z; Jiang, H; Li, X; Meng, F; Meng, S; Ying, X; Zhu, X, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profiles estimated by fitting two-compartment and non-compartment models revealed that PM-SG was rapidly absorbed into the body fluids and widely distributed throughout the body, with great efficiency of utility, followed by quick elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
"This was the first report on the favorable pharmacokinetic profiles of PM-SG in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
" The method was fully validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LGL and AGL in rat plasma after the intravenous administration of HSE."	( LC determination of luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside in rat plasma after administration of Humulus scandens extract and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Cao, Q; Chen, Z; Jiang, H; Meng, F; Meng, S; Wang, L; Ying, X; Zhu, X, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate pharmacokinetic parameters of peoniflorin, albiflorin and amygdaloside after administration of Guizhi Fuling capsule in beagle dogs."	( [Pharmacokinetics of Guizhi Fuling capsule in Beagle dogs]. Chang, X; Lv, X; Qin, J; Sun, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, W; Zhu, K, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic course of peoniflorin, albiflorin and amygdaloside can be described by two-compartment model, and these components have high expose."	( [Pharmacokinetics of Guizhi Fuling capsule in Beagle dogs]. Chang, X; Lv, X; Qin, J; Sun, X; Wang, Z; Xiao, W; Zhu, K, 2011)	0.37
"A simple and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the pharmacokinetic study of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside (VOG) in rats after oral administration."	( LC determination and pharmacokinetic study of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rat plasma after oral administration. Kang, T; Li, H; Liu, X; Wang, D; Wang, N; Wang, S; Ying, X; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
"This Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the novel oral SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin (ASP1941) in T2DM patients."	( Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Akinlade, B; Klasen, S; Kowalski, D; Schwartz, SL; Wilpshaar, W; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Its medicinal activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and endothelial protection, have been extensively studied, but its pharmacokinetic property is still unclear."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of PM-SG were determined in mice applying both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
" All pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by compartmental and non-compartmental models reached a same conclusion that PM-SG was rapidly absorbed and widely distributed throughout the body with a great efficiency of utility, followed by quick elimination and clearance."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
"This was the first report on determination of the pharmacokinetic profile of PM-SG in mice after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
") on the pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine (major toxic and bioactive component of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx."	( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine. Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma samples were collected for determination and analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of aconitine."	( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine. Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
"The acute oral toxicity of aconitine in rats was significantly reduced by paeoniflorin; this might result from the alterations of pharmacokinetic behavior of aconitine in the animals by coadministration of paeoniflorin."	( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine. Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic studies are recommended in subjects with impaired hepatic function if hepatic metabolism accounts for a substantial portion of the absorbed drug."	( Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dapagliflozin: an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study. Boulton, DW; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Additionally, α half-life, β half-life, (a)CL, MRT(0→t ), MRT(0→∞ ), and terminal half-life of VOG in rats showed significant differences between 20 mg/kg and other doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rats after intravenous application. Cheng, ZZ; Du, Y; Kang, TG; Li, HB; Liu, X; Wang, F; Wang, SY; Ying, XX; Zhang, WJ, 2012)	0.38
" The highly sensitive method was successfully applied to estimated pharmacokinetic parameters of genipin following oral and intravenous administration to rats."	( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was by means of linearity, precision, matrix effect and recovery so that it could be used for the pharmacokinetic study of PG."	( Validation of a HPLC-tandem MS/MS method for pharmacokinetics study of (+)-pinoresinol-di-β-D-glucopyranoside from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv extract in rats' plasma. Gao, XM; Han, LF; Liu, EW; Wang, JL; Wang, T; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Albiflorin and paeoniflorin are the main effective compounds of Radix Paeoniae alba, and the pharmacokinetic differences of the two compounds in rats after oral administration of SGT and single herb Paeony decoction were studied."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of albiflorin and paeoniflorin after oral administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang and single herb Paeony decoction to rats. Gan, P; Huang, X; Liu, Z; Sun, M; Wang, Y; Xiao, Y; Yuan, Q; Zeng, C; Zhong, M; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
"A comparative study was designed and conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic difference of paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Rubra to normal rats and the acute cholestasis hepatitis rats induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration of Radix Paeoniae Rubra in normal rats and the acute cholestasis hepatitis rats. Jiang, F; Li, R; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wei, S; Wei, Z; Xiao, X; Zhao, Y; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of these studies was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of T2DM, and four medications commonly prescribed in patients with T2DM and cardiovascular disease: simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, and digoxin."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Shyu, WC, 2012)	0.38
"Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between 20 mg dapagliflozin, 40 mg simvastatin, or 320 mg valsartan were assessed in an open-label, randomized, five-period, five-treatment, unbalanced crossover study in 24 healthy subjects."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between dapagliflozin and simvastatin, valsartan, warfarin, or digoxin. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Shyu, WC, 2012)	0.38
" This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of trans-SG in rats after intravenous administration."	( Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of trans-stilbene glycoside in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Feng, D; He, J; Peng, Y; Qi, H; Sun, J; Wan, P; Wang, J; Zha, W; Zhou, J; Zhu, X; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of Si-Ni-San decoction."	( UPLC-MS/MS determination of paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and glycyrrhetinic acid in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Si-Ni-San decoction. Li, F; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Qiao, Y; Song, Y; Wen, J; Yang, J, 2012)	0.38
"This study was conducted to investigate whether food and gender could influence pharmacokinetic profiles of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Samul-tang."	( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats. Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin were not significant different by gender difference."	( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats. Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)	0.38
"To establish a UPLC-MS/MS analysical method for simultaneous determination of concentrations of isoorientin, scutellarin and cynaroside in rat plasma and to study their pharmacokinetic characteristics after intravenous injection of 3 doses of Fufang Hongcao in rats."	( [Simultaneous determination of isoorientin, scutellarin and cynaroside in rat plasma and pharmacokinetics by UPLC-MS/MS]. He, F; Huang, Y; Lan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, L, 2012)	0.38
"The above men tioned method is so specific, rapid, sensitive that it is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of Fufang Hongcao injection in rats."	( [Simultaneous determination of isoorientin, scutellarin and cynaroside in rat plasma and pharmacokinetics by UPLC-MS/MS]. He, F; Huang, Y; Lan, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, L, 2012)	0.38
"A pharmacokinetic study of the metabolic profile of resveratrol has been performed in healthy men after moderate red wine (RW) consumption."	( Pharmacokinetics of resveratrol metabolic profile in healthy humans after moderate consumption of red wine and grape extract tablets. Andres-Lacueva, C; Escribano, E; Estruch, R; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the three flavonoid glycosides in beagle dog plasma after intravenous administration of the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation: Kudiezi injection."	( UFLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide in beagle dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after administration of traditional Chinese med Bi, K; Chen, X; Han, F; Liu, R; Tang, Z; Yin, R; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
" Steady-state Cmax for dapagliflozin were 4%, 6% and 9% higher and for D3OG were 20%, 37% and 52% higher in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively, compared with normal function."	( The influence of kidney function on dapagliflozin exposure, metabolism and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Boulton, DW; Humphreys, WG; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Liu, X; Pe Benito, M; Pfister, M; Yao, M, 2013)	0.39
"An investigation was designed and conducted to detect pharmacokinetic differences between paeoniflorin (Pae) microemulsion and Pae saline."	( Pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin microemulsion after repeated dosing in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Nie, XX; Song, LH; Wang, C; Wei, W; Yang, ZY; Yuan, J, 2012)	0.38
" Assessments included adverse events (AEs) and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following 4 weeks' treatment with empagliflozin once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hantel, S; Heise, T; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Seewaldt-Becker, E; Seman, L; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"To establish a HPLC method for determining acetoside in rat plasma and to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of acetoside in rats."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on acetoside in rats]. Cai, LM; Gao, L; Huang, Y; Huo, SX; Kaisaier, A; Li, JM; Lin, J; Wu, PP; Yan, M, 2012)	0.38
" A sensitive, specific, and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of cinnamic acid, hippuric acid, paeoniflorin, and glycyrrhetic acid in rat."	( Pharmacokinetic study of multiple active constituents after oral gavage of Guizhi decoction in rats using a LC-MS/MS method. Chen, Y; Gao, C; Ma, Y; Qiu, F, 2013)	0.39
"To establish a LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbit plasma, in order to determine the concentration of the three main ingredients in blood after transdermal administration and calculate their pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm]. Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)	0.38
" Winnonlin software was used to calculate their major pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm]. Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)	0.38
" After transdermal administration of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbits, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B or paeoniflorin were as follows: Cmax (20."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm]. Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin are suitable to assess the percutaneous absorption of refined coronary cataplasm."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm]. Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)	0.38
" There were no relevant changes in the time to reach peak levels (t (max,ss)) or terminal elimination half-life (t (½,ss)) of EE and LNG between test and reference treatments."	( Effect of empagliflozin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy female volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Cmax and AUC of gallic acid were increased (P<0."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
" The LC-MS/MS method could be used to evaluate the effect of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic (urine glucose and fasting plasma glucose), and safety (adverse events, vital signs, ECG, clinical laboratory parameters including lactic acid) assessments were performed at check-in and throughout the treatment periods."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozin etabonate, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and metformin when co-administered in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; James, CD; Kapur, A; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Polli, JW; Rafferty, B; Tao, W, 2013)	0.39
" Metformin did not affect the AUC of RE, remogliflozin, or its active metabolite, GSK279782, although Cmax values were slightly lower for remogliflozin and its metabolite after co-administration with metformin compared with administration of RE alone."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozin etabonate, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and metformin when co-administered in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; James, CD; Kapur, A; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Polli, JW; Rafferty, B; Tao, W, 2013)	0.39
" Half-life and time at which Cmax was observed were dose-independent."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Gutierrez, MJ; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, PL; Rusch, S, 2013)	0.39
"To verify established the total quantum statistic moments model with astragaloside IV, paeoniflorin, tetramethylpyrazine in Buyanghuanwu injection, in order to establish a pharmacokinetic experimental method with multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound system."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for single component were dealt with DAS and the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) parameters were calculated using formulations."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components in Buyanghuanwu injection showed that AUC(t), MRT(t), VRT(t), CL(t), V(t), were (119."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The TQSM can be used to study pharmacokinetic parameters of multi-component TCM compound, because the method can characterize the pharmacokinetic regularity of quantum-time change in a multi-component system."	( [Experimental studies on pharmacokinetics of three components in Buyanghuanwu injection on base of total quantum statistical moment]. Deng, KW; He, FY; He, QP; Li, B; Liu, W; Liu, WL; Shi, JL; Wu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of all three aromatic acids and one monoterpene in rat plasma."	( UHPLC-MS simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of three aromatic acids and one monoterpene in rat plasma after oral administration of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction. Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Hua, Y; Liu, P; Shang, E; Su, S; Tang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" No changes in elimination half-life and protein binding of ipragliflozin were observed in moderate hepatic impairment subjects."	( The effect of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ipragliflozin, a novel sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Lasseter, KC; Plumb, L; Smulders, R; Townsend, RW; Ushigome, F; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by a compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of different combinations of Shaoyao-Gancao-Decoction in rats: simultaneous determination of ten active constituents by HPLC-MS/MS. Li, D; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, H; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Wu, X; Xu, C; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic results of this study indicate that no dose adjustment of empagliflozin is required in patients with renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, in subjects with renal impairment. Broedl, UC; Halabi, A; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
"A great number of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic investigations in the past 22 years have demonstrated that PD has favorable therapeutic properties, indicating its potential as an effective material."	( Polydatin: a review of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Du, QH; Peng, C; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.39
"01) of these analytes between SGD1 and SGD2 in in vivo pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two different combinations of Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction in rats: competing mechanisms between paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Li, DH; Li, HF; Sun, SQ; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Wu, XZ; Xu, CH; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
"These studies assessed the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and pharmaco dynamic properties of dapagliflozin and its major inactive metabolite, dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide (D3OG), in healthy subjects residing in China."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single- and multiple-dose of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of SGLT2, in healthy Chinese subjects. Boulton, DW; Bui, A; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, FP; Li, H; Liu, X; Yang, L, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (plasma and urinary dapagliflozin and D3OG), pharmacodynamic response (urinary glucose excretion), and tolerability were assessed."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single- and multiple-dose of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of SGLT2, in healthy Chinese subjects. Boulton, DW; Bui, A; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, FP; Li, H; Liu, X; Yang, L, 2013)	0.39
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics following single- and multiple-dose dapagliflozin 5 and 10 mg oral administration in healthy Chinese subjects were as predicted from previous studies and were similar to findings observed in non-Chinese healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single- and multiple-dose of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of SGLT2, in healthy Chinese subjects. Boulton, DW; Bui, A; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, FP; Li, H; Liu, X; Yang, L, 2013)	0.39
"; ≤12 weeks) were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for empagliflozin."	( Population pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergsma, TT; Gastonguay, MR; MacGregor, TR; Macha, S; Riggs, MM; Seman, L; Staab, A, 2013)	0.39
"The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of Huangqin Tang on different oral doses."	( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses]. Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)	0.39
"A simple, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of six active components, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid rosmarinic acid and paeoniflorin in rat plasma after oral administration of Cerebralcare granule(®) for the first time."	( Simultaneous determination of five phenolic components and paeoniflorin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Cerebralcare granule(®). Chu, Y; Guo, JH; Li, SM; Li, W; Ma, XH; Wang, JM; Wang, XY; Zhang, HC; Zhou, SP; Zhu, YH, 2013)	0.39
" The half-life for orally administered dapagliflozin 10 mg was 12."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2. Boulton, DW; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, F; Liu, X, 2014)	0.4
" The increases in AUC0-∞ and Cmax for 10 mg vs."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, and assessment of dose proportionality in healthy volunteers. Hobson, D; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Macha, S; Salsali, A; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"To observe in vitro the effect of rat drug serum on the proliferation of HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cells in the pharmacokinetic model for determining peoniflorin in Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet, in order to discover the rational daily administration frequency of Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet."	( [Study on rational daily administration frequency of Fufang Biejia Ruangan tablet based on integrated serum pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic model]. Bai, JX; Chen, HG; Dai, L; Han, J; Xu, H; Yin, RL; Yuan, HL, 2013)	0.39
" The aims of the present study were to develop a new and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of plantamajoside and acteoside and investigate their pharmacokinetic properties in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of plantamajoside and acteoside from Plantago asiatica in rats by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Deng, L; Deng, Y; Gan, L; Li, GQ; Li, Y; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the pharmacokinetic characteristics, toxicological issues and safety concerns of SGLT2 inhibitors in humans."	( Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Scheen, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"The three pharmacological agents share an excellent oral bioavailability, long half-life allowing once-daily administration, low accumulation index and renal clearance, the absence of active metabolites and a limited propensity to drug-drug interactions."	( Evaluating SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: pharmacokinetic and toxicological considerations. Scheen, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"To analyse and compare the characteristics of the intestinal absorption of puerarin, baicalin, berberine and liquiritin in different combinations of Gegenqinlian decoction based on pharmacokinetic parameters, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the quantification of four components in rat's plasma."	( [Analysis and comparison of intestinal absorption of components of Gegenqinlian decoction in different combinations based on pharmacokinetic parameters]. An, R; Gu, QQ; Wang, XH; Wang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, YZ, 2013)	0.39
" Samples were analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS with elimination kinetics established using non-compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling."	( The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans. Botting, NP; Cassidy, A; Czank, C; de Ferrars, RM; Kay, CD; Kroon, PA; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" We may conclude that pharmacokinetic studies of complex herbal products are not only necessary but also feasible by using representative bioactive chemicals as indicators of establishing quality control standards and of determining pharmacokinetic behavior of herbal medicines."	( The pharmacokinetic study of sinomenine, paeoniflorin and paeonol in rats after oral administration of a herbal product Qingfu Guanjiesu capsule by HPLC. Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Ma, WZ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)	0.4
" The validated method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the seven components in female rat plasma after oral administration of Ge-Gen Decoction aqueous extract."	( Simultaneous determination of puerarin, daidzin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin and liquiritigenin in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of Ge-Gen Decoction by a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem m Chai, CZ; Huo, LX; Wang, DW; Wu, J; Xiao, HH; Yan, Y; Yu, BY; Zhu, DN, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic differences of paeoniflorin, naringin, naringenin and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) following oral administration of pure compounds, single herbs and Si-Ni-San (SNS) decoction to rats were studied."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of four major components after oral administration of pure compounds, herbs and Si-Ni-San to rats. Li, F; Wang, Y; Wen, J; Yang, L; Zhao, L; Zheng, W, 2014)	0.4
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the five compounds in rats after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets."	( Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. An, Y; Shi, G; Sun, X; Wu, Q; Wu, X; Zhang, M; Zhang, P, 2014)	0.4
" A comparative study was designed and conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic differences between paeoniflorin naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin after oral administration of ZSS decoction to normal rats and IBS rats induced by acetic acid and restraint stress."	( Development of determination of four analytes of Zhi-Shao-San decoction using LC-MS/MS and its application to comparative pharmacokinetics in normal and irritable bowel syndrome rat plasma. Chen, J; Chen, Z; Jia, W; Jiang, B; Liang, Q; Ma, L; Pan, Z; Zeng, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In order to clarify the rationality of herbaceous compatibility between CD and GU, the comparative evaluations on pharmacokinetic behaviors of daphnetin (a predominantly active ingredient in CD) after intragastric administration of CD and CD-GU (combination of CD and GU) extract were studied."	( The effects of Glycyrrhizae uralenis and its major bioactive components on pharmacokinetics of daphnetin in Cortex daphnes in rats. Chen, LT; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Qian, S; Shan, JJ; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
"Comparing with oral administration of CD extract, AUC and Tmax of daphnetin significantly increased after giving CD-GU (p<0."	( The effects of Glycyrrhizae uralenis and its major bioactive components on pharmacokinetics of daphnetin in Cortex daphnes in rats. Chen, LT; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Qian, S; Shan, JJ; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
"This study evaluated the effects of HCTZ on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of canagliflozin in healthy participants."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
" Blood samples were taken before and several times after administration on day 7 of period 1 and on days 28 and 35 of period 2 for canagliflozin and HCTZ pharmacokinetic analyses using LC-MS/MS."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
"Adding canagliflozin treatment to healthy participants on HCTZ treatment had no notable pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic effects; canagliflozin coadministered with HCTZ was generally well tolerated, with no unexpected tolerability concerns."	( Effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Rusch, S; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2014)	0.4
" This developed method was applied subsequently to pharmacokinetic studies of the six compounds in rats successfully."	( Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV, and astragaloside II in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix Astragali extraction for their pharmacokinetic studies by ultra-pressure li Feng, SL; Guo, L; Hu, F; Liu, XH; Yang, YL; Zhao, JB; Zhu, RJ, 2014)	0.4
" The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the alkaloids were different although their chemical structures were similar."	( Pharmacochemistry and integrated pharmacokinetics of six alkaloids after oral administration of huang-lian-jie-du-tang decoction. Liu, JX; Ma, ZT; Yang, XW; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The method was also successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of all these analytes in plasma after oral administration of RS extract (300mg/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Development of a SPE-LC/MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and their glucuronides baicalin, wogonoside and oroxyloside in rats and its application to brain uptake and plasma pharmacokinetic studies. Fong, SY; Wong, YC; Zuo, Z, 2014)	0.4
" After validation, this method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study."	( Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, typhaneoside, senkyunolide I in Beagle dogs plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after Oral Administration of Shaofu Zhuyu Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Huang, X; Huang, Z; Li, Z; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, E; Su, S, 2014)	0.4
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics (especially the area under the curve, AUC) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract and to explore its possible mechanism."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Jiedu decoction. Deng, YX; He, MY; Lv, Y; Shi, QZ; Zhang, XJ, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic parameters (especially AUCs) of baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of HLJDD extract were remarkably different from those in normal rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Jiedu decoction. Deng, YX; He, MY; Lv, Y; Shi, QZ; Zhang, XJ, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic behaviors of baicalin and wogonoside (especially the systemic exposure [AUCs] of baicalin and wogonoside) were significantly altered in type 2 diabetic rats after orally administrated HLJDD extract."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic investigation on baicalin and wogonoside in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Jiedu decoction. Deng, YX; He, MY; Lv, Y; Shi, QZ; Zhang, XJ, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic parameters were assessed at baseline and at weeks 1 and 12."	( Effect of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on plasma volume in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Farrell, K; Heise, T; Natarajan, J; Plum-Mörschel, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Sica, D; Wang, SS, 2014)	0.4
"To study on the effects of Achyranthes bidentata on Tongsaimai pellets main active ingredients chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and glycyrrhizin in rats in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors, a method for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and liquiritigenin in rat plasma was established by UPLC-MS/MS."	( [Studies on effects of Achyranthes bidentata on tongsaimai pellets main active ingredients chlorogenic acid, isoliquiritin, harpagoside and glycyrrhizin in vivo pharmacokinetics]. Bi, XL; Cheng, J; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Shan, JJ; Zhao, XL, 2014)	0.4
" The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters: decreasing area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), elimination rate constant (Ke ) and increasing apparent volume of distribution (Vd ) and clearance (CL) for albiflorin, increasing distribution half-life (T1/2d ) and decreasing elimination half-life (T1/2e ), distribution rate constant (Kd ) and absorption rate constant (Ka ) for paeoniflorin in the ZMYL group compared with the single-herb RPA group."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons by UPLC-MS/MS of isomer paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration decoctions of single-herb Radix Paeoniae Alba and Zengmian Yiliu prescription to rats. Gong, C; Qi, C; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H, 2015)	0.42
" Using this validated method, pharmacokinetic behaviors of gastrodin and HBA after intragastric administration (ig) of gastrodin to dogs were studied for the first time."	( Analysis and pharmacokinetics studies of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in dogs using ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Jia, Y; Kong, L; Li, X; Liu, Q; Luo, J; Shen, J; Wang, J; Wang, KD; Xie, H, 2014)	0.4
" We examined the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of two oral doses of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T2DM."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Akiyama, N; Kadokura, T; Kageyama, S; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Nagase, I; Smulders, R; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma and urine pharmacodynamic parameters were measured on Days -1 and 14, and pharmacokinetic parameters on Day 14."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Akiyama, N; Kadokura, T; Kageyama, S; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Nagase, I; Smulders, R; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2014)	0.4
"No relevant drug-drug interaction was observed, and pharmacokinetic results suggest that no dose adjustments for either drug are necessary when empagliflozin and simvastatin are co-administered."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and simvastatin following co-administration in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Lang, B; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S, 2014)	0.4
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single and multiple ascending-dose study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects and safety/tolerability of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, from a randomized study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arnolds, S; Demarest, K; Devineni, D; Ghosh, A; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Spitzer, H, 2014)	0.4
"0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters while the SPSS 17."	( [Comparative pharmacokinetics of syringin, eleutheroside E and isofraxidin in rat plasma after intravenous administration of each monomer and Ciwujia injection]. Deng, ZP; Fan, HX; Xu, XT; Yao, QQ; Zhong, H, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on ipragliflozin, including studies in healthy subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and special populations."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, W; Leeflang, S; Nakajo, I; Smulders, R; Taniuchi, Y; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" Whether sulfur fumigation can cause the pharmacokinetic changes of the active ingredients in vivo is related to the efficacy and the safety of Chinese medicines' application clinically."	( Evaluation of the influence of sulfur fumigation on the pharmacokinetics of four active ingredients in Si Wu Tang. Cai, B; Cai, H; Cao, G; Li, H; Liu, X; Lou, Y; Pei, K; Qiao, F; Song, X; Tu, S; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of polydatin (PD) in rats after oral and intravenous administration, a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of polydation."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of polydatin in rat plasma by using a LC-MS/MS method. Cai, G; Ding, X; Gao, S; Hou, X; Lin, F; Sun, M; Xiao, K, 2014)	0.4
" Probenecid increased the Cmax by 13% and the AUC by 21%."	( Effects of rifampin, cyclosporine A, and probenecid on the pharmacokinetic profile of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in healthy participants. Ariyawansa, J; Curtin, C; Devineni, D; Di Prospero, NA; Mamidi, RN; Murphy, J; Rothenberg, P; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E; Wang, SS; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
"To compare the pharmacodynamic effects of the highest approved doses of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors canagliflozin and dapagliflozin on urinary glucose excretion (UGE), renal threshold for glucose excretion (RTG ) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) excursion in healthy participants in a randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover study."	( Pharmacodynamic differences between canagliflozin and dapagliflozin: results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Farrell, K; Ghosh, A; Natarajan, J; Pinheiro, J; Plum-Mörschel, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Vaccaro, N, 2015)	0.42
"The paper aims to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of gastrodin in rats effected by compound compatibilitiy and different doses of Tiangou Jiangya capsule."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.4
" The available SGLT2 inhibitors share similar pharmacokinetic characteristics, with a rapid oral absorption, a long elimination half-life allowing once-daily administration, an extensive hepatic metabolism mainly via glucuronidation to inactive metabolites, the absence of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and a low renal elimination as parent drug."	( Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" Similarly, pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin on RTG and UGE were found to be dose- and concentration-dependent."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Wajs, E, 2015)	0.42
"When comparing the IR FDC tablet administered with and without food, PK parameters of canagliflozin were bioequivalent as the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for log-transformed AUClast, AUCâ, and Cmax were within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" The Cmax of metformin was decreased by 16%, which is not considered clinically meaningful."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of curculigoside in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profile of curculigoside after oral and intravenously injection administration in rats by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Han, T; He, YJ; Lv, L; Qin, LP; Xu, HT; Yuan, TT; Zhang, ND; Zhang, QY; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Huangqin Tang (HQT) were investigated in yeast-induced febrile rats."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of huangqin tang in febrile rats]. Chen, L; Li, T; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM; Zhuang, SX, 2014)	0.4
"The novel integrated double peak pharmacokinetic approach to studying the holistic pharmacokinetic properties of traditional Chinese medicine has been successfully developed and validated using AM as a model drug."	( Integrated pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of multiple flavonoid C-glycosides components in rat after oral administration of Abrus mollis extract and correlations with bio-effects. Gu, N; Huo, M; Jiang, Z; Wang, H; Xiong, F; Yan, C; Zheng, C, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic data demonstrate that the areas under the concentration curves (AUCs) of luteolin were 261 ± 33 and 611 ± 89 (min μg/mL) after luteolin administration (10 mg/kg, iv; and 100 mg/kg, po, respectively)."	( Isolation of Luteolin and Luteolin-7-O-glucoside from Dendranthema morifolium Ramat Tzvel and Their Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Lin, LC; Pai, YF; Tsai, TH, 2015)	0.42
" This study investigated potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or torasemide (TOR)."	( Assessing pharmacokinetic interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide or torasemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Broedl, UC; Heise, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of empagliflozin, HCTZ, and TOR were assessed and standard bioequivalence criteria (80%-125%) were applied."	( Assessing pharmacokinetic interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide or torasemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Broedl, UC; Heise, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) for empagliflozin AUC over a uniform dosing interval and Cmax at steady state were 107."	( Assessing pharmacokinetic interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide or torasemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Broedl, UC; Heise, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
"No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed between empagliflozin and HCTZ or TOR."	( Assessing pharmacokinetic interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide or torasemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Broedl, UC; Heise, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Results showed that there were remarkable differences in pharmacokinetic properties of the analytes between herbal formula and single herb group, normal and arthritic group."	( A UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of three monoterpene glycosides and four alkaloids in rat plasma: application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan and single herb extract. Ai, Y; Bian, Q; Dai, R; Lee, DY; Ma, W; Wang, F; Wu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" These SGLT2 inhibitors share similar pharmacokinetic characteristics with a rapid oral absorption, a long elimination half-life allowing once-daily administration, an extensive hepatic metabolism mainly via glucuronidation to inactive metabolites and a low renal elimination as a parent drug."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of CLB in rats."	( An LC-MS/MS method for determination of calceorioside B with cardiomyocyte protective activity in rat plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Song, Y; Yang, F; Zhang, S; Zhou, W, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from mouse blood samples at various intervals following the oral administration of paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid at three doses (1 : 0."	( A Sensitive and Specific Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Paeoniflorin and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Paeoniflorin and Glycyrrhizinic Acid. Qu, H; Shan, W; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
"To develop a method for simultaneous determination of cis-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (cis-THSG) and trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (trans-THSG) in mice and comparative study of cis-THSG and trans-THSG in pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the elimination half-life of cis-THSG was longer than that of trans-THSG and the biological availability of cis-THSG was higher than that of trans-THSG."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The results of pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution indicated that there was significant difference between cis-THSG and trans-THSG in vivo."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving oral administration of trifolirhizin to rats."	( Determination of trifolirhizin in rat plasma by UPLC: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Hu, GX; Huang, XC; Ni, KH; Wang, CX; Wen, ZD; Ye, TT; Zhou, MT, 2015)	0.42
" Median tmax and mean t1/2 were independent of dose and regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" As shown by pharmacodynamic measurements of urinary glucose excretion, there was no clinically significant reduction in the ability of remogliflozin to inhibit SGLT2."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Remogliflozin Etabonate in Subjects with Mild and Moderate Renal Impairment. Cheatham, B; Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; Kapur, A; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Tao, W; Walker, S; Wang-Smith, L; Wilkison, WO; Ye, J, 2015)	0.42
" Here, a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of glycyrrhizinic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, albiflorin after oral administration of GSBXD plus-minus Gansui and Gancao anti-drug combination to investigate the possible pharmacokinetic profile differences of different prescriptions with GSBXD in normal rats."	( Comparisons of the pharmacokinetic profile of four bioactive components after oral administration of gan-sui-ban-xia decoction plus-minus gansui and gancao drug combination in normal rats. Duan, J; Guo, J; Huang, J; Pan, Y; Qian, D; Xi, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, G; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of catalpol and acteoside after oral administration of RG extract to normal and model rats, respectively."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of catalpol and acteoside in normal and chronic kidney disease rats after oral administration of Rehmannia glutinosa extract. Du, L; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Jiang, S; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, EX; Su, SL; Tao, J; Zhao, M, 2015)	0.42
" Mean AUC and Cmax of canagliflozin increased in a dose-dependent manner after single-dose administration (AUC0-∞, 10,521 ng · h/mL for 100 mg, 33,583 ng · h/mL for 300 mg; Cmax, 1178 ng/mL for 100 mg, 4113 ng/mL for 300 mg)."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" Tmax and t½ of canagliflozin were independent of the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Single-Dose Canagliflozin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, X; Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Hu, P; Polidori, D; Sha, S; Stieltjes, H; Vaccaro, N; Weiner, S, 2015)	0.42
" The geometric mean ratio (GMR) for pioglitazone Cmax at steady state (Cmax,ss) and for AUC during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) when coadministered with empagliflozin versus administration alone was 187."	( Pharmacokinetics of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone After Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" This study investigates the pharmacokinetic properties of SKI3301 extract in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of trifolirhizin, (-)-maackiain, (-)-sophoranone and 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,6-methylenedioxybenzofuran after intravenous and oral administration of Sophora tonkinensis extract in rats. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Choi, WK; Jang, SM; Kang, M; Kim, D; Min, JS; Park, JB; Ryu, KH; Yoo, H, 2015)	0.42
"Obtaining pharmacokinetic data from the intravenous route for drugs intended for oral administration has traditionally been expensive and time consuming because of the toxicology requirements and challenges in intravenous formulations."	( Approaches to intravenous clinical pharmacokinetics: Recent developments with isotopic microtracers. Lappin, G, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of the oral once-daily sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin, given in single and multiple 10 and 25 mg doses in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Tolerability of Single- and multiple-dose Once-daily Empagliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor, in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Broedl, UC; Cui, Y; Lang, B; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Salsali, A; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
" Mean terminal elimination half-life values at steady state were 13."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Tolerability of Single- and multiple-dose Once-daily Empagliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor, in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Broedl, UC; Cui, Y; Lang, B; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Salsali, A; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
"Results with single and multiple doses of empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg suggest linear pharmacokinetic properties in Chinese patients with T2DM, with a safety profile similar to that of placebo."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Tolerability of Single- and multiple-dose Once-daily Empagliflozin, a Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor, in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Broedl, UC; Cui, Y; Lang, B; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Salsali, A; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
"This study was undertaken to compare the steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of empagliflozin 5 mg twice daily (BID) and 10 mg once daily (QD) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Twice Daily and Once Daily Regimens of Empagliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Brand, T; Broedl, UC; Link, J; Macha, S; Meinicke, T, 2015)	0.42
"There were no clinically relevant differences in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties between BID and QD dose regimens of empagliflozin in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Twice Daily and Once Daily Regimens of Empagliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Brand, T; Broedl, UC; Link, J; Macha, S; Meinicke, T, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of the present study was to establish a new highly sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of ipragliflozin in rat plasma and apply this method to a pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determining ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Ito, Y; Kobuchi, S; Sakaeda, T; Yano, K, 2015)	0.42
"To establish a HPLC method for simultaneously determining plasma concentrations of gastrodin (Gas) and its metabolites hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), puerarin (Pur) and internal standard (IS) p-hydroxyphenylethanol (Tyr) in rats and studying the pharmacokinetic process and interactions of gastrodin and puerarin after single and combined intravenous injection and oral administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.42
" This study was aimed to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics, tissue distribution, excretion and plasma protein binding of acteoside in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration at 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg by a validated LC-MS/MS method."	( Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, Excretion and Plasma Protein Binding Studies of Acteoside in Rats. Chen, X; Huo, S; Li, N; Qi, L; Wen, Y; Xing, H; Xu, J; Yan, M; Zhang, W; Zhao, D, 2016)	0.43
" The present study was designed to develop a selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of acteoside in biological samples and carry our a pharmacokinetic (PK) study in beagle dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of acteoside following single dose intragastric and intravenous administrations in dogs. Chen, XJ; Huo, SX; Li, N; Sun, XL; Wen, YL; Xing, H; Xu, J; Yan, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, D, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic studies between SB and SAB showed modest differences."	( Isoflavone pharmacokinetics and metabolism after consumption of a standardized soy and soy-almond bread in men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. Ahn-Jarvis, JH; Clinton, SK; Cruz-Cano, R; Grainger, EM; Lee, ML; Lesinski, GB; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ; Vodovotz, Y; Young, GS, 2015)	0.42
" Based on multi-active metabolites of parishin in vivo, integrated pharmacokinetic mode was established."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Gastrodia elata in rats. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
"The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-∞, t1/2, MRT, Vd, CL, were quite different among the three types of gastrodin administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rats after intragastric administration of free gastrodin, parishin and Gastrodia elata extract. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Qu, Y; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of the analytes in normal and doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease rat plasma."	( Simultaneous determination of loganin, morroniside, catalpol and acteoside in normal and chronic kidney disease rat plasma by UPLC-MS for investigating the pharmacokinetics of Rehmannia glutinosa and Cornus officinalis Sieb drug pair extract. Du, L; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Jiang, S; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, EX; Su, SL; Tao, J; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" Amygdalin (AD) and paeoniflorin (PF) are 2 typical bioactive components in HTLPI and were selected as indicators for this pharmacokinetic study of HTLPI."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of AD and PF were calculated using noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Amygdalin and Paeoniflorin After Single and Multiple Intravenous Infusions of Huoxue-Tongluo Lyophilized Powder for Injection in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ding, L; Gong, C; Jian, L; Li, X; Shi, F; Sun, C; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.43
"79mg/kg), all six flavonoids were detectable throughout the experimental period (48h) using an LC-MS/MS method with the Cmax and AUC0-48h of the glucuronides 10-130 times that of respective aglycones."	( Oral pharmacokinetics of baicalin, wogonoside, oroxylin A 7-O-β-d-glucuronide and their aglycones from an aqueous extract of Scutellariae Radix in the rat. Cai, Y; Li, S; Li, T; Wai, AT; Yan, R; Zhou, R, 2016)	0.43
"Due to its significant systemic exposure and appropriate pharmacokinetic profile, as well as previously reported antiseptic properties, paeoniflorin is a promising XueBiJing constituent of therapeutic importance."	( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of monoterpene glycosides derived from Paeonia lactiflora roots (Chishao) after intravenous dosing of antiseptic XueBiJing injection in human subjects and rats. Cheng, C; Du, FF; Huang, YH; Jia, WW; Li, C; Li, J; Li, L; Li, MJ; Li, YF; Lin, JZ; Olaleye, OE; Sun, CH; Sun, Y; Wang, FQ; Xu, F; Yang, JL; Zhang, GP; Zhang, NT, 2016)	0.43
"A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method with good accuracy and precision was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetic study of quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-gentiobioside (QGG) in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-gentiobioside in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Gao, H; He, X; Li, K; Sun, L; Tao, G; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Duration and onset of the pharmacologic effects seemed to be closely correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of each SGLT2 inhibitor, particularly with respect to high distribution and long retention in the target organ, the kidney."	( Characterization and comparison of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacologic effects. Imamura, M; Kurosaki, E; Tahara, A; Takasu, T; Yokono, M, 2016)	0.43
" The method also guaranteed an acceptable selectivity, recovery and stability, which was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the three analytes in rats after oral administration of Lamiophlomis rotata Pill."	( Simultaneous determination of shanzhiside methyl ester, 8-O-acetylshan- zhiside methyl ester and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic st Chen, J; Guo, X; Liang, X; Luo, J; Sun, T; Wang, Y; Zhao, L, 2016)	0.43
" Gastrodin (GAS), a bioactive component of tianma, its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior significantly changed after oral administration of DCXDCP compared with the extract of tianma."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of gastrodin after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract and its compatibility with the different indigents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. to rats. Hu, PY; Liu, D; Wu, B; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zhang, GS; Zheng, Q, 2016)	0.43
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) and safety profile of dapagliflozin in paediatric patients aged 10-17 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Boulton, DW; Ismat, FA; LaCreta, F; Tang, W; Tirucherai, GS, 2016)	0.43
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of tofogliflozin in rats."	( Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of tofogliflozin in plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Fukuda, E; Ito, Y; Kobuchi, S; Matsuno, M; Sakaeda, T, 2016)	0.43
" By measuring the pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF) after being orally administered to rats in isolated form, in combination with each other and within total peony glucosides (TPG), respectively, the current study aimed to identify positive pharmacokinetic interactions between components of peony radix extracts."	( Enhancement of Exposure and Reduction of Elimination for Paeoniflorin or Albiflorin via Co-Administration with Total Peony Glucosides and Hypoxic Pharmacokinetics Comparison. Ge, B; Gong, W; Li, X; Qin, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, P; Xu, W; Xue, M; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
"This single-dose, open-label, randomized, 3-period, 3-treatment crossover drug-drug interaction study was conducted to evaluate differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin when coadministered."	( Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Study. Boulton, DW; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Lubin, S; Marion, AS; Reynolds, L; Vakkalagadda, B, 2016)	0.43
" Serial blood samples for determining saxagliptin, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin (5-OH saxagliptin; major active metabolite) and dapagliflozin plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were collected before and up to 60 hours after the dose."	( Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Study. Boulton, DW; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Lubin, S; Marion, AS; Reynolds, L; Vakkalagadda, B, 2016)	0.43
"The results indicated that dapagliflozin had no effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of saxagliptin, 5-OH saxagliptin, or saxagliptin total active moiety and vice versa."	( Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Study. Boulton, DW; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Lubin, S; Marion, AS; Reynolds, L; Vakkalagadda, B, 2016)	0.43
"These data indicate that coadministration of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin exhibits no pharmacokinetic interaction and is well tolerated."	( Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Saxagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Study. Boulton, DW; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Lubin, S; Marion, AS; Reynolds, L; Vakkalagadda, B, 2016)	0.43
" Due to the low exposure of the five main medicative ingredients (amygdalin, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, paeoniflorin and paeonol) of GZFL in human, a strategy was built to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the possible metabolites of GZFL and to describe the pharmacokinetic profiles of GZFL in human."	( Integrated identification, qualification and quantification strategy for pharmacokinetic profile study of Guizhi Fuling capsule in healthy volunteers. Aa, JY; Gu, SY; Jin, XL; Ou-Yang, BC; Peng, Y; Sun, JG; Wang, GJ; Wang, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhang, KR; Zhong, YX, 2016)	0.43
" Information about the pharmacokinetic behavior of the remedy under cerebral I/R injury conditions is lacking."	( Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Scutellarin and Paeoniflorin in Sham-Operated and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Rats after Intravenous Administration of Xin-Shao Formula. Chen, T; Gong, Z; Hu, J; Lan, Y; Li, Y; Liu, T; Lu, Y; Mi, L; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Yang, W; Zheng, J, 2016)	0.43
" This assay was successfully applied to plasma and brain pharmacokinetic studies of nodakenin in rats after intravenous administration."	( Determination of the neuropharmacological drug nodakenin in rat plasma and brain tissues by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Ma, H; Song, Y; Xu, J; Yan, H, 2017)	0.46
" The plasma concentrations of losartan and EXP3174 were determined by LC-MS, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( The effect of tripterygium glucoside tablet on pharmacokinetics of losartan and its metabolite EXP3174 in rats. Hu, Y; Shi, H; Shi, W; Ye, S; Zhang, H; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
" Areas covered: The saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin combination is carefully analysed, focusing on: 1) pharmacokinetic properties, 2) pharmacodynamics data, and 3) results of randomised controlled trials (dual combination versus either monotherapy, sequential therapy saxagliptin added to dapagliflozin or dapagliflozin added to saxagliptin)."	( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Scheen, AJ, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, the proposed method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in Sprague-Dawley rats for investigating the mechanism of which liquorice detoxifies Semen Strychni."	( An LC-MS/MS method for determination of bioactive components of liquorice and Semen Strychni in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetics study. Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Fang, PF; Li, HD; Wang, C; Wen, J; Yan, M; Zhang, BK; Zhang, M, 2018)	0.48
" In this paper, a sensitive and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method including multiple-reaction monitoring mode was developed and applied to study the pharmacokinetic effect of acteoside from total glycoside extracted from the leaves of Rehmannia (TLR) and Dihuangye total glycoside capsule (DTG) in normal and diabetic nephropathy rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of acteoside from total glycoside extracted from leaves of Rehmannia and Dihuangye total glycoside capsule in normal and diabetic nephropathy rats. Cai, HD; Dai, XX; Duan, JA; Guo, S; Qian, DW; Shang, EX; Su, SL; Wei, DD; Yan, H; Zheng, TY; Zhu, ZH, 2017)	0.46
"The mechanisms of action of an herb-pair, Chuanxiong-Chishao, were investigated using the network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic strategies involving computational drug target prediction and network analysis, and experimental validation."	( Synergistic effects of Chuanxiong-Chishao herb-pair on promoting angiogenesis at network pharmacological and pharmacodynamic levels. Chen, KJ; Cong, WH; Guo, G; Hu, YJ; Lee, SM; Liao, QW; Wang, Y; Xin, QQ; Yang, BR, 2017)	0.46
" Blood and urine samples were collected predose and over 96 hours postdose for pharmacokinetic evaluation and measurement of urinary glucose excretion over 24 hours."	( The Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ertugliflozin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cutler, DL; Hickman, A; O'Gorman, M; Sahasrabudhe, V; Saur, D; Shi, H; Terra, SG; Zhou, Z, 2017)	0.46
"To investigate the effect of the combination of gastrodia and uncaria on the pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline, and determine their pharmacokinetic parameters after administration of the combination of gastrodia and uncaria at the ratio of 12∶9."	( [Effect of combination of gastrodia and uncaria on pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline]. Hou, J; Li, YJ; Luo, M; Qin, J; Wang, J; Wang, JX; Wang, LM; Wu, LH, 2017)	0.46
" Furthermore, Caco-2 cell transport and fecal hydrolysis were investigated to explain the altered pharmacokinetic properties."	( Influence of Jiegeng on Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids and Saponins in Gancao. Di, L; Ji, J; Kang, A; Mao, Y; Peng, L; Shan, J; Shen, C; Wu, H; Xie, T; Xu, J, 2017)	0.46
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the Baixiangdan Capsule in eight female rats."	( Determination of Paeoniflorin in Rat Plasma by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Bai, Y; Chu, J; Dai, G; Ju, W; Pan, R; Sun, B; Zhang, W; Zhu, L, 2017)	0.46
" However, the pharmacokinetic behaviors of these compounds after their co-administration remain unclear."	( Pharmacokinetic Assessments of Liquiritin, Protocatechuic Aldehyde and Rosmarinic Acid in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS-MS After Administration of ZibuPiyin Recipe. Xu, H; Zhan, L; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" To reveal the interactions of Saposhnikoviae Radix with other herbs, we conducted this study on the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of active ingredients of TXYF in rats."	( [Effect of Saposhnikoviae Radix on pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of active components in Tongxie Yaofang in rats]. Cui, WF; Ge, WJ; Li, GS; Liang, RF; Liu, X; Wei, Z; Zhang, XX, 2017)	0.46
" Areas covered: The aim of the review is to present the available data on pharmacokinetic properties/pharmacodynamics, metabolic and cardiovascular effects of empagliflozin plus linagliptin combination."	( Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of empagliflozin plus linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD; Rizos, CV, 2018)	0.48
"In BYHWI, five candidate Q-marker pharmacokinetic profiles were singly fixed to two compartmental models in rat using classical compartmental analysis, but there were tremendous differences among which the candidate parameters were fluctuated from nearly 3552 folds to equivalency."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
" It is feasible for Q-marker in CMMs to screen on the comparison of single pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability to the total quanta."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
"To assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of a single dose of empagliflozin in young people with Type 2 diabetes to identify the appropriate doses for further paediatric development."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin in young people with Type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Hobson, D; Hughan, KS; Kaspers, S; Laffel, LMB; Marquard, J; Nock, V; Simons, G; Tamborlane, WV; Wu, J; Yver, A, 2018)	0.48
"Potentially eligible prototype-based PK-markers were identified in a single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study on TZQ in 30 healthy volunteers."	( Identify super quality markers from prototype-based pharmacokinetic markers of Tangzhiqing tablet (TZQ) based on in vitro dissolution/ permeation and in vivo absorption correlations. Du, X; He, X; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liu, J; Lv, C; Wang, B; Wang, R; Zhang, D, 2018)	0.48
" However, pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated the extensive glucuronidation and hydrolysis of AR in liver, intestine and plasma, which might hinder its in vivo and clinical efficacy after oral administration."	( Overview of the anti-inflammatory effects, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacies of arctigenin and arctiin from Arctium lappa L. Gao, Q; Yang, M; Zuo, Z, 2018)	0.48
" This study was successfully utilized for the pharmacokinetic study of specnuezhenide in rats after oral and intravenous administration."	( A validated LC-MS/MS method for the determination of specnuezhenide and salidroside in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Ju, Z; Ma, C, 2018)	0.48
"Injected acetyl phenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide to make blood deficiency rats models subcutaneously,and gave mice the ethand extracts of Rehmanniae Radix preparata by oral administration,the concentration of acteoside in rats at different time points were detected by HPLC method, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3p87 software."	( [Pharmacokinetic Effect of Acteoside in Blood Deficiency Rats]. Deng, ZJ; Guo, JW; Liu, RX; Liu, XW; Qi, YQ; Wang, JJ, 2016)	0.43
" Compared with the normal group,the content of AUC0-tand AUC0-∞of corresponding dose in model group rats increased significantly, and the average dwell time and the elimination half-life prolong significantly."	( [Pharmacokinetic Effect of Acteoside in Blood Deficiency Rats]. Deng, ZJ; Guo, JW; Liu, RX; Liu, XW; Qi, YQ; Wang, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"This method has high specificity,high sensitivity and simple operation, which can be used for the determination to pharmacokinetic process of acteoside in blood deficiency model."	( [Pharmacokinetic Effect of Acteoside in Blood Deficiency Rats]. Deng, ZJ; Guo, JW; Liu, RX; Liu, XW; Qi, YQ; Wang, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"To develop a sensitive and reliable ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS / MS) method for simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid, kaempferol biotin glucoside and quercitrin in rat plasma, and study their pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats."	( [Simultaneous Determination of Protocatechuic Acid,Kaempferol Biotin Glucoside and Quercitrin in Rat Plasma and Pharmacokinetics By UPLC-MS/MS]. Chen, SY; Li, YJ; Sun, J; Xiang, WY; Yang, W; Zheng, L, 2016)	0.43
"The established method is specific,rapid,accurate and sensitive,and is proved to meet the requirements of biological sample analyses,and is suitable for the concentration determination of protocatechuic acid, kaempferol biotin glucoside and quercitrin in rat plasma, three compounds are all best fitted to the two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( [Simultaneous Determination of Protocatechuic Acid,Kaempferol Biotin Glucoside and Quercitrin in Rat Plasma and Pharmacokinetics By UPLC-MS/MS]. Chen, SY; Li, YJ; Sun, J; Xiang, WY; Yang, W; Zheng, L, 2016)	0.43
" The results indicated that the three compounds could be rapidly absorbed within 1 h, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters showed significant differences (P < 0."	( Simultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: Comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration. Feng, B; Liu, K; Shan, B; Song, Y; Su, D; Xu, P; Xu, Q; Zeng, Q, 2018)	0.48
" It is well-known that some compounds could influence other compounds' pharmacokinetic parameters significantly."	( Pharmacokinetic studies unveiled the drug-drug interaction between trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin that may contribute to the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix. Gao, X; Han, L; Hu, L; Wang, C; Wang, L; Xing, Y; Yang, W; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" In the antibiotic-pretreated rats, the plasma concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of the two flavonoid glycosides and their relevant aglycone forms were significantly changed compared with those in normal rats."	( Effects of Intestinal Microecology on Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Wogonoside and Baicalin. Li, X; Peng, Y; Wang, M; Xing, S, 2017)	0.46
" A rapid and sensitive method with UPLC-MS was developed and fully validated for the first time in the pharmacokinetic analysis for quantification of CC in rat plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic and Metabolism Studies of Curculigoside C by UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-QTOF-MS. Li, P; Lin, H; Liu, J; Tan, J; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wu, D; Yin, J; Zhu, H, 2018)	0.48
" However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological states are not clear."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of nine major bioactive components in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of Lizhong decoction extracts by UPLC-TQ-MS/MS. Cui, X; Duan, JA; Jiang, S; Qian, DW; Shen, Y, 2019)	0.51
" This developed and validated method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of CUR, THC, QR, and PF in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, quercetin, and paeoniflorin by UHPLC-MS/MS in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Cai, D; Gan, H; Guan, Y; Jiang, F; Lao, B; Liu, X; Wen, D; Yu, W; Zheng, J; Zhong, G, 2019)	0.51
" We aimed to develop a sensitive and simultaneous analytical method for detecting glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, and liquiritin, the four marker components of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract (GRE), in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and to apply this analytical method to pharmacokinetic studies."	( Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Glycyrrhizin, Isoliquiritigenin, Liquiritigenin, and Liquiritin in Rat Plasma Following Oral Administration of Glycyrrhizae Radix Extract. Choi, MK; Han, YJ; Kang, B; Song, IS; Yang, EJ, 2019)	0.51
"2% to 112%, which demonstrated that the LC-MS/MS method could be used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic feature of the six compounds in rats after oral administration of DLT."	( A network pharmacology integrated pharmacokinetics strategy for uncovering pharmacological mechanism of compounds absorbed into the blood of Dan-Lou tablet on coronary heart disease. Chang, YX; Chen, S; Ding, M; Gao, XM; Li, J; Li, Y; Ma, W; Mao, H; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wei, J; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Zou, S, 2019)	0.51
"The purpose of this research was to evaluate IXT-v100, given in combination with the adjuvant GLA-SE, to determine its efficacy in antagonizing methamphetamine disposition in a rat pharmacokinetic study."	( Antibody production and pharmacokinetics of METH in rats following vaccination with the METH vaccine, IXT-v100, adjuvanted with GLA-SE. Gunnell, MG; Owens, SM; Rüedi-Bettschen, D; Stevens, MW; Tawney, R; West, CM, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic assessment of TMP, FA, gastrodin or gastrodigenin in blood or brain interstitial fluid (BIF) has been reported in healthy animals."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid and their compatibility with different concentration of gastrodin and gastrodigenin on blood-stasis migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Guo, S; Ke, G; Liu, M; Mao, Y; Mi, Y; Wang, M; Wei, P, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the coadministration of lobeglitazone and dapagliflozin on their individual pharmacokinetic properties at steady state in healthy male volunteers in the fasted state."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Lobeglitazone and Dapagliflozin at Steady State. Jang, K; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ, 2020)	0.56
" Blood samples were taken periodically over a 48-h period after dosing to derive total plasma lobeglitazone and dapagliflozin pharmacokinetic properties; safety profile was evaluated throughout the study."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Lobeglitazone and Dapagliflozin at Steady State. Jang, K; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ, 2020)	0.56
"Coadministration of lobeglitazone and dapagliflozin had no apparent clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetic properties of either drug."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Lobeglitazone and Dapagliflozin at Steady State. Jang, K; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and safety of empagliflozin, and the bioequivalence of test formulation empagliflozin tablet compared with the brand-name drug Jardiance (reference formulation) after single oral administration under fasting and fed conditions in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Bioequivalence of Two Empagliflozin Formulations after Single Oral Administration under Fasting and Fed Conditions in Healthy Chinese Subjects: An Open-label Randomized Single-dose Two-sequence, Two-treatment, Two-period Cros Chen, G; Du, A; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Yang, S; Zang, S; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhen, H, 2020)	0.56
" Nevertheless, further investigations are still required to explore the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of Sal in the treatment of IS."	( Salidroside as a potential neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke: a review of sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanism and safety. Fan, F; Li, N; Li, R; Meng, X; Wang, X; Yang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, X, 2020)	0.56
" In addition to pharmacodynamic studies, information on pharmacokinetics is also significant for the further development and utilization of paeoniflorin."	( A review on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Gong, XH; Peng, C; Zhang, H; Zhou, YX, 2020)	0.56
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to determine the appropriate dose regimen for a Phase III study of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with T1DM."	( Comparison of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Ipragliflozin Between Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Isaka, H; Kaibara, A; Saito, M; Sakatani, T; Toyoshima, J, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the blood-brain microdialysis in combination with the high-performance liquid chromatography method."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of GAS with different concentration of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid on liver-yang hyperactivity migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Li, S; Liu, M; Mi, Y; Wang, M, 2020)	0.56
"Twenty-four prototype components in HQD and 17 metabolites were identified in humans, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of 14 components were elucidated."	( Pharmacokinetics-based comprehensive strategy to identify multiple effective components in Huangqi decoction against liver fibrosis. Jiang, J; Li, Y; Liu, P; Ma, Y; Meng, C; Shi, R; Wang, T; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Yuan, W; Zeng, J; Zhang, H; Zhong, J; Zhu, L, 2021)	0.62
" In this paper, a co-friendly, fast pretreatment method with high extraction efficiency, based on the tailor-made deep eutectic solvent (DES) system, combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of icarrin and icarisid II in rat plasma samples, which can be further applied to comparative pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of Herba Epimedii and icarrin monomer in rats, respectively."	( Tailor-made deep eutectic solvents extraction combined with UPLC-MS/MS determination of icarrin and icarisid II in rat plasma and its comparative pharmacokinetic application. Feng, Q; Guo, H; Ma, C; Qin, F; Tong, L; Xiong, Z, 2021)	0.62
" This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and lobeglitazone in healthy subjects."	( No Relevant Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Between the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin and Lobeglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, in Healthy Subjects. Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Park, MK, 2021)	0.62
" These data suggest a similar pharmacokinetic profile between the enriched and polymer form of SDG, providing support for the use of SDG polymer as a more economical precursor for SECO, ED, and EL in applications of chronic disease management."	( Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. Alcorn, J; Guo, Y; Mustafa, R; Purdy, SK; Reaney, MJT; Shen, J; Tse, TJ; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
" Nevertheless, the pharmacodynamic substance basis of this anti-insomnia effect is still unclear."	( Screening out the anti-insomnia components from Prunella vulgaris L. based on plasma pharmacochemistry combined with pharmacodynamic experiments and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Cheng, FF; Jiang, YY; Lin, TF; Liu, B; Qiu, JN; Sun, M; Zhang, JH; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of these components and the influence of essential oils (EOs) on them were investigated in normal rats."	( The influence of essential oils from ZhaLi NuSi Prescription on the pharmacokinetics of its non-volatile components in normal rats. Bu, F; Duan, JA; Guo, S; Huang, K; Niu, Y; Qian, D; Ren, H; Shang, E; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The effect of UGT1A9 polymorphisms on dapagliflozin apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was studied with dapagliflozin population pharmacokinetic data and UGT1A9 genotype data (I."	( Common UGT1A9 polymorphisms do not have a clinically meaningful impact on the apparent oral clearance of dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Boulton, DW; Chang, R; Naagaard, MD; Någård, M; Tang, W, 2022)	0.72
"The purpose of this study is to develop a sensitive LC-MS-MS method to simultaneously quantify polydatin and its metabolite, resveratrol, for its application in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study and to determine polydatin hydrolysis by microflora."	( Development of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneously quantification of polydatin and resveratrol in plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Du, T; Etim, I; Gao, S; Liang, D; Sunsong, R; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" However, its pharmacokinetic characteristics in vivo are still unclear."	( UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantifying Fangchinoline, Tetrandrine and Calycosin-7-O-β-D-Glucoside of Fangji Huangqi Decoction in Rat Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Chang, S; Feng, B; Guan, J; Ji, Y; Sang, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, T; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
"Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a novel ester derivative of paeoniflorin, which has been shown to have synergistic pharmacodynamic effects with leflunomide (LEF)."	( Effects of paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate on the pharmacokinetics, excretion and tissue distribution of leflunomide in rats. Gao, J; Kuai, J; Wang, C; Wang, Q; Wei, W; Xiao, F; Xiao, N; Xu, Z, 2022)	0.72
"This study aims to establish a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the content of strychnine and paeoniflorin in plasma and brain tissue of rats, and compare the pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration]. Chen, LH; Chen, XX; Guan, YM; Liu, LL; Ouyang, HF; Yin, YT; Zhu, WF, 2022)	0.72
"Co-intake of ATR with Acai berry resulted in slight decrease in Cmax from 41."	( Investigation of the effect of Acai berry on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Alogliptin and Empagliflozin: a herb-drug interaction study. Nanjappan, SK; Ravichandiran, V; Somabattini, RA, 2022)	0.72
"There was a significant change in the AUC0-t and Cmax of ATR, ALO and EMPA after co-administration with Acai berry."	( Investigation of the effect of Acai berry on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Alogliptin and Empagliflozin: a herb-drug interaction study. Nanjappan, SK; Ravichandiran, V; Somabattini, RA, 2022)	0.72
" The method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic difference between normal and sepsis rats."	( Simultaneous Determination of Ten Active Components From Jinhongtang Granule in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS and its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Sepsis Rats In Vivo and In Vitro. Fang, B; Huo, X; Ma, X; Sun, C; Tian, X; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y; Zhao, T, 2023)	0.91
" Therefore, changes in UGT1A9 activity caused by SOR may lead to pharmacokinetic interactions between the two drugs."	( Development of UPLC-MS/MS Method to Study the Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Sorafenib and Dapagliflozin in Rats. Cui, Y; Dong, Z; Fu, Y; He, X; Li, Y; Ma, Y; Xun, X, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the six components in TGPR could be quickly absorbed and slowly eliminated and their bioavailability were less than 12."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of six bioactive components from total glucosides picrorhizae rhizoma, as simultaneous determined by a UHPLC-MS/MS method. Cai, N; Cao, N; He, Y; Song, Z; Wang, Q; Wu, J; Xiao, X; Yang, X; Zou, S, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Zymosan and its combination with phenthyrine and cyclophosphane do not produce any positive effect on the peritoneal cells."	( [The influence of cyclophosphane and phenthyrine and their combination with zymosan and serotonin on the functional features distingusihing peritoneal macrophages in mice]. Pereverzeva, ER, )	0.13
"We investigated the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immune complexes (IC), and C3b opsonized zymosan (AZ) alone and in combination with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) priming on macrophage synthesis and secretion of C1q."	( Kinetics of the biosynthesis of complement subcomponent C1q by murine macrophages: LPS, immune complexes, and zymosan alone and in combination with interferon-gamma. Herriott, MJ; Leu, RW; Zhou, AQ, 1991)	0.28
"To research effects of Radix Astragali total saponin combined with Radix Paeoniae Rubra glucosides (double glucosides of Qi-Shao, DGQS) on antiplatelet."	( [Study on antiplatelet effect of radix astragali total saponin combined with Radix paeoniae rubra glucosides]. Gao, J; Liu, Q; Peng, D; Xia, L; Xu, X, 2002)	0.31
"To observe the clinical efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) combined with total glucosides of Peony (TGP) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	( [Comparative study on clinical efficacy of using methotrexate singly or combined with total glucosides of Paeony in treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Dong, BD; Du, JH, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore, zymosan pretreatment, but not posttreatment, of the sensory ganglia, combined with ChABC modification of CSPGs, resulted in robust and functional regeneration of sensory axons through the DREZ after root injury."	( Chronic enhancement of the intrinsic growth capacity of sensory neurons combined with the degradation of inhibitory proteoglycans allows functional regeneration of sensory axons through the dorsal root entry zone in the mammalian spinal cord. Busch, SA; Horn, KP; Miller, JH; Nair, D; Silver, DJ; Silver, J; Steinmetz, MP; Tom, VJ, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate the efficacy and adverse reaction of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) combined with sulfasalazine (SSZ) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS)."	( [Clinical observation on total glucosides of paeony combined with sulfasalazine in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis]. Bian, H; Wang, JP; Wang, SL, 2007)	0.34
"TGP treatment combined with SSZ shows favorable effect on AS with less and milder adverse reaction."	( [Clinical observation on total glucosides of paeony combined with sulfasalazine in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis]. Bian, H; Wang, JP; Wang, SL, 2007)	0.34
"To observe the effect of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) combined with methotrex-ate (MTX) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	( [Clinical observation on effect of total glucosides of paeony combined with methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis]. Wang, Y; Xing, HY, 2007)	0.34
"Two hundred and sixty patients were assigned to two groups, the treated group (180 cases) was orally administered with MTX plus TGP, and the control group (80 cases) with MTX plus sulfasalazine (SSZ)."	( [Clinical observation on effect of total glucosides of paeony combined with methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis]. Wang, Y; Xing, HY, 2007)	0.34
"Detergent removal from mixed micelles was combined with preparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sephacryl S 500 HR to prepare unilamellar and spherical liposomes of defined sizes between 50 and 100 nm with a very narrow size distribution (RSD of vesicle diameter between 13% and 25%)."	( Preparative size exclusion chromatography combined with detergent removal as a versatile tool to prepare unilamellar and spherical liposomes of highly uniform size distribution. Barnert, S; Holzer, M; Momm, J; Schubert, R, 2009)	0.35
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of hypotensive resuscitation combined with Polydatin administration on microcirculation and survival rate in a clinically relevant model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in pregnancy."	( Hypotensive resuscitation combined with polydatin improve microcirculation and survival in a rabbit model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in pregnancy. Qin, W; Sheng, C; Wang, CH; Yu, YH; Zhao, KS, 2011)	0.37
" To find and identify further guaiacol conjugates in smoke-affected grapes, a stable isotope feeding experiment combined with extensive HPLC-MS and MS/MS investigations was carried out."	( Investigation into the formation of guaiacol conjugates in berries and leaves of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. Cv. cabernet sauvignon using stable isotope tracers combined with HPLC-MS and MS/MS analysis. Baldock, GA; Hayasaka, Y; Herderich, MJ; Jeffery, DW; Pardon, KH, 2010)	0.36
" 3XFLAG, a tag combined with a linker moiety of charged amino acids, gave the best results and was most useful for IP purification of the molecular target."	( The high performance of 3XFLAG for target purification of a bioactive metabolite: a tag combined with a highly effective linker structure. Manabe, Y; Mukai, M; Ueda, M, 2011)	0.37
"Abstract: The activities of four CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A, 1A2, 2El and 2C) and the mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2, 2El, 2Cll and 3A1 in rat liver were determined after Wistar rats were orally administered with brucine (BR) at three dosage levels (3, 15 and 60 mg."	( Effects of brucine combined with glycyrrhetinic acid or liquiritin on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 activities in vivo. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Wu, WH; Xing, PP, 2011)	0.37
"The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of novel flavonoid vicenin-2 (VCN-2), an active constituent of the medicinal herb Ocimum Sanctum Linn or Tulsi, as a single agent and in combination with docetaxel (DTL) in carcinoma of prostate (CaP)."	( Anti-cancer effects of novel flavonoid vicenin-2 as a single agent and in synergistic combination with docetaxel in prostate cancer. Awasthi, S; Fast, S; Nagaprashantha, LD; Roby, R; Singhal, J; Singhal, SS; Vatsyayan, R, 2011)	0.37
" This study investigated effects of the SGLT-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, alone and in combination with insulin, on glucose homeostasis in an animal model of T1DM."	( Empagliflozin, a novel potent and selective SGLT-2 inhibitor, improves glycaemic control alone and in combination with insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Grempler, R; Klein, T; Luippold, G; Mark, M, 2012)	0.38
" Empagliflozin combined with low-dose insulin showed comparable glucose-lowering efficacy to treatment with high-dose insulin."	( Empagliflozin, a novel potent and selective SGLT-2 inhibitor, improves glycaemic control alone and in combination with insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Grempler, R; Klein, T; Luippold, G; Mark, M, 2012)	0.38
" This method was successfully applied to the drug interaction study of Shuang-huang-lian freeze-dried powder combined with levofloxacin injection after intravenous administration to rats."	( Development of an LC-MS method for determination of three active constituents of Shuang-huang-lian injection in rat plasma and its application to the drug interaction study of Shuang-huang-lian freeze-dried powder combined with levofloxacin injection. Bi, K; Chen, X; Geng, L; Liu, Z; Song, X; Ye, J; Zhao, X, 2012)	0.38
"To study the influence of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside (SDG) combined with Bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549 and its relative mechanisms."	( [Effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside combined with bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549]. Li, XW; Yang, JR, 2012)	0.38
"The results demonstrate that SDG combined with Bortezomib can significantly induce apoptosis of A549 cells, its mechanisms may be involved in activation of the JNK pathway."	( [Effects of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside combined with bortezomib on induction of apoptosis in lung cancer cell line A549]. Li, XW; Yang, JR, 2012)	0.38
"This randomized, open-label, crossover study investigated potential drug-drug interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor empagliflozin and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor sitagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"To study the effects of hypaconitine used alone and combined with liquiritin on calmodulin (CaM) expression and connexin43 (Cx43) phosphorylation on serine368 (Ser368), as well as to investigate the intervention of liquiritin on these hypaconitine-induced effects."	( Effect of hypaconitine combined with liquiritin on the expression of calmodulin and connexin43 in rat cardiac muscle in vivo. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Peng, W; Wang, J; Yi, M, 2012)	0.38
"The results indicated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of CaM were significantly decreased by hypaconitine used alone and combined with liquiritin."	( Effect of hypaconitine combined with liquiritin on the expression of calmodulin and connexin43 in rat cardiac muscle in vivo. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Peng, W; Wang, J; Yi, M, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate potential drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and warfarin."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"No drug-drug interactions were observed between empagliflozin and warfarin, indicating that empagliflozin and warfarin can be co-administered without dosage adjustments of either drug."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to investigate potential drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and verapamil, ramipril, and digoxin in healthy volunteers."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"The potential drug-drug interactions were evaluated in 3 separate trials."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of Rehmannia glutinosa acteosides used in combination with the angiotensin receptor blocker irbesartan to treat primary chronic glomerulonephritis."	( Treatment of primary chronic glomerulonephritis with Rehmannia glutinosa acteosides in combination with the angiotensin receptor blocker irbesartan: a randomized controlled trial. Cao, L; Chen, F; Fan, W; Feng, P; Fu, P; Gou, Z; Liang, Y; Liu, F; Qiu, H; Shi, M; Shi, P; Zhong, H; Zhou, L; Zuo, C, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, metabolites in the urine samples of rats orally administered with acteoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside compound, were detected and identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) combined with an automated MS(E) technique."	( Identification of acteoside and its major metabolites in rat urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Li, P; Qi, M; Wang, Z; Xiong, A; Yang, L; Yang, Q, 2013)	0.39
" It is often used in combination with conventional anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin, glimepiride, and insulin in treating type 2 diabetes (T2D)."	( The efficacy of dapagliflozin combined with hypoglycemic drugs in treating type 2 diabetes: protocol for meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Che, WS; Chen, X; Leung, SW; Sun, YN; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents, we conducted 52-week, open-label, randomized controlled trials."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: multicenter, open-label, rand Araki, E; Iwamoto, Y; Kaku, K; Ohtsuka, W; Suganami, H; Tanizawa, Y; Terauchi, Y; Tobe, K; Utsunomiya, K; Watada, H; Watanabe, D, 2014)	0.4
"Dapagliflozin combined with conventional antidiabetic drugs."	( The efficacy of dapagliflozin combined with hypoglycaemic drugs in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Che, WS; Chen, X; Leung, SW; Sun, YN; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, a new method based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) combined with enzyme channel blocking (ECB) was developed to discover bioactive components from herbal medicines."	( Screening for selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from Flos Chrysanthemum using ultrafiltration LC-MS combined with enzyme channel blocking. Chen, J; Fu, Y; Li, P; Mo, HY; Song, HP; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
"This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in combination with metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( Ipragliflozin in combination with metformin for the treatment of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: ILLUMINATE, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Goto, K; Kashiwagi, A; Kazuta, K; Ueyama, E; Utsuno, A; Yoshida, S, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by metformin or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea."	( Canagliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea. Dieu Van, NK; Han, P; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Vijapurkar, U; Yang, G, 2015)	0.42
"Canagliflozin provided glycaemic improvements and reductions in body weight and systolic BP, and was generally well tolerated in Asian patients with T2DM on metformin or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea."	( Canagliflozin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea. Dieu Van, NK; Han, P; Ji, L; Liu, Y; Meininger, G; Qiu, R; Vijapurkar, U; Yang, G, 2015)	0.42
" The urinary glucose excretion was drastically elevated in the dapagliflozin group, but the combination with mitiglinide suppressed it about 50%."	( Efficacy of Mitiglinide Combined with Dapagliflozin in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats and in Zucker Fatty Rats. Akahane, K; Inoue, T; Kiguchi, S; Kobayashi, M; Maruyama, K; Mori, Y; Ojima, K; Yaguchi, A; Yokoyama, A, 2015)	0.42
"To study the effect of acteoside on the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose (D-Gal) combined with aluminum trichloride (AlCl3)."	( [Acteoside enhances expression of neurotrophin-3 in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum trichloride]. Gao, L; He, Y; Huo, S; Peng, X; Yan, M, 2014)	0.4
"Female Kunming mice were randomly divided into vehicle control group, D-Gal combined with AlCl3 group , vitamin E group, piracetam group and acteoside groups [30, 60, 120 mg/(kg."	( [Acteoside enhances expression of neurotrophin-3 in brain tissues of subacute aging mice induced by D-galactose combined with aluminum trichloride]. Gao, L; He, Y; Huo, S; Peng, X; Yan, M, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we investigated the antihyperglycemic effect of ipragliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, alone or in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs in a range of relevant mouse models to analyse the blood glucose-lowering properties of different drug types based on their mechanism of action."	( Antihyperglycemic effect of ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs in mice. Hayashizaki, Y; Kurosaki, E; Tahara, A; Takakura, S; Takasu, T, 2015)	0.42
" The metabolism and drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk of tofogliflozin, a potent and highly specific sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, were evaluated by in vitro studies using human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes, and recombinant human CYPs."	( In vitro profiling of the metabolism and drug-drug interaction of tofogliflozin, a potent and highly specific sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, using human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes, and recombinant human CYP. Aso, Y; Fowler, S; Funk, C; Hagita, H; Honda, K; Ikeda, S; Ishigai, M; Kawashima, K; Kuhlmann, O; Nagao, S; Poirier, A; Sato, M; Simon, S; Suzuki, M; Yamaguchi, K; Yamane, M, 2015)	0.42
"An off-line two-dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography method combined with gradient and recycling elution mode was established to isolate terpenoids and flavones from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata (Burm."	( Separation of five compounds from leaves of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees by off-line two-dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with gradient and recycling elution. Chen, X; Jiang, S; Liu, Q; Yu, J; Zeng, H; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.42
"The crude methanol extract of Pueraria lobata was investigated by dual high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition and radical scavenging profiling combined with hyphenated HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR."	( Dual high-resolution α-glucosidase and radical scavenging profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of minor and major constituents directly from the crude extract of Pueraria lobata. Jäger, AK; Kongstad, KT; Liu, B; Nyberg, NT; Qinglei, S; Staerk, D, 2015)	0.42
" Since the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors share common structural features, notably a glycoside moiety, investigation of drugs in this class for effects on UGT to identify (or exclude) potential drug-drug interactions is warranted."	( Inhibition of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes by Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin: Implications for Drug-Drug Interactions. Chau, N; Miners, JO; Pattanawongsa, A; Rowland, A, 2015)	0.42
"A simple, rapid and reliable microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of the seven bioactive constituents in Guizhi Fuling capsule (GFC), namely gallic acid, amygdalin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, paeonol, cinnamic acid and pachymic acid, respectively."	( Simultaneous determination of seven bioactive components in Guizhi Fuling capsule by microwave-assisted extraction combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sui, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Xiong, ZL; Zhao, LS; Zhao, YT, 2016)	0.43
"To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) combined with medication on changes of expression of Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in the hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 regions of focal cerebral ischemia (FC1) rats, so as to analyze its mechanisms underlying neuroprotection."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.42
" Rats of the medication group were given with intraperitoneal injection of gastrodin (10 mg/kg)."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.42
"EA and EA intervention combined with gastrodin can significantly up-regulate the number of Nestin- and NSE-IR positive cells, and down-regulate the number of GFAP positive cells in the CA 1 and CA 3 regions of hippocampus in focal cerebral ischemia rats, which may contribute to their effects in promoting the differentiation and proliferation of mature neurons in the hippocampus for improving cerebral functions."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.42
" We aimed to assess the effect and adverse reaction of total glucosides of paeony capsule (TGPC) in combination with corticosteroids for the treatment of OLP."	( Clinical observation on the treatment of oral lichen planus with total glucosides of paeony capsule combined with corticosteroids. Cao, T; Du, G; Tang, G; Tian, Z; Wang, Y; Yao, H; Zhou, L, 2016)	0.43
"To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention combined with medication (Gastrodin) on changes of neurological function and expression of Nogo-A and Nogo-A receptor (NgR) in the frontal lobe cortex around the ischemic loci of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of neuroregeneration of FC."	( [Effect of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin Administration on Neurological Function, Nogo-A and NgR Expression in the Frontal Lobe Cortex of Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Ding, J; Huang, R; Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhao, J, 2016)	0.43
" We report here that a low-carbohydrate diet combined with an SGLT2 inhibitor was effective and safe to treat refractory hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in a type 2 diabetes patient complicated with a high titer of insulin antibodies."	( Low-carbohydrate diet combined with SGLT2 inhibitor for refractory hyperglycemia caused by insulin antibodies. Abiru, N; Ando, T; Horie, I; Kawakami, A; Shigeno, R, 2016)	0.43
"In this specific population, empagliflozin in combination with other oral agents, significantly reduced HbA1c and body weight and was well tolerated."	( Empagliflozin in combination with oral agents in young and overweight/obese Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A pooled analysis of three randomized trials. Aranda, U; Crowe, S; de Pablos-Velasco, P; García, A; Gomis, R; Kis, SG; Naderali, E; Romera, I, )	0.13
"To analyze the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
"Pooled analysis of three phase III trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=1,801) who received placebo or empagliflozin 10 or 25mg once daily for 24 weeks, in combination with metformin, metformin+sulphonylurea or pioglitazone ± metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
"Empagliflozin combined with other oral treatments decreased HbA1c, body weight, and SBP/DBP as compared to placebo, with a good safety and tolerability profile."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the clinical effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with total glucosides of paeony (TGP) taken orally for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus (OLP)."	( [Clinical effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with total glucosides of paeony for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus]. Hu, AP; Liu, ZX, 2016)	0.43
"Nd: YAG laser combined with TGP can improve the efficacy of erosive OLP."	( [Clinical effect of Nd:YAG laser combined with total glucosides of paeony for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus]. Hu, AP; Liu, ZX, 2016)	0.43
" To investigate the efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) combined with acitretin in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis."	( Efficacy and safety of total glucosides of paeony combined with acitretin in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Fan, X; Li, Z; Liu, X; Wang, G; Yu, C, 2017)	0.46
" Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data on the traditional Chinese active component TGP combined with MTX vs."	( A systemic review and meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of total glucosides of peony combined with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Cai, SJ; Feng, ZT; He, GC; Li, J; Mei, ZG; Xu, J, 2018)	0.48
"To assess the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors when used in combination with a loop diuretic, the RECEDE-CHF (Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of SGLT2 inhibition in combination with loop Diuretics in diabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure) trial is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial conducted in a secondary care setting within NHS Tayside, Scotland."	( Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition in combination with loop Diuretics in diabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure (RECEDE-CHF): protocol for a randomised controlled double-blind cross-over trial. Baig, F; Choy, AM; Lang, CC; McCrimmon, RJ; Mordi, IR; Mordi, NA; Singh, JS; Struthers, AD, 2017)	0.46
" Our findings suggest that biospecific live cell-based isolation combined with SPE and HPLC-MS/MS is an effective method for screening potential bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines."	( Biospecific isolation and characterization of angiogenesis-promoting ingredients in Buyang Huanwu decoction using affinity chromatography on rat brain microvascular endothelial cells combined with solid-phase extraction, and HPLC-MS/MS. He, D; Liao, F; Meng, Y; Shen, X; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Yu, J; Zheng, H, 2018)	0.48
" So, we investigated renal protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, alone and in combination with irbesartan in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy."	( Renal protective effect of SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin alone and in combination with irbesartan in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Abdel-Wahab, AF; Al-Harizy, RM; Bamagous, GA; ElSawy, NA; Ghamdi, SSA; Ibrahim, IA; Shahzad, N, 2018)	0.48
" This study compared groups treated with high-dose methotrexate (MTX)/leflunomide (LEF) and CP-25 combined with low-dose MTX/LEF in an adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rat model and investigated possible mechanisms."	( CP-25 combined with MTX/ LEF ameliorates the progression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by the inhibition on GRK2 translocation. Chang, Y; Jia, X; Wang, C; Wei, W; Wu, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2019)	0.51
"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics was used to analyze the main active ingredients including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, luteoloside, baicalin, ursodesoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid in the Tanreqing injection."	( Rapid analysis of the Tanreqing injection by near-infrared spectroscopy combined with least squares support vector machine and Gaussian process modeling techniques. Li, W; Liu, S; Pan, J; Qu, H; Xue, D; Yan, X, 2019)	0.51
" Our results showed that dapagliflozin in combination with a low dose of insulin significantly lowered hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia."	( Effect of dapagliflozin alone and in combination with insulin in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Abdalla, O; Dessouki, A; Kilany, O; Sasaki, K; Sayed, N; Shimoda, M; Yoshida, T, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to establish and verify the model of osteoporosis combined with Alzheimer's disease in rat, and to investigate the double effects of echinacoside and acteoside on this concurrent model."	( Establishment of the concurrent experimental model of osteoporosis combined with Alzheimer's disease in rat and the dual-effects of echinacoside and acteoside from Cistanche tubulosa. Chen, Y; Fang, JY; Li, F; Li, P; Li, YQ, 2020)	0.56
"The model of osteoporosis combined with Alzheimer's disease in rat was feasible and successfully established."	( Establishment of the concurrent experimental model of osteoporosis combined with Alzheimer's disease in rat and the dual-effects of echinacoside and acteoside from Cistanche tubulosa. Chen, Y; Fang, JY; Li, F; Li, P; Li, YQ, 2020)	0.56
"There were no adverse effects on bone or muscle when sitagliptin was used in combination with either ipragliflozin or metformin."	( Effects of ipragliflozin versus metformin in combination with sitagliptin on bone and muscle in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Subanalysis of a prospective, randomized, controlled study (PRIME-V study). Baba, Y; Hashimoto, N; Hattori, A; Horikoshi, T; Ide, K; Ide, S; Ishibashi, R; Ishikawa, K; Ishikawa, T; Kitamoto, T; Kobayashi, A; Kobayashi, K; Koshizaka, M; Maezawa, Y; Nagashima, K; Nakamura, S; Newby, LK; Ogino, J; Ohara, E; Onishi, S; Sakamoto, K; Sato, Y; Shimada, F; Shimofusa, R; Shoji, M; Takahashi, S; Takemoto, M; Tokuyama, H; Uchida, D; Yamaga, M; Yokoh, H; Yokote, K, 2021)	0.62
" This study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP~+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and their antioxidant mechanism."	( [Antioxidant mechanism of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline in inhibiting MPP~+-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells]. Dong, MX; Li, X; Liu, LK; Xu, TJ, 2021)	0.62
" A novel comprehensive and effective approach to mine trace unknown compounds combined with structure recognition in complex matrix is developed, in order to profiling potential Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in Lonicera Flos (LFs): using multiple neutral loss/precursor ion (NL/PI) markers scans combined with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)."	( Multi-marker scans coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry strategy for global profiling combined with structure recognition of unknown trace chlorogenic acids in Lonicera Flos. Chen, F; Duan, X; Feng, F; Feng, X; Liu, T; Wang, E; Wu, H; Zhang, F, 2021)	0.62
" The current study will carry out a widespread systematic review to estimate clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, S; Liu, F; Qiao, YL; Xiang, WQ, 2021)	0.62
"The current study aims to stipulate more consistent substantiation to explore whether gastrodin combined with betahistine is more effective for the treatment of vertigo."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, S; Liu, F; Qiao, YL; Xiang, WQ, 2021)	0.62
" In this paper, a co-friendly, fast pretreatment method with high extraction efficiency, based on the tailor-made deep eutectic solvent (DES) system, combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of icarrin and icarisid II in rat plasma samples, which can be further applied to comparative pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of Herba Epimedii and icarrin monomer in rats, respectively."	( Tailor-made deep eutectic solvents extraction combined with UPLC-MS/MS determination of icarrin and icarisid II in rat plasma and its comparative pharmacokinetic application. Feng, Q; Guo, H; Ma, C; Qin, F; Tong, L; Xiong, Z, 2021)	0.62
" This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and lobeglitazone in healthy subjects."	( No Relevant Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Between the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin and Lobeglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, in Healthy Subjects. Hwang, JG; Kim, YK; Park, MK, 2021)	0.62
" The present study (Clintrials number NCT00519480) was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozinetabonate, an SGLT2 inhibitor, withdoses (500 mg and 750 mg BID) greater than the commercial dose (100 mg BID)in combination with metformin with minimum daily dose of 2000 mg given in two divided doses."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" Cohort 2 subjects were administered with either remogliflozin etabonate 750 mg BID or placebo BID (2:1) in addition to metformin for 13 days."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" Daily treatment with the full dose of insulin alone, dapagliflozin alone, or dapagliflozin in combination with a low dose of insulin was then initiated."	( Effects of dapagliflozin in combination with insulin on cytochrome P450 activities in a diabetes type 1 rat model. Abdalla, O; Dessouki, A; Kilany, O; Murata, I; Sasaki, K; Sayed, N, 2021)	0.62
"This study aims to establish a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneously determining the content of strychnine and paeoniflorin in plasma and brain tissue of rats, and compare the pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic behavior and brain tissue distribution of paeoniflorin combined with normal and toxic doses of strychnine in rats after percutaneous administration]. Chen, LH; Chen, XX; Guan, YM; Liu, LL; Ouyang, HF; Yin, YT; Zhu, WF, 2022)	0.72
" Which was unlike with other agents, indicating that the SGLT2 inhibitors might be effective alone or in combination with any other drugs."	( The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Xu, W; Xu, X; Yan, Y; Zhuo, Q, 2022)	0.72
"According to the available data, dapagliflozin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents can effectively reduce the level of HbA1c and body weight; however, it does not increase the incidence of hypoglycemia but can cause urinary tract infection and genital infection."	( The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin combined with oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Xu, W; Xu, X; Yan, Y; Zhuo, Q, 2022)	0.72
" First three groups were treated with Acai berry (PO; 250 mg/kg); fourth, fifth and sixth groups received sodium CMC (vehicle) for 10 days and on eleventh day, first and fourth groups were administered with ATR (PO; 10 mg/kg); second and fifth groups with ALO (PO; 25 mg/kg) and third and sixth groups received EMPA (PO; 25 mg/kg)."	( Investigation of the effect of Acai berry on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Alogliptin and Empagliflozin: a herb-drug interaction study. Nanjappan, SK; Ravichandiran, V; Somabattini, RA, 2022)	0.72
" The control group was treated with lifestyle intervention, while the intervention group was treated with dapagliflozin combined with lifestyle intervention."	( Efficacy of Dapagliflozin Combined with Lifestyle Intervention in Obesity Control. Dai, W; Peng, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Dapagliflozin in combination with a lifestyle intervention effectively and safely treats excess weight in middle-aged and older adults, reverses obesity-related markers, and improves psychological symptoms."	( Efficacy of Dapagliflozin Combined with Lifestyle Intervention in Obesity Control. Dai, W; Peng, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, this study determined whether C3G alone or C3G combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibits human lung LCC."	( The anticancer effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside combined with 5-fluorouracil on lung large-cell carcinoma in nude mice. Chang, GR; Liao, HJ; Lin, CF; Lin, TC; Liu, YW; Wu, CF; Wu, CY, 2022)	0.72
"To find the effects of dapagliflozin in combination with metoprolol sustained-release tablets on cardiac function and prognosis in acute myocardial infarction patients after PCI."	( Effects of Dapagliflozin in Combination with Metoprolol Sustained-Release Tablets on Prognosis and Cardiac Function in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction after PCI. Liu, Z; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
"FIC, AI-2 activity assay, real-time RT-PCR and biofilm inhibition assays were performed to investigate the in vitro effect of paeoniflorin combined with norfloxacin."	( Paeoniflorin combined with norfloxacin ameliorates drug-resistant Streptococcus suis infection. Fan, Q; Grenier, D; Hou, X; Li, J; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Xue, B; Yi, L; Zhang, X; Zuo, J, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"34 microL/min/cm, mean +/- SE, N = 4), calculated by dividing the absorption rate by the drug concentration, was significantly decreased (0."	( Intestinal active absorption of sugar-conjugated compounds by glucose transport system: implication of improvement of poorly absorbable drugs. Awazu, S; Hayashi, M; Mizuma, T; Ohta, K, 1992)	0.28
" Therefore, the low oral bioavailability of aucubin may be attributed to pH-instability in the gastric fluid, poor GI absorption due to low lipophilicity, and the possible metabolism in the GI mucosa and liver (so called first-pass effect)."	( Pharmacokinetic study of an iridoid glucoside: aucubin. Chang, IM; Kim, SK; Lee, MH; Shim, CK; Suh, NJ, 1991)	0.28
" When comparing orally administered, isotopically labeled PN and PN-glucoside in separate groups of subjects, similar bioavailability was observed although within-group variability was high."	( Bioavailability of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside determined in humans by stable-isotopic methods. Bailey, LB; Baumgartner, TG; Cerda, JJ; Gregory, JF; Toth, JP; Trumbo, PR, 1991)	0.28
" After oral administration to rats it will be only poorly absorbed and mostly unchanged fecaly excreted."	( [Biotransformation of phenolglycosides leiocarposide and salicin]. Bartoszek, M; Fötsch, G; Franke, P; Hiller, K; Pfeifer, S, 1989)	0.28
"This research was conducted to determine the bioavailability of 5'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) pyridoxine (PN-glucoside) during chronic administration in a depletion-repletion bioassay."	( Incomplete utilization of pyridoxine-beta-glucoside as vitamin B-6 in the rat. Gregory, JF; Sartain, DB; Trumbo, PR, 1988)	0.27
" Because the bioavailability of PN-glucoside in humans has been estimated to be 58% relative to PN, mice or hamsters, rather than guinea pigs or rats, would be better species for quantitative studies of PN-glucoside bioavailability and associated enzymatic processes."	( Mice, hamsters and guinea pigs differ in efficiency of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside utilization. Banks, MA; Gregory, JF, 1994)	0.29
"This study in the rat established the effects that a broad-spectrum and poorly absorbed antibiotic, neomycin sulfate, had on the in vitro and in vivo hydrolysis of vicine and convicine by the intestinal microflora, and on vicine- and convicine-induced depletion of blood glutathione and the resulting toxicity."	( Effect of neomycin on the hydrolysis and toxicity of vicine and convicine in rats. Arbid, MS; Frohlich, AA; Madhyastha, MS; Marquardt, RR, 1993)	0.29
"Active absorption in the intestine and metabolism of the beta- and alpha-anomers of the glucoside and galactoside of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) were studied to find a more suitable prodrug for poorly absorbed drugs."	( Comparative study of active absorption by the intestine and disposition of anomers of sugar-conjugated compounds. Awazu, S; Hayashi, M; Mizuma, T; Ohta, K, 1993)	0.29
"Previous research has shown that the pyridoxine glucoside (PNG) form of vitamin B-6 has a reduced bioavailability compared with pyridoxine, but its effect on vitamin B-6 status has not been assessed."	( Vitamin B-6 status indicators decrease in women consuming a diet high in pyridoxine glucoside. Hansen, CM; Leklem, JE; Miller, LT, 1996)	0.29
" We conclude that paeoniflorin is not metabolize by gut wall, liver and lung, its poor absorption from the intestine results in extremely low bioavailability and the unabsorbed fraction of paeoniflorin is degraded by the intestinal flora."	( In-vivo assessment of extrahepatic metabolism of paeoniflorin in rats: relevance to intestinal floral metabolism. Amagaya, S; Hattori, M; Isono, T; Maruno, M; Mizuhara, Y; Takeda, S; Wakui, Y, 1997)	0.3
"This research was conducted to investigate 1) the bioavailability of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside (PN-glucoside) relative to that of pyridoxine (PN) in human subjects, and 2) the competitive effect of PN-glucoside on the metabolism of co-ingested PN."	( Pyridoxine-5'-beta--glucoside exhibits incomplete bioavailability as a source of vitamin B-6 and partially inhibits the utilization of co-ingested pyridoxine in humans. Gregory, JF; McMahon, LG; Nakano, H, 1997)	0.3
" On the contrary, PN-beta-Glc poorly served as vitamin B6 source, because average bioavailability was only about 22% in comparison to that of PN (100%)."	( Feeding experiments of pyridoxine derivatives as vitamin B6. Hayakawa, T; Maeno, M; Morimoto, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tsuge, H, 1997)	0.3
"Oral bioavailability of biologically active peptides and proteins is generally very low because they are extensively degraded by peptidases and proteases in the gastrointestinal tract and impermeable through the intestinal mucosal membrane."	( [Methodologies for regulation of intestinal absorption of biologically active peptides]. Fujita, T; Muranishi, S, 1998)	0.3
" However, there is limited knowledge on the oral bioavailability of these natural products."	( Transport of quercetin and its glucosides across human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Walgren, RA; Walle, T; Walle, UK, 1998)	0.3
" The average bioavailability and the average pharmacological bioavailability of insulin were about 25."	( High absorbency and subchronic morphologic effects on the nasal epithelium of a nasal insulin powder dosage form with a soybean-derived sterylglucoside mixture in rabbits. Ando, T; Isowa, K; Maitani, Y; Nagai, T; Takayama, K; Yamamoto, T, 1998)	0.3
" The bioavailability of the rutinoside was only 20% of that of the glucoside."	( The sugar moiety is a major determinant of the absorption of dietary flavonoid glycosides in man. Bijsman, MN; Cnossen, EP; de Vries, JH; Hollman, PC; Katan, MB; van Gameren, Y, 1999)	0.3
"Glucoconjugates of (+/-)-ibuprofen, (+/-)-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), gentisic acid, gallic acid, 2,6-bis(tert-butyl)-4-thiophenol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine were prepared with the objective of increasing the bioavailability of such antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs."	( Synthesis of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory drugs glucoconjugates. Beyreuther, K; Picard, MA; Uhrig, RK; Wiessler, M, 2000)	0.31
" The oral bioavailability of parent 9-OH-BaP, calculated from the area under the hemolymph concentration curve, was 15."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elimination of 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and its glucoside and sulfate conjugates after administration to male and female American lobsters, Homarus americanus. James, MO; Li, CL, 2000)	0.31
" Overall, these data indicate that flavanones are efficiently absorbed after feeding to rats and that their bioavailability is related to their glycosidic moiety."	( Bioavailability of the flavanone naringenin and its glycosides in rats. Felgines, C; Manach, C; Morand, C; Régerat, F; Rémésy, C; Scalbert, A; Texier, O, 2000)	0.31
" Thus, the therapeutic efficacy of oral administration at the various doses of eugeniin was similar to that of intraperitoneal administration, suggesting that the oral bioavailability of eugeniin was high with respect to absorption."	( Biological characterization of eugeniin as an anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 compound in vitro and in vivo. Hozumi, T; Kadota, S; Kurokawa, M; Namba, T; Shiraki, K; Tsurita, M, 2001)	0.31
" Decreased nitric oxide generation was the consequence of inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase, whereas PGE(2) and LTB(4) reduction was due to inhibition of arachidonic acid bioavailability through a direct inhibitory effect of dysodotronic acid on secretory phospholipase A(2)."	( Dysidotronic acid, a new sesquiterpenoid, inhibits cytokine production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase. D'Auria, MV; Giannini, C; Payá, M; Posadas, I; Terencio, MC, 2001)	0.31
" However, data on the bioavailability of quercetin after oral intake are scarce and contradictory."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. Derendorf, H; Drewelow, B; Graefe, EU; Jacobasch, G; Mueller, S; Pforte, H; Riethling, AK; Uehleke, B; Veit, M; Wittig, J, 2001)	0.31
" Renal excretion rate, elimination half-life and total bioavailability of salicylates were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of salicin after oral administration of a standardised willow bark extract. Heide, L; Kötter, I; Schmid, B, 2001)	0.31
" Very little data are available concerning the bioavailability of anthocyanins, major sources of red pigmentation in red wine."	( Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Briviba, K; Bub, A; Heeb, D; Rechkemmer, G; Watzl, B, 2001)	0.31
"M-3-G is poorly absorbed after a single ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine, or red grape juice and seems to be differentially metabolized as compared to other red grape polyphenols."	( Malvidin-3-glucoside bioavailability in humans after ingestion of red wine, dealcoholized red wine and red grape juice. Briviba, K; Bub, A; Heeb, D; Rechkemmer, G; Watzl, B, 2001)	0.31
"74 ml/min x kg, apparent volume of distribution/ bioavailability (Vd/F) value was 103."	( Pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration of Shao-yao Gan-chao Tang in mice. Chen, LC; Chou, MH; Lin, MF; Yang, LL, 2002)	0.31
" These results indicate that LPH may play an important role in the bioavailability of PNG, but further characterization is needed to assess its physiological function."	( Enzymatic hydrolysis of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside is catalyzed by intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Gregory, JF; Henderson, GN; Mackey, AD, 2002)	0.31
" Overall, these data indicate that blackberry anthocyanins are excreted in urine as intact and methylated glucoside forms and that their bioavailability is very low compared with other flavonoids."	( Blackberry anthocyanins are slightly bioavailable in rats. Besson, C; Felgines, C; Fraisse, D; Lamaison, JL; Rémésy, C; Texier, O, 2002)	0.31
" The emergence of renewed interest by industrial countries in traditional herbal medicines and the development of 'functional foods' are stimulating the need for more information regarding the bioavailability and efficacy of plant polyphenols."	( Bioavailablility of elderberry anthocyanins. Blumberg, J; Cao, G; Milbury, PE; Prior, RL, 2002)	0.31
" These findings suggest that bilitranslocase could play a role in the bioavailability of anthocyanins."	( The interaction of anthocyanins with bilitranslocase. Mattivi, F; Passamonti, S; Vrhovsek, U, 2002)	0.31
"Pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside (PNG) is a major form of vitamin B-6 in plant foods that exhibits partial bioavailability as vitamin B-6 in humans."	( Intestinal brush border membrane catalyzes hydrolysis of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside and exhibits parallel developmental changes of hydrolytic activities toward pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside and lactose in rats. Armada, LJ; Gregory, JF; Mackey, AD, 2002)	0.31
" The PF-metabolizing activity of intestinal bacteria was reduced to 16% and 33% of normal levels by treatment with AMPC-MET and ofloxacin, respectively, which caused alterations of that degree in the extent of absorption of PF and PM-I, but did not affect their rate of absorption or elimination."	( Influence of co-administered antibiotics on the pharmacokinetic fate in rats of paeoniflorin and its active metabolite paeonimetabolin-I from Shaoyao-Gancao-tang. Akao, T; He, JX; Tani, T, 2003)	0.32
"Pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of several dietary anthocyanins following consumption of red wine and red grape juice were compared in nine healthy volunteers."	( Bioavailability of anthocyanidin-3-glucosides following consumption of red wine and red grape juice. Bitsch, I; Bitsch, R; Frank, T; Netzel, M; Strass, G, 2003)	0.32
" High intakes and an adequate absorption rate of anthocyanins are necessary for efficient protection, though other dietary agents might influence absorption efficacy."	( Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside in the isolated rat small intestine is not influenced by ethanol. Andlauer, W; Frank, K; Fürst, P; Stumpf, C, 2003)	0.32
" Since the bioavailability of PF in SGT has been reported to be significantly reduced by co-administered antibacterial drugs, we investigated how to minimize this reducing effect of antibacterial treatment in the present study."	( Restorative effect of repetitive administration of Shaoyao-Gancao-tang on bioavailability of paeoniflorin reduced by antibacterial synthetic drugs treatment in rats. Akao, T; He, JX; Tani, T, 2003)	0.32
" These results indicate that co-ingested lipids and emulsifiers could enhance the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in onion."	( Enhancing effect of lipids and emulsifiers on the accumulation of quercetin metabolites in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by rats. Azuma, K; Horie, H; Ippoushi, K; Ito, H; Terao, J, 2003)	0.32
" A reevaluation of the concept of oral bioavailability applied to the dietary flavonoids is presented."	( Absorption and metabolism of flavonoids. Walle, T, 2004)	0.32
" The rate of absorption was influenced by the chemical structure of the anthocyanin and varied from 10."	( Anthocyanins are efficiently absorbed from the small intestine in rats. Besson, C; Felgines, C; Lamaison, JL; Manach, C; Rémésy, C; Talavéra, S; Texier, O, 2004)	0.32
"50 h, and the bioavailability was 39."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of gentiopicroside following oral and intravenous administration in mice. Bligh, SW; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; White, CJ; White, KN, )	0.13
" These compounds have a wide range of potential health benefits, and understanding the bioavailability of flavonoids from foods is becoming increasingly important."	( In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Boyer, J; Brown, D; Liu, RH, 2005)	0.33
" Despite the loss of quercetin from the digested shallot, the bioavailability of quercetin aglycone to the Caco-2 cells was the same in both the digested and non-digested shallot."	( In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Boyer, J; Brown, D; Liu, RH, 2005)	0.33
"The increase in quercetin uptake following treatment with lactase suggests that dietary supplementation with lactase may increase quercetin bioavailability in lactose intolerant humans."	( In vitro digestion and lactase treatment influence uptake of quercetin and quercetin glucoside by the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Boyer, J; Brown, D; Liu, RH, 2005)	0.33
" These results indicate that sinomenine hydrochloride at 90 mg/kg significantly improved the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats."	( Influence of co-administrated sinomenine on pharmacokinetic fate of paeoniflorin in unrestrained conscious rats. Cai, X; Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2005)	0.33
" It would be important in the future to investigate the origins of the differences in wine stilbene levels in relation to the vine varieties, and the bioavailability of the newly extracted stilbene delta-viniferin in plasma after consumption of different types of wines."	( Determination of stilbenes (delta-viniferin, trans-astringin, trans-piceid, cis- and trans-resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin) in Brazilian wines. Bornet, A; Delaunay, JC; Mérillon, JM; Richard, T; Teissédre, PL; Valls, J; Vanderlinde, R; Vitrac, X, 2005)	0.33
" Our previous studies demonstrated that sinomenine could significantly improve the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."	( The effects of sinomenine on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin by the everted rat gut sac model. Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2006)	0.33
"To study the influence of Chinese herbs for inner-warming on the bioavailability of paeoniflorin (PF) and its mechanism."	( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming]. Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)	0.33
" The bioavailability of PF was calculated and compared, taking single use of red peony root for control."	( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming]. Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of PF in mice was conformed to the one-compartment model, as combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming, the relative bioavailability of PF was 137."	( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming]. Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)	0.33
"The Chinese herbs used in this experiment in combination with red peony root could enhance the bioavailability of PF, which illustrated the scientific meaning of the recipe combination of Chinese herbs for activating blood circulation and inner-warming viewing from pharmacodynamics."	( [Study on enhancing bioavailability of paeoniflorin by combined use with Chinese herbs for inner-warming]. Cheng, J; Hu, R; Liu, RM; Pei, J; Wan, D; Yang, ZY, 2005)	0.33
"98 min, respectively, and the relative bioavailability (Fr) of JZGX EOPT compared with JZGX tablet was 101."	( Studies of the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin in two Jing-Zhi-Guan-Xin formulations after oral administration to beagle dogs. Nie, SF; Pan, WS; Peng, B; Wei, LL; Yang, XG; Zhang, GH, 2006)	0.33
" The aim of the study was to integrate some physicochemical properties (characterised through the polarization and transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and rheology) of the three formulations based on cetearyl glucoside and cetearyl alcohol, with the in vitro (the artificial skin constructs) and in vivo bioavailability of hydrocortisone (HC), in comparison with a standard pharmacopoeial vehicle."	( Vehicles based on a sugar surfactant: Colloidal structure and its impact on in vitro/in vivo hydrocortisone permeation. Müller-Goymann, CC; Savić, MM; Savić, SD; Vesić, SA; Vuleta, GM, 2006)	0.33
"The results indicate OG has potential as a permeability enhancer for poorly absorbed drugs with no significant damage to monolayers at low concentrations."	( Permeability enhancing effects of the alkylglycoside, octylglucoside, on insulin permeation across epithelial membrane in vitro. Eley, JG; Tirumalasetty, PP, 2006)	0.33
"A sensitive LC-MS/MS method with a simple solid-phase extraction for the determination of acteoside in rat plasma and tissue homogenates was established for the investigation of bioavailability and brain distribution in freely-moving rats."	( Determination of acteoside in Cistanche deserticola and Boschniakia rossica and its pharmacokinetics in freely-moving rats using LC-MS/MS. Lin, LC; Sung, JS; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2006)	0.33
"Poor permeation, p-gp-mediated efflux, and hydrolysis via a glucosidase contributed to the poor bioavailability of paeoniflorin."	( Mechanisms responsible for poor oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin: Role of intestinal disposition and interactions with sinomenine. Hu, M; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ, 2006)	0.33
"The bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) in a fixed dose combination (FDC) used for the treatment of tuberculosis remains an area of clinical concern and several pharmaceutical alternatives are being explored to overcome this problem."	( Herbal modulation of drug bioavailability: enhancement of rifampicin levels in plasma by herbal products and a flavonoid glycoside derived from Cuminum cyminum. Gupta, BD; Johri, RK; Qazi, GN; Sachin, BS; Satti, NK; Sethi, S; Sharma, SC; Suri, KA; Tasduq, SA; Tikoo, AK; Tikoo, MK, 2007)	0.34
" Such processing techniques may have an impact on the flavonoid structure, resulting in changes of the bioavailability and activity of the flavonoids."	( Thermal degradation of onion quercetin glucosides under roasting conditions. Buchner, N; Driemel, G; Kroh, LW; Rauser, M; Rohn, S, 2007)	0.34
" The aim of this study was to relate some physicochemical properties (characterised by polarisation and transmission electron microscopy, thermal analysis and rheology) of the three formulations based on cetearyl glucoside and cetearyl alcohol, to the results of in vitro and in vivo bioavailability of hydrocortisone (HC)."	( An alkylpolyglucoside surfactant as a prospective pharmaceutical excipient for topical formulations: the influence of oil polarity on the colloidal structure and hydrocortisone in vitro/in vivo permeation. Müller-Goymann, CC; Savić, M; Savić, S; Tamburić, S; Vesić, S; Vuleta, G, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate whether the bioavailability of isoflavones could be an alternative to fermented soy foods, the conjugated forms of soy nutritional supplement (containing 98% acetyl glucoside isoflavones) were consumed by eight human volunteers (three were Asian people and five were British)."	( Quantitative determination of acetyl glucoside isoflavones and their metabolites in human urine using combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chen, L; Fang, L; Games, DE; Zhao, X, 2007)	0.34
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gentiopicroside (GPS), an active component of the Gentian plant species, from orally administered decoctions of Gentianae (DG), or in combination with other plants in the prescription of Longdan Xiegan Tang (LXT), was compared in rats with oral administration of GPS alone, using doses adjusted to deliver equivalent amounts of GPS (150 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gentiopicroside from decoctions of Gentianae and Longdan Xiegan Tang after oral administration in rats--comparison with gentiopicroside alone. Bligh, SW; Branford-White, CJ; Cheng, XM; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; White, KN, 2007)	0.34
" The results demonstrate that the bioavailability of GPS was markedly improved when administered as a decoction than as purified GPS."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of gentiopicroside from decoction of Radix Gentianae, Gentiana macrophylla after oral administration in rats: a pharmacokinetic comaprison with gentiopicroside after oral and intravenous administration alone. Bligh, SW; Branford-White, CJ; Cheng, XM; He, YQ; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; White, KN, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of salidroside in rats is 32."	( Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method for the determination of salidroside in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetics study. He, Y; Liang, Y; Liu, L; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, D; Wang, G; Wei, W; Wen, T; Xie, L; Yu, S, 2008)	0.35
"The contribution of lactase to isoflavone bioavailability has not been clarified."	( Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. Hachiya, S; Hara, H; Shigematsu, N; Shiomi, T; Tamura, A, 2008)	0.35
" 30 min); the bioavailability of gastrodigenin in the brain was increased by 33."	( Effect of borneol on the distribution of gastrodin to the brain in mice via oral administration. Cai, Z; Hou, S; Li, Y; Pu, J; Xu, S; Yang, Z; Zhao, B, 2008)	0.35
" Assuming that low bioavailability of quercetin aglycone provided to humans as a pure substance is the result of its low solubility in the digestive tract, we studied its bioavailability from dietary sources in which quercetin was dispersed in the food matrix."	( Quercetin from shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is more bioavailable than its glucosides. Bucinski, A; Honke, J; Piskula, MK; Romaszko, J; Szawara-Nowak, D; Wiczkowski, W; Zielinski, H, 2008)	0.35
" Bioavailability of lignans is influenced by the food matrix and gut microbial action, of which the latter is subject to a large interindividual variation."	( Metabolism of the lignan macromolecule into enterolignans in the gastrointestinal lumen as determined in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Eeckhaut, E; Keukeleire, DD; Possemiers, S; Struijs, K; Verstraete, W; Vincken, JP, 2008)	0.35
" Nonlinear mixed effect modeling identified dose volume as a significant predictor of relative oral bioavailability in a negative nonlinear relationship for acai pulp and juice."	( Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant effects after the consumption of anthocyanin-rich acai juice and pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in human healthy volunteers. Derendorf, H; Jilma-Stohlawetz, P; Meibohm, B; Mertens-Talcott, SU; Pacheco-Palencia, LA; Rios, J; Talcott, ST, 2008)	0.35
" The study reveals that as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, almost all of the of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside is converted to phenolic acids, compounds not monitored in previous flavonol bioavailability studies with model animal systems, some of which have used exceedingly high doses of the aglycone quercetin (500 mg/kg body weight), which is not a normal dietary component."	( Bioavailability of [2-(14)C]quercetin-4'-glucoside in rats. Auger, C; Caldwell, ST; Crozier, A; Edwards, CA; Hartley, RC; Lean, ME; Mullen, W; Rouanet, JM; Teissèdre, PL, 2008)	0.35
" The extracts were not significantly hypoglycemic when administered without Labrasol, demonstrating its bio-enhancing effect, most likely due to increasing the bioavailability of the administered preparations."	( Hypoglycemic activity of a novel anthocyanin-rich formulation from lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton. Grace, MH; Kuhn, P; Lila, MA; Logendra, S; Poulev, A; Raskin, I; Ribnicky, DM; Yousef, GG, 2009)	0.35
" 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMMF) showed the highest absorption rate in all experiments, while similar amounts of 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone (HDMF), 4-hydroxy-2(or 5)-ethyl-5(or 2)-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HEMF), and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HMF) were taken up."	( Absorption of 3(2H)-furanones by human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Schwab, W; Somoza, V; Stadler, NC, 2009)	0.35
" Finally, A-940894 has good pharmacokinetic properties, including half-life and oral bioavailability in rats and mice."	( In vitro and in vivo characterization of A-940894: a potent histamine H4 receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory properties. Adair, RM; Baranowski, JL; Bettencourt, BM; Brioni, JD; Brito, AA; Carr, TL; Cowart, MD; Cuff, CA; Esbenshade, TA; Liu, H; Manelli, AM; Marsh, KC; McPherson, MJ; Miller, TR; Rundell, L; Strakhova, MI; Vortherms, TA; Wetter, JM; Witte, DG; Yao, BB, 2009)	0.35
" plantarum NCC245 and its two alpha-l-rhamnosidase enzymes, which might be applied for improvement of bioavailability of health-beneficial polyphenols, such as hesperidin, in humans."	( Physiological and biochemical characterization of the two alpha-L-rhamnosidases of Lactobacillus plantarum NCC245. Arigoni, F; Ávila, M; Jankovic, I; Jaquet, M; Moine, D; Peláez, C; Requena, T, 2009)	0.35
"There are limited reports on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of isoflavones in elderly humans and aged animals."	( Effect of glycosidation of isoflavones on their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in aged male rats. Cooke, GM; Gilani, GS; Robertson, P; Sepehr, E, 2009)	0.35
" The absorption rate was jejunum > ileum > colon."	( [Absorption of extractive Radix Paeoniae Alba in rat everted gut sacs and its interaction with P-glycoprotein]. Dong, Y; Li, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2009)	0.35
" The results indicated that the reason which delay the elimination of paeoniflorin and enhance its bioavailability might be some ingredients in Cortex Moutan extract."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after oral administration of pure paeoniflorin, extract of Cortex Moutan and Shuang-Dan prescription to rats. Chai, Y; Wu, H; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, D; Zhu, Z, 2009)	0.35
" The results showed that CC may decrease the bioavailability of baicalin and wogonoside in RS and the mechanism was related to CC decreasing the transport of flavonoid aglycones from the mucosa side to the serosal side and the hydrolyzation of flavonoids by inhibiting intestinal flora."	( Influence of coptis Chinensis on pharmacokinetics of flavonoids after oral administration of radix Scutellariae in rats. Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Ma, Y; Shi, R; Wang, C; Wang, T; Zhou, H, 2009)	0.35
"Complexation of known drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites is a promising way to synthesize new drugs that does not only save pharmacological properties of initial agent but also acquire a number of advantageous features such as increased water solubility, bioavailability and decreased toxicity."	( The complexes of drugs with carbohydrate-containing plant metabolites as pharmacologically promising agents. Bryzgalov, AO; Khvostov, MV; Tolstikova, TG, 2009)	0.35
" However, low oral bioavailability of quercetin due to insolubility in water has limited its use as a food additive or dietary supplement."	( Enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, alpha-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-O-glucoside, is absorbed more easily than other quercetin glycosides or aglycone after oral administration in rats. Kanemaru, M; Makino, T; Mizukami, H; Moriwaki, M; Shimizu, R; Suzuki, Y, 2009)	0.35
"These results indicate that sulfonation of the monoterpene components could improve the bioavailability and delay the absorption of them in mice."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of typical constituents in white peony root and sulfur fumigated white peony root after oral administration to mice. Cheng, Y; Peng, C; Wen, F; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
" The present data show that bioavailability of naringenin is increased by conversion from rutinoside to glucoside, but the profile of the conjugates of flavanones formed and excreted in urine is neither affected by the absorption site nor by a 3-fold change in dose."	( Absorption, conjugation and excretion of the flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin from alpha-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice in human subjects. Barron, D; Bouisset, F; Bredsdorff, L; Cornett, C; Nielsen, IL; Offord, E; Rasmussen, SE; Williamson, G, 2010)	0.36
"The efficacy of n-lauryl-beta-D-maltopyranoside, (dodecylmaltoside, DDM) as a permeability-enhancer for tiludronate and cromolyn (BCS Class III, water-soluble compounds with oral bioavailability < 5%) was evaluated in Caco-2 cell monolayers and rat intestinal sacs."	( Effect of dodecylmaltoside (DDM) on uptake of BCS III compounds, tiludronate and cromolyn, in Caco-2 cells and rat intestine model. Betageri, GV; Deshmukh, DD; Nagilla, R; Ravis, WR, 2010)	0.36
" Taken as a whole, these results show that Cy3G is poorly absorbed in the mouse."	( Radiolabelled cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is poorly absorbed in the mouse. Besson, C; Felgines, C; Krisa, S; Lamaison, JL; Mauray, A; Mérillon, JM; Scalbert, A; Texier, O, 2010)	0.36
"The feasibility of alpha-glucosyl hesperidin (Hsp-G) to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug was investigated."	( Improvement of dissolution and absorption properties of poorly water-soluble drug by preparing spray-dried powders with alpha-glucosyl hesperidin. Imono, M; Takeuchi, H; Tozuka, Y; Uchiyama, H, 2010)	0.36
" We examined the effect of alpha-oligoglucosylation of the sugar moiety of quercetin monoglucoside on its bioavailability in humans."	( alpha-Oligoglucosylation of a sugar moiety enhances the bioavailability of quercetin glucosides in humans. Fujikura, Y; Kashino, Y; Kato, Y; Koda, T; Matsuda, N; Murota, K; Nakamura, T; Okuyama, S; Sekido, K; Shimizu, R; Tanaka, H; Terao, J, 2010)	0.36
"There have been conflicting study results concerning how the food matrix affects the bioavailability of isoflavone aglycone and glucoside."	( Higher bioavailability of isoflavones after a single ingestion of aglycone-rich fermented soybeans compared with glucoside-rich non-fermented soybeans in Japanese postmenopausal women. Okabe, Y; Shimazu, T; Tanimoto, H, 2011)	0.37
" The development of this new solubilized, stable, and biologically active CUR formulation lays the foundation for future bioavailability improvement."	( A novel solubility-enhanced curcumin formulation showing stability and maintenance of anticancer activity. Hollingsworth, J; Jeansonne, DP; Koh, GY; Liu, Z; Russo, PS; Stout, RW; Vicente, G; Zhang, F, 2011)	0.37
" And the low absorptive P (app) was consistent with the low oral bioavailability of phillyrin observed in pharmacokinetic experiments."	( Assessment and modulation of phillyrin absorption by P-gp using Caco-2 cells and MDR1-MDCKII cells. Jiang, XH; Li, YX; Peng, C; Ye, LH, 2011)	0.37
" The main objective of the present study was to characterize the verbascoside content and potential for their bioavailability from a partially purified phenolic fraction (IP) of OMWW."	( Verbascosides from olive mill waste water: assessment of their bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 model system. Cardinali, A; Ferruzzi, MG; Lattanzio, V; Linsalata, V, 2011)	0.37
" Due to the poor understanding of the bioavailability of anthocyanins, the potential antiatherogenic mechanisms underlying the action remain largely unknown."	( Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside with the aid of its metabolite protocatechuic acid, reduces monocyte infiltration in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Ling, W; Wang, D; Yan, X; Yang, Y; Zou, T, 2011)	0.37
"α-Glucosylhesperidin (Hsp-G), a functional food additive, significantly enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs despite little surface activity."	( NMR investigation of a novel excipient, α-glucosylhesperidin, as a suitable solubilizing agent for poorly water-soluble drugs. Higashi, K; Moribe, K; Takeuchi, H; Tozuka, Y; Uchiyama, H; Yamamoto, K; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
" These results indicate that SDG hydrolysis is not a common feature in Bifidobacterium genus, but selected probiotic strains can be combined to β-glucoside-based prebiotics to enhance the release of SECO, thus improving its bioavailability for absorption by colonic mucosa and/or the biotransformation to ED and EL by other intestinal microorganisms."	( Role of bifidobacteria in the activation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Amaretti, A; Leonardi, A; Raimondi, S; Roncaglia, L; Rossi, M, 2011)	0.37
" The study suggested glucosyl thiamine disulfide was a promising carrier to enhance the brain bioavailability of central nervous system active drugs."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of brain-specific glucosyl thiamine disulfide prodrugs of naproxen. Fan, W; Hai, L; Li, X; Li, XK; Wu, Y; Yao, N; Yu, YG, 2011)	0.37
" The absorption rate of flavonoid glycoside was lower than that of aglycone; the flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers could be absorbed in all of the intestinal segments."	( [Absorption of flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot extract by in situ intestinal perfusion]. Duan, JA; Guo, JM; Qian, DW; Shu, Y; Xue, CF, 2011)	0.37
"Naringenin and its derivatives have been assessed in bone health for their oestrogen-'like' effects but low bioavailability impedes clinical potential."	( A naturally occurring naringenin derivative exerts potent bone anabolic effects by mimicking oestrogen action on osteoblasts. Chattopadhyay, N; Dwivedi, AK; Gupta, V; Khan, K; Khan, MP; Maurya, R; Mishra, JS; Rawat, P; Sanyal, S; Sharan, K; Siddiqui, JA; Swarnkar, G, 2012)	0.38
" NCG had better oral bioavailability than naringenin."	( A naturally occurring naringenin derivative exerts potent bone anabolic effects by mimicking oestrogen action on osteoblasts. Chattopadhyay, N; Dwivedi, AK; Gupta, V; Khan, K; Khan, MP; Maurya, R; Mishra, JS; Rawat, P; Sanyal, S; Sharan, K; Siddiqui, JA; Swarnkar, G, 2012)	0.38
" Empagliflozin pharmacokinetics in ZDF rats were characterised by moderate total plasma clearance (CL) and bioavailability (BA), while in beagle dogs CL was low and BA was high."	( Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors. Bakker, RA; Eckhardt, M; Eickelmann, P; Grempler, R; Himmelsbach, F; Klein, T; Mark, M; Sauer, A; Sharp, DE; Thomas, L, 2012)	0.38
" The absorption rate constant K(a) and the hourly absorption percentages A were essentially unchanged."	( [Study on in situ intestinal absorption of active ingredients in Shuanghuanglian oral liquid in rats]. Bi, X; Chen, L; Di, L; Du, Q; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.37
" The absolute bioavailability of genipin was 80."	( HPLC-MS/MS method to determine genipin in rat plasma after hydrolysis with sulfatase and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ding, Y; Guo, CR; Tan, B; Tao, JS; Yang, L; Zhang, T, 2012)	0.38
" In this manner, the flavonoids could contribute beneficial effects on the mechanisms of hypertension and thrombosis by increasing the bioavailability of NO."	( Preventive effects of hesperidin, glucosyl hesperidin and naringin on hypertension and cerebral thrombosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Giddings, JC; Ikemura, M; Sasaki, Y; Yamamoto, J, 2012)	0.38
" These findings suggest that dietary flavonoids, despite their limited oral bioavailability and very low postabsorption plasma concentrations, may provide protection against oxidative stress-based cardiovascular diseases."	( Transport and bioactivity of cyanidin 3-glucoside into the vascular endothelium. Mattivi, F; Moze, S; Passamonti, S; Tramer, F; Vrhovsek, U; Ziberna, L, 2012)	0.38
"The bioavailability of anthocyanins is the most difficult one to assess amongst all flavonoid compounds as a result of their occurrence under different structures in equilibrium depending on pH."	( A new approach on the gastric absorption of anthocyanins. de Freitas, V; Fernandes, I; Mateus, N; Reis, C, 2012)	0.38
" The formulation was investigated for its antioxidant status and its bioavailability and toxicity in different organs of mice."	( Bioavailability, antioxidant and non toxic properties of a radioprotective formulation prepared from isolated compounds of Podophyllum hexandrum: a study in mouse model. Dutta, A; Flora, SJ; Gupta, ML; Sankhwar, S; Verma, S, 2012)	0.38
" The method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study and the oral bioavailability was calculated."	( Simultaneous determination of salidroside and its aglycone metabolite p-tyrosol in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fan, X; Guo, N; Hu, Z; Li, H; Wang, Y; Xu, T; Yu, T; Zhang, D; Zheng, J, 2012)	0.38
"61 h · μg/mL) and relative bioavailability (F(rel)=2."	( Food- and gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin after oral administration with Samul-tang in rats. Cho, WK; Ha, JH; Hwang, YH; Jang, D; Kim, T; Ma, JY, 2012)	0.38
" Partition coefficients (n-octanol/water) determination demonstrated 12-20 times larger partition coefficient of each complex (1, 2) than that of each single compound (baicalin, wogonoside, and berberine), indicating the significant role of the formation of the complex in the bioavailability enhancement of these pharmacologically active constituents."	( Formation and conformation of baicalin-berberine and wogonoside-berberine complexes. Jiang, ZH; Kouno, I; Tanaka, T; Wang, JR; Zhang, H, 2012)	0.38
"Puerarin (P), an isoflavone derived from kudzu roots, has strong biological activities, but its bioavailability is often limited by its low water solubility."	( Enzymatic synthesis of puerarin glucosides using Leuconostoc dextransucrase. Jeong, HJ; Kim, D; Kim, JH; Kim, JS; Kim, YM; Ko, JA; Lee, WS; Park, SJ; Park, TS; Ryu, YB, 2012)	0.38
" This suggests that dietary intake of this compound can enhance the bioavailability of resveratrol in the human body."	( Enzymatic synthesis of piceid glucosides using maltosyltransferase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725. Baek, NI; Cha, J; Choi, KH; Hwang, S; Kim, J; Park, H; Yang, SJ, 2012)	0.38
"To determine the absolute oral bioavailability (F(p."	( Simultaneous oral therapeutic and intravenous ¹⁴C-microdoses to determine the absolute oral bioavailability of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin. Arnold, ME; Boulton, DW; Christopher, LJ; Kasichayanula, S; Keung, CF; Lacreta, F; Xu, XS, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability of resveratrol is highly influenced by several factors such as the food matrix and, therefore, this study has been compared with a pilot study in which men ingested grape extract (GE) tablets as a nutraceutical, containing similar total amounts of resveratrol than RW."	( Pharmacokinetics of resveratrol metabolic profile in healthy humans after moderate consumption of red wine and grape extract tablets. Andres-Lacueva, C; Escribano, E; Estruch, R; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" Following these studies, here we investigated possible effects of malvidin-3-glucoside, one of the main dietary anthocyanins, on NO bioavailability and on peroxynitrite-induced NF-kB activation in the same cell model."	( Malvidin-3-glucoside protects endothelial cells up-regulating endothelial NO synthase and inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced NF-kB activation. Almeida, LM; Dinis, TC; Paixão, J, 2012)	0.38
" Oral administration of the IR tablet of RE showed similar bioavailability of R compared with small intestine delivery with both suspension and solution."	( Regional gastrointestinal delivery of remogliflozin etabonate in humans. Dobbins, R; Doll, WJ; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, RL; Page, RC; Sandefer, EP; Tao, W, 2013)	0.39
" It is anticipated that dietary intake of this compound is more effective by enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol in the human body because of its hydrophilic properties in the intestinal fluid."	( Bioconversion of piceid to piceid glucoside using amylosucrase from Alteromonas macleodii deep ecotype. Baek, NI; Cha, J; Kim, J; Lee, HS; Park, CS; Park, H; Park, JH, 2012)	0.38
" The relative oral bioavailability of Pur in combined administration was 10."	( Simultaneous determination of gastrodin and puerarin in rat plasma by HPLC and the application to their interaction on pharmacokinetics. Dai, J; Du, Q; Huang, Z; Jiang, L; Lin, J; Wang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Canagliflozin has dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, and research in laboratory animals demonstrated high oral bioavailability (85%) and rapid effects in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) values."	( Canagliflozin, a new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of diabetes. Kolanczyk, DM; Nisly, SA; Walton, AM, 2013)	0.39
" The application of such pH-responsive nano-carrier might offer a potential platform for controlled delivery and increasing the bioavailability of drugs."	( A pH-responsive nano-carrier with mesoporous silica nanoparticles cores and poly(acrylic acid) shell-layers: fabrication, characterization and properties for controlled release of salidroside. Bai, C; Chen, L; Dong, R; Li, J; Luo, M; Peng, H; Wang, S; Xiong, H; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
" However, the low water solubility of quercetin limits its bioavailability to exhibit activity in vivo."	( Anti-allergic effects of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (α-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-O-glucoside), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, α-oligoglucosyl rutin, and quercetin, when administered orally to mice. Kanemaru, M; Makino, T; Mizukami, H; Okuyama, S; Shimizu, R; Tanaka, H, 2013)	0.39
"Human mass balance studies and the assessment of absolute oral bioavailability (F) are usually assessed in separate studies."	( A novel double-tracer technique to characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of [14C]tofogliflozin after oral administration and concomitant intravenous microdose administration of [13C]tofogliflozin in humans. Backholer, Z; Kawashima, K; Lausecker, B; Portron, A; Schwab, D, 2013)	0.39
" The relative bioavailability was 12."	( Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: a (13)C-tracer study. Botting, NP; Cassidy, A; Czank, C; Kay, CD; Kroon, PA; Morrison, DJ; Preston, T; Zhang, Q, 2013)	0.39
" As the identification of compounds progresses, studies investigating the in vivo metabolism and bioavailability as well as potential toxicity of bayberry extracts in animal models are receiving more attention."	( Biological activities of extracts from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.): a review. Chen, K; Huang, H; Li, X; Sun, C; Xu, C, 2013)	0.39
"These results indicate that influence of the processing could improve the bioavailability of gallic acid and reduce the absorption of PM-SG, polydatin and emodin in rats."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
"Increasing the amount of RP attenuated the inhibitory effect of GA via competing being consumed by intestinal bacteria (or β-glucosidase) to reduce the conversion amount of glycyrrhizin to GA and subsequently to afford significantly higher bioavailability and longer efficacy of PF, glycyrrhizin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, isoliquiritin, and ononin, leading to better spasmolysis and emergency pain relief."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two different combinations of Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction in rats: competing mechanisms between paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Li, DH; Li, HF; Sun, SQ; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Wu, XZ; Xu, CH; Yang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Sex and race did not lend additional description to PK variability beyond allometric weight effects, other than ∼25% greater oral absorption rate constant for Asian patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergsma, TT; Gastonguay, MR; MacGregor, TR; Macha, S; Riggs, MM; Seman, L; Staab, A, 2013)	0.39
"This paper was to clarify the reasons of low bioavailability of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside (VOG) in rats via hepatic combined with gastrointestinal first-pass effect."	( Hepatic and gastrointestinal first-pass effects of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rats. Ai, J; Chen, Y; Kang, T; Li, D; Meng, Y; Ying, X; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" For the study on regulatory mechanisms of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the bioavailability of VOG, the solution of verapamil hydrochloride (60 mg/kg) was instilled into intestine at 10 min before the infusion of VOG."	( Hepatic and gastrointestinal first-pass effects of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rats. Ai, J; Chen, Y; Kang, T; Li, D; Meng, Y; Ying, X; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"The bioavailability of VOG after intraportal, intestinal as well as gastric administration was 45."	( Hepatic and gastrointestinal first-pass effects of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rats. Ai, J; Chen, Y; Kang, T; Li, D; Meng, Y; Ying, X; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"The hepatic and intestinal first-pass effect were considered to mostly contribute to the low bioavailability of VOG in rats, and the gastric first-pass effect should be neglected."	( Hepatic and gastrointestinal first-pass effects of vitexin-4″-O-glucoside in rats. Ai, J; Chen, Y; Kang, T; Li, D; Meng, Y; Ying, X; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" Quercetin glucosides, which are enzymatically trans-glycosylated isoquercitrin, have high water-solubility and bioavailability compared with quercetin."	( Quercetin glucosides promote ischemia-induced angiogenesis, but do not promote tumor growth. Ohki, T; Sata, M; Shibata, H; Sumi, M; Tateishi, N, 2013)	0.39
" The degradation products, especially caffeic acid and hydroxytyrosol, were involved in further metabolism which was responsible for the low oral bioavailability but obvious pharmacological activities of acteoside."	( Identification of acteoside and its major metabolites in rat urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Li, P; Qi, M; Wang, Z; Xiong, A; Yang, L; Yang, Q, 2013)	0.39
"Despite considerable interest in the physiologic effects of isoflavones, the in vivo bioavailability of the most common isoflavone forms, malonylglucoside conjugates, has not been determined."	( Malonylglucoside conjugates of isoflavones are much less bioavailable compared with unconjugated β-glucosidic forms in rats. Gallaher, DD; Ismail, B; Yerramsetty, V, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, it was found that liquiritin, one of the major components of GU, significantly enhanced the bioavailability of the main component daphnetin in CD."	( The effects of Glycyrrhizae uralenis and its major bioactive components on pharmacokinetics of daphnetin in Cortex daphnes in rats. Chen, LT; Di, LQ; Kang, A; Li, JS; Qian, S; Shan, JJ; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
") Second, a cosurfactant may enhance the bioavailability of a poorly soluble peptide."	( Additive and synergistic membrane permeabilization by antimicrobial (lipo)peptides and detergents. Bärlehner, D; Heerklotz, H; Huynh, Q; Patel, H, 2014)	0.4
" The present method was successfully applied to a quantification and bioavailability study of EG in rats after intravenous and oral administration."	( Application of a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for determination of eriodictyol-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside in rat plasma for a bioavailability study. Fu, S; Gong, M; Qiu, F; Wang, M; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" The compound of typhaneoside has a low bioavailability according to the results."	( Simultaneous determination of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, typhaneoside, senkyunolide I in Beagle dogs plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after Oral Administration of Shaofu Zhuyu Cui, W; Duan, JA; Guo, J; Huang, X; Huang, Z; Li, Z; Liu, P; Qian, D; Shang, E; Su, S, 2014)	0.4
" These results suggested that vanadium exposure caused reduced bioavailability of androgens to the tissue and increased free radical formation, thereby causing structural and functional changes in spermatozoa."	( Protective effect of alpha glucosyl hesperidin (G-hesperidin) on chronic vanadium induced testicular toxicity and sperm nuclear DNA damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Annapurna, A; Jaya Prakash, G; Krishna, KM; Madan, K; Rama Raju, GA; Ravi Krishna, CH; Sivanarayana, T; Vijaya Bharathi, B, 2015)	0.42
" Compared to DON, the oral bioavailability of D3G and its metabolites seems to be reduced by a factor of up to 2, approximately."	( Metabolism of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in pigs. Adam, G; Berthiller, F; Hennig-Pauka, I; Moll, WD; Nagl, V; Schwartz-Zimmermann, HE; Woechtl, B, 2014)	0.4
" The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters: decreasing area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax ), elimination rate constant (Ke ) and increasing apparent volume of distribution (Vd ) and clearance (CL) for albiflorin, increasing distribution half-life (T1/2d ) and decreasing elimination half-life (T1/2e ), distribution rate constant (Kd ) and absorption rate constant (Ka ) for paeoniflorin in the ZMYL group compared with the single-herb RPA group."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons by UPLC-MS/MS of isomer paeoniflorin and albiflorin after oral administration decoctions of single-herb Radix Paeoniae Alba and Zengmian Yiliu prescription to rats. Gong, C; Qi, C; Wang, CH; Wei, H; Yang, H, 2015)	0.42
" Clinical application of these curcuminoids is often impaired due to their poor water solubility, resulting in low in vivo bioavailability of the active compound in humans."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of glucosyl curcuminoids. Ansari, IA; Bhaskar Rao, A; Deepthi, SS; Prasad, E, 2014)	0.4
" About 40% of drugs are not soluble in water in practice and therefore are slowly absorbed, which results in insufficient and uneven bioavailability and GI toxicity."	( Production of rubusoside from stevioside by using a thermostable lactase from Thermus thermophilus and solubility enhancement of liquiritin and teniposide. Jung, SJ; Kang, HK; Kim, D; Kim, M; Kim, YM; Moon, YH; Nguyen, TT, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two analytes in rats were obtained and the relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin in two formulations were calculated."	( Relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin from extract and powder of Gastrodiae rhizoma in rat. Gong, XJ; Kang, ZJ; Zhao, Y; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.4
" These chemical and biological properties demonstrated by the PTX-RUB nanoparticles may improve oral bioavailability and enable further pharmacokinetic, toxicologic, and efficacy investigations."	( Cytotoxic and antiangiogenic paclitaxel solubilized and permeation-enhanced by natural product nanoparticles. Dong, X; Hollingsworth, J; Koh, GY; Liu, Z; Russo, PS; Stout, RW; Yang, P; Zhang, F; Zhang, J, 2015)	0.42
" While a few studies have been conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of anthocyanins, the mechanisms of their absorption mechanism remain ill-defined."	( The role of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 and glucose transporter 2 in the absorption of cyanidin-3-o-β-glucoside in Caco-2 cells. Feng, D; Li, HW; Ling, WH; Song, G; Tang, HW; Zou, TB, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of polydatin (PD) in rats after oral and intravenous administration, a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of polydation."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of polydatin in rat plasma by using a LC-MS/MS method. Cai, G; Ding, X; Gao, S; Hou, X; Lin, F; Sun, M; Xiao, K, 2014)	0.4
" Morever, comparison with the Gastrodiae Rhizoma extract, isodose gastrodin in Tiangou Jiangya capsule showed a significant decrease for Cmax, Ke and increase for t1/2Ke, V/Fc, this indicated that compound compatibility can delay the absorbtion of gastrodin, prolong the resident time and promote the distribution in vivo, but its bioavailability is not significantly effected."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.4
"Phenylethanoid glycosides, the main active ingredients in Fructus Forsythiae extract possesses strong antibacterial, antioxidant and antiviral effects, and their contents were higher largely than that of other ingredients such as lignans and flavones, but their absolute bioavailability orally was significantly low, which influenced clinical efficacies of its oral preparations seriously."	( Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the intestinal absorptions of phenylethanoid glycosides in Fructus Forsythiae extract. Cai, B; Di, L; Liu, T; Shan, J; Tan, X; Zhou, W, 2014)	0.4
" Overall, CG increased bioavailability of sCT across rat jejunal and colonic loops without indication of tissue damage."	( Investigation of coco-glucoside as a novel intestinal permeation enhancer in rat models. Aguirre, TA; Brayden, DJ; Coulter, I; Guterres, SS; Pohlmann, AR; Rosa, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, the chemical modification of anthocyanins and procyanidins (water soluble pigments) to more lipophilic compounds has the advantage of increased bioavailability in biological matrices, and to potentiate their application in food matrices and cosmetic products."	( Synthesis, characterisation and antioxidant features of procyanidin B4 and malvidin-3-glucoside stearic acid derivatives. Araújo, P; Cruz, L; de Freitas, V; Fernandes, VC; Mateus, N, 2015)	0.42
"Food did not affect canagliflozin bioavailability parameters (Cmax and AUCs) or AUCs of metformin."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin/metformin (150/1,000 mg) immediate-release fixed-dose combination tablet in healthy participants. Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" To examine the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside in rats, parallel studies of luteolin (10 mg/kg, iv; and 100 mg/kg, po) and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (10 mg/kg, iv; and 1 g/kg, po) were conducted."	( Isolation of Luteolin and Luteolin-7-O-glucoside from Dendranthema morifolium Ramat Tzvel and Their Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Lin, LC; Pai, YF; Tsai, TH, 2015)	0.42
"Despite their strong role in human health, poor bioavailability of flavonoids limits their biological effects in vivo."	( Antiproliferative activity of long chain acylated esters of quercetin-3-O-glucoside in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Rupasinghe, HV; Sudan, S, 2015)	0.42
"Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats. Alcorn, J; Krol, ES; Muir, AD; Mukker, JK; Singh, RS, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo, relative oral bioavailability of the encapsulated PLD was 282."	( Novel nanoliposomal delivery system for polydatin: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Chen, W; Guan, Q; Hu, X; Li, L; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
"PLD-loaded liposomes could significantly prolong the drug circulation time in vivo and increase the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Novel nanoliposomal delivery system for polydatin: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Chen, W; Guan, Q; Hu, X; Li, L; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model, applied to determine the effect of processing on the bioavailability of mulberry antioxidants, indicated a higher anthocyanin bioavailability for the fruit matrix than for the juice matrix."	( The effects of juice processing on black mulberry antioxidants. Beekwilder, J; Boyacioglu, D; Capanoglu, E; Hall, R; Tomas, M; Toydemir, G, 2015)	0.42
" Our results suggest a potential use of these enzymes to enhance the bioavailability of isoflavones in food products."	( Conversion of Isoflavone Glucosides to Aglycones by Partially Purified β-Glucosidases from Microbial and Vegetable Sources. Alencar, SM; Fujita, A; Park, YK, 2015)	0.42
" Such studies are necessary, however, particularly when regulator agencies request absolute bioavailability data."	( Approaches to intravenous clinical pharmacokinetics: Recent developments with isotopic microtracers. Lappin, G, 2016)	0.43
" Specifically, the relative bioavailability of the combined oral ad-inistration of Pur was 10."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.42
" The absolute bioavailability of acteoside was only around 1%."	( Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, Excretion and Plasma Protein Binding Studies of Acteoside in Rats. Chen, X; Huo, S; Li, N; Qi, L; Wen, Y; Xing, H; Xu, J; Yan, M; Zhang, W; Zhao, D, 2016)	0.43
" The absolute bioavailability of acteoside was around 4%."	( Pharmacokinetics of acteoside following single dose intragastric and intravenous administrations in dogs. Chen, XJ; Huo, SX; Li, N; Sun, XL; Wen, YL; Xing, H; Xu, J; Yan, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, D, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, to maintain bioavailability of active components, black rice porridge may gain more health promoting effects."	( From rice bag to table: Fate of phenolic chemical compositions and antioxidant activities in waxy and non-waxy black rice during home cooking. Cai, W; Tang, Y; Xu, B, 2016)	0.43
" The primary objective was to investigate isoflavone bioavailability and metabolite profile."	( Isoflavone pharmacokinetics and metabolism after consumption of a standardized soy and soy-almond bread in men with asymptomatic prostate cancer. Ahn-Jarvis, JH; Clinton, SK; Cruz-Cano, R; Grainger, EM; Lee, ML; Lesinski, GB; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ; Vodovotz, Y; Young, GS, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability of flavonoids from fruits and vegetables is frequently affected by the manufacturing process and related conditions."	( Effect of Processed Onions on the Plasma Concentration of Quercetin in Rats and Humans. Hamano, T; Kashino, Y; Matsuda, N; Mukai, R; Murota, K; Terao, J; Tomotake, M, 2015)	0.42
" The present study estimated the effect of food processing on the bioavailability of onion quercetin aglycone and its glucosides provided through the consumption of onion products."	( Effect of Processed Onions on the Plasma Concentration of Quercetin in Rats and Humans. Hamano, T; Kashino, Y; Matsuda, N; Mukai, R; Murota, K; Terao, J; Tomotake, M, 2015)	0.42
" It is notable that each metabolite from parishin shares the similar metabolic process at three dosages of parishin and the bioavailability of parishin was approximately 14 %."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Gastrodia elata in rats. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this work was to advance in the knowledge on the bioavailability of the secoiridoids present in a Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl seed/fruit extract using both targeted and untargeted metabolomic analyses."	( Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics to Explore the Bioavailability of the Secoiridoids from a Seed/Fruit Extract (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) in Human Healthy Volunteers: A Preliminary Study. Fança-Berthon, P; García-Conesa, MT; García-Villalba, R; Issaly, N; Roller, M; Tomás-Barberán, FA; Zafrilla, P, 2015)	0.42
" The mean absolute bioavailability (%F) of AGN was∼0."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution of agnuside following peroral and intravenous administration in mice using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bhateria, M; Bhatta, RS; Puttrevu, SK; Ramakrishna, R; Singh, R, 2016)	0.43
" Furthermore, the absolute oral bioavailability of DON3G in broiler chickens was low (3."	( In vivo contribution of deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside to deoxynivalenol exposure in broiler chickens and pigs: oral bioavailability, hydrolysis and toxicokinetics. Adam, G; Berthiller, F; Broekaert, N; Croubels, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Malachová, A; Michlmayr, H; Schauvliege, S; van Bergen, T; Vanhaecke, L; Vermeulen, A, 2017)	0.46
" This study confirms the importance of the natural micro-oxidative processes that occur during the ageing of anthocyanin-containing food and their impact on their bioavailability and bioactivity properties."	( Bioavailability studies and anticancer properties of malvidin based anthocyanins, pyranoanthocyanins and non-oxonium derivatives. de Freitas, V; Fernandes, I; He, J; Mateus, N; Oliveira, H; Oliveira, J; Wang, J; Wu, N; Zhang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Certain flavonoids, in particular quercetin, have been shown to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and reduce blood pressure (BP), possibly by increasing the bioavailability of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO)."	( Acute effects of quercetin-3-O-glucoside on endothelial function and blood pressure: a randomized dose-response study. Bondonno, CP; Bondonno, NP; Croft, KD; Hodgson, JM; Mas, E; Rich, L; Shinde, S; Ward, NC, 2016)	0.43
" AN could only be detected in the plasma and liver homogenate of normal mice, which was poorly absorbed in OVX mice and low in other measured tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of five active ingredients of Eucommiae cortex in normal and ovariectomized mice by UHPLC-MS/MS. An, J; Hu, F; Wang, C; Wang, Z; Yang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" An overview of the phenolic composition of rooibos and the changes during processing will provide relevant background on this herbal tea, while a discussion of the bioavailability of the major rooibos C-glucosyl flavonoids will give insight into a key aspect of the bioefficacy of rooibos."	( Potential of rooibos, its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, and Z-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid in prevention of metabolic syndrome. Chellan, N; Joubert, E; Malherbe, CJ; Miura, Y; Muller, CJF; Yagasaki, K, 2018)	0.48
" Evaluation of immune cell proliferation and the cytotoxic potential of the G9-ligand has revealed its bioavailability and an immunostimulative effect in vaccination-sensitized Balb/c mice splenocytes and RAW 264."	( The evaluation of β-(1 → 3)-nonaglucoside as an anti-Candida albicans immune response inducer. Jančinová, V; Karelin, AA; Nifantiev, NE; Paulovičová, E; Paulovičová, L; Pilišiová, R; Tsvetkov, YE; Yashunsky, DV, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, these salicin-α-D-glucosides should be applied by the injection route to achieve greater bioavailability than is possible by the oral route."	( Application of amylomaltase for the synthesis of salicin-α-glucosides as efficient anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agents. Kaulpiboon, J; Rudeekulthamrong, P, 2016)	0.43
" Oral bioavailability of corilagin was calculated to be 10."	( Development and validation of an UPLC-PDA method for the determination of corilagin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Chen, D; Igo, LP; Li, Z; Xiang, Z; Yang, X; Ye, X; Zheng, B, 2016)	0.43
" However, due to its occurrence in plants more in glycosidic form as piceid, the bioavailability and bioactivity are limited."	( Bioconversion of piceid to resveratrol by selected probiotic cell extracts. Basholli-Salihu, M; Mueller, M; Mulla, D; Praznik, W; Schuster, R; Viernstein, H, 2016)	0.43
" However, low aqueous solubility and consequent poor bioavailability of curcuminoids are major limitations to their use."	( Facile preparation of water soluble curcuminoids extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder by using steviol glucosides. Chung, B; Chung, D; Kang, C; Kim, D; Nguyen, TTH; Si, J, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, the systemic hydrolysis should be evaluated beside the absorption, bioavailability and bioaccessibility to deeply understand the toxicity of masked mycotoxins."	( Assessing the hydrolytic fate of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside - A warning light for the need to look at the "maskedome". Cozzini, P; Dall'Asta, C; Dellafiora, L; Galaverna, G; Righi, F, 2017)	0.46
" It is essential and significant to investigate related hurdles leading to the poor bioavailability of isoacteoside."	( A metabolic way to investigate related hurdles causing poor bioavailability in oral delivery of isoacteoside in rats employing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Cui, Q; Liu, X; Pan, Y; Qu, B; Xiao, W; Yan, X, 2017)	0.46
"A simple, rapid and sensitive method has been developed which comprehensively revealed the underlying cause of poor bioavailability of ISAT in a metabolic manner."	( A metabolic way to investigate related hurdles causing poor bioavailability in oral delivery of isoacteoside in rats employing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Cui, Q; Liu, X; Pan, Y; Qu, B; Xiao, W; Yan, X, 2017)	0.46
"The present work has demonstrated that the factors causing the poor bioavailability of isoacteoside should be attributed to the metabolism."	( A metabolic way to investigate related hurdles causing poor bioavailability in oral delivery of isoacteoside in rats employing ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Cui, Q; Liu, X; Pan, Y; Qu, B; Xiao, W; Yan, X, 2017)	0.46
" On the basis of our previous study of the relative bioavailability of gastrodin (GAS) and parishin (PA) from extract and powder of GR, we performed further research on the tissue distribution and excretion of the two analytes."	( Relative tissue distribution and excretion studies of gastrodin and parishin from powder and extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in rat by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Gong, X; Jiang, Z; Yan, Y; Zhao, C; Zhao, Y; Zheng, X; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
"This relative bioavailability study compared a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet of empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg with the corresponding individual components."	( Relative bioavailability of an empagliflozin 25-mg/linagliptin 5-mg fixed-dose combination tablet . Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Mattheus, M; Rose, P; Runge, F, 2017)	0.46
" Administering the tablet after food or a tablet with a slow-dissolution profile did not have a clinically-relevant impact on the bioavailability of empagliflozin/linagliptin FDC tablets."	( Relative bioavailability of an empagliflozin 25-mg/linagliptin 5-mg fixed-dose combination tablet . Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Mattheus, M; Rose, P; Runge, F, 2017)	0.46
" Many of the catabolites are well absorbed from the colon and appear in the plasma either similarly conjugated, or as glycine conjugates, or in some cases unchanged."	( Role of the small intestine, colon and microbiota in determining the metabolic fate of polyphenols. Clifford, MN; Williamson, G, 2017)	0.46
"Due to the lack of information on bioavailability and toxicity of modified mycotoxins, current risk assessment on these modified forms assumes an identical toxicity of the modified form to their respective unmodified counterparts."	( T-2 Toxin-3α-glucoside in Broiler Chickens: Toxicokinetics, Absolute Oral Bioavailability, and in Vivo Hydrolysis. Broekaert, N; Croubels, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M, 2017)	0.46
"Previous studies indicated that cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G) as a classical anthocyanin exerted an anti-fibrotic effect in the liver, but its bioavailability was quite low."	( Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside combined with its metabolite protocatechuic acid attenuated the activation of mice hepatic stellate cells. Guo, H; Jiang, X; Ling, W; Shen, T; Tang, X; Yang, W, 2017)	0.46
" Results showed that Pae-LLCN and Pae were well absorbed at different intestine segments and different concentrations."	( [Analysis on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin lipid liquid crystalline nanoparticles via everted intestinal sacs]. Chen, HG; Han, J; Qiu, L; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Teng, S; Xu, PH; Yuan, HL, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetics results suggested that the bioavailability of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizin and its metabolite, glycyrrhetinic acid, could be improved while bioavailability of liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin deteriorated when co-administered with Jiegeng."	( Influence of Jiegeng on Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids and Saponins in Gancao. Di, L; Ji, J; Kang, A; Mao, Y; Peng, L; Shan, J; Shen, C; Wu, H; Xie, T; Xu, J, 2017)	0.46
" Linear regression was carried out between the logarithm to the percentage of the residual dose and the corresponding time, and the slope of the regression line was exactly the absorption rate constant."	( [Screen absorption enhancer for intranasal administration preparations of paeoniflorin based on nasal perfusion method in rats]. Jiang, ZT; Pan, JH; Wu, XH; Zhu, ZT, 2017)	0.46
" However, the low bioavailability of resveratrol makes it worthwhile to explore newer compounds with similar properties."	( Protective effects of the resveratrol analog piceid in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Cavanaugh, JE; Parmar, MS; Potdar, S; Ray, SD, 2018)	0.48
" The oral bioavailability of formononetin and ononin were 21."	( Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of the Isoflavones Formononetin and Ononin and Their in Vitro Absorption in Ussing Chamber and Caco-2 Cell Models. Fan, MX; Gao, WY; Li, MX; Luo, LY; Wu, X; Zhao, HY, 2018)	0.48
" Compared to Pae, CP-25 has higher lipid solubility, bioavailability and better bioactivity."	( The tissue distribution and excretion study of paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) in rats. James, A; Wang, C; Wei, W; Xiao, F; Yu, J; Zhao, M; Zhou, P, 2019)	0.51
" The Q-marker was ascertained with transitive similarity and bioavailability in polypharmacokinetics."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
"The results represented that the optimum Q-marker in BYHWI is astragaloside Ⅳ, whose transitivity in vivo similarity was close to the behavior of polypharmacokinetics with maximum bioavailability to the total quanta."	( Application of TQSM polypharmacokinetics and its similarity approach to ascertain Q-marker by analyses of transitivity in vivo of five candidates in Buyanghuanwu injection. Deng, KW; He, FY; Liao, Q; Liu, WL; Tang, Y; Xiao, MF; Yang, YT; Zhang, YT; Zhou, YQ, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei A221 on the functionality and bioavailability of kaempferol-3-o-sophroside (KP3S), a kaempferol-glucoside contained in kale, were investigated in vitro and in vivo."	( Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei A221 improves the functionality and bioavailability of kaempferol-glucoside in kale by its glucosidase activity. Igami, K; Ozawa, Y; Shimizu, T; Shimojo, Y; Toda, T, 2018)	0.48
" We conclude that C3G had differential modulation of binding properties on glycated BSA which can help to protect the stability and bioavailability that has been impaired due to glycation mediated structural changes."	( Spectroscopic and molecular modelling studies on glycation modified bovine serum albumin with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Jing, P; Prasanna, G, 2018)	0.48
" However, the clinical applications of Resveratrol are limited due to its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, while its natural glycosilated precursor Polydatin shows better metabolic stability and major abundance in fresh fruits and vegetables."	( Polydatin, Natural Precursor of Resveratrol, Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Ballini, A; De Maria, S; Di Benedetto, A; Grano, M; Mori, G; Muzio, LL; Porro, C; Posa, F; Ravagnan, G; Trotta, T, 2018)	0.48
" Based on a statistical approach and data from a bioavailability study, a clinical relevant specification for the disintegration time was established."	( Dissolution or disintegration - substitution of dissolution by disintegration testing for a fixed dose combination product. Brendel, M; Gerlitzki, C; Grube, A, 2019)	0.51
" Meanwhile, this method was fully validated and successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability following four different routes included intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, muscle injection, and oral administration."	( Simultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS: Comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration. Feng, B; Liu, K; Shan, B; Song, Y; Su, D; Xu, P; Xu, Q; Zeng, Q, 2018)	0.48
"Enzymatic glycosylation of flavonoids is an efficient mean to protect aglycons against degradation while enhancing their solubility, life time and, by extension, their bioavailability which is critical for most of their applications in health care."	( Engineering a branching sucrase for flavonoid glucoside diversification. André, I; Brison, Y; Malbert, Y; Morel, S; Moulis, C; Remaud-Simeon, M, 2018)	0.48
" Enzymatically modified IQ (EMIQ) is a mixture of transglycosylated IQs that have better solubility and bioavailability than do quercetin and IQ."	( High-efficiency enzymatic production of α-isoquercitrin glucosides by amylosucrase from Deinococcus geothermalis. Choi, JM; Jung, YS; Kim, DO; Kim, ER; Ko, MJ; Park, CS; Rha, CS; Seo, DH, 2019)	0.51
" Overall, the simultaneous improvement of BaA bioavailability and microbial activities enhanced its biodegradation efficiency."	( Integrated approach to enhance the anaerobic biodegradation of benz[α]anthracene: A high-molecule-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sludge by simultaneously improving the bioavailability and microbial activity. Cao, J; Chen, Y; Feng, L; Luo, J; Wu, L, 2019)	0.51
"In order to enhance lipophilicity and oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin (PF), this study developed paeoniflorin-phospholipid complex (PF-PLC) by solvent-evaporation method."	( Preparation, physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin-phospholipid complex. Chen, W; Cheng, W; Hong, L; Li, G; Qian, J; Zhang, C, 2019)	0.51
" However few studies have been conducted to evaluate their bioavailability so their absorption mechanism remains unclear."	( GLUT1 and GLUT3 involvement in anthocyanin gastric transport- Nanobased targeted approach. Baptista, PV; Brás, N; Calhau, C; de Freitas, V; Faria, A; Fernandes, AR; Fernandes, I; Mateus, N; Oliveira, H; Roma-Rodrigues, C; Santos, A; Veigas, B, 2019)	0.51
" Results demonstrate complete presystemic hydrolysis of ZEN14G and ZEN14S to ZEN and high oral bioavailability for all administered compounds, with further extensive first-pass glucuronidation."	( Insights into In Vivo Absolute Oral Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Toxicokinetics of Zearalenone, α-Zearalenol, β-Zearalenol, Zearalenone-14-glucoside, and Zearalenone-14-sulfate in Pigs. Broekaert, N; Callebaut, A; Catteuw, A; Croubels, S; De Baere, S; De Boevre, M; De Saeger, S; Devreese, M; Gasthuys, E; Gehring, R; Huybrechts, B; Ivanova, L; Lauwers, M; Uhlig, S, 2019)	0.51
" TRG had poor absolute bioavailability in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside and its two metabolites in rats. Dong, C; Su, M; Wan, J; Zhou, M, 2019)	0.51
"B to mice showed enhanced bioavailability and dose-dependent repression of the behavioral/cognitive impairment by regulating the cholinergic function, restoring the antioxidant status, attenuating the inflammatory cytokines/mediators and actively enriching neurotropic proteins in the hippocampal regions of the scopolamine-administered mice."	( Cognitive-enhancing and ameliorative effects of acanthoside B in a scopolamine-induced amnesic mouse model through regulation of oxidative/inflammatory/cholinergic systems and activation of the TrkB/CREB/BDNF pathway. Choi, DK; Ganesan, P; Karthivashan, G; Kim, DH; Kim, JS; Kweon, MH; Park, SY, 2019)	0.51
" Recently, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been widely postulated, yet PD instability and low bioavailability limit its beneficial actions."	( Protective effects of polydatin in free and nanocapsulated form on changes caused by lipopolysaccharide in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Basta-Kaim, A; Lasoń, W; Leśkiewicz, M; Regulska, M; Ślusarczyk, J; Szczepanowicz, K; Trojan, E; Warszyński, P, 2019)	0.51
"Paeoniflorin shows distinct anti-arthritis and immunoregulatory activities, but its rather low bioavailability via oral administration greatly challenges its known mechanism of in vivo activity."	( Paeoniflorin inhibits Th1 and Th17 cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues to produce anti-arthritis activities. Aa, JY; Aa, LX; Fei, F; Qi, Q; Sun, RB; Wang, GJ; Yan, CX, 2019)	0.51
" Glycosylation is a significant method for the structural modification of various flavanols, resulting in glycosides with increased solubility, stability, and bioavailability compared with the corresponding aglycone."	( Natural Product Glycosylation: Biocatalytic Synthesis of Quercetin-3,4'-O-diglucoside. Cai, R; Chen, K; Chen, L; Jia, H; Li, Y; Sun, P; Yan, M, 2020)	0.56
" Also the ability of each classification system to predict and determine the extent of absorption of the Chinese herbal compound was investigated based on the absolute bioavailability of representative components."	( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet). Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)	0.51
" Nuciferine is the best of the five components, with absolute bioavailability reaching 61."	( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet). Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)	0.51
"The five representative components (except for nuciferine) are all class III/IV, which correlates well with the absolute bioavailability results and demonstrates that they are poorly absorbed substances."	( Establishment of modified biopharmaceutics classification system absorption model for oral Traditional Chinese Medicine (Sanye Tablet). Cao, X; Dou, Z; Li, H; Liu, T; Liu, Y; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2019)	0.51
" Nanoparticle-based delivery offers an effective approach for overcoming bioavailability and biopharmaceutics issues attributable to the pronounced hydrophobicity of Cer."	( Ceramide-Rubusoside Nanomicelles, a Potential Therapeutic Approach to Target Cancers Carrying p53 Missense Mutations. Gu, X; Hill, RA; Hosain, SB; Khiste, SK; Liu, YY; Liu, Z; Nazzal, S; Roy, KR; Uddin, MB, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, we used glucosyl hesperidin (GH), which has greater bioavailability than hesperidin, to clarify comprehensive mechanisms underlying the hypouricemic effects of hesperidin in vivo."	( Comprehensive analysis of mechanism underlying hypouricemic effect of glucosyl hesperidin. Harada-Shiba, M; Hirata, H; Ogura, M; Ota-Kontani, A; Tsuchiya, Y, 2020)	0.56
"Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was reduced by TNFα and both EMPA and DAPA restored NO levels in TNFα-stimulated HCAECs."	( Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin Reduce ROS Generation and Restore NO Bioavailability in Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Stimulated Human Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells. Albrecht, M; Boomsma, M; Hollmann, MW; Homayr, A; Juni, RP; Kerindongo, R; Koolwijk, P; Preckel, B; Spin, EL; Uthman, L; van Hinsbergh, VWM; Weber, NC; Zuurbier, CJ, 2019)	0.51
"These data suggest that EMPA and DAPA rather restore NO bioavailability by inhibiting ROS generation than by affecting eNOS expression or signaling, barrier function and adhesion molecules expression in TNFα-induced endothelial cells."	( Empagliflozin and Dapagliflozin Reduce ROS Generation and Restore NO Bioavailability in Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Stimulated Human Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells. Albrecht, M; Boomsma, M; Hollmann, MW; Homayr, A; Juni, RP; Kerindongo, R; Koolwijk, P; Preckel, B; Spin, EL; Uthman, L; van Hinsbergh, VWM; Weber, NC; Zuurbier, CJ, 2019)	0.51
" The results were verified by measuring the absolute bioavailability of the active ingredients."	( Analysis of five active ingredients of Er-Zhi-Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine water-honeyed pill, using the biopharmaceutics classification system. Cao, X; Deng, Y; Li, H; Ren, X; Wang, M, 2020)	0.56
"Polydatin (PD) has many pharmacological activities; however, its bioavailability is still a critical cornerstone issue."	( Novel polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for safe and efficient type 2 diabetes therapy: In silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. Abd El-Twab, SM; Abdel-Moneim, A; El-Shahawy, A; Elden, ZE; Taha, M; Yousef, AI, 2020)	0.56
" Interestingly, a faster absorption rate was observed for the peptide formulated within the cyclodextrin vehicle with respect to the buffer vehicle, which could trigger an earlier onset of action."	( Developing an injectable co-formulation of two antidiabetic drugs: Excipient impact on peptide aggregation and pharmacokinetic properties. Broo, A; Corkill, D; Coward, S; Goodman, J; Houvenagel, S; Jermutus, L; Jones, I; Lainé, AL; Petrone, M; Rose, J; Sandinge, AS; Santos, ALGD, 2020)	0.56
" However, the compound had poor bioavailability and the underlying absorption mechanisms had not been studied."	( In vitro and in situ study on characterization and mechanism of the intestinal absorption of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside. Gong, X; Li, Y; Wang, C; Zheng, L; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
"TSG was poorly absorbed in the intestines and the absorption of TSG in stomach is much higher than that in intestine."	( In vitro and in situ study on characterization and mechanism of the intestinal absorption of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside. Gong, X; Li, Y; Wang, C; Zheng, L; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
" These new therapeutic modalities should exhibit improved solubility, penetration capacity and bioavailability in the tumor microenvironment as well as enhanced target specificity compared to old generation compounds."	( Challenges in the Discovery of Novel Therapeutic Agents in Cancer. Kamal, MA; Nagaraju, GP, 2019)	0.51
" However, an important consideration regarding hesperetin consumption is the limited bioavailability due to its poor solubility."	( Oral intake of α‑glucosyl‑hesperidin ameliorates selenite‑induced cataract formation. Aoki, M; Endo, S; Funakoshi-Tago, M; Ishiwa, S; Morishita, N; Nagai, N; Nakazawa, Y; Tamura, H; Yamamoto, N, 2020)	0.56
" Remogliflozin etabonate, a novel agent, is an orally bioavailable prodrug of remogliflozin, which is a potent and selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor."	( Efficacy and Safety of Remogliflozin Etabonate, a New Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial. Alva, H; Aravind, SR; Asirvatham, A; Balamurugan, R; Barkate, H; Chawla, M; Dharmalingam, M; Gaikwad, R; Goyal, R; Kadam, P; Katare, S; Kodgule, R; Mohan, B; Paramesh, S; Pendse, A; Shembalkar, J; Suryawanshi, S; Tandon, M; Thacker, H; Vaidyanathan, S, 2020)	0.56
" However, the absorption rate in the cecum was higher than that in other parts."	( Absorption and biotransformation of four compounds in the Guizhi decoction in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats. Bai, D; Gao, H; Song, J; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
" In pharmacokinetics, although showing a rapid absorption and elimination, bioavailability of Sal is elevated under some non-physiological conditions."	( Salidroside as a potential neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke: a review of sources, pharmacokinetics, mechanism and safety. Fan, F; Li, N; Li, R; Meng, X; Wang, X; Yang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, X, 2020)	0.56
" A mass balance study with combinations of microdoses revealed that tofogliflozin has high oral bioavailability (97."	( Effects of Child-Pugh B Cirrhosis on Pharmacokinetics of Tofogliflozin, a New Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT2) Inhibitor. Abe, K; Ikegami, F; Inano, A; Miyata, K; Nakamura, K; Ohba, Y; Ohira, H; Ohnishi, A; Saito, T; Shimada, S; Takahashi, A; Terao, K; Yamada, H, 2020)	0.56
" Although TGP has few adverse drug reactions, the slow onset and low bioavailability of Pae limit its clinical use."	( CP-25, a compound derived from paeoniflorin: research advance on its pharmacological actions and mechanisms in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases. Wei, W; Yang, XZ, 2020)	0.56
" acidophilus LA85 may potentially contribute to the bioavailability of citrus flavanones, and to be applied as functional cultures to obtain more bioavailable and bioactive metabolites in food products or in the human gastrointestinal tract."	( Biotransformation of two citrus flavanones by lactic acid bacteria in chemical defined medium. Guo, A; Guo, X; Li, E, 2021)	0.62
"Glycosylation is a key modification that contributes to determine bioactivity and bioavailability of plant natural products, including that of terpenoids and steviol glycosides (SVglys)."	( Development of screening methods for functional characterization of UGTs from Stevia rebaudiana. Berger, M; Camborde, L; Daydé, J; Jacques, A; Petit, E; Vallejo, V, 2020)	0.56
" The characterizations of the particle diameter, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), droplet morphology, drug release in vitro, and oral bioavailability of the prepared LT precursor liposomes (LTMs) were carried out."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability and hypoglycemic activity of liquiritin-loaded precursor liposome. Adu-Frimpong, M; Bao, R; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Weng, W; Xu, XM; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
" However, its bioavailability is poor due to the low absorption and P-gp efflux."	( Natural P-gp inhibitor EGCG improves the acteoside absorption in Caco-2 cell monolayers and increases the oral bioavailability of acteoside in rats. Chen, Q; Huang, W; Liu, X; Lu, B; Peng, J; Wu, L; Xu, T; Zhou, F, 2020)	0.56
" However, the extremely low oral bioavailability of Pae (approximately 3%-4%) limits its formulation development and clinical application."	( Glycyrrhizic acid-based self-assembled micelles for improving oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin. Li, X; Shen, B; Shen, C; Wang, J; Yuan, H; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.62
" Limited natural accessibility and poor oral bioavailability caused major hurdles in the curcumin-based drug development process."	( A new synthetic biology approach for the production of curcumin and its glucoside in Atropa belladonna hairy roots. Akhtar, MQ; Banerjee, S; Negi, AS; Pandey, P; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"Collectively, the improved solubility of liquiritin in water coupled with its enhanced oral bioavailability and concomitant hypolipidemic activity could be attributed to the incorporation of the drug into the mixed micelles."	( Mixed micelles for enhanced oral bioavailability and hypolipidemic effect of liquiritin: preparation, Adu-Frimpong, M; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Weng, W; Xu, X; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
"The oral bioavailability of carthamin was 41."	( [Screening and identification of potential targets of carthamin against sepsis]. Chen, G; Guo, S; Xu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" We concluded that PD-CSNPs and PD ameliorate diabetic liver damage by modulating glucose transporter 2 expression, affecting the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, PD-CSNPs being more efficient than PD, probably due to higher bioavailability and prolonged release."	( Hepatoprotective Effects of Polydatin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Diabetic Rats: Modulation of Glucose Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Biomarkers. Abd El-Hameed, AM; Abd El-Twab, SM; Abdel-Moneim, A; El-Shahawy, AAG; Yousef, AI, 2021)	0.62
" The synthesized MDs with CMS biosurfactant coating exhibited significant water stability that resulted in a remarkable specific absorption rate of 209."	( (Carboxymethyl-stevioside)-coated magnetic dots for enhanced magnetic hyperthermia and improved glioblastoma treatment. Gupta, R; Sharma, D, 2021)	0.62
" The extent of SDG release from the polymer and subsequent bioavailability of SDG metabolites are unknown."	( Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. Alcorn, J; Guo, Y; Mustafa, R; Purdy, SK; Reaney, MJT; Shen, J; Tse, TJ; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
"This study focused on the development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to improve, potentially, the solubility and oral bioavailability of liquiritin (LQ)."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of liquiritin via a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Adu-Frimpong, M; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Weng, W; Xu, X; Yu, J, 2022)	0.72
" In order to solve the allergic reactions, side effects, and low oral bioavailability of eleutheroside B, we successfully prepared PLGA (poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid])-eleutheroside B nanoparticles (NPs) with the diameter of about 128 nm."	( Eleutheroside B-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles protect against renal fibrosis via Smad3-dependent mechanism. Chen, X; Jin, R; Kan, M; Liu, Q; Meng, X; Pu, T; Xing, T; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zang, H, 2021)	0.62
" Based on the solubility, compatibility, and pseudoternary phase diagram tests, a nano-SNEDDS formulation composed of capryol 90-cremophor EL35-tcranscutol HP (CET) to codeliver TGP and N was developed, and this formulation increased the bioavailability of TGP by 435."	( Novel treatment for refractory rheumatoid arthritis with total glucosides of paeony and nobiletin codelivered in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Liu, ZQ; Mai, CT; Qu, B; Wang, XL; Xie, Y; Zheng, DC; Zhou, H, 2022)	0.72
" To further improve the bioavailability of PF and play its pharmacological role in liver protection, PF-phospholipid complex micelles (PF-PLC micelles) were prepared based on our previous research on PF-PLC."	( PF-PLC micelles ameliorate cholestatic liver injury via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and PXR/CAR/UGT1A1 signaling pathways in EE-induced rats. Chang, H; Chen, W; Du, J; Fang, L; Ge, Z; Guo, R; Guo, Y; Hu, Z; Lv, S; Tang, Y; Wang, L; Wang, R; Wu, S; Yang, X; Yuan, T; Zhang, C; Zhang, W, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo experimental studies showed that RA-EMP exhibited significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of EMP and dramatically improved therapeutic efficacy against AP."	( A novel self-nanomicellizing system of empagliflozin for oral treatment of acute pancreatitis: An experimental study. Cao, Q; Chen, P; Li, Q; Wang, M; Wu, X; Yuan, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The purpose of this study was to prepare LT-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (LT-HP-β-CD) to increase water solubility, oral bioavailability and antitumor effect of LT."	( Liquiritin-Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Preparation, Characterization, Bioavailability and Antitumor Activity Evaluation. Adu-Frimpong, M; Bao, R; Cao, X; Chen, L; Ji, H; Shi, F; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Weng, W; Xu, X; Yu, J; Yu, Q; Zhang, K, 2022)	0.72
"The bioavailability of apigenin and its O-glycosides in humans was investigated with apigenin-4'-glucuronide (Ap-4'-GlcUA), apigenin-7-glucuronide and apigenin-7-sulfate being identified as in vivo metabolites."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of apigenin and its glycosides in healthy male adults. Borges, G; Crozier, A; Ensunsa, JL; Fong, RY; Kimball, J; Medici, V; Ottaviani, JI, 2022)	0.72
" However, the low water solubility and bioavailability of fisetin restrict its pharmaceutical applications."	( Biochemical characterization of synthesized fisetin glucoside by dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299CB4 with enhanced water solubility. Kang, CG; Kim, D; Kim, H; Kim, SW; Moon, Y; Park, C, 2022)	0.72
" Combined meals of sweet potato and onion may lower the bioavailability of onion quercetin glucosides."	( Lowering effect of combined sweet potato and onion intake on plasma quercetin concentration and underlying mechanism involving intestinal β-glucosidase activity. Kawabata, K; Mukai, R; Nayama, C; Nishijima, H; Nuka, E; Okitsu, M; Sogawa, R; Takahashi, M; Terao, J, 2022)	0.72
" Linagliptin has a low oral bioavailability due to intestinal degradation and low permeability."	( Architecting novel multilayer nanosponges for co-administration of two drugs managing high-risk type II diabetes mellitus patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Abdelmalak, NS; Hammad, RW; Latif, R; Sanad, RA, 2022)	0.72
" In eleven articles, the bioavailability of puerarin was discussed."	( Puerarin: A review of its mechanisms of action and clinical studies in ophthalmology. Guo, B; Li, KW; Ma, YQ; Meng, F; Niu, FJ, 2022)	0.72
"7× higher bioavailability than hesperidin."	( Improvement of low-intensity long-time running performance in rats by intake of glucosyl hesperidin. Aoki, K; Arai, N; Endo, S; Komine, S; Nagayama, S; Ohmori, H, 2023)	0.91
" However, their poor bioavailability restricts their functional activities in vivo, which is a challenging issue in the application of blueberry anthocyanins."	( Effects of α-casein on the excretion of blueberry anthocyanins via urine and feces: Analysis of their bioavailability. Bao, Y; Jin, Z; Lang, Y; Li, B; Meng, X; Shen, Y; Tian, J; Yang, S; Yang, Y; Zang, Z, 2023)	0.91
"The poor oral bioavailability of arctiin caused by its low water solubility is the biggest obstacle in developing it as a drug."	( Synthesis, Structural Elucidation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Water-Soluble Derivative of Arctiin. Guo, K; Huang, X; Liu, S; Wang, X; Xie, J; Xu, X; Zheng, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Our previous study found that acteoside showed high antiaging effect but its absorption rate was low."	( Acteoside palliates d-galactose induced cognitive impairment by regulating intestinal homeostasis. Huang, W; Li, M; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Lu, B; Quan, W; Xiao, X; Zhang, C; Zhu, M, 2023)	0.91
" The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the six components in TGPR could be quickly absorbed and slowly eliminated and their bioavailability were less than 12."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of six bioactive components from total glucosides picrorhizae rhizoma, as simultaneous determined by a UHPLC-MS/MS method. Cai, N; Cao, N; He, Y; Song, Z; Wang, Q; Wu, J; Xiao, X; Yang, X; Zou, S, 2023)	0.91
"This study aimed to develop an exosome-coated polydatin (PD) nanoparticles (exo-PD) for improving the water solubility and bioavailability of polydatin and explore its salutary effects on intestinal radiation injury."	( Exosome-coated polydatin nanoparticles in the treatment of radiation-induced intestinal damage. Chen, M; Chen, Q; Cui, F; Hou, J; Hu, D; Liu, Q; Qiu, X; Wu, Z; Yan, T; Yao, L, 2023)	0.91
" These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking."	( Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Cho, S; Chun, HS; Hwang, M; Lee, SY; Woo, SY, 2023)	0.91
" However, the bitterness, low water-solubility, and low bioavailability of naringin are the main issues limiting its use in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries."	( Enhancement of debitterness, water-solubility, and neuroprotective effects of naringin by transglucosylation. Cho, JY; Eom, S; Im, AE; Kim, D; Kim, H; Lee, JH; Nam, SH; Seong, HJ; Yang, KY, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" As papaverine (10(-5) M), AP 10 (10(-4) M) shifted to the left the atrial dose-response curve for isoproterenol."	( In vitro and in vivo myocardial effects of a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor structurally related to natural cardenolides. Nemoz, G; Pacheco, H; Prigent, AF; Roche, M, 1979)	0.26
" The described dose-response relationship mandates the use of multiple doses in evaluation experiments, to establish efficacy and especially to design optimal dose schedules for experimental and clinical application of any agent modifying the host defense system activity."	( Immunostimulation or immunodepression? Bliznakov, EG, 1977)	0.26
"98, respectively) for adjusting the number of heparin molecules/particle revealed that the dose-response relationships were identical and that complete inhibition occurred with greater than 12 X 10(8) molecules of heparin/zymosan particle."	( Surface-associated heparin inhibits zymosan-induced activation of the human alternative complement pathway by augmenting the regulatory action of the control proteins on particle-bound C3b. Austen, KF; Fearon, DT; Kazatchkine, MD; Silbert, JE, 1979)	0.26
" Comparison of PMN and macrophages from different species showed that the maximal chemiluminescent response seen in the dose-response curve of F-Met- Phe was different in different cell types."	( Chemiluminescence of phagocytic cells caused by N-formylmethionyl peptides. Gardner, DE; Hatch, GE; Menzel, DB, 1978)	0.26
"Wistar rats, about 100 g in weight, were dosed by stomach tube with 30 mg of pure linamarin."	( Fate of orally dosed linamarin in the rat. Alexander, JC; Barrett, MD; Hill, DC; Zitnak, A, 1977)	0.26
" Pretreatment of mice with zymosan resulted in the appearance of circulating interferon in mice given 100 mg of the inducer/kg (a dosage to which they are normally unresponsive)."	( Target cells for interferon induction by BL-20803. Siminoff, P, 1976)	0.26
" It compared the inflammogenicity of two nondurable, biological particulates (Corynebacterium parvum and zymosan) with a pathogenic mineral dust (quartz) and a nonpathogenic dust (titanium dioxide) by dosing rats via the intratracheal route and measuring the consequent alveolitis."	( Persistent biological reactivity of quartz in the lung: raised protease burden compared with a non-pathogenic mineral dust and microbial particles. Brown, DM; Brown, GM; Donaldson, K; Slight, J, 1991)	0.28
" At a dosage range in mice of 50-12."	( Antimutagens from Momordica charantia. Dayrit, F; Finch, P; Guevara, AP; Lim-Sylianco, C, 1990)	0.28
" Resident peritoneal macrophages from mice dosed with probucol secreted 40-80% less IL 1 than macrophages from control animals when stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)."	( Ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 secretion from murine peritoneal macrophages inhibited by probucol, a hypocholesterolemic agent with antioxidant properties. Dinerstein, RJ; Doherty, NS; Jackson, RL; Ku, G; Schmidt, LF, 1990)	0.28
" The activity is optimally assayed at 25 degrees C, has a sigmoidal dose-response curve, and is heat-sensitive (56 degrees C)."	( Complement-like activity in the sea star, Asterias forbesi. Leonard, LA; Strandberg, JD; Winkelstein, JA, 1990)	0.28
"273 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease were treated with Anturan for one year at a daily dosage of 800 mg."	( Anturan for secondary prophylaxis of myocardial infarction. Bokarev, IN; Golikov, AP; Lusov, VA; Ptushkin, VV; Savenkov, MP; Seregina, MV; Zvereva, TV, 1988)	0.27
"The febrile responses of male Sprague-Dawley rats to a semipurified endogenous pyrogen produced from human monocytes were characterized by establishing fever dose-response curves."	( Immunoadjuvants enhance the febrile responses of rats to endogenous pyrogen. Shimada, SG; Stitt, JT, 1989)	0.28
" Stainless steel microinjection cannula guide tubes were implanted within the region of the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) of the rats and control febrile dose-response curves to EP were established."	( Enhancement of the febrile responses of rats to endogenous pyrogen occurs within the OVLT region. Shimada, SG; Stitt, JT, 1989)	0.28
" The assay system gave a linear dose-response curve in the range of 2-120 micrograms of lysozyme in a 15-60 min incubation."	( p-nitrophenyl penta-N-acetyl-beta-chitopentaoside as a novel synthetic substrate for the colorimetric assay of lysozyme. Nanjo, F; Sakai, K; Usui, T, 1988)	0.27
" The effect of viable P haemolytica on macrophage viability was related to bacterial dosage and the presence of opsonizing antibody."	( Production of superoxide anion by bovine pulmonary macrophages challenged with soluble and particulate stimuli. Benson, CE; Boy, MG; Dyer, RM, 1985)	0.27
" The C6 dose-response curve for release of C20:4 plus its metabolites was monotonic, which indicates dependence on channel formation, whereas the dose-response curve for lysis displayed multi-hit behavior."	( Release of arachidonic acid and formation of oxygenated derivatives after complement attack on macrophages: role of channel formation. Hammer, CH; Imagawa, DK; Koga, PG; Mayer, MM; Osifchin, NE; Ramm, LE; Shin, HS, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response characteristics of zymosan-induced LTC4 generation were different from those of phagocytosis, suggesting that the two events were independent."	( The generation and cellular distribution of leukotriene C4 in human eosinophils stimulated by unopsonized zymosan and glucan particles. Clark, TJ; Howell, CJ; Lee, TH; Lessof, MH; Mahauthaman, R; Spur, BW; Youlten, LJ, 1988)	0.27
" The extent of the inhibitory effects was proportional to dosage and the duration of treatment and could be observed following only a brief exposure (two hours) of the MDLMS to physiologic doses of the mediators."	( Down regulation of myelopoiesis by mediators inhibiting the production of macrophage-derived granulomonopoietic enhancing activity (GM-EA). Castro-Malaspina, H; Chen, LY; Ho, CK; Huang, MH; Moore, MA; Wang, RC; Wang, SY, 1988)	0.27
" Slope ratio analysis of dose-response curves, on the basis of growth and plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) concentration, indicated 10-34% utilization of PN-glucoside relative to the molar response to PN."	( Incomplete utilization of pyridoxine-beta-glucoside as vitamin B-6 in the rat. Gregory, JF; Sartain, DB; Trumbo, PR, 1988)	0.27
" The PMN inhibitor inhibits IL 1 (crude and partially purified) in a dose-response manner and does not affect basal [3H]thymidine incorporation in the presence or absence of PHA-P."	( Normal human neutrophils are a source of a specific interleukin 1 inhibitor. Liu, S; Skosey, JL; Tiku, K; Tiku, ML, 1986)	0.27
"The metabolic fates of 14C-phenol and its model plant conjugates 14C-phenyl glucoside and 14C-phenyl 6-O-malonyl-glucoside have been compared following equimolar oral dosing to rats (1."	( A comparison of the metabolic fate of phenol, phenyl glucoside and phenyl 6-O-malonyl-glucoside in the rat. Edwards, VT; Hutson, DH; Jones, BC, 1986)	0.27
" Rats received either 3 oral doses (100 mg/kg body weight) of the drug, within a period of 48 h, via a gastric tube, or the drug was administered in drinking water for 14 days at a dosage of 75 mg/kg/day."	( Effect of ticlopidine on neutrophil chemotaxis in rats. Cohn, M; Eldor, A; Matzner, Y, 1985)	0.27
" Cells incubated with autologous serum specimens from these patients demonstrated significant suppression of both random migration and chemotaxis, with the greatest effect seen at a dosage of 1 g daily and a significant effect found at all dosage levels."	( Neutrophil chemotaxis in patients with acne receiving oral tetracycline therapy. Esterly, NB; Furey, NL; Koransky, JS; Trevisan, M, 1984)	0.27
" The effect of GSTM was dependent on dosage and duration of incubation with cells."	( Monocyte dependent excited oxygen radical generation in rheumatoid arthritis: inhibition by gold sodium thiomalate. Harth, M; Keown, PA; Orange, JF, 1983)	0.27
" In order to evaluate the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in the C3a response, dose-response curves for C3a-induced contractions of guinea pig lung strips were compared in the presence and absence of several inhibitors which block metabolism of arachidonic acid at relatively specific steps in the pathways."	( C3a-induced contraction of guinea pig lung parenchyma: role of cyclooxygenase metabolites. Bloor, CM; Hugli, TE; Stimler, NP, 1983)	0.27
" Under phase-contrast microscopy, PAF caused contraction of mesangial cells with a dose-response and time-course parallel to that for PGE2 synthesis."	( Effect of platelet-activating factor and serum-treated zymosan on prostaglandin E2 synthesis, arachidonic acid release, and contraction of cultured rat mesangial cells. Baud, L; Hagege, J; Perez, J; Satriano, JA; Schlondorff, D, 1984)	0.27
" (Leguminosae), was rapidly hydrolyzed to 3-nitropropanol (NPOH) in the rumen of cattle dosed with timber milkvetch (A."	( Absorption of 3-nitropropanol (miserotoxin aglycone) from the compound stomach of cattle. Majak, W; Muir, AD; Pass, MA; Rode, LM, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves gave the following rank order of potency: fluocinolone greater than dexamethasone greater than hydrocortisone."	( Glucocorticoid inhibition of zymosan-induced arachidonic acid release by rat alveolar macrophages. Bathon, J; Flores, R; Hirata, F; Newcombe, DS; Peters-Golden, M, 1984)	0.27
" It is tentatively assumed that low dosage administration in vivo of cyclophosphamide does not affect macrophage phagocytic activity while several findings suggest an inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on T and B lymphocytes."	( The influence of in vivo pretreatment of cyclophosphamide on phagocytic activity of mouse macrophages in vitro. Forte, N; Lombardi, L; Paradisi, F, )	0.13
" Almost identical dose-response curves to OpZ were obtained with peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, while the dose-response curve of peritoneal macrophages to A23187 was much shallower."	( Macrophages from different sources, their production of chemiluminescence under various stimuli and the effects of PGE2 and drugs. Bittner, C; Parnham, MJ; Winkelmann, J, 1981)	0.26
" Dose-response experiments performed with 2 to 90 per cent (v/v) zymosan-activated plasma showed a direct correlation between the rate of neutrophil influx and the degree of vascular permeability in blood flow."	( Vascular responses during acute neutrophilic inflammation. Their relationship to in vivo neutrophil emigration. Issekutz, AC, 1981)	0.26
" Oral dosing of fepradinol and cyproheptadine suppressed zymosan-induced paw edema in rats."	( Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of fepradinol. Conde, JR; Martorell, J; Massó, JM; Villar, AM, 1994)	0.29
"The dose-response relationship of commercially available preparations of methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and thiopental and their respective drug-free solutions on granulocyte function was investigated to evaluate whether suppression of neutrophil chemiluminescence is mediated by the barbiturates themselves or by their drug-free solutions."	( Do barbiturates impair zymosan-induced granulocyte function? Birkhahn, A; Buhl, R; Mirow, N; Schneider, M; Weiss, M; Wernet, P, 1994)	0.29
"The dose-response effects of the four barbiturates on granulocyte function were tested by zymosan-induced neutrophil chemiluminescence and, in addition, in a cell-free chemiluminescence system."	( Do barbiturates impair zymosan-induced granulocyte function? Birkhahn, A; Buhl, R; Mirow, N; Schneider, M; Weiss, M; Wernet, P, 1994)	0.29
"The dose-response relationship of four commercially available barbiturates (methohexitone, pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone and thiopentone) and of their drug-free solutions on the production of oxygen radicals by neutrophils were tested by N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced granulocyte chemiluminescence and in a cell-free chemiluminescence system."	( Do barbiturates and their solutions suppress FMLP-induced neutrophil chemiluminescence? Birkhahn, A; Buhl, R; Mirow, N; Schneider, M; Weiss, M; Wernet, P, 1994)	0.29
" Two days later, the animals were challenged intraperitoneally with zymosan suspended in paraffin to determine a dose-response curve (0."	( Macrophage elimination increases bacterial translocation and gut-origin septicemia but attenuates symptoms and mortality rate in a model of systemic inflammation. Berg, RD; Deitch, EA; Goris, RJ; Haskel, Y; Lu, Q; Nieuwenhuijzen, GA; van Rooijen, N, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies on mice dosed intragastrically with hypoxoside showed that it was deconjugated by bacterial beta-glucosidase to form rooperol in the colon."	( Morphological characterisation of the cell-growth inhibitory activity of rooperol and pharmacokinetic aspects of hypoxoside as an oral prodrug for cancer therapy. Albrecht, CF; Kruger, PB; Theron, EJ, 1995)	0.29
" control), but was similar with either dosage of zymosan."	( The gut: a cytokine-generating organ in systemic inflammation? Chaudry, IH; Deitch, EA; Ertel, W; Mainous, MR, 1995)	0.29
" This emphatically confirms demands for exact indications and dosage of antimycotics and their correct administration."	( [Modification of phagocytic microbicide function by antifungal agents--measuring luminol enhanced chemoluminescence in full blood]. Bernhardt, H; Thomas, H; Wilhelm, E; Wilhelm, L, 1996)	0.29
" The total CLR and CLB value after intravenous dosing was less than the CLtot value."	( Absorption and excretion of paeoniflorin in rats. Amagaya, S; Isono, T; Maruno, M; Matsuzaki, Y; Sasaki, H; Takeda, S; Wakui, Y, 1995)	0.29
" This result was achieved by exerting the levels of dosage in a dose-dependent manner."	( Comparisons of geniposidic acid and geniposide on antitumor and radioprotection after sublethal irradiation. Hsu, HY; Lin, CC; Lin, SY; Yang, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" Although its ability to inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway was readily observed in whole blood and in vivo, tenidap's 5-LO blockade could not be demonstrated by ionophore stimulated human blood, nor after oral dosing in rat models in which peritoneal leukotriene products were measured after challenge with three different stimuli."	( Tenidap inhibits 5-lipoxygenase product formation in vitro, but this activity is not observed in three animal models. Carty, TJ; Cheng, JD; Ernest, MJ; Eskra, JD; Griffiths, RJ; Joseph, PA; Kadin, SB; Loose, LD; Moore, PF; Murase, S; Nagahisa, A; Pazoles, PP; Pillar, JS; Sweeney, FJ, 1997)	0.3
"In this study we have investigated dose-response and time curves of IL-5-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in eosinophils."	( Cytokine-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for cytokine priming of human eosinophils. Kanters, D; Koenderman, L; Lammers, JW; Raaijmakers, JA; Tool, AT; van der Bruggen, T; Verhoeven, AJ, 1998)	0.3
" These approaches include (1) to use additives such as absorption enhancers and protease inhibitors, (2) to modify the peptide molecules to produce prodrugs and analogs, (3) to develop an administration method for peptides that can serve as an alternative to oral and injection administration and (4) to use the dosage forms to these peptide drugs."	( [Methodologies for regulation of intestinal absorption of biologically active peptides]. Fujita, T; Muranishi, S, 1998)	0.3
" IL-8 could be injected without induction of neutropenia at a dosage of 2 ng kg(-1)."	( The kinetics of radiolabelled interleukin-8 in infection and sterile inflammation. Boerman, OC; Corstens, FH; Oyen, WJ; Van de Ven, MT; Van der Laken, CJ; Ven der Meer, JW, 1998)	0.3
"3% for Sit-G in the suspension dosage forms."	( Nasal insulin delivery in rabbits using soybean-derived sterylglucoside and sterol mixtures as novel enhancers in suspension dosage forms. Ando, T; Maitani, Y; Nagai, T; Takayama, K; Yamamoto, T, 1998)	0.3
" The aim of the study was to examine the absorption of insulin given as the powder dosage form with SG and excipient and to determine the subchronic effects of SG on the morphology of rabbit nasal epithelium."	( High absorbency and subchronic morphologic effects on the nasal epithelium of a nasal insulin powder dosage form with a soybean-derived sterylglucoside mixture in rabbits. Ando, T; Isowa, K; Maitani, Y; Nagai, T; Takayama, K; Yamamoto, T, 1998)	0.3
" The plasma concentration of luteolin and its conjugates reached the highest level 15 min and 30 min after dosing with luteolin in propyleneglycol, respectively."	( Intestinal absorption of luteolin and luteolin 7-O-beta-glucoside in rats and humans. Furugori, M; Goda, T; Hara, Y; Kinae, N; Okada, H; Shimoi, K; Suzuki, M; Takase, S; Yamamoto, H, 1998)	0.3
"(1) Both of GTT and HC inhibited IL-6, IL-8 production, the effect of GTT being stronger when the dosage was higher than 1 microgram/ml; (2) In the isolated cells culture, the effect of GTT was similar to that of HC, but in the whole blood culture, the effect of GTT was much weaker than that of HC."	( [Effect of glucosidorum Tripterygii tororum on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 on human peripheral mononuclear cells of healthy subjects]. Wang, ZG, 1997)	0.3
" MT, like PMA, evoked a leftward shift of the dose-response curve for the STZ-induced [Ca(2)+](i) rise, indicating PKC-dependent sensitization of neutrophils for stimulation by STZ."	( Nutritional lipid emulsions modulate cellular signaling and activation of human neutrophils. Naber, T; van Emst-De Vries, S; Wanten, G; Willems, P, 2001)	0.31
" A dosage of 600 r to mice and 850 r to rats did not interfere with the ability of the RES to clear colloidal particles from the blood."	( The effect of high doses of x-irradiation on the phagocytic, proliferative, and metabolic properties of the reticulo-endothelial system. BENACERRAF, B; KIVY-ROSENBERG, E; SEBESTYEN, MM; ZWEIFACH, BW, 1959)	0.24
" Repeated intraperitoneal injections were, therefore, chosen as the dosing regimen."	( Specific Inhibition of IkappaB kinase reduces hyperalgesia in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in rats. Geisslinger, G; Gühring, H; Kunz, S; Michaelis, M; Niederberger, E; Ritzeler, O; Schmidt, R; Tegeder, I, 2004)	0.32
" Fourteen components were identified and dosed in the anthocyanin fraction."	( Antioxidants in Sicilian wines: analytic and compositive aspects. Dugo, G; Dugo, P; La Torre, GL; Mondello, L; Salvo, F, 2003)	0.32
" Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, the normal group, the model group, the positive control group treated by colchicine, and the three GCA groups treated by high, moderate and low dosage of GCA through gastrogavage started simultaneously with the modeling."	( [Effect of total glucosides of Centella asiatica on antagonizing liver fibrosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine in rats]. Cao, L; Liu, SZ; Ming, ZJ, 2004)	0.32
"In both the prophylactic and therapeutic CHE dosing models, all clinical scores, serum levels of total and anticollagen IgG, and levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-6 were reduced, while serum levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) were markedly elevated."	( Suppression of the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis by chebulagic acid screened from a natural product library. Hyun, PM; Kim, BS; Kim, KS; Kim, SH; Lee, SI; Lee, SK; Lim, JS; Maeng, PJ, 2005)	0.33
" The influences of the factors, such as the dosage of coloring agent, reaction time, heating temperature and the dose of acid etc."	( [Study on optimizing the analysis condition for active compound in Eucommia olive]. Lei, QF; Liu, JL; Peng, MJ; Zhang, M; Zhou, CS, 2004)	0.32
" A rat model of MODS was established 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of zymosan at dosage of 75 mg/kg."	( Amelioration of the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome by somatostatin via suppression of intestinal mucosal mast cells. Lan, C; Liu, R; Tang, C; Wang, C, 2005)	0.33
" Sequential dose escalation of NSC 655649 or CDDP resulted in three dosage permutations of NSC 655649/CDDP: 440/50, 550/50, and 440/75 mg/m2."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sequences of the rebeccamycin analogue NSC 655649 and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Berg, K; Forero, L; Forouzesh, B; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Kuhn, JG; Ochoa-Bayona, JL; Ricart, AD; Rowinsky, EK; Takimoto, CH; Tolcher, AW, 2005)	0.33
"Simmondsin produced a clear dose-response effect on food intake and body weight."	( Simmondsin for weight loss in rats. Boozer, CN; Herron, AJ, 2006)	0.33
" At a dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg, PF preconditioning 48 h before MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion significantly reduced the mortality and infarct volume and reversed the neurological deficits caused by ischemia."	( Involvement of multitargets in paeoniflorin-induced preconditioning. Cai, X; Chen, DM; Xiao, L; Zeng, R; Zhu, XZ, 2006)	0.33
" Hemolytic dosage CH50 and pharmacokinetic study in rats have been achieved in order to study the stealth properties of nanocapsules."	( Pegylated nanocapsules produced by an organic solvent-free method: Evaluation of their stealth properties. Anton, N; Béduneau, A; Benoit, JP; Hindré, F; Noiret, N; Passirani, C; Rajerison, H; Saulnier, P, 2006)	0.33
" The cortex concentrations of paeoniflorin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats were lower 5 min after dosing and declined more slowly than that in normal control."	( Kinetic distribution of paeoniflorin in cortex of normal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats after intravenous administration of Paeoniae Radix extract. Cao, C; Du, L; He, X; Lin, H; Wang, W; Zhang, L, 2006)	0.33
" The results showed that there were no differences in body weight, food intake, water consumption, relative organ weight or the hematological and serum biochemical values among the different dosage groups."	( A 90 day repeated oral toxicity study on plantamajoside concentrate from Plantago asiatica. Hong, CO; Jung, SH; Kim, KH; Lee, HS; Lee, KW; Lee, SJ; Park, BG; Park, HY; Park, KW; Ryu, YS; Won, HJ, 2007)	0.34
" zymosan at a dosage of 100 mg/kg to induce the production of free radicals by stimulating NADPH oxidase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes."	( The effect of zymosan and the protective effect of various antioxidants on fracture healing in rats. Duygulu, F; Karahan, OI; Karaoglu, S; Kutlubay, R; Ozturk, A; Yakan, B, 2007)	0.34
" Healthy volunteers (12) were dosed at 7 mL/kg of body weight after a washout phase and overnight fast, and plasma was repeatedly sampled over 12 h and urine over 24 h after consumption."	( Pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and antioxidant effects after the consumption of anthocyanin-rich acai juice and pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in human healthy volunteers. Derendorf, H; Jilma-Stohlawetz, P; Meibohm, B; Mertens-Talcott, SU; Pacheco-Palencia, LA; Rios, J; Talcott, ST, 2008)	0.35
" For OB assays, dose-response curves were performed for each activator."	( Oxidative burst assessment and neutrophil-platelet complexes in unlysed whole blood. Avendaño, A; Marin, L; Marin, P; Petriz, J; Sales-Pardo, I, 2008)	0.35
" A single dose of Radix Paeoniae Rubra alone and with Radix Angelicae Sinensis was given to rats by ig, the dosage of paeoniflorin was 294."	( [Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics]. Wang, DW; Wu, J; Yao, N, 2008)	0.35
" Fasting blood samples (12 h) were collected predose and at the end of the dosing period for serum lipid analyses."	( Effects of the flaxseed lignans secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and its aglycone on serum and hepatic lipids in hyperlipidaemic rats. Alcorn, J; Felmlee, MA; Krol, ES; Muir, AD; Simko, E; Woo, G, 2009)	0.35
" In the gi mucosa and liver the predominant flavonoid species after oral administration was C3G, whilst after iv dosing the majority of anthocyanins was C3G metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent cyanidin-3-glucoside in mice. Brown, K; Cooke, D; Gescher, AJ; Marczylo, TH; Steward, WP, 2009)	0.35
" No significant differences in the bioavailability of daidzein were observed in aged rats dosed with aglycon, glucoside or Novasoy."	( Effect of glycosidation of isoflavones on their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in aged male rats. Cooke, GM; Gilani, GS; Robertson, P; Sepehr, E, 2009)	0.35
"08 microg x min/ml after the three dosage administrated."	( Pharmacokinetics of phillyrin and forsythiaside following iv administration to Beagle dog. Jiang, XH; Li, X; Li, YX; Peng, C; Zhang, RQ, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves of RF-40 and the isolated flavonoids were similar, with luteolin being the most effective isolated flavonoid."	( Reseda luteola L. extract displays antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities that are related to its major flavonoids. Merfort, I; Schempp, CM; Simon-Haarhaus, B; Woelfle, U, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for dapagliflozin in preclinical species revealed a compound with adequate oral exposure, clearance, and elimination half-life, consistent with the potential for single daily dosing in humans."	( In vitro characterization and pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin (BMS-512148), a potent sodium-glucose cotransporter type II inhibitor, in animals and humans. Discenza, L; Ellsworth, BA; Humphreys, WG; Kasichayanula, S; Khanna, A; Komoroski, B; Koplowitz, B; Li, W; Meng, W; Obermeier, M; Washburn, W; Whaley, JM; Yao, M; Zhu, M, 2010)	0.36
" The behavioral activity of extracts dosed intraperitoneally in the range 100-400 mg/kg was examined in adult male Wistar rats, in the elevated plus maze, spontaneous locomotor activity, and grip strength tests, mainly predictive of anxiolytic, sedative and myorelaxant actions, respectively."	( Behavioural characterization of four endemic Stachys taxa. Cook, JM; Divljaković, J; Grayer, RJ; Kukić, JM; Marin, PD; Milinković, MM; Petrović, SD; Savić, MM; Van Linn, M, 2010)	0.36
" Dapagliflozin has demonstrated sustained, dose-dependent glucosuria over 24 hours with once-daily dosing in clinical trials."	( Sodium-glucose co-transport inhibitors: progress and therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Campbell, RK; Neumiller, JJ; White, JR, 2010)	0.36
"Cultured NRK52E cells were divided into control group, Co group and Co plus salidroside treatment groups at a dosage of 10 micromol/L, 50 micromol/L, and 100 micromol/L."	( [Effects of salidroside on tubular epithelial to myofibroblast transition under cobaltous chloride induced hypoxic status]. Fan, JM; Li, FY; Liu, C; Xie, XS; Zhang, HP; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.36
" Picroside 2 and salvianic acid A sodium were respectively injected from tail vein at the dosage of 10 mg/kg for treatment."	( Anti-inflammation effects of picroside 2 in cerebral ischemic injury rats. Du, F; Guo, Y; Li, Q; Li, Z; Xu, X, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, analysis of enzymes markers of liver function, including alanine aminotransferase and asparate aminotransferase, suggested that current therapeutic dosage of corilagin did not exert adverse effect on liver."	( In vivo anti-tumour activity of corilagin on Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma. Chan, KW; Cheng, CH; Cheng, GY; Cheung, F; Chui, CH; Fong, DW; Gambari, R; Hau, DK; Lai, PB; Lam, KH; Lau, FY; Leung, AK; Tong, SW; Wong, RS; Wong, WY; Zhu, GY, 2010)	0.36
" Conversely, chromosomal aberration test showed that the PWS extract at a dosage of 4500 μg/mL induced an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in the 6 h group with metabolic activation compared with the vehicle control."	( Genotoxicity assessment of Pyungwi-san (PWS), a traditional herbal prescription. Ha, HK; Huang, DS; Huh, JI; Lee, MY; Seo, CS; Shin, HK; Shin, IS, 2011)	0.37
"To study the influence of the compatibility of ophiopogonis tuber and Chinese magnoliavine fruit with gastrodia rhizome on the pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rat, three dosages of compound Tianma granule extract (equivalent to gastrodin 50, 100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) and one dosage of Tianma extract (equivalent to gastrodin 100 mg x kg(-1) were administered to rats by intragastric administration separately."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from compound Tianma granule in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.36
" A few statistically significant changes in serum biochemistry and hematology parameters were noted, but all were mild in nature, were confined to one sex, and/or did not show dose-response relationships."	( Subchronic toxicity evaluation of aloesin. Lynch, B; Roberts, A; Simon, R, 2011)	0.37
"Abstract: The activities of four CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A, 1A2, 2El and 2C) and the mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2, 2El, 2Cll and 3A1 in rat liver were determined after Wistar rats were orally administered with brucine (BR) at three dosage levels (3, 15 and 60 mg."	( Effects of brucine combined with glycyrrhetinic acid or liquiritin on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 activities in vivo. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Wu, WH; Xing, PP, 2011)	0.37
" Calculation of dose reduction index (DRI) for CA-Dox combinations also showed a significant decrease in the dosage of Dox in the presence of CA."	( Chebulagic acid synergizes the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in human hepatocellular carcinoma through COX-2 dependant modulation of MDR-1. Achari, C; Reddanna, P; Reddy, GV; Reddy, TC, 2011)	0.37
" Aconitine was administrated by oral to SD rats at the dosage of 200 μg/kg with or without paeoniflorin given by intraperitoneal injection at the dosage of 20 mg/kg."	( Paeoniflorin reduced acute toxicity of aconitine in rats is associated with the pharmacokinetic alteration of aconitine. Fan, YF; Ho, HM; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xie, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.38
" However, the toxicity is caused by over dosage or by the herb itself remains unclear."	( Toxicity of raw and processed roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Chen, X; Fang, D; Huang, Q; Li, G; Wu, X; Zhang, G, 2012)	0.38
" Adult male Wistar rats received stevioside orally at an accepted daily dosage of 10 mg kg⁻¹ for 7 days before cardiotoxin injection at the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the right hindlimb (the left hindlimb served as control), and stevioside administration was continued for 3 and 7 days."	( Stevioside enhances satellite cell activation by inhibiting of NF-κB signaling pathway in regenerating muscle after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Bunprajun, T; Chatsudthipong, V; Muanprasat, C; Soodvilai, S; Yimlamai, T, 2012)	0.38
"The minimum dosage of Tiangou Jiangya capsule is relatively safe."	( [Experimental studies on toxic effects of Tiangou Jiangya capsule]. Chen, Y; Li, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhu, X; Zou, L, 2011)	0.37
" Dapagliflozin in combination and as monotherapy was dosed at 5 mg (Study 1) and 10 mg (Study 2)."	( Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial. Hennicken, D; Henry, RR; List, JF; Marmolejo, MH; Murray, AV; Ptaszynska, A, 2012)	0.38
" Several important parameters influencing purification efficiency including sample concentration, sample volume, adsorption rate, type and dosage of eluent were optimized."	( [Purification of salidroside in Rhodiola crenulata with macroporous resin]. Chen, J; Wang, CQ, 2011)	0.37
" Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC(inf)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) of each drug."	( No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Smulders, RA; van Dijk, J; Veltkamp, SA; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" Maxillary taste neurons of the two strains had similar dose-response relationships for sucrose, inositol, and strychnine nitrate, but the deterrent cell of Sawa-J·lem showed a remarkably low sensitivity to salicin."	( Genetic analysis of the electrophysiological response to salicin, a bitter substance, in a polyphagous strain of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Asaoka, K; Iizuka, T; Mase, K; Okada, E; Sezutsu, H; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.38
" Compared with the model group, the plasma TC levels of experimental groups with AND and NEO at 100 mg/kg dosage decreased by 23."	( Hypolipidemic effects of andrographolide and neoandrographolide in mice and rats. Shi, HX; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; Yang, T, 2013)	0.39
") ) of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin using simultaneous intravenous ¹⁴C-microdose/therapeutic oral dosing (i."	( Simultaneous oral therapeutic and intravenous ¹⁴C-microdoses to determine the absolute oral bioavailability of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin. Arnold, ME; Boulton, DW; Christopher, LJ; Kasichayanula, S; Keung, CF; Lacreta, F; Xu, XS, 2013)	0.39
"micro + oraltherap dosing is a valuable tool to assess human absolute bioavailability."	( Simultaneous oral therapeutic and intravenous ¹⁴C-microdoses to determine the absolute oral bioavailability of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin. Arnold, ME; Boulton, DW; Christopher, LJ; Kasichayanula, S; Keung, CF; Lacreta, F; Xu, XS, 2013)	0.39
"Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice were dosed by gavage with eight stilbenes."	( Antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of resveratrol and its analogues in hyperuricemic mice. Hong, Y; Kong, LD; Li, Z; Liu, L; Liu, YL; Shi, YW; Wang, CP; Wang, X, 2012)	0.38
" Once-daily dosing of ipragliflozin (0."	( Antidiabetic effects of SGLT2-selective inhibitor ipragliflozin in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Hayashizaki, Y; Imamura, M; Kihara, R; Kobayashi, Y; Kurosaki, E; Noda, A; Qun, L; Sasamata, M; Shibasaki, M; Tahara, A; Takasu, T; Tomiyama, H; Yamajuku, D; Yokono, M, 2012)	0.38
"Coadministration of sitagliptin with empagliflozin did not have a clinically relevant effect on the area under the concentration-time curve of the analyte in plasma at steady state over a uniform dosing interval τ (AUC(τ,ss)) (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 110."	( Pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, coadministered with sitagliptin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"No drug-drug interactions were observed between empagliflozin and warfarin, indicating that empagliflozin and warfarin can be co-administered without dosage adjustments of either drug."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and warfarin in healthy volunteers. Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" We assessed accumulations of polyphenols in the rat brain following oral dosage with a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine and tested brain-targeted polyphenols for potential beneficial AD disease-modifying activities."	( Identification of brain-targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. Chen, TY; Cooper, B; Ferruzzi, MG; Gong, B; Ho, L; Janle, EM; Lobo, J; Pasinetti, GM; Percival, SS; Simon, JE; Talcott, ST; Wang, J; Wu, QL, 2013)	0.39
"Cells irradiated by UVB at various dosage and their viability was assessed by MTT assays, cell cycle was analysed by flow cytometry."	( Differential responses to UVB irradiation in human keratinocytes and epidermoid carcinoma cells. Ding, ZH; Guo, L; Jiang, LH; Liu, WL; Lv, C; Ou, CS; Zheng, L; Zhou, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with arctiin at the dosage of 60 or 40 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks."	( Effect of arctiin on glomerular filtration barrier damage in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy rats. Deng, JJ; Liu, DL; Liu, RB; Ma, ST; Niu, R, 2013)	0.39
" In nearly all parameters, a non-linear dose-response relationship was observed in the groups primed with OVA and zymosan."	( Adjuvant effect of zymosan after pulmonary treatment in a mouse ovalbumin allergy model. Antonini, JM; Kashon, ML; Roberts, JR; Wolfarth, MG; Young, SH, 2013)	0.39
" Oral treatments of quercetin and αOR at this dosage exhibited no anti-allergic effect, and IQC showed less effect than EMIQ."	( Anti-allergic effects of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (α-oligoglucosyl quercetin 3-O-glucoside), quercetin 3-O-glucoside, α-oligoglucosyl rutin, and quercetin, when administered orally to mice. Kanemaru, M; Makino, T; Mizukami, H; Okuyama, S; Shimizu, R; Tanaka, H, 2013)	0.39
"These results demonstrate the utility of the double-tracer approach to provide essential pharmacokinetic data and excretion data for drug-related material in one study at the same dosing occasion."	( A novel double-tracer technique to characterize absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of [14C]tofogliflozin after oral administration and concomitant intravenous microdose administration of [13C]tofogliflozin in humans. Backholer, Z; Kawashima, K; Lausecker, B; Portron, A; Schwab, D, 2013)	0.39
"97) or ramipril (AUC over a uniform dosing interval τ at steady state [AUCτ,ss]: GMR, 96."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetics of EE and LNG at steady state based on the primary endpoints of area under the steady-state plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval τ (AUC(τ,ss)) and maximum steady-state plasma concentration during a dosage interval (C (max,ss)) were the main outcome measures."	( Effect of empagliflozin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy female volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Lopinavir plasma exposure as estimated by the area under the concentration-time curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC(0-12h), AUCτ) was determined on day 14 and again on day 21."	( Co-administration of a commonly used Zimbabwean herbal treatment (African potato) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir. Aweeka, F; Greenblatt, R; Guglielmo, BJ; Gwaza, L; Huang, L; Lizak, P, 2013)	0.39
" In Part A, 10 healthy subjects participated in 5 dosing periods where they received RE (20 mg, 50 mg, 150 mg, 500 mg, or 1000 mg) or placebo (4:1 active to placebo ratio per treatment period)."	( First human dose-escalation study with remogliflozin etabonate, a selective inhibitor of the sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2), in healthy subjects and in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dobbins, RL; Hompesch, M; Hussey, EK; James, CD; Kapur, A; Mikoshiba, I; Nunez, DJ; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Polli, JW; Smith, GA; Tao, W, 2013)	0.39
" The observed pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes supports a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Gutierrez, MJ; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, PL; Rusch, S, 2013)	0.39
"The use of currently available antihyperglycemic agents can be limited by contraindications; cost; renal and hepatic dosage adjustments; dosing schedules; and adverse effects such as gastrointestinal upset, weight gain, and hypoglycemia."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Harris, KB; Riser Taylor, S, 2013)	0.39
" No clear dose-response relationship between dapagliflozin and genital infection was demonstrated."	( Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. Johnsson, KM; List, JF; Parikh, SJ; Ptaszynska, A; Schmitz, B; Sugg, J, )	0.13
"5 h), accumulation (defined as the geometric mean ratio of AUC(τ) at day 10 to AUC(τ) at day 1) after multiple dosing was minimal (<1."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single- and multiple-dose of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of SGLT2, in healthy Chinese subjects. Boulton, DW; Bui, A; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, FP; Li, H; Liu, X; Yang, L, 2013)	0.39
" Dapagliflozin dosing was well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single- and multiple-dose of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of SGLT2, in healthy Chinese subjects. Boulton, DW; Bui, A; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; Lacreta, FP; Li, H; Liu, X; Yang, L, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to assess the effect on cardiac repolarization (QTc interval) of repeated oral dosing of ipragliflozin at therapeutic (100 mg/d) and supratherapeutic (600 mg/d) levels in healthy subjects."	( Ipragliflozin does not prolong QTc interval in healthy male and female subjects: a phase I study. Abeyratne, A; Dietz, A; Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, W; Smulders, R; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
"Dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), has been shown to improve glycaemic control, stabilize insulin dosing and mitigate insulin-associated weight gain over 48 weeks in patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was inadequately controlled despite high doses of insulin."	( Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Parikh, S; Rohwedder, K; Sugg, J; Wilding, JP; Woo, V, 2014)	0.4
"Dapagliflozin improved glycaemic control, stabilized insulin dosing and reduced weight without increasing major hypoglycaemic episodes over 104 weeks in patients whose T2DM was inadequately controlled on insulin."	( Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Parikh, S; Rohwedder, K; Sugg, J; Wilding, JP; Woo, V, 2014)	0.4
" Predictive check plots were consistent with observed data, implying an adequate description of empagliflozin PKs following multiple dosing in patients with T2DM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bergsma, TT; Gastonguay, MR; MacGregor, TR; Macha, S; Riggs, MM; Seman, L; Staab, A, 2013)	0.39
" The concentration-time profiles of baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin A and glycyrrhizic acid showed double-peak phenomenon after Huangqin Tang was orally administered at 40 g x kg(-1) dose; all eight constituents in rat plasma showed good dose-exposure relationship within the dosage of 10-40 g x kg(-1); although plasma concentrations were different, the flavonoids with the same backbone showed the similar fate in the body with the corresponding dosage."	( [LC-MS quantification and pharmacokinetics of the multi-constituents of Huangqin Tang in rat plasma after different single oral doses]. Chen, L; Li, T; Liang, RX; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Yang, WP; Zhang, D; Zhang, HH; Zhou, ZM, 2013)	0.39
" Verbascoside was dosed at 2, 3, 4 mg/die and the impact on the oxidative state of ocular tissues and fluids was tested by TBARS (thio barbituric acid reactive substances) and TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) assays."	( Ocular tissues and fluids oxidative stress in hares fed on verbascoside supplement. Ambrosone, L; Casamassima, D; Costagliola, C; Mosca, M; Semeraro, F; Vizzarri, F, 2014)	0.4
" The dose-response curve was shifted leftward and the maximum response doubled in Sglt1 knockout (Sglt1-/-) mice."	( Increase in SGLT1-mediated transport explains renal glucose reabsorption during genetic and pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition in euglycemia. Gerasimova, M; Koepsell, H; Masuda, T; Mayoux, E; Platt, K; Powell, DR; Rieg, T; Thomson, SC; Vallon, V, 2014)	0.4
" After dosing for 4 weeks, exenatide, dapagliflozin and exenatide + dapagliflozin similarly decreased haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)."	( Combined antidiabetic benefits of exenatide and dapagliflozin in diabetic mice. D'Souza, LJ; Janssen, S; Parkes, DG; Polizzi, C; Tatarkiewicz, K; Villescaz, C; Wang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Moreover, in vitro experiments revealed that GAS did not increase the cell viability of astrocytes but protected it from 72 h's serum-free damage at the dosage 20 μg/mL."	( Gastrodin ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and up-regulates the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and hippocampal-derived astrocyte of rats. Chen, Y; Peng, Z; Tan, Q; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xue, F; Zhang, R, 2014)	0.4
" Chronic dosing shifted substrate utilization from carbohydrate to lipid."	( Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. Baldi, S; Broedl, UC; Ferrannini, E; Frascerra, S; Heise, T; Mari, A; Muscelli, E; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" Findings were similar for the 10-mg dosing regimen."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Athanasiadou, E; Bekiari, E; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Mainou, M; Papatheodorou, K; Sarigianni, M; Tsapas, A, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacodynamic response to canagliflozin declines with increasing severity of renal impairment, and prescribing information should be consulted regarding dosage adjustments or restrictions in moderate to severe renal dysfunction."	( Canagliflozin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plosker, GL, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing considerations are required for the elderly, renally impaired, and patients at risk for hypotension."	( Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: a novel approach to the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Davis, CS; Fleming, JW; Warrington, LE, 2014)	0.4
"Canagliflozin increased UGE dose-dependently (∼80-120 g/day with canagliflozin ≥100 mg), with increases maintained over the 14-day dosing period with each dose."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, from a randomized study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arnolds, S; Demarest, K; Devineni, D; Ghosh, A; Hompesch, M; Morrow, L; Polidori, D; Rothenberg, P; Sha, S; Spitzer, H, 2014)	0.4
" At 13 weeks of age, ZF rats were dosed orally with dapagliflozin once daily up to the 22(nd) day."	( Efficacy of Mitiglinide Combined with Dapagliflozin in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats and in Zucker Fatty Rats. Akahane, K; Inoue, T; Kiguchi, S; Kobayashi, M; Maruyama, K; Mori, Y; Ojima, K; Yaguchi, A; Yokoyama, A, 2015)	0.42
" The results indicated that higher bioavailability was obtained when low dosage of GR powder was used, whereas, higher bioavailability values were obtained when medium and high dosages of GR extract were used."	( Relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin from extract and powder of Gastrodiae rhizoma in rat. Gong, XJ; Kang, ZJ; Zhao, Y; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of twice-daily dosing of dapagliflozin and metformin, exploring the feasibility of a fixed-dose combination."	( Twice-daily dapagliflozin co-administered with metformin in type 2 diabetes: a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Burgess, L; de Bruin, TW; Hamer-Maansson, JE; Hruba, V; Korányi, L; Schumm-Draeger, PM, 2015)	0.42
" We observed a statistically significant trend in the RE dose-response relationship for change from baseline in HbA1c at week 12 (p < 0."	( Randomized efficacy and safety trial of once-daily remogliflozin etabonate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Almond, SR; Dobbins, R; Kemp, GL; Kler, L; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sykes, AP; Walker, S; Wilkison, WO, 2015)	0.42
"To establish a method for the determination of astilbin, peoniflorin, rasmarinci acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin contained in Shaolin Xiaoyin tablets, in order to lay a foundation for designing late-stage dosage forms and clinical medication schemes."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on peoniflorin, astilbin, rosmarinic acid, isofraxidin and liquiritin in rat blood after oral administration of shaolin xiaoyin tablets]. Feng, LM; Lu, CJ; Wang, YJ; Zhao, RZ, 2014)	0.4
"2 demonstrated induction of these defence-related responses at each UV-C dosage tested."	( Sub-lethal UV-C radiation induces callose, hydrogen peroxide and defence-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cahill, DM; Mintoff, SJ; Rookes, JE, 2015)	0.42
" In pharmacokinetics study, COS at dosage of 25mg/kg improved the bioavailability of phenylethanoid glycosides in Fructus Forsythiae extract to the greatest extent, and was safe for gastrointestine from morphological observation."	( Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the intestinal absorptions of phenylethanoid glycosides in Fructus Forsythiae extract. Cai, B; Di, L; Liu, T; Shan, J; Tan, X; Zhou, W, 2014)	0.4
" The big convenience of empagliflozin is its clinically non-significant interactions with other drugs and simple dosage of 1 tablet / day orally."	( [New SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin: modern and safe treatment of diabetes]. Rušavý, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) for empagliflozin AUC over a uniform dosing interval and Cmax at steady state were 107."	( Assessing pharmacokinetic interactions between the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide or torasemide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, open-label, crossover study. Broedl, UC; Heise, T; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" Cells were pre-treated with various doses of salidroside (1, 5 and 10 μM) followed by the sublethal dosage of UVB exposure and then were harvested for various detections, including senescence-associated phenotypes and molecules, alteration of oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion and inflammatory response."	( Salidroside protects against premature senescence induced by ultraviolet B irradiation in human dermal fibroblasts. Jia, BB; Jin, XQ; Mao, GX; Wang, GF; Wang, YZ; Wen, XL; Xing, WM; Yan, J; Yang, ZX, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with sitagliptin 100 mg, canagliflozin 300 mg demonstrated superior diabetes-related quality measure attainment, including glycemic, BP, and weight-related quality measures; there was no difference in LDL-C quality measure attainment between either dosage of canagliflozin and the 100-mg dosage of sitagliptin."	( Diabetes-related quality measure attainment: canagliflozin versus sitagliptin based on a pooled analysis of 2 clinical trials. Bailey, RA; Blonde, L; Meininger, GE; Rupnow, MF; Vijapurkar, U, 2014)	0.4
" Postmeal dosing had little impact, yet premeal dosing delayed and reduced 3-OMG absorption, with an AUC0-10 of 231±31 vs."	( Selective sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 inhibitors block glucose absorption and impair glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release. Andrews, SM; Breed, SL; Chen, L; Dobbins, RL; Greenway, FL; Liu, Y; Smith, CD; Wald, JA; Walker, A, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, prescribing information should be consulted regarding dosage adjustments or restrictions in the case of renal dysfunction for each SGLT2 inhibitor."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
"5% to 1% and fasting plasma glucose by ~15 to 35 mg/dL, depending on the agent and the dosage used, and are also associated with modest reductions in weight (-1."	( The Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Miller, S; Onge, ES; Whalen, K, 2015)	0.42
") dosing with canagliflozin at the same total daily doses of 100 and 300 mg in healthy participants."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" dosing or vice versa."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily multiple-doses of canagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2, in healthy participants. Curtin, CR; Devineni, D; Murphy, J; Polidori, D; Stieltjes, H; Wajs, E; Wang, SS, 2015)	0.42
" In contrast to other SGLT2 inhibitors which accumulate in patients with renal impairment, adjustment of the dosage of RE in subjects with mild or moderate renal impairment is not indicated based on the observations in this study."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Remogliflozin Etabonate in Subjects with Mild and Moderate Renal Impairment. Cheatham, B; Dobbins, RL; Hussey, EK; Kapur, A; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Tao, W; Walker, S; Wang-Smith, L; Wilkison, WO; Ye, J, 2015)	0.42
" Co-administration of piceid orally was able to attenuate rotenone-induced motor defects in a dose dependent manner, with 80 mg/kg dosage showing even better effect than L-levodopa (L-dopa)."	( Anti-oxidant polydatin (piceid) protects against substantia nigral motor degeneration in multiple rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Cai, H; Chen, Y; Gong, S; Liao, FF; Liao, Z; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, GH; Xu, JP; Zhang, DQ; Zhang, MZ, 2015)	0.42
" Two pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were conducted to establish bioequivalence for 2 doses of dapagliflozin/metformin XR FDC versus the same dosage of the individual component (IC) tablets in healthy adults."	( Bioequivalence, Food Effect, and Steady-State Assessment of Dapagliflozin/Metformin Extended-release Fixed-dose Combination Tablets Relative to Single-component Dapagliflozin and Metformin Extended-release Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Cui, D; Griffen, SC; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Liu, X; Lubin, S; Quamina-Edghill, D, 2015)	0.42
" Participants received single oral doses or once-daily dosing of dapagliflozin/metformin XR (5 mg/500 mg [study 1] or 10 mg/1000 mg [study 2]) for 4 days in an FDC formulation or corresponding strengths of IC tablets."	( Bioequivalence, Food Effect, and Steady-State Assessment of Dapagliflozin/Metformin Extended-release Fixed-dose Combination Tablets Relative to Single-component Dapagliflozin and Metformin Extended-release Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Cui, D; Griffen, SC; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Liu, X; Lubin, S; Quamina-Edghill, D, 2015)	0.42
" Once-daily dosing to steady state of each FDC tablet had no effect on the PK properties of dapagliflozin or metformin."	( Bioequivalence, Food Effect, and Steady-State Assessment of Dapagliflozin/Metformin Extended-release Fixed-dose Combination Tablets Relative to Single-component Dapagliflozin and Metformin Extended-release Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Cui, D; Griffen, SC; LaCreta, F; Liang, D; Liu, X; Lubin, S; Quamina-Edghill, D, 2015)	0.42
" The geometric mean ratio (GMR) for pioglitazone Cmax at steady state (Cmax,ss) and for AUC during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) when coadministered with empagliflozin versus administration alone was 187."	( Pharmacokinetics of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone After Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" A method has emerged whereby the drug administered intravenously is isotopically labeled and dosed at a maximum of 100 µg concomitantly with an oral administration given at a therapeutically relevant level."	( Approaches to intravenous clinical pharmacokinetics: Recent developments with isotopic microtracers. Lappin, G, 2016)	0.43
" The n-6 PUFA supplementation at a high dosage for 30 d induced oxidative stress, decreasing total antiradical activity in blood and red blood cells (CTR vs."	( The effects of dietary verbascoside on blood and liver oxidative stress status induced by a high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids diet in piglets. Carollo, V; Casamassima, D; Corino, C; Deponti, D; Di Giancamillo, A; Domeneghini, C; Pastorelli, G; Rossi, R, 2015)	0.42
" For empagliflozin 10 mg QD, mean (%CV) AUC during the dosing interval was 1900 nmol · h/L (20."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Twice Daily and Once Daily Regimens of Empagliflozin in Healthy Subjects. Brand, T; Broedl, UC; Link, J; Macha, S; Meinicke, T, 2015)	0.42
" This method has the advantages of simple process and operation, less dosage of organic solvent, highly yield and reproducibility, suitable for the simultaneously preparation of tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside."	( [Simultaneously preparation of grams of high purity tyrosol, crenulatin and salidroside from Rhodiola crenulata]. Li, SP; Luo, X; Wang, XJ; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhang, Q; Zhao, YW, 2015)	0.42
" Use of STCs in the treatment of T2DM can simplify drug dosing regimen, reduce pill burden and increase treatment adherence."	( Empagliflozin/linagliptin single-tablet combination: first-in-class treatment option. Woo, V, 2015)	0.42
"Due to the proved clinical efficacy, Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL) has developed a variety of dosage forms."	( Using Bioinformatics Approach to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Multiple Ingredients in Shuang-Huang-Lian. Cai, CK; Gu, H; Li, J; Li, Q; Wang, Y; Zhang, BX; Zhang, Q; Zhang, TJ, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and drug-drug interactions of empagliflozin are reviewed."	( Empagliflozin: a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dixit, D; Mansukhani, RP; Volino, LR; Yoon, Y, 2015)	0.42
"2%), the lack of metformin Cmax being associated with efficacy or tolerability concerns, and the fasted state not being the recommended state for dosing of metformin XR."	( Fed and Fasted Single-dose Assessment of Bioequivalence of Dapagliflozin and Metformin Extended-release Fixed-dose Combination Tablets Relative to Single-component Dapagliflozin and Metformin Extended-release Tablets in Healthy Subjects. Boulton, DW; Chang, M; Griffen, SC; Kitaura, C; LaCreta, F; Lubin, S; Pollack, A, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, when a SR extract was orally dosed to rats (800mg/kg, equivalent to BG 324."	( Oral pharmacokinetics of baicalin, wogonoside, oroxylin A 7-O-β-d-glucuronide and their aglycones from an aqueous extract of Scutellariae Radix in the rat. Cai, Y; Li, S; Li, T; Wai, AT; Yan, R; Zhou, R, 2016)	0.43
" The median dosing period was 320 days."	( Effectiveness of Ipragliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor, as a Second-line Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Do Not Respond to Incretin-Based Therapies Including Glucagon-like Pep Isogawa, A; Ohki, T; Tagawa, K; Toda, N, 2016)	0.43
" Mycotoxins were dosed at varying concentrations to 11."	( The lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus removes and transforms Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins during fermentation of brewer's wort. Gibson, B; Han, L; Jestoi, M; Laitila, A; Nathanail, AV; Ollilainen, V; Peltonen, K, 2016)	0.43
" With extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid as indexes, orthogonal test was used to evaluate effect of 4 factors on extracting technology, including concentration of solvent, the dosage of solvent, duration of extraction, and frequency of extraction."	( [Optimization of extraction technology for salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid in Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma with orthogonal test]. Huang, WZ; Luo, X; Wang, XJ; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W; Zhao, YW, 2015)	0.42
" At the highest dosage level with adjuvant, half of the subjects had a ≥3-fold rise from day 0 in RSV neutralizing antibody titers, and all had a ≥3-fold rise in antibody levels by anti-F IgG and palivizumab competitive antibody assays on day 29."	( A phase 1a, first-in-human, randomized study of a respiratory syncytial virus F protein vaccine with and without a toll-like receptor-4 agonist and stable emulsion adjuvant. Bart, S; Curtis, C; Dubovsky, F; Esser, MT; Falloon, J; Ji, F; Krieger, D; Lambert, S; Sheldon, E; Takas, T; Villafana, T, 2016)	0.43
" Here, we examined obese mice treated with salidroside at the dosage of 50 mg/kg/day for 48 days."	( Salidroside improves glucose homeostasis in obese mice by repressing inflammation in white adipose tissues and improving leptin sensitivity in hypothalamus. Guo, S; Jiang, K; Liu, X; Luo, L; Shen, N; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, M; Xu, M; Yang, Y; Yao, L, 2016)	0.43
" at the dosage of 100 mg/kg showed a longer lasting antihyperalgesic effect in comparison with a 100-mg/kg verbascoside saline solution, as well as in the sodium monoiodoacetate models."	( Liposomal Formulation to Increase Stability and Prolong Antineuropathic Activity of Verbascoside. Bergonzi, MC; Bilia, AR; Galeotti, N; Ghelardini, C; Iacopi, R; Isacchi, B, 2017)	0.46
" The results of this work provided new information for the clarification of the metabolism of acteoside and rendered a very valuable theoretical basis for the development of novel ideal dosage forms of acteoside in the future."	( New metabolites of acteoside identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight MS(E) in rat plasma, urine, and feces. Feng, Y; Li, W; Liu, Y; Song, Y; Su, D; Xu, Q, 2016)	0.43
" The above study will provide the experimental evidence and a reference for the development of the oral dosage forms of Centella total glucosides."	( CTG-loaded liposomes as an approach for improving the intestinal absorption of asiaticoside in Centella Total Glucosides. Guo, C; Ma, C; Wang, J; Yuan, R; Zhan, X, 2016)	0.43
" PK/PD characteristics were similar to those observed in adults with T2DM, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the same dapagliflozin dosage as that used in adults can be evaluated in future phase III paediatric studies."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Boulton, DW; Ismat, FA; LaCreta, F; Tang, W; Tirucherai, GS, 2016)	0.43
" These results support the planned dosage strategy for a phase III dapagliflozin safety and efficacy study in paediatric patients with T2DM, for whom treatment options are currently limited."	( Comparison of the exposure-response relationship of dapagliflozin in adult and paediatric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Boulton, DW; Hamrén, B; Johansson, CC; Parkinson, J; Tang, W, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, TMJ tissue and trigeminal ganglion collection was performed for TNF-α and IL-1β dosage (ELISA)."	( Lectin from Abelmoschus esculentus reduces zymosan-induced temporomandibular joint inflammatory hypernociception in rats via heme oxygenase-1 pathway integrity and tnf-α and il-1β suppression. Bezerra, MM; Chaves, HV; Cristino-Filho, G; de Almeida Gadelha, CA; de Castro Brito, GA; de Lacerda, JT; de Paulo Teixeira Pinto, V; do Val, DR; Fernandes, ME; Freitas, RS; Gomes, FI; Pereira, KM; SantiGadelha, T, 2016)	0.43
"Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine."	( [Influence of metal ions on stability of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside contained in Polygoni Multiflori Radix]. Bai, ZF; Du, XX; Feng, WW; Li, CY; Li, RY; Li, XF; Meng, YK; Song, HB; Wang, JB; Xia, HL; Xiao, XH; Zhang, DK, 2016)	0.43
" In conclusion, the SmPill® technology is a potential dosage form for several peptides when formulated with PEs and coated for regional delivery."	( Coated minispheres of salmon calcitonin target rat intestinal regions to achieve systemic bioavailability: Comparison between intestinal instillation and oral gavage. Aguirre, TAS; Aversa, V; Brayden, DJ; Coulter, I; Guterres, SS; Pohlmann, AR; Rosa, M, 2016)	0.43
" These results could help with the appropriate dosage selection for focused behavioral and physiological studies on stevia."	( Stevia preferences in Wistar rats. Argüelles Luis, J; Núñez Martínez, P; Perillán Méndez, C, 2016)	0.43
" The increased risk of UTIs and genital infections seemed to have a dose-response relationship for dapagliflozin only."	( Urinary tract and genital infections in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dong, Y; Fang, Z; Li, D; Shen, S; Tang, H; Wang, T, 2017)	0.46
" Only dapagliflozin had a dose-response relationship with UTIs and genital infections."	( Urinary tract and genital infections in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dong, Y; Fang, Z; Li, D; Shen, S; Tang, H; Wang, T, 2017)	0.46
" They are recognized as generally recognized as safe by the US-FDA and approved by EU-European Food Safety Authority, with some recommendation on the daily dosage that should not interfere with glucose metabolism."	( Tandem mass spectrometry: a convenient approach in the dosage of steviol glycosides in Stevia sweetened commercial food beverages. Di Donna, L; Mazzotti, F; Santoro, I; Sindona, G, 2017)	0.46
" The results of the phase I study showed mizagliflozin increased stool frequency and loosened stool consistency; these effects increased progressively with an increase in the dosage and the number of doses of mizagliflozin."	( Mizagliflozin, a novel selective SGLT1 inhibitor, exhibits potential in the amelioration of chronic constipation. Asari, T; Fujimori, Y; Fushimi, N; Inoue, T; Isaji, M; Kobayashi, M; Kurooka, T; Nishibe, H; Onozato, T; Takeda, H; Takemura, M, 2017)	0.46
" Mechanical threshold was assessed by Von Frey test and synovial lavage was collected for leukocyte counting and myeloperoxidase measurement, joint tissue and trigeminal ganglion were excised for histopathological analysis (H&E) and TNF-α/IL-1β levels dosage (ELISA)."	( Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of strontium ranelate on the zymosan-induced temporomandibular joint inflammatory hypernociception in rats depend on TNF-α inhibition. Abreu, SC; Alves, SM; Bezerra, MM; Chaves, HV; Cristino-Filho, G; de Castro Brito, GA; de Paulo Teixeira Pinto, V; do Val, DR; Freitas, RS; Gomes, FIF; Lemos, JC; Pereira, KMA, 2017)	0.46
" They showed unique advantages compared with simple dosage increase of western medicines."	( [Effect of combination of gastrodia and uncaria on pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline]. Hou, J; Li, YJ; Luo, M; Qin, J; Wang, J; Wang, JX; Wang, LM; Wu, LH, 2017)	0.46
" Dose-response curves were then obtained and analyzed after the co-administration of geraniin with morphine or diclofenac in fixed ratio (1:1) combinations based on specific fractions (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8) of their respective ED50 values for the formalin test."	( An isobolographic analysis of the anti-nociceptive effect of geraniin in combination with morphine or diclofenac. Abotsi, WKM; Agyare, C; Ameyaw, EO; Biney, RP; Boakye-Gyasi, E; Kasanga, EA; Woode, E, 2018)	0.48
" The high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese insulin-resistant rats were divided into 4 groups and received the following treatments for 28 days: vehicle (HFV); vildagliptin at a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day (HFVil); dapagliflozin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day (HFDa) and combination drugs (HFDaVil)."	( Cardioprotection of dapagliflozin and vildagliptin in rats with cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Chattipakorn, N; Chattipakorn, SC; Sa-Nguanmoo, P; Siri-Angkul, N; Sivasinprasasn, S; Tanajak, P; Thummasorn, S, 2018)	0.48
"05) with a clear dose-response relationship (r=-0."	( [Protective effect of paeoniflorin against PM2.5-induced damage in BEAS-2B cells]. Ao, YH; Han, J; Lei, J; Li, JJ; Wang, LY; Wu, XF; Yi, JH, 2018)	0.48
"Sixty female ICR mice were randomly assigned into sham operated group (SHAM, treated with vehicle) and five ovariectomized subgroups (n = 10 each), treated with vehicle as OVX group, estradiol valerate (EV, 1 mg/kg/day) as positive group, and Syringin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day) as low, moderate and high dosage groups."	( Syringin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice via TRAF6 mediated inhibition of NF-κB and stimulation of PI3K/AKT. Dong, Y; Guo, Q; Liu, J; Ma, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Q, 2018)	0.48
" These response values were slightly improved by studying the solid/liquid effect at the optimal conditions in dose-response format, showing steady extraction values from 5 to 40 g/L."	( Optimization and comparison of heat and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques to obtain anthocyanin compounds from Arbutus unedo L. Fruits. Barreiro, MF; Barros, L; Caleja, C; Ferreira, ICFR; López, CJ; Prieto, MA, 2018)	0.48
" Histopathologic kidney changes were first detected after 4 weeks of dosing in the male 1,000 mg/kg/day dose group, with progressive increases in the incidence and/or number of findings in this dose group so that they were more readily detected during weeks 8 and 13."	( Pathogenesis of Renal Injury and Gene Expression Changes in the Male CD-1 Mouse Associated with Exposure to Empagliflozin. Hall, J; Hart, SE; Hill, JD; Knight, B; Koegler, S; Ku, WW; Pande, P; Phillips, JA; Yuan, J, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of such hypoglycemic drug combinations in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical dosage form without prior separation."	( Different resolution techniques for management of overlapped spectra: Application for the determination of novel co-formulated hypoglycemic drugs in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form. Fawzy, MG; Mahrouse, MA; Moussa, BA, 2018)	0.48
"SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin and dapagliflozin resulted in a weight and A1c-independent reduction of ALT levels compared to incretin agents, with a dose-response observed at higher baseline ALT levels."	( SGLT2 inhibitors and incretin agents: Associations with alanine aminotransferase activity in type 2 diabetes. Aronson, R; Bajaj, HS; Bhullar, L; Brown, RE; Kalra, S; Sohi, N, 2018)	0.48
"The PK and safety profiles of dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with T1D were consistent with previous studies, but with an unanticipated attenuation of the PD dose-response measured as UGE."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin in combination with insulin in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. Araki, E; Asano, M; Boulton, DW; Kim, H; Shiramoto, M; Tang, W; Thorén, F; Ueda, S; Watada, H; Yajima, T, 2019)	0.51
" O-monoglucosides displayed higher area under the dose-response curve (AUC) of AlkP response relative to the AUC of ERα-transcriptional response compared to the respective aglycones."	( Biological evaluation of isoflavonoids from Genista halacsyi using estrogen-target cells: Activities of glucosides compared to aglycones. Alexi, X; Alexis, MN; Aligiannis, N; Boulaka, A; Cheilari, A; Fokialakis, N; Kalpoutzakis, E; Lambrinidis, G; Meligova, AK; Mitakou, S; Mitsiou, DJ; Pratsinis, H, 2019)	0.51
" Forty healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to control group (control, animals were provided with distilled water, n = 10); lead acetate-exposed group (PbAc, animals received lead acetate solution of 500 ppm for 60 days, n = 10); low dosage of SDS-treated group (PbAc-SDS-L, lead acetate exposed animals were given intragastric SDS 150 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, n = 10); and high dosage of SDS-treated group (PbAc-SDS-H, lead acetate exposed animals were given intragastric SDS 300 mg/kg body weight for 60 days, n = 10)."	( Protective Effects of Salidroside on Lead Acetate-induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chen, C; He, J; Lin, B; Qi, S; Zheng, H, 2019)	0.51
" The high selectivity of the proposed method allowed analysis of DGF in dosage form and human plasma samples with average recovery values of 99."	( New spectrofluorimetric analysis of dapagliflozin after derivatization with NBD-Cl in human plasma using factorial design experiments. Abdel Hamid, MA; Ahmed, HM; Batakoushy, HA; Omar, MA, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, the dose-response relationship and chronic pharmacological studies of SU-011 were assessed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model, a STZ-treated model with impaired insulin secretion."	( A novel SGLT2 inhibitor, SU-011, improves glycaemic control in rodents without the risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Bi, J; Cheng, X; Dai, F; Hao, L; Huang, F; Liu, Y; Wang, C; Xu, K, 2019)	0.51
" Seroresponse frequencies were 0%, 30%, 50%, and 89%, respectively, among those given placebo, or 10 µg, 30 µg or 100 µg of Sm-TSP-2/Al with GLA-AF, suggesting a dose-response relationship for Sm-TSP-2/Al with GLA-AF (p = 0."	( A phase 1 study of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a Schistosoma mansoni vaccine with or without glucopyranosyl lipid A aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) in healthy adults from a non-endemic area. Atmar, RL; Bethony, J; Bottazzi, ME; Deye, G; Diemert, D; El Sahly, HM; Hotez, PJ; Jones, W; Keitel, WA; Kennedy, JK; Patel, SM; Plieskatt, JL; Potter, GE, 2019)	0.51
" We induced isolated renal tubular glucosuria by dosing cats with the SGLT2i dapagliflozin."	( The effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter type-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on glomerular filtration rate in healthy cats. Burchell, R; Burton, SE; Gal, A; Jacob, A; Lopez-Villalobos, N; Malabu, U; Singh, P; Weidgraaf, K, 2020)	0.56
" The proposed method was successively applied to DGF analysis in both its pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Second-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric assay of dapagliflozin: Application to stability study and pharmaceutical preparation. Abdel Hamid, MA; Ahmed, HM; Batakoushy, HA; Omar, MA, 2020)	0.56
" Secondary endpoints included changes in glycaemic parameters, total daily insulin dosage and body weight over time."	( Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (DEPICT-5): 52-week results from a randomized, open-label, phase III clinical trial. Araki, E; Asano, M; Fujii, H; Kim, H; Langkilde, AM; Ohashi, H; Okabe, T; Thoren, F; Tomonaga, O; Uchigata, Y; Watada, H; Yajima, T, 2020)	0.56
" As physical and chemical interactions affect the performance of the formulation, this study intended to unveil the drug and excipients interactions which would later help in development of a robust solid dosage form."	( Update on compatibility assessment of empagliflozin with the selected pharmaceutical excipients employed in solid dosage forms by thermal, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Kalia, K; Kate, AS; Niguram, P; Polaka, SN; Rathod, R, 2020)	0.56
" Blood samples were taken periodically over a 48-h period after dosing to derive total plasma lobeglitazone and dapagliflozin pharmacokinetic properties; safety profile was evaluated throughout the study."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Lobeglitazone and Dapagliflozin at Steady State. Jang, K; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ, 2020)	0.56
" A dose-response curve of HMC (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) was performed to determine the most effective analgesic dose after intra-articular zymosan stimuli."	( Hesperidin methyl chalcone interacts with NFκB Ser276 and inhibits zymosan-induced joint pain and inflammation, and RAW 264.7 macrophage activation. Artero, NA; Badaro-Garcia, S; Casagrande, R; de Freitas, A; Fattori, V; Ferraz, CR; Manchope, MF; Rasquel-Oliveira, FS; Saraiva-Santos, T; Staurengo-Ferrari, L; Verri, WA; Zaninelli, TH, 2020)	0.56
" Variations in filtered glucose across clinical studies were shown to drive the apparent differences in the glucosuria dose-response relationships among the gliflozins."	( Differentiating the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 1 Inhibition Capacity of Canagliflozin vs. Dapagliflozin and Empagliflozin Using Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Modeling. Boulton, DW; Chu, L; Greasley, PJ; Helmlinger, G; Johansson, S; Penland, RC; Peskov, K; Sokolov, V; Tang, W; Yakovleva, T, 2020)	0.56
" Six compounds observed in the primary screen were confirmed in dose-response experiments, and were tested against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects."	( Natural-product-library-based screening for discovery of capsid C-terminal domain targeted HIV-1 inhibitors. Luo, H; Luo, RH; Xu, L; Xu, XS; Yang, LM; Zhang, DW; Zheng, YT, 2020)	0.56
"An efficient, accurate and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for analysis of empagliflozin (EGF) in pure form, dosage form and human plasma."	( New spectrofluorimetric analysis of empagliflozin in its tablets and human plasma using two level full factorial design. Abdel Hamid, MA; Ahmed, HM; Batakoushy, HA; Omar, MA, 2020)	0.56
" Compared with the sham group, the mNSS score and brain water content of rats in the model group increased significantly after dosing (P < 0."	( Effect of Polydatin on Neurological Function and the Nrf2 Pathway during Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Feng, X; Li, H; Lv, Y; Qin, J; Yang, J; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.56
" It can be further studied for optimum dosage to be used as a future of anti-anxiety drug development or as a standardized Phytomedicine."	( An Insight Into the Anxiolytic Effects of Lignans (Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin) and Tannin (Corilagin) Rich Extracts of Chopade, AR; Dharanguttikar, VR; Dias, RJ; Mali, SN; Naikwade, NS; Patil, PA; Pol, RP, 2021)	0.62
" As a pharmaceutical dosage form DPG has immense importance as an individual drug and with other antidiabetic drugs as combinations."	( Pharmaceutical Analytical Profile for Novel SGL-2 Inhibitor: Dapagliflozin. Bobade, PS; Dhote, AM; Ganorkar, SB; Patil, MR; Sharma, SS; Shirkhedkar, AA, 2021)	0.62
" An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and metabolynx™software was applied to characterize the metabolites of arctiin in rats at a dosage of 100 mg/kg; network pharmacology was applied to characterize the functional changes."	( An integrated strategy for revealing the pharmacological changes based on metabolites profiling and network pharmacology: Arctiin as an example. Cui, SS; Li, M; Li, RM; Li, ZT; Wang, GH; Yuan, YL; Zhang, FX, 2020)	0.56
"The components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCMCs) are the basic unit of raw materials for Chinese medicines, and their physical and chemical properties directly affect the choice of dosage forms and the optimization of prescriptions."	( [Characterization of oil/water partition coefficient of chishao terpene glucoside components based on contribution rate of representative components for myocardial ischemia]. Cheng, XL; Feng, L; Jia, XB; Ke, ZC; Lin, CY, 2020)	0.56
"The primary aim of this study was to standardize the correlated effective dosage of the antidiabetic drug empagliflozin (EMPA) and the antipsychotic drug olanzapine (Ola)."	( Standardizing the Effective Correlated Dosage of Olanzapine and Empagliflozin in Female Wistar Rats. Alam, MZ; Alghamdi, BS; Alshehri, FS; Ashraf, GM; Tarazi, FI; Tayeb, HO, 2021)	0.62
"The objective of this study was to standardize the correlated effective dosage of EMPA and Ola."	( Standardizing the Effective Correlated Dosage of Olanzapine and Empagliflozin in Female Wistar Rats. Alam, MZ; Alghamdi, BS; Alshehri, FS; Ashraf, GM; Tarazi, FI; Tayeb, HO, 2021)	0.62
"We conclude that Ola-4 and EMPA-20 were the most effective dosage for experimental purposes in female Wistar rats."	( Standardizing the Effective Correlated Dosage of Olanzapine and Empagliflozin in Female Wistar Rats. Alam, MZ; Alghamdi, BS; Alshehri, FS; Ashraf, GM; Tarazi, FI; Tayeb, HO, 2021)	0.62
" This study deals with an oral combined dosage form design for two anti-diabetic drugs, sitagliptin and dapagliflozin using self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS)."	( Development and optimization of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin loaded oral self-nanoemulsifying formulation against type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ahmad, A; Alanazi, FK; Aldughaim, MS; Alqahtani, A; Alqahtani, AS; Kazi, M; Noman, OM, 2021)	0.62
" As a guide to determining dosing regimens in pediatric studies, the verified PBPK model, along with UGT enzyme ontogeny maturation understanding, was used for predictions of dapagliflozin monotherapy exposures in pediatric subjects aged 1 month to 18 years that best matched exposure in adult patients with a 10-mg single dose of dapagliflozin."	( Model-Informed Pediatric Dose Selection for Dapagliflozin by Incorporating Developmental Changes. Boulton, DW; Jo, H; Parkinson, J; Pilla Reddy, V; Tang, W, 2021)	0.62
" The developed method based on minimal mathematical data processing on the zero order spectrum for solving sever overlapping spectra of the mentioned drugs in their pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simple mathematical data processing method for the determination of sever overlapped spectra of linagliptin and empagliflozin in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulation: Fourier self deconvulated method. Elmasry, MS; Hassan, WS; Merey, HA; Nour, IM, 2021)	0.62
" TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells."	( 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. He, X; Liu, J; Liu, M; Long, G; Xia, XH, 2021)	0.62
" The proposed HPLC method was highly robust for method transfer, regulatory flexibility within design space and can be used for assay of pharmaceutical dosage forms comprising these analytes."	( Quality-by-Design Approach for Chromatographic Analysis of Metformin, Empagliflozin and Linagliptin. Anumolu, PD; Cvs, S; Gurrala, S; Raj, S, 2022)	0.72
" These findings may provide a reference for the combination of multiple penetration-enhancement ways to promote drug absorption, and also provide a new insight to realize the development of novel, safe, and more effective dosage forms and administration routes of drugs."	( Optical Coherence Tomography and Microdialysis for Microneedle-Mediated Penetration Enhancement Study of Paeoniflorin-Loaded Ethosomes. Bai, J; Cui, Y; Du, S; Huang, J; Li, H; Yang, H; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Normalization of glycemic index can be achieved by dosing combinations of metformin with other anti-diabetic drugs."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" All subjects were on a stable metformin dosing regimen."	( Assessment of safety and tolerability of remogliflozin etabonate (GSK189075) when administered with total daily dose of 2000 mg of metformin. Andrews, S; Cheatham, B; Dobbins, R; Hanmant, B; Hussey, EK; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sagar, K; Tao, W; Wilkison, WO, 2021)	0.62
" The results obtained from the dose-response experiments show that 8 at a concentration of 1000 µM reduced the enzyme activity of Sco GlgE1-V279S by 65%."	( Stereoselective synthesis of a 4-⍺-glucoside of valienamine and its X-ray structure in complex with Streptomyces coelicolor GlgE1-V279S. Jayasinghe, TD; Kapil, S; Ronning, DR; Si, A; Sucheck, SJ; Thanvi, R, 2021)	0.62
"Salidroside significantly increased the ADSCs viability at a dose-response manner."	( Salidroside promoted osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chen, FL; Li, XH; Shen, HL, 2021)	0.62
" Preliminary biochemical assays revealed a significant inhibitory activity of the ACE2:Spike recognition with a dose-response effect only in the case of PD."	( Interference of Polydatin/Resveratrol in the ACE2:Spike Recognition during COVID-19 Infection. A Focus on Their Potential Mechanism of Action through Computational and Biochemical Assays. Coppola, F; Fuggetta, MP; Montesarchio, D; Musumeci, D; Perrella, F; Petrone, A; Platella, C; Ravagnan, G; Rega, N; Stringaro, A, 2021)	0.62
"To evaluate the effects of empagliflozin versus placebo on subsequent insulin initiation or dosing changes in a large cardiovascular outcomes trial."	( Effects of empagliflozin on insulin initiation or intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Findings from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Brueckmann, M; Butler, J; Fitchett, DH; George, JT; Inzucchi, SE; Mattheus, M; Ofstad, AP; Sattar, N; Vaduganathan, M; Verma, S; Wanner, C; Zinman, B, 2021)	0.62
" However, the dosage and administration of empagliflozin are still controversial clinically."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin at different doses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Fang, Z; Hu, L; Li, C; Liu, M; Wu, Q; Zhang, W; Zou, F, 2022)	0.72
" For total AEs, there was a dose-response trend in which safety decreased with increasing doses."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin at different doses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Fang, Z; Hu, L; Li, C; Liu, M; Wu, Q; Zhang, W; Zou, F, 2022)	0.72
" HbA1c, weight and daily insulin dosage was recorded at baseline and 6 months follow-up."	( Dapagliflozin: The outcome of use as add-on therapy in real-life clinical setting -An Audit. Raja, UY; Saravanan, P, 2021)	0.62
"(2)Effective rate based on dosage form, both the gastrodin capsules and injection groups were better than western medicine group(RR_(capsules)=1."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of gastrodin in treatment of tension-type headache]. Chen, WJ; Fan, XM; Fu, GJ; Gong, X; Guo, CL; Jin, XL; Liao, X; Piao, JZ; Wei, JJ; Yan, Y; Zhang, YL, 2021)	0.62
"The current investigation is based on efficient method development for the quantification of empagliflozin in raw and pharmaceutical dosage forms, as no pharmacopoeial method for the drug is available so far."	( Empagliflozin: HPLC based analytical method development and application to pharmaceutical raw material and dosage form. Abedin, S; Ahmed Khan, M; Alam, S; Bano, R; Bushra, R; Ismail, NE; M Hanif, A; Muhammad Arif, H, 2021)	0.62
"In these T1DM patients, dosages were not incorporated into model, indicating no significant dose-response relationship between 5 and 10 mg/day affecting loss of weight."	( Quantifying the relationship between dapagliflozin and loss of weight in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Han, Y; He, SM; Wang, DD; Wang, TY; Wang, YM, 2022)	0.72
" Thus, the dosing pattern of continuous medication changes was evaluated."	( Natural ingredient paeoniflorin could be a lead compound against white spot syndrome virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. Chen, J; Hu, Y; Liu, L; Shan, LP, 2022)	0.72
" We initially performed a dose-response pilot study in normal rats."	( Antifibrotic effects of low dose SGLT2 Inhibition with empagliflozin in comparison to Ang II receptor blockade with telmisartan in 5/6 nephrectomised rats on high salt diet. Cao, Y; Chen, X; Chu, C; Delic, D; Frankenreiter, S; Gaballa, MMS; Hasan, AA; Hocher, B; Klein, T; Krämer, BK; Luo, T; Stadermann, K; Xiong, Y; Xue, Y; Yin, L; Zeng, S, 2022)	0.72
" There was no significant difference between preventive and long-term treatment groups at the same dosage of C3G."	( Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin, and oxidation products of cyanidin protect neuronal function through alleviating inflammation and oxidative damage. Li, Z; Liu, Q; Yang, L; Zhu, Z, 2022)	0.72
"A simple, precise, and rapid stability-indicating reversed-phase-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of metformin (MET), dapagliflozin (DAP), and saxagliptin (SAX) combination in bulk and tablet dosage forms."	( Stability-indicating HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of metformin, dapagliflozin, and saxagliptin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form. Alegete, P; Boodida, S; Vankalapati, KR, 2022)	0.72
" This study provides a basis for the application of VB in anti-hypoxia therapy and for the formulation of anti-hypoxia dosing regimens."	( [Comparison of distribution of verbascoside in normoxic and hypoxic rats]. Li, MX; Li, XL; Wang, P; Wang, WG, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, the appropriate dosage and side effects of SAL on the clinical outcomes of CNS diseases have not been fully determined due to the limited number of clinical studies on SAL."	( Pharmacological effects of salidroside on central nervous system diseases. Han, D; Jin, M; Wang, C; Wu, X; Xu, Y; Ye, R; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The production of steviol glycosides presented a biphasic dose-response suggestive of hormesis, with the highest values at 10 mg/L PSNPs (1."	( Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics exposure on in vitro-grown Stevia rebaudiana plants. Clapa, D; Coman, C; Coman, V; Iancu, ȘD; Leopold, LF; Leopold, N; Scurtu, VF, 2023)	0.91
"The compatibility of TGP significantly reduced the abnormal serum ALT and AST levels, and improved liver histopathological changes in both acute and chronic DILI animal models induced by TGTs, with the most effective dosage of TGP-M (medium-dose TGP, 450 mg/kg)."	( Enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity of tripterygium glycoside tablet by compatibility with total glucosides of paeony for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Ding, Z; Lin, N; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91

Product Category	Products
Household Essentials	1
Beauty & Personal Care	1
Active Lifestyle & Fitness	4

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Eco-Me Dishwasher Detergent Gel Fragrance-Free -- 32 fl oz	Eco-Me	Household Essentials	citric acid, citric acid, glucoside	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MyChelle Dermaceuticals Protect Replenishing Solar Defense Sunscreen SPF 50 -- 6 fl oz	MyChelle Dermaceuticals	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, citric acid, bisabolol, cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, citric acid, tocopherol, behenyl alcohol, tocopherol, sodium gluconate, glucoside, glycerin, vanillin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Chocolate -- 27.6 oz	Vital Proteins	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Cold Brew Coffee -- 27.6 oz	Vital Proteins	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Caffeine, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Strawberry -- 26.8 oz	Vital Proteins	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Vanilla -- 26.8 oz	Vital Proteins	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
epitope	The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
mouse metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
D-glucopyranose	A glucopyranose having D-configuration.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Glycolysis	14	23
Gluconeogenesis	22	32
Trehalose Degradation	13	10
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1A (GSD1A) or Von Gierke Disease	22	32
Glycogenosis, Type VII. Tarui Disease	14	23
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Deficiency 1 (PEPCK1)	22	32
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase Deficiency	22	32
Triosephosphate Isomerase Deficiency	22	32
Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome	14	23
Glycogenosis, Type IB	22	32
Glycogenosis, Type IC	22	32
Glycogenosis, Type IA. Von Gierke Disease	22	32
Glycolysis and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase	24	28
Galactose Degradation/Leloir Pathway	13	18
Glycerol Metabolism	30	28
Glycerol Metabolism II	29	30
Glycerol Metabolism III (sn-Glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine)	30	30
Glycerol Metabolism IV (Glycerophosphoglycerol)	30	30
Glycerol Metabolism V (Glycerophosphoserine)	30	30
Colanic Acid Building Blocks Biosynthesis	17	23
Secondary Metabolites: Trehalose Biosynthesis and Metabolism	10	12
Glycolysis I	10	23
Amino Sugar and Nucleotide Sugar Metabolism	22	29
Ethanol Fermentation	15	27
Disease	1278	231
Infectious disease	895	79
Immune System	914	82
Innate Immune System	414	75
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)	88	17
CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling	77	12
2-O-acetyl-3-O-trans-coutarate biosynthesis	0	6
linustatin bioactivation	0	10
des-methyl avenacin A-1 biosynthesis	3	4
dalcochinin biosynthesis	1	2
daphnin interconversion	0	10
superpathway of hydrolyzable tannin biosynthesis	0	23
camptothecin biosynthesis	0	9
aromatic glucosinolate activation	1	9
ginsenoside degradation III	0	4
amygdalin and prunasin degradation	0	9
gallotannin biosynthesis	0	3
DIMBOA-glucoside activation	1	5
dhurrin degradation	3	6
podophyllotoxin glucosides metabolism	0	14
cyanidin 3,7-diglucoside polyacylation biosynthesis	3	4
anthocyanidin 3-malylglucoside biosynthesis (acyl-glucose dependent)	0	5
salicortin biosynthesis	0	17
melibiose degradation	0	4
lotaustralin degradation	0	5
acylated cyanidin galactoside biosynthesis	1	12
medicarpin conjugates interconversion	0	15
superpathway of sucrose and starch metabolism I (non-photosynthetic tissue)	19	17
trehalose degradation II (cytosolic)	6	8
linamarin degradation	2	10
sinapate ester biosynthesis	2	21
hydroxycinnamate sugar acid ester biosynthesis	0	11
cyanidin diglucoside biosynthesis (acyl-glucose dependent)	3	13
superpathway of avenacin A biosynthesis	6	15
violdelphin biosynthesis	5	13
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis II	9	16
glucosinolate activation	1	15
GDP-glucose biosynthesis	0	9
1,3-u03B2-D-glucan biosynthesis	3	3
phenylethanol glycoconjugate biosynthesis	0	6
indole-3-acetate activation II	0	9
fructan biosynthesis	0	9
ajmaline and sarpagine biosynthesis	1	37
genistein conjugates interconversion	0	16
daphnetin modification	1	11
superpathway of indole-3-acetate conjugate biosynthesis	8	28
sucrose degradation III (sucrose invertase)	9	10
indole-3-acetate inactivation IX	0	17
daidzein conjugates interconversion	0	16
neolinustatin bioactivation	0	7
crocetin biosynthesis	0	13
coniferin metabolism	3	8
coumarin biosynthesis (via 2-coumarate)	1	18
taxiphyllin bioactivation	0	5
ternatin C3 biosynthesis	0	3
abscisic acid degradation by glucosylation	8	7
superpathway of betalain biosynthesis	2	41
sucrose biosynthesis II	15	18
cichoriin interconversion	0	13
quercetin glucoside degradation (Allium)	0	5
anthocyanidin modification (Arabidopsis)	8	16
biochanin A conjugates interconversion	0	16
galloylated catechin biosynthesis	0	13
xyloglucan biosynthesis	5	8
rutin degradation (plants)	0	10
lampranthin biosynthesis	0	6
esculetin modification	2	19
superpathway of formononetin derivative biosynthesis	0	31
pentagalloylglucose biosynthesis	0	12
superpathway of scopolin and esculin biosynthesis	1	27
proanthocyanidins biosynthesis from flavanols	0	16
avenacin A-1 biosynthesis	3	10
indole glucosinolate activation (intact plant cell)	5	17
emetine biosynthesis	5	15
maackiain conjugates interconversion	0	15
aloesone biosynthesis II	1	7
starch degradation I	1	5
formononetin conjugates interconversion	0	14
amaranthin biosynthesis	0	9
afrormosin conjugates interconversion	0	7
starch degradation II	6	10
indole glucosinolate activation (herbivore attack)	3	20
avenacin A-2 biosynthesis	1	2
Aerobic glycolysis	0	20
vindoline, vindorosine and vinblastine biosynthesis	2	40
SARS-CoV Infections	282	29
SARS-CoV-1 Infection	114	22
Translation of Structural Proteins	11	14
Maturation of spike protein	3	7
SARS-CoV-1 Infection	60	19
SARS-CoV-2 Infection	77	20
SARS-CoV-2 Infection	195	27
Late SARS-CoV-2 Infection Events	34	18
protein N-glycosylation processing phase (plants and animals)	0	4
Metabolic pathways of fibroblasts	17	18
Viral Infection Pathways	727	39
Metabolic Epileptic Disorders	25	89
protein N-glycosylation processing phase (mammalian)	8	11
trehalose degradation	5	9
protein N-glycosylation processing phase (yeast)	4	8
chitin biosynthesis	16	40
xyloglucan biosynthesis	6	8
trehalose degradation VI (periplasmic)	2	5
trehalose degradation I (low osmolarity)	4	12
cellulose degradation II (fungi)	9	5
trehalose degradation II (cytosolic)	6	21
proanthocyanidins biosynthesis from flavanols	5	11
cyclobis-(1u21926)-u03B1-nigerosyl degradation	1	5
glycogen degradation I	8	50
protein N-glycosylation processing phase (plants and animals)	8	11
protein N-glycosylation (yeast) processing in the ER	4	8
trehalose degradation II (trehalase)	6	9
glycolysis III	0	18
glycogenolysis II	0	5
sucrose degradation V (mammalian)	6	12
glycogen degradation III	6	4
DIMBOA-glucoside degradation	13	4
glycolysis III (glucokinase)	0	17
Chrysolaminaran biosynthesis	0	10
superpathway of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation (cellulolosome)	0	8
Central carbon metabolism	0	19
Relationship between glutathione and NADPH	0	36
Hexoses metabolism in proximal tubules	0	16
Starch and cellulose biosynthesis	0	9
Glucose-1-phosphate metabolism	0	10
Glucose repression	0	4
Nutrient control of ribosomal gene expression	0	2
Trehalose anabolism	0	7
Glycogen catabolism	0	5
Lactose degradation and galactose metabolism	0	7
Trehalose degradation, low osmolarity	0	5
AtMetExpress overview	0	109
Genetic interactions between sugar and hormone signaling	0	5
Glucose sensing and signaling	0	10
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis	0	8
AMPK signaling	0	6
SREBP signaling	0	3
AMP-activated protein kinase signaling	0	6
Selenium micronutrient network	0	95
Vitamin B12 metabolism	0	50
Type II diabetes mellitus	0	4
Folate metabolism	1	56
Cori cycle	1	21
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) signaling	1	3
TCA cycle nutrient use and invasiveness of ovarian cancer	0	4
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Amino acid metabolism	0	94
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis	0	17
Glycosylation and related congenital defects	24	26
Glycogen synthesis and degradation	7	5
Glucose homeostasis	0	21
Polyol pathway	0	8
Glucuronidation	0	14
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	0	1
Cellulose biosynthesis	0	3
Xyloglucan biosynthesis	1	8

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form	Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)	Ki	7,400.0000	0.0250	4.8903	9.0000	AID480616
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
receptor-mediated endocytosis	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
asialoglycoprotein receptor activity	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
fucose binding	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mannose binding	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID452771	Inhibition of [125I]asialoorosomucoid binding to rabbit hepatic ASGPR1 relative to D-GalNAc	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
AID452767	Inhibition of D-GalNAc-PAA binding to human recombinant ASGPR1 carbohydrate recognition domain expressed in Escherichia coli AD494 by competitive solid-phase binding assay relative to D-GalNAc	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
AID452768	Binding affinity to human recombinant ASGPR1 carbohydrate recognition domain expressed in Escherichia coli AD494 by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
AID1730561	Inhibition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SmltD using UDP-MurNAc-L-Ala-L-Glu as substrate in presence of ATP incubated for 5 mins by HPLC	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 36	Flavonoids from Woodfordia fruticosa as potential SmltD inhibitors in the alternative biosynthetic pathway of peptidoglycan.
AID1706732	Neuroprotective activity against CoCl2-induced cytotoxicity in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 1 uM pretreated with CoCl2 for 8 hrs followed by incubation with drug and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209	Synthesis and identification of a novel derivative of salidroside as a selective, competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B with enhanced neuroprotective properties.
AID452766	Inhibition of D-GalNAc-PAA binding to human recombinant ASGPR1 carbohydrate recognition domain expressed in Escherichia coli AD494 by competitive solid-phase binding assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
AID480616	Inhibition of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase inactive form b	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 18, Issue:10	1-(3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl) pyrimidine derivatives as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase b: Kinetic, crystallographic and modelling studies.
AID452769	Binding affinity to human recombinant ASGPR1 carbohydrate recognition domain expressed in Escherichia coli AD494 by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy relative to D-GalNAc	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
AID452770	Inhibition of [125I]asialoorosomucoid binding to rabbit hepatic ASGPR1	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 17, Issue:20	Design, synthesis and evaluation of monovalent ligands for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3174 (14.94)	18.7374
1990's	2427 (11.43)	18.2507
2000's	4304 (20.26)	29.6817
2010's	8148 (38.36)	24.3611
2020's	3187 (15.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	883 (4.02%)	5.53%
Reviews	846 (3.85%)	6.00%
Case Studies	151 (0.69%)	4.05%
Observational	57 (0.26%)	0.25%
Other	20,019 (91.18%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	3.65	9	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.07	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	4.02	4	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.99	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	6.12	44	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	3.51	8	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.	2.61	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.42	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.96	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.72	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	5.7	25	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	3.55	8	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	3.41	7	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.39	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	3.3	6	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	6.21	42	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.82	11	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.48	8	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.61	9	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.78	3	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	5.06	15	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.95	12	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	4.57	8	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.92	13	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.74	3	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	5.94	7	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.34	19	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.72	3	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.63	14	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.29	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.08	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.82	31	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.31	5	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	5.04	13	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.8	11	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.68	9	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.5	8	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.86	12	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.07	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.21	18	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.85	34	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.41	7	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	4.05	14	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	9	103	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.7	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	5.64	71	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	8.97	182	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.42	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.52	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.05	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.01	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	10.39	21	6	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.55	8	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.77	3	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	6.15	2	2	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.55	8	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.98	4	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	3.88	4	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.7	32	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.78	3	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	6.82	32	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.93	36	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	2.03	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.25	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	5.92	24	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.92	4	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glyceric acid glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.	2.99	4	0	trionic acid	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	9.04	45	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	3.56	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.05	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	1.96	1	0	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	5.67	14	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.36	8	2	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0
histamine [no description available]	7.37	62	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.24	19	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	5.83	12	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.09	5	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.7	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	4.93	11	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.75	11	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.41	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.12	5	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	4.48	23	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.25	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
lipoamide Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin	2.47	2	0	dithiolanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	3.94	4	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.96	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
melilotic acid melilotic acid: structure in first source. 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group.	1.93	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.73	9	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.92	94	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.26	6	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	7.26	31	1	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	4.84	12	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	4.71	9	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.37	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.12	9	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	5.52	21	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.4	7	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.94	54	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.03	2	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.59	63	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	3.51	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.4	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	3.12	5	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.15	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	3.8	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.92	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.95	13	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.17	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	4.66	26	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.51	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4.08	14	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.	2.66	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.72	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.88	4	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.83	11	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.07	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	1.97	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.97	4	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	6	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.87	3	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.33	2	0	purine
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.13	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.74	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	4.76	7	1	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	8.28	35	3	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 5-phosphate pyridoxine 5-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.52	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.66	9	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.65	3	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.69	2	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.38	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	6.44	13	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.71	3	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.83	3	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	3.95	13	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.03	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	4.24	5	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.2	3	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.99	4	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
tryptamine [no description available]	3.12	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	10.45	60	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	14.23	55	13	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	10.94	33	3	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	4.08	14	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.37	7	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.41	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.4	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.38	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.21	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
2-(6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.38	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.69	9	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.73	3	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.74	3	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets	3.24	6	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.27	6	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.63	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	6.25	52	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.73	9	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.41	2	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13,17-eicosapentaenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.75	3	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.49	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.87	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.7	3	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.21	6	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
5,12,20-trihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5,12,20-trihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to (S-(R,R-(E,E,Z,Z)))-isomer	1.99	1	0
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	1.98	1	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.89	4	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	3.25	6	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.95	4	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.35	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.26	6	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.14	5	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	4.27	7	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.39	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.55	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	1.97	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.13	1	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.7	3	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.67	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.92	4	0	monoazo compound
acemetacin acemetacin : A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	9.15	26	4	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.38	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.02	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
adrenic acid adrenic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.53	2	0	docosatetraenoic acid	mouse metabolite
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	1.96	1	0
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzenetriol
albendazole [no description available]	5.01	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.09	10	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.11	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alminoprofen alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.	1.97	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.44	2	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2.4	2	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.07	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.38	2	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	1.95	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	4.54	9	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.42	2	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	4.48	24	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	1.98	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.05	5	0	barbiturates
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	3.75	3	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.11	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.28	6	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	5.07	13	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.34	40	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.38	2	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.67	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.11	1	0	azobenzenes
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.4	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.13	1	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	2.37	2	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.43	7	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.01	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	2.78	3	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	4.41	8	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	5.64	13	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.07	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: from maize extracts; structure given in first source. DIMBOA : A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.	4.14	15	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; lactol	allelochemical; plant metabolite
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.9	3	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.04	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.25	6	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.25	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	1.97	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromperidol bromperidol: bromine-substituted for chlorine in haloperidol; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
bumetanide [no description available]	5.44	2	2	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.39	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
busulfan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	8.21	23	3	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	8.74	29	3	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	1.97	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.93	4	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.38	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	1.99	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.03	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	3.61	8	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.8	2	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	3.3	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.07	1	0	pyridinium ion
cgp 37157 CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange	3.25	1	0	benzothiazepine
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	1.99	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.36	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.29	18	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.95	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.48	8	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.57	2	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.1	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.9	4	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	3.67	9	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	1.98	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.25	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	3.16	5	0	clonidine; imidazoline
conduritol epoxide conduritol epoxide: conduritol C epoxide refers to the (epi & neo)-isomers; structure. conduritol epoxide : An epoxide resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of a conduritol.	2.88	4	0	cyclitol; epoxide; tetrol
cyclocreatine cyclocreatine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	1.97	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.41	2	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.02	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	3.07	5	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.13	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.37	7	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.95	1	0	primary amine
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.11	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.39	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.07	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dichlobanil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.	2.73	3	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile	agrochemical; cellulose synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.95	13	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.92	4	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	1.97	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.38	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.21	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	1.95	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.85	4	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dimethyl pyrocarbonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organooxygen compound
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.91	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.92	4	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	3.8	10	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.67	3	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.13	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.45	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	2.04	1	0
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
cycloadiphenine cycloadiphenine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	benzenes
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	thiophenes
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.51	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emedastine emedastine: structure given in first source. emedastine : 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.	2.01	1	0	benzimidazoles	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	9.16	105	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endothall endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)	2.05	1	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	6.12	30	1
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.42	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	4.36	3	0
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.03	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.02	4	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	1.96	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.03	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.47	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.21	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.89	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	4.91	11	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	3.03	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.93	4	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furegrelate furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d	1.97	1	0	benzofurans
furfurylamine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	11.52	53	2	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.1	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	5.83	2	2	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.52	8	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	4.23	5	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	3.34	1	1	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	8.31	9	5	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	14.56	36	24	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	11.58	11	7	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.48	8	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.18	11	3	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.53	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
go 6976 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.03	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.08	5	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	4.19	17	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.23	6	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.82	3	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.66	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.04	5	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.94	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	8.88	7	7	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	4.02	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.92	4	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	4.12	16	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.77	11	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.26	6	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	3.06	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indeloxazine indeloxazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	indene
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.98	109	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.13	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.9	4	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.38	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
iproniazid [no description available]	1.94	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.92	2	1	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.07	5	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	3.77	10	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.08	5	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.78	32	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	2.43	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	3.24	6	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	1.98	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.08	3	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.66	3	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.92	4	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.86	4	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	3.43	7	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.48	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phenyllactic acid 3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.48	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	2.01	1	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.05	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.82	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	5.51	5	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	5.3	6	2	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	1.98	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.38	19	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.35	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.66	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.5	2	2	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	2	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	3.34	1	1	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.63	9	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	23.6	342	206	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.74	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
nocodazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.74	10	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.15	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.69	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.17	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.67	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.38	2	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.02	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.72	3	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.43	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	3.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.17	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	4.1	16	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionylphenylalanine [no description available]	3.21	6	0	peptide
n-methylephedrine N-methylephedrine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	amphetamines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.25	1	0	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	1.97	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	1.98	1	0	naphthalenes
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.1	1	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.1	5	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.25	6	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.46	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitidine nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure	2.11	1	0	phenanthridines
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.13	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.41	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	1.98	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.62	5	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olprinone olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	bipyridines
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.66	3	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2	1	0	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	3.28	5	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.45	18	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.11	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.61	2	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.13	1	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	2.75	3	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.28	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.11	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	8.77	12	5	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.4	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
pca 4248 PCA 4248: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.08	1	0	dihydropyridine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.33	19	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.6	9	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	3.79	11	0	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.06	5	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	3.08	5	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	6.24	3	1	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	1.99	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.06	5	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	3.07	5	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	5.27	16	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.05	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	14.09	42	25	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	3.47	1	1	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.43	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pomiferin pomiferin: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	isoflavanones
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.06	15	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.96	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.31	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.93	4	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.86	3	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.94	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	7.34	9	3	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.38	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.33	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	3.35	1	1	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.36	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propentofylline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.14	5	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.33	20	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protopine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	dibenzazecine alkaloid	plant metabolite
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	1.98	1	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.07	5	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.8	1	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.62	3	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	3.04	4	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.4	2	0	quinolines
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	2.67	3	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.02	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.88	4	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	5.26	3	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.6	9	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	5.9	18	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicyl alcohol salicyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; saligenin is the aglycone of salicin; structure; it is oxidatively metabolized to gentisic acid. salicyl alcohol : A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at C-2.	4.04	14	0	aromatic primary alcohol; hydroxybenzyl alcohol	human urinary metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	1.93	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	3.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.17	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sennoside a&b [no description available]	3.76	11	0
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.41	2	0	morpholines
sk&f 86002 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase	1.98	1	0	imidazoles
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.34	12	1	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.89	4	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.03	1	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.31	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.68	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.64	3	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.37	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.34	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.37	2	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.06	3	1
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	2.37	2	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.9	4	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.19	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	3.06	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.65	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
temozolomide [no description available]	5.7	4	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.4	2	0	diarylmethane
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.11	10	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.21	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	5.6	3	1	thiazolidenedione
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	3.55	9	0	aziridines
thymeleatoxin thymeleatoxin: causes translocation & down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes	2.07	1	0
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.07	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.77	3	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.95	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
triclosan [no description available]	2.61	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.07	5	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.99	4	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.66	3	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.02	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	3.63	9	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.1	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urethane [no description available]	2	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.4	2	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.7	3	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.13	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.45	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	1.98	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.57	8	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	6.02	26	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.47	21	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	1.95	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.42	2	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.87	4	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	7.16	16	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.57	8	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.32	20	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4	13	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.67	10	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.47	8	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.01	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	7.05	9	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	3.37	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	6.57	8	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.08	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.31	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.41	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.15	5	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.47	7	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.36	7	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.36	6	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	2	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.21	6	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	5.61	3	2	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.96	35	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.8	3	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.63	19	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5.56	22	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.33	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.21	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.76	11	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.11	15	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	6.81	10	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.39	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.58	27	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	12.36	143	2	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	7.53	4	4	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.5	2	0	steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.42	7	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.3	6	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	8.03	23	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.43	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.86	34	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	4.76	24	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	1.95	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.28	52	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	6.14	16	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.08	15	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.98	4	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.25	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	6.82	85	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	8.02	84	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	10.69	95	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.26	6	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
veratramine veratramine: structure. veratramine : A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.	1.98	1	0	piperidine alkaloid
phlorhizin [no description available]	8.47	45	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.94	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.15	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.06	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.1	5	0	quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.44	2	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.37	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.37	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	5.9	24	1	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.29	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	4.26	18	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.81	22	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	4.45	24	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.42	42	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.99	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.31	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	1.94	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.71	3	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	5.42	24	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.21	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.43	63	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	1.93	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.62	9	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	4.1	4	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.97	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.42	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.69	28	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.37	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.68	3	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.38	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acetophenones
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.89	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.41	7	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.39	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.88	8	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.76	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	6.77	46	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.09	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.07	30	2	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	4.35	19	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.12	5	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.65	3	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	1.99	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.39	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.01	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.45	21	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.98	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.73	3	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2	1	0	acyl chloride
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.01	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
tert-amyl alcohol 2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.44	2	0	aliphatic alcohol; tertiary alcohol	protic solvent
acetone cyanohydrin acetone cyanohydrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	cyanohydrin
trichloroacetaldehyde trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.	1.93	1	0	aldehyde; organochlorine compound	mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.43	2	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	4	13	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.01	1	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.89	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	3.14	5	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	3.18	5	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.77	19	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.66	3	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	4.73	27	0
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.13	1	0
isophorone isophorone : A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone	plant metabolite; solvent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	3.75	10	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.4	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
propionamide [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	3.17	5	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	5.56	4	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.37	2	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.47	7	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.41	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	1.96	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	4.58	8	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	4.8	1	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
visnagin visnagin: from Musineon divaricatum. visnagin : A furanochromone that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one which is substituted at positions 4 and 7 by methoxy and methyl groups, respectively. Found in the toothpick-plant, Ammi visnaga.	1.92	1	0	aromatic ether; furanochromone; polyketide	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; phytotoxin; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
1-aminonaphthalene-8-sulfonate 1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6232	1.97	1	0
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	4.65	6	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	2.17	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
skatole [no description available]	3.06	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	5.27	17	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.9	11	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.03	1	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	3.05	5	0	anthraquinone
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.21	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
fluorene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	carbazole
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.76	3	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
4,7-dichloroquinoline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.46	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.93	4	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	7.01	13	2	pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	substituted aniline
2-nitroaniline [no description available]	1.92	1	0
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.13	1	0	2-nitrophenols
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid: inhibitor of auxin transport; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 are replaced by iodine atoms. It is an auxin polar transport inhibitor.	2	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	antiauxins
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.91	4	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.16	5	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
resacetophenone resacetophenone: structure in first source. 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone : A dihydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyacetophenone; resorcinols	plant metabolite
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	3.16	5	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.67	3	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
anthrone anthrone: used in colorimetric determination of sugar & animal starch in body fluids; structure. anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenes that is 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9.	2.35	2	0	anthracenone	radical scavenger
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	4.28	5	0	xanthones	insecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	3.38	7	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.81	11	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.07	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.01	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.52	2	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.94	37	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2.41	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
veratric acid veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.17	1	0	benzoic acids	allergen; plant metabolite
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	3.94	12	0	organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.47	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
synephrine [no description available]	2.81	3	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.98	13	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	1.99	1	0	carbonyl compound
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	2.94	3	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
thioglycerol thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.	2.05	1	0	propane-1,2-diols; thiol	reducing agent; vulnerary
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.41	60	2	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
lactobionic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	4.67	26	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.25	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.46	2	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	6.84	27	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	3.81	10	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.45	2	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.44	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	3.23	6	0
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	3.42	7	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	2.03	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	3.15	5	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	3.41	7	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylmethane diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
boric acid [no description available]	2.74	3	0	boric acids	astringent
chlorphenesin Chlorphenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203). chlorphenesin : Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.	1.95	1	0	glycol; monochlorobenzenes; propane-1,2-diols	antibacterial drug; antifungal drug; muscle relaxant
nonoxynol Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.	1.96	1	0
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	4.93	11	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.15	5	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.04	1	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.03	4	0	alkane
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
mesitylene mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	trimethylbenzene
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	4.62	25	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2	1	0	aryl thiol
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.41	1	0
boron trifluoride etherate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
diethylamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.1	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.43	35	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	3.17	5	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.86	3	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	23.13	356	109	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	1.98	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.39	4	1	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.81	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-dimethoxyethane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties. 1,2-dimethoxyethane : A diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol.	2	1	0	diether	non-polar solvent
squalane [no description available]	1.97	1	0
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	3.14	5	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	3.03	4	0
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	3.27	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
methyl palmitate [no description available]	2.89	4	0	fatty acid methyl ester	metabolite
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.07	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2	1	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
glycofurol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	poly(ethylene glycol)
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
stearyl alcohol octadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.. octadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eighteen carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	long-chain primary fatty alcohol; octadecanol	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
propylene propylene: structure	2.44	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
bromcresol purple Bromcresol Purple: An indicator and reagent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations. bromocresol purple : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl groups. A hydrophilic dye that is used as a pH indicator and to measure serum albumin concentrations.	1.99	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.39	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	3.14	5	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	1.98	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.16	10	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	1.95	1	0	biphenyls
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.57	2	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.06	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.43	2	0	dichlorophenol
ethyl vanillin ethyl vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; benzaldehydes; phenols	antioxidant; flavouring agent
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	5.69	24	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.99	4	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.52	2	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	5.15	45	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	5.57	23	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
carzenide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.67	9	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	3.44	7	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	3.19	5	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	2.66	3	0	alkyl sulfate
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	5.85	27	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.26	6	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-lauroylethanolamine lauroylethanolamide: N-acylethanolamine. N-(dodecanoyl)ethanolamine : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of dodecanoic acid (myristic acid) with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.13	1	0	N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.46	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.92	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.69	3	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	6.49	5	2	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	purine nucleoside
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	1.98	1	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.67	3	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
pentoxyl Pentoxyl: 5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity. Synonyms: pentoksil; hydroxymethylmethyluracil.	2.74	3	0	pyrimidone
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.96	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
dulcin dulcin: structure	2.02	1	0	ureas
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.89	4	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	2.39	2	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
octamethyl pyrophosphoramide octamethyl pyrophosphoramide: structure	2	1	0	phosphorodiamide
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	10.1	123	2	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	9.64	10	4	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.87	35	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	6.13	4	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	4.15	15	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azulenes; mancude carbobicyclic parent; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	16.44	56	26	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	7.87	94	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	6.11	10	3	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.71	9	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	10.23	59	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.08	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.85	4	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	15.54	56	27	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	5.04	42	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.67	3	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.42	2	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	6.02	8	1	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	8.7	33	2	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	3.85	3	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.09	5	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	5.16	8	1	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	2.67	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.8	3	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.41	2	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.73	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perflexane perfluorohexane : A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.11	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; radioopaque medium
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.17	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	3.06	5	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	1.95	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	1.98	1	0	organosilicon compound
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.44	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.17	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	2.02	1	0
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	5.58	12	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	2.21	1	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	5.23	3	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.01	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2	1	0	ketene
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.46	2	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
oxamide oxamide: induces hydronephrosis in rat kidneys; structure. oxamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide of oxalic acid.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.37	6	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
nuciferine nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	4.82	3	2
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	6.42	50	0
rhein [no description available]	3.68	9	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.44	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	3.85	11	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	4.3	18	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
menadiol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
9-fluorenone fluoren-9-one : The simplest member of the class fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluorene bearing an oxo substituent at position 9.	2.02	1	0	fluoren-9-ones	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
vasicinone vasicinone: isolated from Adhatoda vasica; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	4.46	8	0	flavanones
salicylurate salicylurate: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicyluric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl.. salicylurate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of salicyluric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.39	1	1	N-acylglycine; secondary carboxamide	human xenobiotic metabolite; uremic toxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.93	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.99	4	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
hydrindane hydrindane: structure in first source. hydrindane : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon comprising of a cyclohexane ring fused onto a cyclopentane ring.	2.06	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	indoles
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.05	1	0	butenolide
isomaltose [no description available]	3.1	5	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.35	6	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	7.66	58	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	epsilon-lactone
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	1.95	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
orcinol orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.	4.03	12	0	5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene	Aspergillus metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	3.5	2	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	5.27	6	2	thiazolidine
iberin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.21	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
hexacosanoic acid hexacosanoic acid: a C(26) saturated acid. hexacosanoic acid : A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.	2.71	3	0	fatty acid 26:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid
octacosanoic acid octacosanoic acid: RN given refers to parent. octacosanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is octacosane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; ultra-long-chain fatty acid	plant metabolite
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.67	3	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	6.79	76	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.05	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
periplogenin periplogenin: structure	1.92	1	0
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.61	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	5.49	21	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	12.39	74	6	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.11	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	7.21	124	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	6.19	24	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.21	1	0	furanocoumarin
pyridoxamine dihydrochloride pyridoxamine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.	3.23	1	0	hydrochloride; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	4.56	24	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.17	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.99	14	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.3	6	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	2.68	3	0
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	5.44	61	0	cellobiose	epitope
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	3.69	9	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone: plant derivative which stimulates reproduction in Microtus montanus. 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone : A 2-benzoxazolinone that is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazole	antibacterial agent; anticonvulsant; antifungal agent; muscle relaxant; plant metabolite
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	1.98	1	0	thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.03	1	0	benzenetriol	mouse metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.17	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.11	4	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.89	4	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	3.86	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.86	164	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
3-hexen-1-ol 3-hexen-1-ol: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a green odor chemical. hex-3-en-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hex-3-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; homoallylic alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.67	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.78	10	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
phenalen-1-one phenalen-1-one: fossil fuel combustion product	2.71	3	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.98	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.68	3	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.39	2	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	3.33	6	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	6.19	41	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
linamarin [no description available]	6.97	31	0	beta-D-glucoside
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	3.07	5	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.17	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.39	2	0	triglyceride
prenol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; prenols
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.4	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
6-methylsalicylic acid 6-methylsalicylic acid: structure. 6-methylsalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen ortho to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	Penicillium metabolite; plant metabolite
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.73	3	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.98	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	10.58	132	3	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.72	3	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
isovalerylaldehyde isovalerylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5093. 3-methylbutanal : A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.	2.02	1	0	methylbutanal	flavouring agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; volatile oil component
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.15	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
galactitol [no description available]	2.88	4	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	6.66	16	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	1.99	1	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl pyruvate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oxo carboxylic acid
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	2.06	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	3.51	2	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl palmitate ethyl hexadecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.07	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	plant metabolite
tritriacontane tritriacontane : A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 33 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	long-chain alkane
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	4.51	7	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.89	4	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isovanillic acid 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.21	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
formal glycol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
tetracosane tetracosane: a pure alkane compound. tetracosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate 2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.	2.41	2	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	1.98	1	0	D-manno-heptulose
chromonar Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.	1.98	1	0	coumarins
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.34	4	1	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.71	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	1.98	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.02	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation	2.06	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	9.04	5	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	3.41	1	0
ethyl gallate ethyl gallate: used with osmium in procedure for mapping neuronal pathways. ethyl gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with ethanol.	5.07	12	0	gallate ester	plant metabolite
ethyl n-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate ethyl N-alpha-acetyl-tyrosinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyl N-acetyl-L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-acetyltyrosine.	1.98	1	0	acetamides; ethyl ester; L-tyrosine derivative; phenols
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.39	2	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
3-cyanoalanine 3-cyanoalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-cyanoalanine : An alanine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens in alanine with a cyano group	2	1	0	alanine derivative; aliphatic nitrile; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.96	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.4	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	2.07	1	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetradecyltrimethylammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium: cationic surfactant; used to determine thermal stability of DNA; Catrimox-14 is the tradename of the oxalate; Catrimox-14 lyses cells and simultaneously precipitates RNA and was demonstrated useful in isolating RNA from whole blood	2.02	1	0
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.88	11	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-acetylfuran 2-acetylfuran : A furan carrying an acetyl substituent at the 2-position. Used in the production of the antibiotic cefuroxime (CHEBI:3515).	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; furans; methyl ketone
fenchone, (+-)-isomer fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).	2.41	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic terpene ketone; fenchane monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.74	3	0
calcium peroxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.24	6	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.93	4	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	5.57	4	1	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	3.55	9	0	thorium molecular entity
6-methoxyquinoline 6-methoxyquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. 6-methoxyquinoline : An aromatic ether that is quinoline substituted at position 6 by a methoxy group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; quinolines
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	2.07	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.13	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	1.97	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	1.98	1	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
chondocurine chondocurine: inhibits quick death of mice treated with bacillus Calmetta Guerin & elicited with lipopolysaccharide; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.74	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	9.62	109	2	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	9.19	51	3	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	4.36	19	0
dinoterb [no description available]	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenols
2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzenes; carbonyl compound
daminozide daminozide: induces tumors	2.11	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
dodecyldimethylamine oxide dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.	3.79	11	0	tertiary amine oxide	detergent; plant metabolite
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.36	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.03	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.21	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.58	2	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.25	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
n-tetradecylamine N-tetradecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	alkylamine
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.08	5	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	1.98	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
benzoylcholine Benzoylcholine: The benzoic acid ester of choline.	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester
mofebutazone mofebutazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. mofebutazone : A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone lacking one of the phenyl substituents. It is used for treatment of joint and muscular pain.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolidines	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid 1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid: structure	2.07	1	0	dithiolanecarboxylic acid; dithiolanes; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid
dexamethasone isonicotinate Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
glaucine glaucine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.05	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyether; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antitussive; muscle relaxant; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; rat metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.13	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from Swertia calycina; structure in first source. 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone : A naphthoquinone that is naphthalene-1,4-dione substituted by a methoxy group at position 2. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.	1.98	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; enol ether	antimicrobial agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.66	3	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	3.6	8	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
tricosanoic acid tricosanoic acid : A very long-chain fatty acid that is tricosane in which one of the methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.17	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	3.86	12	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	2.03	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.71	3	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aviprin aviprin: isolated from Angelica dahurica; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	furanocoumarin	metabolite
sulfuryl fluoride sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant	2.11	1	0	sulfuryl halide	fumigant insecticide
alpha-thujene alpha-thujene: volatile oil constituent of Monodora myristica (Gaertn) Dunal; structure in first source. alpha-thujene : A thujene that has a bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene skeleton which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	thujene
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether: structure given in first source; a non-ionic surfactant. laureth-5 : A hydroxypolyether that is pentaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a dodecyl group.	2.1	1	0	hydroxypolyether; pentaethylene glycol; primary alcohol	nonionic surfactant
hexaoxyethylene dodecyl ether hexaoxyethylene dodecyl ether: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.18	1	0
10-camphorsulfonic acid 10-camphorsulfonic acid: solucampher refers to piperazine salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer. camphorsulfonic acid : A sulfonic acid containing the camphorsulfonate anion.	2.01	1	0	organosulfonic acid
methional [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	4.52	24	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	8.45	40	3	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	6.96	40	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.77	11	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	3.16	5	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
ecdysone [no description available]	2.44	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
furaneol furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits.	2.99	4	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
denatonium benzoate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3-phenoxybenzoic acid 3-phenoxybenzoic acid: metabolite associated with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.	1.95	1	0	phenoxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	2.87	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	8.89	23	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.41	2	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
n-methylacetamide-oxotremorine m N-methylacetamide-oxotremorine M: RN given refers to iodide; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	4.2	3	1
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.48	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	2.01	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran: quencher of singlet oxygen, inhibits arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation	1.96	1	0
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.61	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)	1.96	1	0	indoles
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	5.46	59	0	dioxolane
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	2.1	1	0	pyridazinone
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.01	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.02	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.17	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.11	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	3.13	1	0	isoquinolines
hepes [no description available]	2.38	2	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	3.23	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	6.58	15	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7.99	16	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	6.71	6	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	1.99	1	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.07	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	3.23	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.95	4	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	2.39	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.05	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.44	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.5	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.38	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	6.27	11	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.5	8	0	manganese group element atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	1.94	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	6.29	11	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.98	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.45	23	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.06	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.61	9	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	1.97	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.12	16	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.01	23	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	1.99	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	3.08	5	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.41	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	1.95	1	0	titanium group element atom
californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	2	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.44	7	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.44	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.92	4	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	5.69	26	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.11	26	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2	1	0	sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	6.17	25	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.51	21	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.73	3	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	3.2	5	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.4	2	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	5.02	2	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
chromic acid [no description available]	2.33	2	0	chromium oxoacid	oxidising agent
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.77	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	5.59	5	1	calcium phosphate
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.33	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.71	3	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.93	4	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.7	29	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.52	8	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.99	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.39	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
silver chloride [no description available]	4.07	2	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.25	6	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.01	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	2.91	4	0	calcium phosphate
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	6.81	3	3
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.8	11	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	3.65	9	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.52	2	0	aluminium sulfate
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.06	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.61	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.69	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
octyltrimethylammonium octyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. octyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one octyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	3.25	6	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.08	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.56	69	0
rhamnose [no description available]	4.26	18	0	L-rhamnose
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	3.38	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	3.57	2	0	halide
coformycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	4.14	6	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.66	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.89	7	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.07	1	0
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	2.25	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	7.08	101	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.31	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.57	9	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cycasin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
6-bromo-2-naphthol 6-bromo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd with specified bromide locant. 6-bromo-2-naphthol : A member of the class of naphthols that is 2-naphthol carrying an additional bromo substituent at position 6.	1.96	1	0	naphthols; organobromine compound
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	1.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
1-methyladenosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methyladenosine	human metabolite
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.61	9	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	2.4	2	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	13.15	597	6	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.1	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
fluorides [no description available]	4.46	23	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
dioxidine dioxidine: Russian drug; structure	1.99	1	0
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: structure in first source. DIBOA : A lactol that consists of 1,4-benzoxazine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4 as well as a keto group at position 3.	2.44	2	0	benzoxazine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; lactol	allelochemical; herbicide; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.11	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	7.09	39	0	anthocyanin chlorides
oryzalin oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	6.14	17	2	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
taurolidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	thiadiazinane
iodine [no description available]	3.92	13	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.66	9	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
4-nitrophenyl 4'-guanidinobenzoate 4-nitrophenyl 4'-guanidinobenzoate: kallikrein substrate; acrosin antagonist in sperm; serine esterase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.79	11	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.17	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
pedalitin pedalitin: has antioxidant activity; isolated from Rabdosia japonica; structure in first source. pedalitin : A tetrahydroxy-monohydroxy-flavone, with the four hydroxy groups at C-3',-4',-5 and 6, and the methoxy group at C-7. It has been isolated from a number of plant species, including Eremosparton songoricum, Rabdosia japonica and Ruellia tuberosa.	2.25	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.78	89	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.11	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.08	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.06	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
sucrose octaacetate sucrose octaacetate: bitter tasting cpd preferred by rats to quinine; RN given refers to ((beta-D)-fructofuranosyl)-isomer	2.05	1	0	glycoside
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.09	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.41	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	3.04	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	6.53	5	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid: major metabolite of nabumetone; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-naphthylacetic acid having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position. The active metabolite of the prodrug nabumetone.	1.97	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.89	4	0
3-nitro-1-propanol 3-nitro-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 same as NM. 3-nitropropan-1-ol : The nitro compound formed from propan-1-ol by nitration at C-3.	2.67	3	0	C-nitro compound
alkenes [no description available]	3.96	13	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.98	4	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.41	57	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.98	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.31	6	0
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.06	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	4.32	6	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	4.33	20	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.04	42	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.39	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.39	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
oxamethacin oxamethacin: structure. oxametacin : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indometacin with the amino group of hydroxylamine.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; N-acylindole; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.3	1	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.67	3	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
enterobactin [no description available]	5.86	17	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
altenuene altenuene: metabolite of Alternaria; structure given in first source. altenuene : A benzochromenone mycotoxin isolated from the fungus Allernaria tenuis.	2.11	1	0
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	3.23	6	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	1.96	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	1.98	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.02	20	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5 15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.	2.04	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
etoposide [no description available]	4.21	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.14	16	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	5.31	9	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.7	3	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
cartazolate cartazolate: structure	1.96	1	0
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.05	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.68	10	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	1.99	1	0
profenofos [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
tricyclazole tricyclazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricyclazole : A triazolobenzothiazole that is [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole which is substituted at position 5 by a methyl group. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.01	1	0	triazolobenzothiazole	antifungal agrochemical; melanin synthesis inhibitor
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.99	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
bifenox [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	4.47	21	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	2.06	1	0	1,2-thiazoles	antifouling biocide; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.62	26	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	2.88	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	7.84	67	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
thidiazuron [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ureas
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	2.01	1	0
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.37	2	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.4	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.15	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	3.55	8	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	2.01	1	0
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.02	1	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	3.36	2	0	epoxide	intercalator
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	1.96	1	0
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.41	1	1	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.88	2	1	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.02	1	0
nafazatrom [no description available]	1.96	1	0
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
fluridone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phenylpyridine	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.25	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.1	5	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.13	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
chlorsulfuron chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.	2.01	1	0	methoxy-1,3,5-triazine; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
vufb 12018 VUFB 12018: structure	1.96	1	0	N-acylindole
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	3.47	8	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.94	13	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
carbizocaine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	3.36	7	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
indoxyl 3-hydroxyindole: inhibits amyloid fibril formation; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; hydroxyindoles
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	1.96	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.06	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
magnocurarine magnocurarine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.21	1	0	isoquinolines
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	2.01	1	0
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	2.01	1	0	piperidines
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2.89	4	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	6.52	7	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.1	1	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
vufb 13468 VUFB 13468: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.41	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.93	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
chlorimuron ethyl chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; organochlorine pesticide; pyrimidines; sulfamoylbenzoate	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; proherbicide
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	6.15	5	2	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	5.26	12	1
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	3.99	12	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.15	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sparfloxacin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	2.92	4	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.15	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.9	4	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.13	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
temoporfin temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY	2.03	1	0
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.29	11	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.13	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	4.2	5	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	9.17	11	3	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	3.64	1	1	organoiodine compound
mk 0591 MK 0591: structure given in first source; MK 0591 was previously L-686,708; inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	1.98	1	0
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	7.3	32	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	7.45	37	0	monoterpenoid
trichloroacetamide [no description available]	2.7	3	0
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	1.92	1	0
dibutyltin oxide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2h)-furanone 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	oxolanes
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.41	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	3.61	9	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
potassium superoxide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.61	9	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
edda EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; ethylenediamine derivative; glycine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; chelator
cetostearyl alcohol cetostearyl alcohol: component of creams, ointments, emulsifying agents	4.67	3	2
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.25	6	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
vanillyl alcohol vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.	2.97	4	0	benzyl alcohols; guaiacols	plant metabolite
ketoisophorone ketoisophorone: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	cyclohexenones
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	3.6	8	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.48	2	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.15	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.45	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	3.28	6	0
urea formaldehyde foam urea formaldehyde foam: widely used foam insulation	2.06	1	0
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	10.1	608	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	5.47	60	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	1.98	1	0
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	3.48	1	1	carbonyl compound
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
dihydrochalcone dihydrochalcone : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group.	4.6	9	0	dihydrochalcones	plant metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.38	1	1	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	4.63	25	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
iodonitrotetrazolium iodonitrotetrazolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having iodonitrotetrazolium as the counterion.. iodonitrotetrazolium : An organic cation that is the cationic component of iodonitrotetrazolium violet.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt	histological dye
xanthosine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	purines D-ribonucleoside; xanthosines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	4.56	5	1	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	7.57	17	2	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	4	13	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	5.42	18	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	5.62	68	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.91	2	1	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
medicagenic acid medicagenic acid: aglycone constituent of lucerne saponins, upon which their fungastatic & hemolytic activity depends	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid
methylthymidine methylthymidine: RN given refers to N-3-methylthymidine	1.96	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	6.72	16	1	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.94	4	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
phenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside phenylglucoside: RN given refers to (beta-(D))-isomer	3.71	10	0	glycoside
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	2.98	4	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.98	4	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	4.75	31	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	2.74	3	0
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0
4-nitrophenylgalactoside 4-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	3.26	6	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative	affinity label
4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate [no description available]	2	1	0
depsidone depsidone: a dibenzo dioxepin with a lactone formed by one of the oxygens and a carbonyl between the two benzyl rings; some derivatives are found in GARCINIA plants. depsidone : The simplest member of the class of depsidones comprising of a heterotricyclic system that is 11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepine substituted by an oxo group at position 11.	2.17	1	0	depsidones; organic heterotricyclic compound
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.02	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol: a surface-active agent. distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both stearoyl.	2.02	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
aconitic anhydride aconitic anhydride: RN refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.25	6	0	iodine oxoacid
xanthyletine xanthyletine: structure	2.1	1	0	coumarins
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.47	2	0
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.33	19	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2.81	3	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.72	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	4.01	14	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.89	12	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate: deprotecting cpd for peptides	2.03	1	0
secoisolariciresinol secoisolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((R-(R,R))-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89; precursor of lignans found in human urine; structure given in first source. secoisolariciresinol : A lignan that is butane-1,4-diol in which the 2 and 3 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups. (-)-secoisolariciresinol : An enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration.	6.03	25	1	secoisolariciresinol	antidepressant; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	3.07	5	0	purine nucleoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate: substrate for demonstration of activity of alkaline phosphatase; structure given in first source. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate that is indoxyl phopshate in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, which cleaves the phosphate group to give 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	1.97	1	0	aryl phosphate; indoles; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
glucose-1-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate: RN given refers to (alpha-D-Glc)-isomer. alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate : A D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.	2.42	2	0	D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.92	4	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
sertaconazole sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.	2.15	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
quinotolast quinotolast: an anti-allergy agent; FR 71021 is the monosodium salt	1.98	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.36	7	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.58	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	1.98	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.58	2	0
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
fast blue b Fast Blue B: reagent for marijuana detection; RN given refers to parent cpd. fast blue salt B : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-bis(diazonium), zinc and chloride ions in a ratio of 1:1:4. Used for detection of marijuana metabolites in urine.. fast blue B : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of 3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine.	1.96	1	0	aromatic diazonium ion	histological dye
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.8	3	0	boronic acids
2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.04	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	4.48	7	0	phenanthroline
benzofurazan benzofurazan: structure	2.25	1	0	benzoxadiazole
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.96	4	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	15.66	64	27	1,2,3-triazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.38	2	0
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	4.85	7	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone monoacetylphloroglucinol: structure in first source. 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone : A benzenetriol that is acetophenone in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 6 on the phenyl group are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; methyl ketone	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
tangeretin tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.	2.11	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.42	2	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	3.03	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	3.81	11	0	isocoumarins
pyromeconic acid pyromeconic acid: from herb Dengzhanhua; structure	1.99	1	0
coumalic acid coumalic acid: RN given for parent cpd	2.01	1	0	pyranone
phenylacetylglycine phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chavicol 4-allylphenol: an inhibitor of aryl-alcohol oxidase; has free radical scavenging activity. chavicol : A phenylpropanoid that is phenol substituted by a prop-2-enyl group at position 4.	2.21	1	0	phenols; phenylpropanoid
1-hexacosanol 1-hexacosanol: RN given for parent cpd. hexacosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-six carbon atoms.. hexacosan-1-ol : A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	hexacosanol; very long-chain primary fatty alcohol	insecticide; plant metabolite
maclurin maclurin: from Maclura pomifera; composed of two isoforms (isolectins); some sequence similarity to jacalin; potent non-specific blood-group hemagglutinin; do not confuse with dye of the same name	2.08	1	0	benzophenones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.7	3	0	anthocyanidin chloride
2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone 2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	quinazolines
hordenine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position.	2.4	2	0	butan-4-olide	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.11	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	5.43	4	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
brodimoprim brodimoprim: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. brodimoprim : An aminopyrimidine that is 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl group.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; bromobenzenes; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.25	1	0	tannin
fepradinol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aralkylamine
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.6	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
cloricromen cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	coumarins
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.21	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
tioxamast tioxamast: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.75	3	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
resorufin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenoxazine
1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene: structure in first source	2.34	2	0
phenylpropiolic acid phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.11	1	0	acetylenic compound; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzenes
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	1.98	1	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	3.34	6	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
isoscopoletin isoscopoletin : A hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	plant metabolite
2-diazofluorene 2-diazofluorene: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	4.65	28	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	5.33	9	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.17	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
aceclofenac [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	1.98	1	0
fagomine fagomine: structure in first source	2.7	3	0	piperidines
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	3.09	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	7.08	13	2	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	3.46	7	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	4.58	7	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	5.86	11	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
columbamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.52	2	0	alkaloid	metabolite
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.77	3	0	alkaloid
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.08	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.59	2	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lycorine lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.	2.04	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
leupeptin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
rubrofusarin rubrofusarin: naphthopyrone from Cassia quinquangulata; structure. rubrofusarin : A member of the class of benzochromenones that is benzo[g]chromen-4-one carrying two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 6 as well as methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 8 respectively. An orange polyketide pigment that is a common intermediate in many different fungal biosynthetic pathways.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone; phenols; polyketide	biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
benzoylpropionic acid benzoylpropionic acid: structure in first source. 4-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing oxo and phenyl substituents at position 4.	2	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid	hapten
vexibinol vexibinol: flavanol from Sophora; structure in first source; RN given refers to (S-(R,S))-isomer. sophoraflavanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin bearing an additional hydroxyl substituent at position 2' as well as a (2R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl (lavandulyl) substituent at position 8'.	2.08	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone	antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
skyrin skyrin: main pigment of toxin rice fungus Penicillium islandicum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	biaryl; trihydroxyanthraquinone
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.93	4	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	2.37	2	0	sulfonic acid derivative
rebeccamycin rebeccamycin: from actinomycete strain C-38,383; structure given in first source. rebeccamycin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of a heteropolycyclic ring system with a glucosyl group attached to one of the indolic nitrogens.	6.44	7	2	indolocarbazole; N-glycosyl compound; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organochlorine compound
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	3.14	5	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-amyrin alpha-amyrin: beta-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from taraxasterol that differs from beta-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 19 position. alpha-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.25	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose: structure given in first source. 1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having four galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3- and 6-positions.	2.08	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose
nodakenin nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties	4.73	27	0	furanocoumarin
2-chloranil [no description available]	2	1	0
heraclenol heraclenol: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren	1.98	1	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.02	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
hederagenin [no description available]	3.19	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
jacaranone jacaranone: sedative; structure	2.76	3	0
magnoflorine magnoflorine: opium alkaloid having the aporphine configuration; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer; structure. (S)-magnoflorine : An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group.	3.02	4	0	aporphine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	plant metabolite
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.15	1	0
marrubiin marrubiin: RN given for (2aS-(2aalpha,5abeta,6alpha,7alpha,8aalpha,8balpha))-isomer; often isolated from MARRUBIUM.	2.45	2	0	gamma-lactone
cornin iridoid cornin iridoid: structure	2.93	4	0	terpene glycoside
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	9.58	128	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sakuranetin sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.07	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; flavonoid phytoalexin; monomethoxyflavanone	antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	2.04	1	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
arjunolic acid arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89. arjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.	3.35	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antioxidant; metabolite
casuarictin sanguiin H 11: regulates chemotaxis of neutrophil; from plant, Sanguisorba officinalis; structure in first source	2	1	0	tannin
isoxaben isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.	2.01	1	0	benzamides; isoxazoles	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; herbicide
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
2-naphthyl sulfate 2-naphthyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthyl sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is naphthalene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a sulfooxy group.	1.99	1	0	aryl sulfate; naphthalenes
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone 4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone: dapsone metabolite; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.4	2	0	dialkyl phosphate
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	1.97	1	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
1-hydroxybenzotriazole 1-hydroxybenzotriazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	benzotriazoles
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.95	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
eucalyptin eucalyptin: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine 4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.51	1	0	pyridines
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	3.38	7	0	monocarboxylic acid
1-pyrenebutyrate 1-pyrenebutyrate: fluorescent probe; RN given refers to 1-pyrenebutyrate	2.03	1	0
benzoyltyrosine ethyl ester ethyl N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-benzoyltyrosine.	1.98	1	0	benzamides; ethyl ester; L-tyrosine derivative; phenols	chromogenic compound
isouramil isouramil: aglycone of convicine	3.24	6	0
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.21	1	0
4'-methoxyflavone 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source	2.07	1	0	ether; flavonoids
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.96	4	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
5-hydroxymethyluracil [no description available]	2.74	3	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidone	human metabolite
truxillic acid truxillic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0
dodecyltetraethylene glycol monoether [no description available]	2.05	1	0	poly(ethylene glycol)
glucose alpha-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->6)-alpha-D-glucan : An alpha-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->6) linkages.. (1->3)-alpha-D-glucan : An alpha-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.05	1	0	D-glucopyranose	mouse metabolite
5,7,4'-trimethylapigenin 5,7,4'-trimethylapigenin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	ether; flavonoids
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	4.88	10	0
trimethylsilyl cyanide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
4-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-fucoside 4-nitrophenylfucoside: RN given refers to (alpha-L-isomer). 4-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside : An alpha-L-fucoside that is alpha-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	2.05	1	0	alpha-L-fucoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
4-nitrophenylglucuronide 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	1.99	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	5.77	24	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde: isolated from Geum japonicum; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	sulfoxide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	1.99	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
asperuloside asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.	6.27	27	0	acetate ester; beta-D-glucoside; gamma-lactone; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt	1.96	1	0
zwittergent 3-12 zwittergent 3-12: zwitterionic detergent. lauryl sulfobetaine : An ammonium betaine in which the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by dodecyl, 3-sulfatopropyl and two methyl groups.	2.67	3	0	ammonium betaine	detergent
hexylphosphonic acid diethyl ester [no description available]	1.96	1	0
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.46	2	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.9	4	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
loganin [no description available]	5.94	32	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
convicine convicine: structure	4.44	22	0	glycoside
1-naphthylglucoside 1-naphthylglucoside: used in analysis of UDPglucosyltransferase	3.06	5	0
thymol-beta-d-glucopyranoside thymol-beta-D-glucopyranoside: glucose conjugate of thymol	2.52	2	0	terpene glycoside
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	6.22	44	0	glycoside
va 061 VA 061: a water-soluble radical initiator; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	2.1	1	0
o-desmethylangolensin O-desmethylangolensin: structure given in first source	3.5	1	1	stilbenoid
orellanine orellanine: isolated from Cortinarius orellanus	2.07	1	0	bipyridines
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.61	9	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
loganic acid loganic acid: structure. loganic acid : A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively	3.98	13	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclopentapyran; glucoside	plant metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	7.47	23	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
beta-thujone [no description available]	2.15	1	0	beta-thujone
aucubin [no description available]	6.44	55	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.01	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.53	2	0	hydroxyisoflavans
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	3.17	5	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside : A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	2.93	4	0	C-nitro compound; xyloside	chromogenic compound
inermin inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.	4.65	9	0	maackiain
ethylphenylpropiolate ethylphenylpropiolate: structure	3.11	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.05	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.48	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside [no description available]	4.01	14	0
oryzemate oryzemate: induces disease resistance against rice blast fungus in rice; structure in first source. probenazole : A member of the class of 1,2-benzothiazoles that is 1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide substituted at position 3 by an allyloxy group. A fungicide used to control rice blast.	2.05	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; aromatic ether; benzothiazole fungicide; sulfone	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator
methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2.48	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
fenpiclonil fenpiclonil : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying cyano and 2,3-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. A fungicide used mainly to control seed-borne pathogens in cereal crops.	2.15	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile; pyrroles	antifungal agrochemical
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	sapogenin
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.7	3	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
ruberythric acid ruberythric acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
cycloartenol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	3beta-sterol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; phytosterols	plant metabolite
picein picein: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	4.51	7	0	glycoside
lupenone lupenone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.	2.79	3	0	6-isopentenylaminopurine	cytokinin
methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-xyloside [no description available]	2	1	0
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0
5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
mor-14 N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor	1.97	1	0	hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
lopinavir [no description available]	3.47	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.94	4	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
populin populin: from Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) leaf; RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.4	2	0	glycoside
indican, plant indican, plant: RN given refers to the (D-Glu)-isomer	3.26	6	0
indole-3-lactic acid indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.25	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	human metabolite
4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucoside 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-anomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 3767-28-0; cpd with unspecified anomer: 5779-46-4. 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	5.59	71	0	beta-D-glucoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.42	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
2-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside [no description available]	3.51	8	0
4-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside 4-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside: RN given refers to (alpha)-anomer; see also (beta)-anomers: 29857-05-4, 2492-87-7; cpd with unspecified anomer: 5779-46-4. 4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside : An alpha-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	6.42	54	0	alpha-D-glucoside; C-nitro compound; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
isopelletierine isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer	2.1	1	0	citraconoyl group
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	6.97	36	0
6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin 6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin: structure given in first source; a phytoalexin isolated from Daucus carota	2.01	1	0	isochromanes
ethylidene glucose [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid dimyristoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	phosphatidic acid
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.69	3	0
dodecyl glucoside dodecyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.73	10	0
panaxytriol panaxytriol: from panax ginseng	2.1	1	0
4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside 4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside: fluorogenic substrate; RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	1.95	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
arabitol arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.	2.02	1	0	arabinitol
5-pregnene-3,20-diol 5-pregnene-3,20-diol: RN given refers to (3 beta,20 alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.44	2	0
6-paradol 6-paradol: induces apoptosis; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
malvidin 3-galactoside [no description available]	4.26	5	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography	2.05	1	0
bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate [no description available]	2	1	0
panose panose : A trisaccharide composed of D-glucopyranose units.	2.42	2	0	trisaccharide	plant metabolite
sesaminol sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.	3.91	12	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; organic hydroxy compound	antioxidant; plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.73	10	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
efuamide efuamide: same cpd is obtained from residue of ignited APC tablets; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid: an ascorbate peroxidase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid : A member of the class of pyridines that is isonicotinic acid which is substituted by chlorine at positions 2 and 6.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; pyridines	EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
isoluminol isoluminol: chemiluminescent label	2.39	2	0
osajin osajin: from Maclura pomifera	2.04	1	0	isoflavanones
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport	1.97	1	0
nitrophenylgalactosides Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	4.69	11	0	beta-D-galactoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
aristolactam i aristolactam I: metabolite of aristolochic acid; forms DNA adducts;	2.51	2	0
murrayanine murrayanine: carbazole alkaloid from Murraya koenigii; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	carbazoles	metabolite
canthin-6-one canthin-6-one: from Zanthoxylum usambarense; structure in first source. canthin-6-one : An indole alkaloid that is 6H-indolo[3,2,1-de][1,5]naphthyridine substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.11	1	0	enone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimycobacterial drug; metabolite
eupatorin eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source. eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.59	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; polyphenol; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Brassica napus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; P450 inhibitor; vasodilator agent
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
oxoglaucine 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
3,4-dehydroproline 3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation	2.02	1	0
xanthommatin [no description available]	2	1	0	xanthommatins
phellopterin phellopterin: a naturally occurring furanocoumarin found in roots of Angelica dahurica; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	psoralens
cellobionolactone cellobionolactone: structure given in first source. cellobiono-1,5-lactone : A disaccharide consisting of D-glucono-1,5-lactone having a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	disaccharide
diosgenin [no description available]	4.57	9	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	4.93	10	0	diterpenoid
1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
anthraglycoside b anthraglycoside B: from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
skimmin skimmin: from Hydrangea paniculata; suppresses the streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in wistar rats	2.78	3	0	coumarins; glycoside
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.93	4	0
syringaresinol [no description available]	5.2	14	0	aromatic ether; furofuran; lignan; polyether; polyphenol	plant metabolite
n-formylmethionylvaline N-formylmethionylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.96	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	1.99	1	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.75	3	0
loliolide loliolide: RN given refers to (6S-cis)-isomer	2.03	1	0	benzofurans	metabolite
diphyllin diphyllin: extract of Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb), a highly poisonous plant; do not confuse with diphyllin or diphylline which is the main heading AMINOPHYLLINE; do not confuse with the theophylline derivative DYPHYLLINE	2.54	2	0	lignan
amiprophos methyl amiprophos methyl: structure	2.03	1	0
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	8.76	76	2	glycoside; lignan
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	2.13	1	0
obovatol obovatol: antineoplastic agent from Magnolis obovata; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
friedelinol friedelinol: isolated from seeds of Aster auriculatus Franch; structure given in first source; RN given refers to friedelanol (friedelinol), the (3alpha)-isomer	2.17	1	0
becatecarin becatecarin: a rebeccamycin deriviative	10.72	17	11
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	2.66	2	0	benzodioxoles
methyl mannoside, (alpha-d)-isomer methylmannoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; see also record for 3-O-methylmannose. methyl alpha-D-mannoside : A methyl mannoside having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.37	2	0	alpha-D-mannoside; methyl mannoside
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	1.95	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-2-deoxyglucopyranoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide : An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide	chromogenic compound
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.36	13	1	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.22	18	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine 3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.17	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.91	4	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
acetyldeoxynivalenol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	trichothecene
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	1.97	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.39	2	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.75	3	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
plicatic acid plicatic acid: major non-volatile fraction in red cedar dust; identified by inhalation challenge as allergen; RN given refers to (1S-(1 alpha,2 alpha,3 beta))-isomer	1.95	1	0	lignan
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.75	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.13	1	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	1.99	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.04	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	3.09	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
ecgonine methyl ester ecgonine methyl ester: major metabolite of cocaine; RN given refers to parent cpd (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer. ecgonine methyl ester : The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.	1.98	1	0	methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	analgesic; central nervous system depressant; metabolite; mouse metabolite; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.48	2	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.05	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.03	1	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.42	2	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.1	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
laurdan laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide	2	1	0
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	3.56	2	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.17	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	3.8	11	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	1.98	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	2.69	3	0
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.52	2	0
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	4.67	28	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
taxiphyllin taxiphyllin: cyanogenic glycoside from plant Taxus; (S) epimer is dhurrin; structure. (R)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (R)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.07	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; nitrile
prodan prodan: do not confuse with prodan in Chemline, RN 16893-85-9 which is disodium hexafluorosilicate	2.02	1	0	2-acyl-6-dimethylaminonaphthalene
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	1.98	1	0	inositol phosphate
saikosaponin d [no description available]	3.84	11	0
miserotoxin miserotoxin: toxin from Emory milkvetch; measured by nitro moiety. miserotoxin : A beta-D-glucoside having 3-nitropropyl as the anomeric alkyl group.	4.69	9	0	beta-D-glucoside; C-nitro compound	phytotoxin
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
geniposide [no description available]	4.46	22	0	terpene glycoside
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	6.47	53	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	1.99	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	3.23	5	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.46	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.44	2	0
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	4.57	23	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	4.36	4	1	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
tuliposide a tuliposide A: RN given refers to (beta-D-Glucopyranose); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 2/90; found in the Alstroemeria plant	2.72	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; homoallylic alcohol; O-acyl carbohydrate
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	3.14	5	0
sri 63-441 SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.38	2	0
asiaticoside [no description available]	3	4	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	3.66	9	0
parthenolide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	germacranolide
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2.1	1	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.49	2	0
pentacaine pentacaine: pentacaine is the (trans-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
kt 6149 KW 2149: derivative of mitomycin C; structure in first source	3.09	1	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	8.75	144	1	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
aristolochic acid ii aristolochic acid II: structure given in first source. aristolochic acid B : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.	2.55	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	2.15	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.35	38	1
tadalafil [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
beta-lumicolchicine Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.	2.36	2	0
methyl beta-cellobioside methyl beta-cellobioside: molecular model given in first source	3.12	5	0
1-glyceryloctyl ether 1-glyceryloctyl ether: non-hydrolyzable substrate analog of lipase	2	1	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source	6.62	26	2	lignan
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	8.25	33	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.95	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2	1	0
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	4.87	31	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
higenamine higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	2.53	2	0	norcoclaurine
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	4.27	19	0
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	9.46	309	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.52	2	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
protoberberine protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.13	1	0
sc 41930 SC 41930: leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
pterosin b pterosin B: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
geraniin Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source	8.83	86	1
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	12.01	271	3	glycoside
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2.05	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.73	10	0	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	3.83	3	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran: orally active & competitive receptor antagonist of platelet activating factor; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
3beta-(n-(n',n'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol 3-(N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl)cholesterol: used to prepare sonicated liposomes	2.03	1	0
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.49	2	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
taraxasterol taraxasterol: from Cirsium segetum. taraxasterol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is taraxastane with a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.73	3	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
culmorin culmorin: tricyclic sesquiterpene metabolite of fungus Fusarium culmorium; structure. culmorin : A sesquiterpenoid fungal metabolite isolated from Fusarium culmorum.	3.31	1	0
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	monoterpenoid
cp 65,526 azidoprazosin: labeled with 125I	2.05	1	0
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	3.04	1	0
nitroaspirin nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
prunasin prunasin: cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.72	10	0	prunasin
asiatic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	angiogenesis modulating agent; metabolite
flavoglaucin flavoglaucin: structure	1.98	1	0	hydroquinones	metabolite
obacunone obacunone: from bark of Chinese plant Phellodendron amurense; shortens sleeping time induced in mice by alpha-chloralose-urethane	3.89	4	0	limonoid
mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate: structure given in first source. mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate : A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.	1.98	1	0	methyl ketone; phthalic acid monoester	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hydrangenol hydrangenol: allergen; an isocoumarin. hydrangenol : A member of the class of dihydroisocoumarins that is 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica and exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.39	2	0	dihydroisocoumarins; phenols	anti-allergic agent; plant metabolite
matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).	3.03	4	0	gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
3-deoxy-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid 3-deoxy-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid: a component of cell wall lipopolysaccharide; artifacts in mass spectrometric analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae; structure in first source. 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate : A carbohydrate acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid	2.07	1	0	3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid
dioscin [no description available]	3.09	1	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; spiroketal; spirostanyl glycoside; trisaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.96	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
cucurbitacins [no description available]	2.96	4	0	11-oxo steroid
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
linustatin linustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; structure	2.95	4	0	cyanogenic glycoside
bw 245c BW 245C: a selective DP receptor agonist. BW 245C : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,4S)- and (3S,4R)-BW 245C. A hydantoin-based prostglandin analogue.. 7-[3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl]heptanoic acid : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.	1.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.17	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol deepoxy-deoxynivalenol: metabolite of deoxynivalenol	2.79	3	0
allosamidin allosamidin: Anti-Asthmatic	2.01	1	0
foropafant Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.75	10	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dopachrome dopachrome: cyclization product of L-DOPA	2.06	1	0	orthoquinones
s-lactoylglutathione [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cleistanthin b cleistanthin B: toxic constituent of Cleistanthus collinus. cleistanthin B : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is cleistanthin A in which the 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-xylopyranosyl group is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group.	2.93	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; cleistanthins; monosaccharide derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	1.98	1	0	xanthones
aristolic acid aristolic acid: this is aristolochic acid without the nitro group	2.15	1	0
n-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine N-formylnorleucyl-leucyl-4-phenylalanine: used to demonstrate the specific binding of chemotactic peptides to receptors in rabbit neutrophils	2.66	3	0
k 76 carboxylic acid K 76 carboxylic acid: effective in blocking formation of chemotactic factor for tumor cells from human complement; oxidized product of sesquiterpene derivative K 76 from fungus Stachybotrys complementi; do not confuse with hydroxamic acid K-76	2.66	3	0
neolinustatin neolinustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; related to amygdalin; structure	2.71	3	0	cyanogenic glycoside
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	2.04	1	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-mannoside 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-mannopyranoside: see also record for (alpha)-isomer	1.95	1	0
2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one: a Maillard reaction product of glucose and glycine; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
n-iodosuccinimide [no description available]	2.42	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
quinovic acid quinovic acid: from Mitragyna stipulosa (Rubiaceae); structure in first source	2.01	1	0
allitol allitol: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	hexitol
cannogenol-3-o-beta-d-allomethyloside cannogenol-3-O-beta-D-allomethyloside: cardenolide from Convallaria majalis L.; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
nepitrin [no description available]	2.78	3	0	flavonoids; glycoside
hydroquinidine hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703	2.03	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
rp 48740 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.97	1	0
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	3.61	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside 4-methylumbelliferyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer	2.36	2	0
nephritogenoside nephritogenoside: isolated from a variety of tissue types; receptor glycoprotein for concanavalin A from rat glomerular basement membrane	1.95	1	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
methyl lactoside beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-OMe : A methyl glycoside comprising methyl beta-D-glucoside having an beta-D-galactosyl residue at the 4-position.	2.39	2	0	disaccharide derivative; methyl glycoside
dansyllysine dansyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N(6)-dansyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a dansyl group at the N(6)-position.	2.02	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; sulfonamide	epitope
6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylenebis(2,2-dimethyl-4-methanesulfonic acid-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
ly 255283 LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone
fluorescein 5-maleimide [no description available]	2	1	0
6-bromoconduritol [no description available]	2.41	2	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	1.99	1	0	peptide
phytosphingosine phytosphingosine: differ with an additional hydroxyl at C-4 & no double bond between C-4 & C-5	2.85	3	0	amino alcohol; sphingoid; triol	mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chapso chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer	2.69	3	0
benzoyl-coenzyme a benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.11	1	0
n-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide: fluorescent reagent	1.98	1	0
chlorodimedone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
butyryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.96	1	0	butanoyl-CoAs	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose [no description available]	2.08	1	0
trehalose-6-phosphate [no description available]	2.4	2	0	trehalose phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
n-succinimidyl propionate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	7.96	34	2
celastrol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	3.03	4	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.15	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
aloe emodin anthrone aloe emodin anthrone: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	anthracenes
aromadedrin aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.	3.3	6	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavanone	metabolite
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2.08	1	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.64	3	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	4.64	26	0	nitrogen oxoacid
diethylaminosulfur trifluoride diethylaminosulfur trifluoride: fluorinating agent for carbohydrates	2	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.42	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
2-nitrophenylgalactoside 2-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	2	0
adenophostin a adenophostin A: structure given in first source; an inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate agonist isolated from Penicillium brevicompactum	2.9	4	0	disaccharide phosphate
5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetate 5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate: calcium chelator; do not confuse with calcium specific chelator (MAPTAM buffer). 5,5'-dimethyl-BAPTA : A polyamino carboxylic acid, the structure of which is that of BAPTA carrying methyl substituents at C-5 and C-5'.	1.99	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid	chelator
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	2.39	2	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals	6.67	19	1	lignan
2-azidoadenosine 3',5'-diphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
aerobactin [no description available]	3.18	5	0	L-lysine derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; siderophore; virulence factor
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.47	2	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	6.15	2	2	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine: fluorescent probe for membrane lipids	2.38	2	0
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	1.99	1	0
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source	2	1	0
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2.21	1	0
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)- bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	3.07	5	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
lipid x lipid X: monosaccharide precursor of E coli lipid A; structure given in first source; see also lipid A precursors, Salmonella. lipid X : An N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate where the N-acyl group is (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl and carrying an additional (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl group at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
dodecyloctaethyleneglycol monoether octaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether : The hydroxypolyether that is octaethylene glycol in which one of the hydroxy groups is substituted by dodecyloxy.	3.87	12	0	hydroxypolyether
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.08	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
gr 65630 GR 65630: serotonin receptor ligand. GR 65630 : A member of the class of methylindoles that is 1-methylindole substituted at position 3 by a 3-(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)propanoyl group.	2.38	2	0
proanthocyanidin a2 procyanidin A2: structure in first source. proanthocyanidin A2 : A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units.	2.17	1	0	hydroxyflavan; proanthocyanidin	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-HIV agent; antioxidant; metabolite
fraxinellone fraxinellone: structure given in first source; RN given for (3R-cis)-isomer	3.03	1	0	2-benzofurans
rubiadin rubiadin: highly genotoxic in Salmonella typhimurium. rubiadin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.54	2	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
1,2-hexanoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-hexanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0
5-((glucopyranosyloxy)methyl)uracil 5-((glucopyranosyloxy)methyl)uracil: a base found in the DNA of Trypanosoma brucei	7.56	45	0
iguratimod iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
demethoxyviridin demethoxyviridin: blocks phospholipase C & D activation in human neutrophils; RN from Toxlit	2.05	1	0
glucogallin glucogallin: RN given refers to (D-glucose)-isomer	5.09	13	0
cp 66713 CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
heptane-1,2,3-triol heptane-1,2,3-triol : A triol comprising heptane substituted with hydroxy groups at C-1, -2 and -3.	2.91	4	0	triol
2-tetradecylglycidyl-coenzyme a 2-tetradecylglycidyl-coenzyme A: active form of methyl palmoxirate	1.96	1	0
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.41	2	0	aliphatic alcohol
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanous acid : A sulfur oxoacid that is sulfenic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a cyano group.	3.23	1	0	one-carbon compound; sulfur oxoacid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiviral agent; human metabolite; oxidising agent; rat metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.39	2	0
neuramin lactitol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
sinpeinine a sinpeinine A: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91; from bulb of Fritillaria pallidiflora; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside 4-methylumbelliferylcellobioside: substrate for cellobiohydrolase I	2.68	3	0	coumarins; glycoside
methotrexate [no description available]	8.78	20	5	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
hupeheninoside hupeheninoside: isolated from Fritillaria hupehensis; structure given in first source; MF: C33-H55-N-O7	2.91	4	0
paeonimetabolin i paeonimetabolin I: metabolite of paeoniflorin; RN given for (2alpha,3abeta,5alpha,7abeta,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source	3.1	5	0
4-nitrophenyl-o-6-deoxy-6-((2-pyridyl)amino)-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-alpha-d-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.37	2	0
bungeiside c bungeiside C: structure given in first source; isolated from the roots of Cynanchum bungei	1.98	1	0	glycoside
dioctanoylphosphatidic acid dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester
glycyl-leucyl-phenylalanine glycyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: an immunostimulatory peptide; RN given refer to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	2.13	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	5.78	26	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	10.06	105	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
methyl-beta-d-fructoside methylfructoside: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.21	1	0
s(alpha)-methyl-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-2-naphthaleneacetic acid S(alpha)-methyl-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-2-naphthaleneacetic acid: inhibitor of leukotriene-mediated reactions; structure in first source; WY-50295K is the tromethamine salt	3.07	1	0
n-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide N-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide: accumulated during osmotic stress in Rhizobium meliloti	1.98	1	0	dipeptide
sulbactam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	penicillanic acids
ro 31-4639 Ro 31-4639: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
picrocrocin picrocrocin: a glucoside of safranal; a bitter-tasting substance; structure given in first source. picrocrocin : A beta-D-glucoside of beta-cyclocitral; the precursor of safranal. It is the compound most responsible for the bitter taste of saffron.	7.93	61	0	beta-D-glucoside
nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-n-oxide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
cornuside cornuside: a bisiridoid glucoside from Cornus officinalis Sieb et Zucc; structure given in first source	5.88	21	1
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	amino acid amide
verticine verticine: structure	2.9	4	0	alkaloid
mdl-201112 3-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-cyclopentanol: structure given in first source; a synthetic carbocyclic adenosine analog; RN given refers to (1R-cis)-isomer	1.98	1	0
osw 1 OSW 1: RN given for the (3beta,16beta)-isomer	2	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	3.49	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
zm 230487 ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	2.4	2	0
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	4.19	2	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
n-octyl-beta-d-maltopyranoside octyl maltopyranoside: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	6.26	3	1	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems [no description available]	2.25	1	0
dd-13 1-morpholinomethyl-tetrahydro-1(1H)-pyrimidinone: RN not in Chemline 12/85; RN from Toxline	1.98	1	0
1,2-pentadecanoylphosphatidylcholine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
marsupsin marsupsin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium; RN given for (-)-isomer. marsupsin : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one, substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a 4-hydroxybenzyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium, it exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.	2.39	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; polyphenol	antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	2.06	1	0
aspartame [no description available]	6.36	20	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
cycloastragenol [no description available]	3.53	2	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	4.57	25	0	D-xylose
2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-2-propyl-1-palmitoylcysteine 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-2-propyl-1-palmitoylcysteine: intermediate for immunogen preparation	2.43	2	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.41	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
ethynylpyridine ethynylpyridine: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sinensetin sinensetin: isolated from citrus fruit; exhibit antiadhesive action on platelets. sinensetin : A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.11	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
3',4'-dihydroxyflavone 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone: inhibitors of arachidonic acid peroxidation	2.03	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	5.83	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	5.11	12	0
phyllodulcin, (r)-isomer phyllodulcin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
procyanidin b3 procyanidin B3 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration. It can be found in red wine, in barley, in beer, in peach or in Jatropha macrantha, the Huanarpo Macho.	2.47	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.96	6	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
tariquidar [no description available]	2.55	2	0	benzamides
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.07	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
tanshinone vi tanshinone VI: isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source	3.11	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.15	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
allophanic acid urea-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	ureas
n-methylserotonin N-methylserotonin: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylserotonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is serotonin in which one of the hydrogens attached to the primary amino group is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	phenols; tryptamines	human metabolite; plant metabolite
columbianetin columbianetin: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. columbianetin : The angular furanocoumarin analogue of the linear furanocoumarin marmesin.	2.17	1	0	furanocoumarin; tertiary alcohol
glucosyl fluoride glucosyl fluoride: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.01	1	0
dx 8951 [no description available]	3.09	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
threonic acid threonic acid: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer	1.97	1	0	threonic acid
cilomilast [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzenes
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
4-pyridoxic acid lactone 4-pyridoxolactone: has chelating and antianemic activities; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	furopyridine; lactone
ribulose ribulose: 5-carbon keto sugar; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PENTOSES (75-85); RN given refers to (erythro)-isomer	1.96	1	0	ribulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
evodiamine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	beta-carbolines
1-thioglucose 1-thioglucose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.03	1	0
6-deoxytalose 6-deoxytalose: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.06	1	0
2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.02	1	0	L-serine derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
salicylic acid glucoside salicylic acid glucoside: structure given in first source; induces pathogenesis-related protein expression in tobacco; involved in systemic acquired resistance. 2-(D-glucosyloxy)benzoic acid : A monosaccharide derivative that is salicylic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a D-glucosyl residue.	4.12	15	0	benzoic acids; D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative
tellimagrandin ii tellimagrandin II: isolated from Filipendula palmata; structure in first source	3.76	10	0
5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone: isolated from Artemisia argyi	2	1	0
2',4'-dinitrophenylglucopyranoside 2',4'-dinitrophenylglucopyranoside: substrate of exoglucanase	3.24	6	0
n-bromoacetylglucosamine N-bromoacetylglucosamine: inactivates bovine brain mitochopndrial hexokinase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
naphthyl glucuronide naphthyl glucuronide: RN given refers to D-glucosiduronic acid, 1-naphthyl	2.37	2	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	6.32	4	2	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
bazedoxifene [no description available]	2.52	2	0	phenylindole
10-deacetylbaccatine iii 10-deacetylbaccatine III: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	2.25	1	0	tropane alkaloid
rp 73401 piclamilast: an antiasthmatic agent and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; structure in first source. piclamilast : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	3.67	10	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
aurantio-obtusin aurantio-obtusin: main anthraquinone in “Jue-Ming-Zi”, therapeutic for hyperlipidemia. aurantio-obtusin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,3,7-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 8, and by a methyl group at position 6.	2.17	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone
4-methoxyhonokiol 4-methoxyhonokiol: an NSAID isolated from Magnolia obovata; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
atractylenolide iii atractylenolide III: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	naphthofuran	metabolite
leiocarposide leiocarposide: a phenolic bisglucoside from Solidago virgaurea L; a heterodimer of salicin esterified to a methoxy-hydroxy-benzoic acid; RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer;	3.36	7	0	glycoside
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	3.12	5	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	5.14	45	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.13	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
curculigoside [no description available]	4.93	32	0
rhodioloside [no description available]	15.75	555	3	glycoside
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	4.42	19	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
apigeninidin apigeninidin: a sorghum phytoalexin; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
homonojirimycin homonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0
teucrin a teucrin A: a neoclerodane diterpene from the herb Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys); structure in first source	2.21	1	0
tripchlorolide tripchlorolide: a chloro-tri-epoxide analog of triptolide; from woody part of the root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook; structure given in first source	3.5	2	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	pyrrolidines
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.76	3	0	imidazoquinoline
aristololactam-glucoside aristololactam-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (beta-D-glucopyranosyl)	5.65	14	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.73	10	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
mega 8 MEGA 8: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
aloesin aloesin: UP780 is a preparation of aloesin and an aloe polysaccharide that improves insulin sensitivity; human intestinal bacteria cleaves the C-glucosyl bond; structure given in first source	8.92	38	1	chromones
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	3.93	3	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	3.13	5	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.7	3	0	carbodiimide
isosakuranetin isosakuranetin: structure in first source. 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).	3.03	4	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite
matteucinol matteucinol: isolated from leaves of Rhododendron simsii; structure given in first source. matteucinol : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone with hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 and a methoxy group at position 4'.	2.04	1	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite; radical scavenger
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	3.38	6	0	triterpene
isolariciresinol isolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((1-S-(1alpha,2beta,3alpha))-isomer); structure given in first source. (+)-isolariciresinol : A lignan that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol substituted by hydroxymethyl groups at positions 6 and 7, a methoxy group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.	2.42	2	0	guaiacols; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
oxypeucadanin oxypeucadanin: furanocoumarin from W. Afr. medicinal plant Clausena anisata; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. oxypeucedanin : A furanocoumarin that is 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one substituted by a [(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]methoxy group at position 4.	2.44	2	0	psoralens
anonaine anonaine: smooth muscle relaxant; aporphine alkaloid isolated from roots of Annona cherimolia; structure in first source. (-)-annonaine : An aporphine alkaloid that exhibits anti-cancer, trypanocidal and antiplasmodial activites.	2.41	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle	antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; trypanocidal drug
isoflavanone isoflavanone: structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide. isoflavanone : Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond.	2.21	1	0	isoflavanones
epiberberine epiberberine: isolated in plants of Coptis from China	2.1	1	0
nevadensin nevadensin: from Lysionotus pauceflora Maxim; RN & N1 from 9th CI. nevadensin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
sweroside [no description available]	4.32	19	0	glycoside
prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.	2.38	2	0
gamma-glu-asp gamma-glutamylaspartic acid: found in pig brain	2.11	1	0	dipeptide
leukodopachrome leukodopachrome: proposed metabolite in pathway from tyrosine to dopachrome; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source. leucodopachrome : Indoline substituted with hydroxy groups at C-5 and -6 and a carboxy group at C-2, and with S stereochemistry at C-2.	2.02	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles	metabolite
secologanin (-)-secologanin : An iridoid monoterpenoid that is acetaldehyde in which on of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl group which is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by a vinyl and a methoxycarbonyl group, respectively (the 2S,3R,4S stereoisomer).	4.34	6	0	aldehyde; beta-D-glucoside; enoate ester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	plant metabolite
strictosidine [no description available]	3.48	2	0	alkaloid ester; beta-D-glucoside; indole alkaloid; methyl ester
ceanothic acid ceanothic acid: isolated from Ceanothus americanus; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
dhurrin dhurrin: cyanogenic glucoside from plant Sorghum; (R)-epimer is taxiphyllin; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-4-hydroxymandelonitrile beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside consisting of (S)-prunasin carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.92	19	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyanogenic glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; nitrile
hardwickic acid hardwickic acid: structure given in first source; isolated from the roots of Croton sonderianus; RN given for (+)-isomer	2.31	1	0
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.01	4	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
an-69 AN-69: copolymer of acrylonitrile & sodium methallylsulfonate used in hemodialysis	1.97	1	0
myricanone myricanone: from stem bark of Myrica rubra; structure given in first source. Myricanone : A cyclic ketone isolated from the bark of Morella species and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; diarylheptanoid; methoxybenzenes; phenols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
tylophorinidine tylophorinidine: antileukemic agent from T. indica	2.03	1	0
myricanol myricanol: from stem bark of Myrica rubra; RN given for (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
2'-hydroxyflavone 2'-hydroxyflavone: isolated from Daphnopsis sellowiana; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	flavones
pentaacetyl geniposide pentaacetyl geniposide: glycoside of genipin; structure given in first source; from Gardenia fructus	4.61	8	0	terpene glycoside
patrinoside patrinoside: obtained from Patrina scabiosaefolia; RN given refers to (1S-(1 alpha,4a alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha,7a alpha))-isomer; structure in 9th CI Form Index	3.37	7	0	terpene glycoside
aloenin aloenin: bitter glucoside constituent of Aloe arborescens; structure given in first source	3.81	11	0	glycoside
isovitexin [no description available]	6.75	27	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
tulipalin b tulipalin B: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source. tulipalin B : A member of the class of butan-4-olides that is 3-methylidenebutan-4-olide carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 4 (the 4R-enantiomer)	3.16	5	0
glyceollin glyceollin: found in plants; structure	2.15	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
8-o-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester: an iridoid glucoside; from Phlomis mongolica Turcz; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,5alpha,7alpha,7aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	4	13	0
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
secoxyloganin secoxyloganin: from Guettarda playpoda. secoxyloganin : A secoiridoid glycoside that is [(2R,3R,4S)-2-hydroxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-vinyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]acetic acid in which the anometric hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It has been isolated from several plant species and exhibits antioxidant and anti-allergic properties.	3.12	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; dicarboxylic acid monoester; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-allergic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
beta-d-galactopyranosylmethyl-4-nitrophenyltriazene beta-D-galactopyranosylmethyl-4-nitrophenyltriazene: active-site directed irreversible-inhibitor of beta-galactosidase; structure	1.95	1	0
gingerdione gingerdione: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	beta-diketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
amipurimycin amipurimycin: from Streptomyces novoguineensis sp. nov.	2	1	0
aucubigenin aucubigenin: aglycone of aucubin; structure given in first source	4.03	4	0
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	1.97	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
cyclophellitol cyclophellitol: structure given in first source; isolated from Phellinus sp.	2.15	1	0
5'-s-(2-aminoethyl)-n(6)-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5'-thioadenosine 5'-S-(2-aminoethyl)-N(6)-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5'-thioadenosine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2	1	0
enniatin b enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.	2.51	2	0	enniatin	antimicrobial agent
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.07	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
7-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1,2-dicarbonic acid hydrazide 7-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1,2-dicarbonic acid hydrazide: chemiluminescent oxidant indicator	1.97	1	0
4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside 4-nitrophenyl beta-cellobioside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer; see also (alpha)-anomer: 17400-77-0	4.74	30	0
proximadiol proximadiol: dicyclic sesquiterpenediol from Cymbopogon proximus with antispasmodic activity	2.02	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid	metabolite
aristolochic acid c aristolochic acid C: isolated from Aristolochia contorta. aristolochic acid C : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by an hydroxy group at position 6, and by a nitro group at position 10.	2.15	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 14-demethyllanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed formally by loss of a methyl group from the 14-position of lanosterol.	2.05	1	0	3beta-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.91	4	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
potassium iron(iii) hexacyanoferrate (ii) potassium iron(III) hexacyanoferrate (II): used in treatment of thallium poisoning	2.08	1	0
clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.	1.96	1	0	potassium salt	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
4-nitrophenylmaltoside [no description available]	4.01	14	0
peiminine peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.92	4	0	alkaloid
nordihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pectolinarin pectolinarin: antihemorrhagic principle from Chinese plant Cirsium japonicum DC.. pectolinarin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of pectolinarigenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavanone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease	2.15	1	0
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	6.15	2	2	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tracheloside tracheloside: a lignan isolated from the seeds of Arctium lappa and Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source	3.82	11	0	glycoside; lignan	metabolite
elenolic acid elenolic acid: extract of olive plant; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure	2.45	2	0
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.06	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid: inhibits phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.04	1	0
isoxazolin-5-one isoxazolin-5-one : An isoxazole that is 3-isoxazoline substituted at position 5 by an oxo group.	2.84	3	0	isoxazoles
terics terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use	2.05	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.32	6	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bis(4-(glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl) 2-sec-butylmalate militarine: isolated from Rhizoma Bletillae; structure in first source	2.79	3	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	8.1	25	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	4.51	5	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
4-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside [no description available]	4.11	16	0
triptophenolide triptophenolide: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	oxo steroid
2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine: sphingomyelin analog cleaved by sphingomyelinase used for detection of homozygotes and heterozygous carriers of Niemann-Pick disease; structure	1.96	1	0
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide 3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.99	4	0
pinoresinol diglucoside pinoresinol diglucoside: major antihypertensive principle of Tu-Chung (Eucummia ulmoides, Oliver); structure	1.95	1	0
n-hydroxytyrosine N-hydroxytyrosine: structure. N-hydroxytyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the amino hydrogen by a hydroxy group.	2.36	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.89	4	0
avenacin a 1 avenacin A 1: an oat root saponin; RN refers to (3beta,4alpha,12beta,16beta,20beta,21beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	10.33	54	1
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	1.99	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
oleanolic acid 3-o-monoglucuronide oleanolic acid 3-O-monoglucuronide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.83	11	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.53	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
dihydrodaidzein dihydrodaidzein: structure in first source. dihydrodaidzein : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4' and 7.	3.98	2	1	hydroxyisoflavanone	metabolite
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	6.01	8	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dicentrinone dicentrinone: from Ocotea leucoxylon; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.45	2	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	2.11	1	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
dialuric acid dialuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dialuric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which a hydrogen attached to a ring carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates
teucvin teucvin: RN given for (5'aS-(5'aalpha,6'beta(R*),7'beta,8'aalpha))-isomer; isolated from Teucrium bidentatum	2.21	1	0
isoxanthochymol isoxanthochymol: extract of Garcinia species; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
limonin [no description available]	4.44	8	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
thaxtomine a thaxtomine A: a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0
thaxtomine b thaxtomine B: RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; structure in first source	2	1	0
cacalol cacalol: a sesquiterpene contained in Cacalia delphiniifolia Sleb et Zucc; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	1.95	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
medioresinol medioresinol: has both leishmanicidal and antifungal activities; isolated from Sambucus williamsii; structure in first source. (-)-medioresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the stems of Sinocalamus affinis.	2.49	2	0	dimethoxybenzene; furofuran; lignan; polyphenol	plant metabolite
mycosamine mycosamine: structure	1.98	1	0	deoxymannose derivative; mannosamine
kutkoside kutkoside: structure in first source	4.05	4	0
schaftoside schaftoside: structure in first source. schaftoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is apigenin substituted by beta-D-glucopyranosyl and an alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl moieties at positions 6 and 8 via C-glycosidic linkages.	2.11	1	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	4.7	8	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
moracin m moracin M: has been isolated from Morus alba L.; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	benzofurans
6-o-veratroyl catalpol [no description available]	2.49	2	0
aurantiamide aurantiamide: a Src kinase ligand; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
dihydroresveratrol dihydroresveratrol: structure in first source. dihydroresveratrol : A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.	2.48	2	0	stilbenol	plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.71	3	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
glycitin glycitin: structure in first source. glycitin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.	3.2	5	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
4,7,10,13-eicosatetraynoic acid 4,7,10,13-eicosatetraynoic acid: inhibits synthesis of 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE)	1.96	1	0
santamarine santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group.	2.41	2	0	sesquiterpene lactone
5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone: from Mosla Soochowensis Matsuda; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
oleuropeic acid oleuropeic acid: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cirsimaritin cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone
4-aminophenyl beta-lactoside [no description available]	2.68	3	0
4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.97	1	0
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	2.01	1	0	dipeptide	human metabolite
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2.11	1	0	primary amine
alisol b alisol B: RN given for (8alpha,9beta,11beta,14beta,23S,24R)-isomer; isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
norcepharadione b norcepharadione B: isolated from Houttynia cordata; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	3.51	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
erythrocentaurin erythrocentaurin: isolated from Centaurium umbellatum Gilib, Enicostemma hyssopifolium & Swertia lawii; structure	2.44	2	0
maltotriose Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..	3.62	9	0	maltotriose trisaccharide	human metabolite
erythritol 4-phosphate D-erythritol 4-phosphate : A tetritol phosphate consisting of D-erythritol having the phosphate at the 4-position.	2.11	1	0	alditol 4-phosphate; tetritol phosphate
eudesmane eudesmane: a bicyclododecane; not a napthalene	3.16	5	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
isofloridoside isofloridoside: RN given refers to parent cpd. isofloridoside : A galactosylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding alpha-D-galactopyranoside.	3.21	1	0	alpha-D-galactoside; galactosylglycerol
2',3'-epoxypropylglucopyranoside 2',3'-epoxypropylglucopyranoside: active-site directed, irreversible inactivator of yeast hexokinase; structure	2.89	4	0
valienamine valienamine: intermediate formed by microbial degradation of validamycins; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
phellamurin phellamurin: flavonone. phellamurin : A member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (+)-dihydrokaempferol substituted by a prenyl group at position 8 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Phellodendron amurense and Commiphora africana, it exhibits inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein.	2.44	2	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; beta-D-glucoside; dihydroflavonols; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavanone	metabolite
n-decylphosphorylcholine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
depsidomycin depsidomycin: depsipeptide from Streptomyces lavendofoliae; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	3.12	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	5.04	2	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
phenoxodiol phenoxodiol: a synthetic derivative of DAIDZEIN	2.41	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	5.28	17	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	3.03	4	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	4.78	32	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	4.24	19	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cellulose triacetate cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration	2.31	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.88	34	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	4.46	21	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
lanosterol [no description available]	2.97	4	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nogalamycin Nogalamycin: An anthrocycline from a Streptomyces nogalater variant. It is a cytolytic antineoplastic that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by binding to DNA.. nogalamycin : An anthracycline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces nogalater. It is a DNA intercalator and exhibits anticancer properties.	1.98	1	0
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.05	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.45	2	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	6.46	65	0
lupeol [no description available]	3.56	8	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
tricaine tricaine: request from searcher; RN given refers to parent cpd. tricaine : A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.. tricaine methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of tricaine with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. Used as an anaesthetic for fish.	2.02	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	general anaesthetic
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.54	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	2.44	2	0
diospyrin diospyrin: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; ring assembly
wortmannin [no description available]	4.28	18	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	3.7	9	0
lariciresinol lariciresinol: found in human urine. (+)-lariciresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer).	3.2	5	0	aromatic ether; lignan; oxolanes; phenols; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
marmesin marmesin: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; nodakenetin is the (R)-isomer	2.45	2	0	marmesin
medicarpin (-)-medicarpin : The (-)-enantiomer of medicarpin.	2.73	3	0	medicarpin	plant metabolite
amyrin acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.83	3	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
indole-3-acetonitrile indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.05	1	0	indoles; nitrile	auxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gentianine gentianine: from Gentiana macrophylla	2	1	0	lactone; pyranopyridine; pyridine alkaloid
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	3.76	2	1
5-demethylnobiletin 5-demethylnobiletin: antineoplastic from Citrus plants; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	ether; flavonoids
phyllanthin [no description available]	4.15	4	0	lignan
1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethylanthraquinone 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethylanthraquinone: metabolite of emodin	2.05	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone
bortezomib [no description available]	5.59	4	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.47	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.41	1	0
Bardoxolone [no description available]	2.82	2	0	cyclohexenones
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	3.23	1	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.26	6	0
lanatosides Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)	1.94	1	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	2.57	2	0	trichothecene
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.4	2	0
carboplatin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
picumast picumast: RN & NM refer to di-HCl	2.37	2	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.12	5	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.96	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.22	49	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	2.37	2	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
arabinose [no description available]	5.12	17	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.52	8	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.4	2	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	3.26	6	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	4.37	21	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	3.53	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	6.83	25	1	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.72	3	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	3.46	1	1	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.72	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
lichenin [no description available]	2.41	2	0
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.9	4	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	6.82	32	2	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	7.83	87	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.1	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	4.48	23	0
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
galactose beta-D-galactose : A D-galactopyranose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.. beta-D-galactoside : Any D-galactoside having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.	2.05	1	0	D-galactopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	2.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.76	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
6-phosphonoglucono-delta-lactone 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldonolactone phosphate comprising D-glucono-1,5-lactone having the phosphate group at the 6-position.	1.99	1	0	aldonolactone phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.6	9	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.08	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamyl-glutamic acid glutamyl-glutamic acid: RN given for (L,L)-isomer. Glu-Glu : A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.	2.57	2	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.77	11	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	14.45	225	6	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
scopolin [no description available]	6.36	49	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.31	1	0
puromycin [no description available]	3.05	5	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2.42	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.55	8	0	taxifolin	metabolite
maltohexaose alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltohexaose hexasaccharide consisting of five alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	1.93	1	0	maltohexaose hexasaccharide
cellotetraose cellotetraose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. cellotetraose : A glucotetrose comprised of four D-glucose residues connected by beta(1->4) linkages.	2.44	2	0	glucotetraose
maltotetraose alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltotetraose tetrasaccharide consisting of three alpha-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.65	3	0	maltotetraose tetrasaccharide
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	1.98	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.54	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	1.97	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
n-formylmethionine N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.	4.73	31	0	L-methionine derivative; N-formyl amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.31	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
n'-formylkynurenine N'-formylkynurenine: a photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-formylkynurenine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.27	6	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cholesteryl glucoside cholesteryl glucoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.73	3	0	monosaccharide derivative; sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.17	1	0
tetrahydrocolumbamine tetrahydrocolumbamine: a dopamine receptor ligand; from Polygala tenuifolia; structure given in first source. (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine : A berberine alkaloid consisting of columbamine having four extra hydrogens at positions 5, 8, 13 and 13a and (S)-configuration.	2.08	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
1-o-indol-3-ylacetylglucose [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indoleacetic acid ester conjugate; indolyl carbohydrate
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.38	2	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	3.14	5	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
dyphylline hydrogenobyrinic acid: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	5.54	15	1	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	5.22	13	0	trichothecene
arabinofuranose arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.	2.06	1	0	L-arabinose
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	9.36	58	1	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.01	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	5.05	41	0	cellotriose
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	2.01	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.67	9	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.44	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.95	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.23	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
mycothiol mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.	2.41	2	0
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	2.37	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	4.37	22	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.17	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	3.51	1	1	piperidines
saponarin saponarin: structure in first source. 7-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)isovitexin : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydroxyl hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	4.6	24	0	C-glycosyl compound; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
lotaustralin lotaustralin: higher homologue of linamarin from flax; a cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	6.38	31	0	cyanogenic glycoside
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.91	4	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.44	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
hippeastrine hippeastrine: isolated from Amaryllidaceae; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. hippeastrine : An indole alkaloid isolated from the Amaryllidaceae family and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity.	2.04	1	0	delta-lactone; indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
pancratistatin pancratistatin: an isocarbostyril from Amaryllidaceae	2.43	2	0	citraconoyl group
buclizine luteolinidin: structure in first source	2.81	3	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.01	1	0
sophoranone sophoranone: a flavonoid compound with isoprenoid side chains; extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Shan Dou Gen, isolated from the roots of Sophora subprostrata; structure in first source. sophoranone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' and prenyl groups at positions 3' and 5' respectively.	2.51	2	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite
peonidin peonidin: a COX-2 inhibitor with protein kinase inhibitory and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; RN given for chloride salt. peonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'.	3.89	11	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
petunidin petunidin: RN given for chloride salt. petunidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 5'.	3.04	4	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
rutaevin rutaevin: from root bark of Dictamnus daycarpus Turcz.	3.03	1	0	steroid lactone
stigmast-7-enol stigmast-7-enol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	steroid
ruscogenin ruscogenin: basic sapogenin of Ruscus sp.; RN given refers to (1 beta,3 beta,25R)-isomer	2.47	2	0	triterpenoid
astragaloside iii astragaloside III: from Astragali Radix; structure in first source. astragaloside III : A triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol with a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl moiety attached at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	disaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.06	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.8	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
cimifugin cimifugin: isolated from Saposhnikovia divaricatae; structure in first source	2.86	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
khelloside khelloside: structure given in first source	2.62	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.81	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	2.08	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
isopimaric acid isopimaric acid: isolated from the bark of Illicium jadifengpi	2	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	16.62	407	12	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	coumarins
afzelechin afzelechin: from Hovenia dulcis; structure in first source. afzelechin : A tetrahydroxyflavan that is (2S)-flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.06	1	0	catechin; tetrahydroxyflavan	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
davidigenin davidigenin: has antispasmodic activity; isolated from Mascarenhasia arborescens; structure in first source. davidigenin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is dihydrochalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2', and 4' respectively.	2.07	1	0	dihydrochalcones; polyphenol	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
patchouli alcohol patchouli alcohol: major component of the essential oil of patchouli; perfumery raw material. patchouli alcohol : A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).	2.48	2	0
agnuside agnuside: isolated from Vitex peduncularis; structure in first source. agnuside : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with the primary hydroxy group of aucubin. It is an iridoid glycoside found in several Vitex plants including Vitex agnus-castus.	3.79	10	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; terpene glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite; pro-angiogenic agent
genipin [no description available]	3.09	5	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	4.75	28	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.16	3	1	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	5.9	32	0	glycoside
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.98	4	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
tremulacin tremulacin: extracted from Folia Populus tomentosa Carr; structure given in first source	3.83	11	0	glycoside
lentiginosine lentiginosine: from Astragalus lentiginosus	2.01	1	0	indolizines
vicenin ii vicenin: isolated from the leaves of the Indian plant Ocimum sanctum were tested for their radioprotective effect in mice. isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	6.56	57	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
casuarinin casuarinin: a hydrolyzable tannin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae)	3.73	2	0	tannin
eugeniin eugeniin: structure in first source. eugeniin : An ellagitannin isolated from the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata. It exhibits alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antiviral activity against acyclovir and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA)-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as well as the wild-type HSV-1.	4.71	9	0	beta-D-glucoside; ellagitannin; gallate ester; lactone	anti-HSV-1 agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
tellimagrandin i tellimagrandin I: isolated from Filipendula palmata; RN given for (D)-isomer	5.54	21	0	tannin
chrysophanol 8-o-glucoside chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; also has antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities; isolated from Rheum palmatum. chrysophanol 8-O-beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside in which the aglycone species is chrysophanol, the glycosidic linkage being to the hydroxy group at C-8.	3.2	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; monohydroxyanthraquinone
frangulin b frangulin B: found in bark of Frangula alnus (formerly called Rhamnus frangula)	2.1	1	0	anthraquinone
knipholone knipholone: a binary compound of the anthraquinone chrysophanol and an acetylphloroglucinol. knipholone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 6, a methyl group at position 2 and a 3-acetyl-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl group at position 1. It exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activities.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; dihydroxyanthraquinone; methoxybenzenes; methyl ketone; polyphenol; resorcinols	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiplasmodial drug; leukotriene antagonist; metabolite
gluco-obtusifolin gluco-obtusifolin: isolated from Cassia obtusifolia; structure in first source	2.78	3	0	anthraquinone
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	4.53	7	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
trifolirhizin trifolirhizin: from Sophora flavescens; has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis; structure in first source	5.16	16	0	pterocarpans
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	2.01	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)acetophenone 4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)acetophenone: A dual inhibitor of arachidonate metabolism isolated from Helichrysum italicum; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
littorine littorine: RN given refers to (3(R)-endo)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90; isolated from a Duboisia hybrid	2.25	1	0	tropane alkaloid
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	15	347	5
acanthoside b acanthoside B: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer	2.74	3	0	beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.03	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.78	3	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.04	1	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	11.97	349	3	tripeptide
geniposidic acid [no description available]	5.59	23	0	terpene glycoside
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
yersiniabactin yersiniabactin: from clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica; an iron-chelating virulence factor of Yersinia pestis; yersiniabactin is a thiazole phenol analog of pyochelin; biosynthesized from salicylate, cysteine and malonyl CoA. yersiniabactin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis.	3.16	5	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; secondary alcohol; thiazolidines	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
fengycin fengycin: lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis	2.54	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide
petunidin-3-glucoside [no description available]	4.4	19	0	anthocyanin cation; aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside	antioxidant; metabolite
malvidin-3-glucoside malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.	8.14	124	2	anthocyanin cation; aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
isoshinanolone isoshinanolone: from crude extracts; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	tetralins
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	1.96	1	0	amino sugar
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	5	2	1	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.35	19	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.88	4	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	4.94	34	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.67	9	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	3.63	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.45	22	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	10.25	216	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.94	4	0	cyclodextrin
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.38	2	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	12.09	195	3	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	8.46	33	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	2.13	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	5.26	16	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.73	10	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	1.97	1	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	5.87	88	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	7.33	54	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
2',4'-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluorocellobioside 2',4'-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluorocellobioside: inactivator of beta-1,4-glucanases	3.1	5	0
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	4.81	7	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	9.51	22	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.7	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.12	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.9	4	0
validamine validamine: RN given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 11/84; structure given in first source. validamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of 1D-chiro-inositol lacking the 6-hydroxy group and having those at positions 1 and 5 replaced by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.	1.98	1	0	amino cyclitol
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	3.39	6	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.92	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isofagomine [no description available]	2	1	0	piperidines
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	3.41	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.68	3	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
violaxanthin violaxanthin: a carotene epoxide that is precursor to capsanthin; one of 3 xanthophylls involved in evolution of plastids of green plants (oxygen evolution); 3 (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin & antheraxanthin) participate in series of photo-induced interconversions known as ''violaxanthin cycle''; structure; cleavage of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoids (violaxanthin) to xanthoxin, catalyzed by 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, is the key regulatory step of ABSCISIC ACID biosynthesis. violaxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is 5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5,6:5',6'-diepoxy-beta,beta-carotene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 3'. It is the naturally occurring xanthophyll pigment found in a variety of plants.. all-trans-violaxanthin : The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.	2.79	3	0	violaxanthin	food colouring
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	4.09	15	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.74	11	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
4-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside: see also record for (beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
zeatin Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)	4.1	15	0	zeatin	plant metabolite
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.03	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.43	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.31	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
1,3,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucose 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
trachelogenin trachelogenin: structure in first source	2.49	2	0	lignan
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.69	99	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	10.57	448	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.43	2	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
macrocarpal a macrocarpal A: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
macrocarpal b macrocarpal B: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	4.58	25	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.1	16	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	8.18	78	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.02	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.66	3	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.42	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.06	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	3.07	4	0
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.78	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
cinnamtannin b-1 cinnamtannin B-1: COX2 Inhibitor from bay wood and bark of Cinnamomum cassia; structure in second source. cinnamtannin B-1 : A proanthocyanidin found in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.	2.13	1	0	proanthocyanidin	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
Echinocystic acid 3-glucoside ecliptasaponin A: has anti-fibrotic activity; isolated from Ecliptae Herba extract; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
acetylshikonin acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	4.37	6	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
pentyl gallate pentyl gallate: food and pharmaceutical antioxidant with ability of electron-donating; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.6	9	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
n-nonyl-1-deoxynojirimycin N-nonyldeoxynojirimycin : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin (duvoglustat) in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a nonyl group.	3.38	1	1	hydroxypiperidine; tertiary amino compound	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.45 (glucosylceramidase) inhibitor
rubrofusarin gentiobioside rubrofusarin gentiobioside: isolated from seeds of Cassia tora; structure in first source	2.95	4	0
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	8.92	151	1	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
m40401 M40401: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	4.03	4	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.43	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.1	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
manoyl oxide manoyl oxide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
spathulenol spathulenol: sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. & Artemisia dracunculus L.. spathulenol : A tricyclic sesquiterpenoid that is 4-methylidenedecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying three methyl substituents at positions 1, 1 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 7.	2.61	2	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.75	3	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.73	3	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
isobornyl acrylate isobornyl acrylate: causes contact dermatitis in some individuals; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
4-phenylcoumarin 4-phenylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 4-phenylcoumarin : The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.	2.41	1	0	neoflavones
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	1.96	1	0	triterpenoid
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	3.66	9	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
neurosporaxanthin neurosporaxanthin: from Fusarium, structure in first source. neurosporaxanthin : A monocarboxylic acid that results from the oxidation of the aldehyde group of 4'-apo-beta-carotenal to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.5	2	0	apo carotenoid C35 terpenoid; monocarboxylic acid
rhapontin rhapontin: constituent of rhubarb rhizome	3.11	5	0	rhaponticin	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
hydroxyphenethylferulate hydroxyphenethylferulate: from the roots of Atropa acuminata (Solanaceae); structure in first source	2.01	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.27	6	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	4.75	28	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.01	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	3.32	6	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	18.06	1,335	9
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	7.07	73	1	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.77	10	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.29	43	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.74	3	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.77	3	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	5.9	7	1	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	17.58	745	8	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	4.17	15	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.04	1	0
curvularin curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure	2.02	1	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
picibanil Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.	2.66	3	0	penicillinate anion
cardamonin cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	chalcones
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.07	5	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.38	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA : A hydroxybutanoyl-CoA having 3-hydroxybutanoyl as the S-acyl component.	2.1	1	0	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA; hydroxybutanoyl-CoA	mouse metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	3.51	8	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.49	2	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.66	3	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.08	1	0	benzamides
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	3.57	8	0	phosphocholines	detergent
amygdalin [no description available]	6.2	31	1
4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate: from cabbage, cauliflower & brussels sprouts. 4-methoxyglucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is glucobrassicin bearing a methoxy substituent at position 4 on the indole ring.	2.05	1	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	3.24	6	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
iothalamate meglumine Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.	1.96	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.04	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.44	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
n-octyl-beta-d-thioglucopyranoside n-octyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside: new non-ionic detergent that is more stable than n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside	3.61	9	0	S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.42	2	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	8.24	139	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.63	3	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.11	1	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	1.98	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	4.11	14	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene: tyrosine kinase inhibitor that prevents platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
benzoylacrylic acid benzoylacrylic acid: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	3.07	5	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.74	3	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
ethyl coumarate ethyl coumarate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	cinnamate ester
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	5.67	73	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.	2.07	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; methyl ester
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.6	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	2.78	3	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.47	32	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	4.8	1	1
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	5.35	17	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	2.87	4	0	imidazoles
Jasmone jasmone: RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	cyclic ketone
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	3.12	5	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tosylarginine methyl ester Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).	1.98	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine ester; methyl ester; sulfonamide
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	3.16	5	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	10.07	120	2	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman [no description available]	2.13	1	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.35	2	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.42	2	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	3.1	5	0
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.27	11	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	2.17	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	6.36	49	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	3.07	4	0	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.19	5	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.41	2	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	2.71	3	0
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminoxyls
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	9.67	16	8	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose 1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. levoglucosan : A anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose.	3.61	2	0	anhydrohexose	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; biomarker; human metabolite
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.05	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.78	3	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.31	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.62	8	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.46	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	5.33	56	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
6-o-(n-heptylcarbamoyl)methylglucoside 6-O-(N-heptylcarbamoyl)methylglucoside: structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
nadp [no description available]	5.75	28	0
galactal galactal: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0	anhydrohexose; glycal
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	8.54	109	0
6,7-dehydroroyleanone 6,7-dehydroroyleanone: diterpene abietane quinone isolated from Salvia moorcraftiana or Lepechinia bullata (both Lamiaceae); Rn given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 12/84; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine: structure in first source. 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine : A tetramethylrhodamine compound having a carboxy substituent at the 5-position	2.03	1	0	xanthenes	fluorochrome
6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-(n,n,n-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl 4-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; d-Cat1 is a perdeuterated compound	1.98	1	0
stattic [no description available]	2.9	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
olivetolic acid olivetolic acid: structure in first source. olivetolic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogens ortho- and para- to the carboxy group are replaced by a pentyl and a hydroxy group, respectively.	2.25	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; polyketide; resorcinols	metabolite
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	3.23	5	0	macrolide
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.9	3	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.08	5	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.39	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.18	5	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
8-hydroxypinoresinol 8-hydroxypinoresinol: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	lignan
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.12	5	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.93	13	0	alkali metal atom
fosfestrol fosfestrol: Rx of prostatic carcinoma; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	aryl phosphate
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.7	9	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	1.98	1	0	nitrogen oxide
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	2.13	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.05	5	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.03	1	0	salicylamides
decyl glucoside decyl glucoside: a non-ionic surfactant used in rinse-off products	5.71	14	0
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.07	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.58	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	3.12	5	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
kaurenoic acid kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.	2.25	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.4	2	0
galactose-6-phosphate galactose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to D-isomer	2	1	0	D-galactose 6-phosphate	metabolite
taxifolin-3-glucopyranoside taxifolin-3-glucopyranoside: from root-sprouts of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0
xanthurenic acid 8-o-glucoside xanthurenic acid 8-O-glucoside: novel tryptophan metabolite in eye-color mutants of Drosophila	2.03	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
cystine [no description available]	3.07	5	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ly335979 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
ci 986 CI 986: structure given in first source; a nonulcerogenic anti-inflammatory agent	1.98	1	0
myristoyllysophosphatidylcholine myristoyllysophosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
modipafant modipafant: structure given in first source ; PAF antagonist	3.1	5	0
sr140333b SR140333B: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.15	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.67	3	0	amino alcohol
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	2.05	1	0
pelargonidin-3-glucoside pelargonidin-3-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given for chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 1/93. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside as the cationic counterpart.	7.98	23	1	anthocyanin chlorides
1-deoxynojirimycin 4-o-alpha-d-glucopyranose 4-O-glucopyranosylmoranoline: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
7-deoxy-13-dihydroadriamycinone 7-deoxy-13-dihydroadriamycinone: a metabolite of epidoxorubicin	3.83	2	1
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.03	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
ascorbigen ascorbigen: a depot form of ascorbic acid. ascorbigen : An indolyl carbohydrate that consists of (3aS,6S,6aR)-3,3a,6-trihydroxy-3-tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2-one in which position 3 is substituted by an indol-3-ylmethyl group. Formed from indole-3-carbinol and ascorbic acid in brassica vegetables.	2.05	1	0	indolyl carbohydrate	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
genipin 1-gentiobioside genipin 1-gentiobioside: from Gardenia fructus (zhi-zi)	2.4	2	0	terpene glycoside
sesamoside sesamoside: an iridoid glucoside; from Phlomis mongolica Turz; RN given refers to (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0
3kb-cnp-beta-g5 [no description available]	3.08	5	0
acarviosine acarviosine: structure given in first source; the core of acarbose; RN refers to the (R(-))-isomer	2.01	1	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
obtusifolin obtusifolin: isolated from Cassia obtusifolia; structure in first source	2.78	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
phillygenin phillygenin: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
albomycin albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.	1.96	1	0
oxychlorosene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.38	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	8.85	152	1
poliothrysoside poliothrysoside: isolated from Laxocalyx urticifolius; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	6.98	87	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
isoschaftoside isoschaftoside: structure in first source. isoschaftoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is apigenin substituted at positions 6 and 8 by alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively.	2.54	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
aloesaponarin ii aloesaponarin II: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
onitin onitin: from Onychium siliculosum; structure given in first source; RN from Chem Abst Index Guide 1985; RN not in Chemline 9/85	1.96	1	0	indanones
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	6.29	18	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.33	55	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	6.95	69	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	naphthoic acid
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	7.41	44	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.11	1	0	oligosaccharide
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	1.93	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-2-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-1h-benzimidazole 1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-2-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-1H-benzimidazole: targets 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein to inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.96	4	0
glucovanillin glucovanillin: was extracted from green pods and simultaneously transformed to vanillin by a combination of enzyme activities involving cell wall degradation and glucovanillin hydrolysis	2.05	1	0	glycoside
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	3.39	7	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	3.43	7	0	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	3.22	5	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
amidosulfobetaine-14 amidosulfobetaine-14: a sulfobetaine analog	2.05	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.77	11	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.31	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	5.56	22	0
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.05	1	0
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	2.86	4	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.82	10	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.72	3	0
octaethylene glycol monotetradecyl ether [no description available]	2.15	1	0
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.48	2	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.3	6	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
pterodondiol pterodondiol: anti-bacterial from Laggera pterodonta; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	1.98	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
nonanoyl-n-methylglucamide nonanoyl-N-methylglucamide: nonionic detergent used to solubilize membrane proteins of E. coli & reconstitute them into liposomes	2.66	3	0
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	3.1	4	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
iodoazomycin arabinoside iodoazomycin arabinoside: marker of tissue hypoxia; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
methanethiosulfonate methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
resveratrol-4'-o-glucuronide resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide: structure in first source	2.76	3	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
calceolarioside a calceolarioside A: structure given in first source; isolated from Calceolaria hypericina; induces platelet aggregation	4.01	13	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
calceolarioside b calceorioside B: a cardioprotective agent isolated from Akebia; structure in first source	3.2	5	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
fraxin fraxin: found in Fraxinus excelsior leaves; structure given in first source. fraxin : A beta-D-glucoside that is fraxetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage. It is a natural product isolated from the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fraxetin fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; apoptosis inhibitor; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent
olivil olivil: from the olive tree (Olea europaea Linne; Oleaceae); structure in first source	2.13	1	0
eupatilin eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.	2.48	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-ulcer drug; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.	3.48	7	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; quercetin O-glycoside	antidepressant; antioxidant; metabolite
catechin gallate catechin gallate: structure in first source. (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3S)-hydroxy group of (+)-catechin.	2.03	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	metabolite
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	4.39	21	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	14.75	421	10	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.34	18	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	9.84	230	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	6.24	13	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
coniferin coniferin : A monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.02	14	0	aromatic ether; cinnamyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	3.01	4	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	4.98	35	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	1.96	1	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
sinapine sinapine: black mustard seeds, seeds of Brassica nigra; RN given refers to parent; structure. sinapine : An acylcholine in which the acyl group specified is sinapoyl.	2.02	1	0	acylcholine	antioxidant; photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor; plant metabolite
prostaglandin b1 prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
12-oxophytodienoic acid 12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis	2.55	2	0	carbocyclic fatty acid; olefinic fatty acid; oxo carboxylic acid
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.41	2	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
vitexin [no description available]	7.17	42	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	5.33	12	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	12.41	243	1	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	10.72	258	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	4.94	33	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.79	11	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.6	8	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pinosylvin pinosylvin: phytoalexin found in pine and eucalyptus	2.48	2	0	pinosylvin
psychosine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	glycosylsphingoid	human metabolite
quercitrin [no description available]	4.42	20	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	6	34	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vomifoliol blumenol A: a phytotoxin isolated from Oryza sativa Awaakamai; structure in first source. vomifoliol : A fenchane monoterpenoid that is 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy and a (1E)-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. (6S,9R)-vomifoliol : A (6S)-vomifoliol with a R configuration for the hydroxy group at position 9.	2.08	1	0	(6S)-vomifoliol	metabolite; phytotoxin
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.66	3	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	4.34	19	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	5.87	31	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	10.42	183	3	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	4.41	21	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	4.19	17	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
sinapyl alcohol sinapyl alcohol: has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties; structure in first source. trans-sinapyl alcohol : Sinapyl alcohol in which the configuration of the propenyl double bond is E. It is one of the main monolignols.. sinapyl alcohol : A primary alcohol, being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 and methoxylated at C-3 and -5.	2.02	1	0	sinapyl alcohol	monolignol
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	1.97	1	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
feruloyltyramine feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer	2.17	1	0	tyramines	metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	5.6	74	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydroxycoumarin
luteolin-7-glucuronide luteolin-7-glucuronide: isolated from Lycopus europaeus L.; active against pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A luteolin glucosiduronic acid consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 7-position.	2.4	2	0	glycosyloxyflavone; luteolin O-glucuronoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.69	182	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	4.06	4	0
chrysoeriol chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.	3.12	5	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
quercetin 3-o-methyl ether quercetin 3-O-methyl ether: from Rhamnus species; structure in first source. 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone : A tetrahydroxyflavone having the 4-hydroxy groups located at the 3'- 4'- 5- and 7-positions as well as a methoxy group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.79	30	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	3.68	10	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	4.17	17	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apiin apiin: structure. apiin : A beta-D-glucoside having a beta-D-apiosyl residue at the 2-position and a 5,4'-dihydroxyflavon-7-yl moiety at the anomeric position.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
neurosporene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acyclic carotene
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	5.31	52	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	4.83	31	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	10.95	118	3	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
3-methylkaempferol 3-methylkaempferol: structure in first source. 3-methoxyapigenin : A trihydroxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	5.44	57	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
20-carboxyleukotriene b4 20-carboxyleukotriene B4: metabolite of leukotriene B4. 20-hydroxy-20-oxoleukotriene B4 : A member of the class of leukotrienes that is leukotriene B4 in which the terminal methyl group has undergone formal oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	1.99	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy carboxylic acid; leukotriene	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.93	4	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	3.37	7	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin b2 prostaglandin B2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.98	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.5	24	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.51	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	1.96	1	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	3.16	5	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.63	9	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.39	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	6	7	1	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	3.07	5	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	5.19	46	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.5	8	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.75	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.17	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
tentoxin tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure	2.67	3	0	lactam
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	6.54	58	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.96	4	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
azafrin azafrin: constituent of Centranthera grandiflora	2.21	1	0	sesterterpenoid
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	2.41	1	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
echinenone echinenone: structure in first source. echinenone : A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.	2.02	1	0	carotenone	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; cofactor; marine metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	3.6	8	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
isobavachalcone isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	2.11	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfuretin sulfuretin: the chalcone C ring closes into a 5 instead of the more typical 6 membered ring leaving a phenyl methane at the 2 position instead of the typical phenyl	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.98	4	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
nsc 106399 cucurbitacin E: RN refers to (9beta,10alpha,16alpha,23E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cucurbitacin E : A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.	2.81	3	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cucurbitacin i cucurbitacin I: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin I : A cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.	2.15	1	0	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
spinasterol spinasterol: RN given refers to alpha-spinasterol ((3beta,5alpha,22E)-isomer)	2.91	4	0	steroid
5,7-dihydroxychromone 5,7-dihydroxychromone: isolated from the roots of Bauhinia hupehara	2.04	1	0	chromones
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	4.48	21	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	3.55	2	0	diterpenoid
daphnoretin daphnoretin: isolated from the whole plant Wikstroemia indica. daphnoretin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 6 and a (2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	4.74	9	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
esculin [no description available]	4.65	27	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	3.31	6	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	6.38	4	1	alpha-humulene
harpagoside harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent	3.75	10	0	terpene glycoside
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	6.26	42	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	4.58	23	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.73	3	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
apigenin dimethylether apigenin dimethylether: a dimethoxy analog of apigenin from roots of Rhus undulata and possibly other plants. apigenin 7,4'-dimethyl ether : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 7,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.07	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	4.93	34	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	3.78	10	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmetin [no description available]	3.6	8	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	2.55	2	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	2.82	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
genkwanin genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.	2.46	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	metabolite
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	4.29	5	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
gentiacaulein gentiacaulein: structure in first source. gentiacaulein : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 6.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	plant metabolite
gentisein gentisein: isolated from the methanol extract of the herb of Hypericum annulatum; structure in first source. gentisein : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 7.	2	1	0	polyphenol; xanthones	plant metabolite
gentisin gentisin: a hydroxyxanthone from methanol extract of Gentianae (Gentian?) radix and Calophyllum. gentisin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	plant metabolite
isogentisin isogentisin: found in plants such as Guttiferae & Gentianaceae.; structure. isogentisin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methoxy group at position 7.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	4.6	24	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	4.88	33	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone: isolated from Gentianopsis paludosa. 2-O-methylswertianin : A member of the class of xanthones that is swertianin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	7.21	19	2	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
norswertianolin norswertianolin: RN given refers to beta-D-isomer; from Swertia randaiensis; shows depressant acitivity on cental nervous system. norswertianolin : A beta-D-glucoside that is bellidin in which a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue is attached at position O-8. A natural product found particularly in Gentiana campestris and Gentiana germanica.	2.44	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; xanthones	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
swerchirin swerchirin: from Swertia tetrapetala Pall; structure given in first source. swerchirin : A member of the class of xanthones that is the 5-O-methyl derivative of bellidifolin. Isolated from Centaurium erythraea and Swertia chirayita, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
isoscutellarein isoscutellarein: isocarthamidin is 2S isomer of isoscutellarein; do not confuse with scutellarein and/or carthamidin which are respective regioisomers. isoscutellarein : A tetrahydroxyflavone that is apigenin with an extra hydroxy group at position 8.	2.11	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.78	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	3.95	12	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	3.05	4	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite
norwogonin norwogonin : A trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -7 and -8.	2.53	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
orientin orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.	8.63	111	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; C-glycosyl compound; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
patuletin patuletin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. patuletin : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetagetin methylated at position 6.	2.8	3	0	flavonols; monomethoxyflavone; pentahydroxyflavone	analgesic; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.04	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.06	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.53	2	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
tricin tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure	3.44	7	0	3'-methoxyflavones; dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	4.93	34	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.07	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	4.83	31	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
astringin astringin: structure in first source. trans-astringin : A stilbenoid that is piceatannol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	4.23	16	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
isorhapontin isorhapontin: from spruce (Picea); structure in first source	3.02	4	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	3.36	6	0	stilbenoid
pterostilbene [no description available]	3.47	7	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
epsilon-viniferin epsilon-viniferin: stilbene dimer; isolated from the Oriental medicinal plant Vitis coignetiae; structure given in first source. (-)-trans-epsilon-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	3.44	7	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid	metabolite
chicoric acid chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase	2.79	3	0	organooxygen compound	geroprotector; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	3.34	6	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
diferulic acid diferulic acid: structure of 8-5'-diferulic acid in first source	2.55	2	0
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	4.96	35	0	oligosaccharide
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	4.61	24	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
irilone irilone: structure in first source. irilone : A hydroxyisoflavone that is 6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'.	2.5	2	0	hydroxyisoflavone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator; metabolite
3,4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid: isolated from Siphonostegia chinensis	2.78	3	0	quinic acid
irisolidone irisolidone: isolated from the flowers and rhizomes of Pueraria thunbergiana; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones
phaselic acid phaselic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.44	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
plantamajoside plantamajoside: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source	5.57	24	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.54	23	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.49	2	0	stilbenoid
suspensaside suspensaside: from fruit of Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae); structure given in first source	3.1	5	0
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	13.72	445	11	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
orobol orobol: from Aspergillus niger or Streptomyces neyagawaensis; potent inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol kinase. orobol : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones which consists of isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	anti-inflammatory agent; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
4'-methoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone 4'-methoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone: structure in first source. pratensein : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones in which isoflavone is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 5, 7, and 3' positions, and by a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.08	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones
psi-baptigenin pseudobaptigenin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone and in which the phenyl group at position 3 is replaced by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group.	2.57	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; benzodioxoles	antiprotozoal drug; plant metabolite
psoralidin psoralidin : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.	2.13	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; plant metabolite
tectoridin tectoridin: glycosylated tectorigenin. tectoridin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	3	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
wedelolactone wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.	2.79	3	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
ellagic acid [no description available]	7.54	47	1	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
ginkgolic acid [no description available]	3.51	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
n-acetylleukotriene e4 N-acetylleukotriene E4: metabolite of leukotriene C4; structure given in first source. N-acetylleukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R); it is a major bilary metabolite of cysteinyl leukotrienes.	2.39	2	0	leukotriene	human urinary metabolite
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.11	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.04	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	4.7	26	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
alpha-ionone alpha-ionone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.48	2	0	enone; ionone; methyl ketone
kaempferol-3-o-galactoside kaempferol-3-O-galactoside: isolated from Ardisia pusilla; RN given refers to (3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy))-isomer. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.	3.16	5	0	beta-D-galactoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
rhoifolin rhoifolin: from many plants. apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside : An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.	2.52	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside	metabolite
veronicastroside veronicastroside: a flavonoid; second source Yak. Zas. shows same melting point, absorption, Rf and color tests for lonicerin (luteolin-7-rhamnoglucoside from Lonicera) and veronicastroside (luteolin-7-neohesperidoside from Trachelospermum);. luteolin 7-O-neohesperidoside : A disaccharide derivative that is luteolin substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.75	10	0	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; neohesperidoside; trihydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; metabolite
kaempferol 3-o-sophoroside kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside: isolated from leaves of Cassia alata. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside : A sophoroside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.77	3	0	sophoroside; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
quercimeritrin quercimeritrin: from Rumex luminiastrum. quercetin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A quercetin O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 7 of quercetin via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	3.47	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavonols; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
quercetin-3-o-sophoroside quercetin-3-O-sophoroside: structure given in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.25	1	0	sophoroside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
ethyl linoleate ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.07	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	1.96	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.4	2	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.66	3	0	stilbenoid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	1.97	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	5.06	3	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.96	4	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
n,n-dimethylsphingenine N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.46	2	0	aminodiol; sphingoid; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
4,4'-dihydroxystilbene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbene-4,4'-diol
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.37	2	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.37	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.39	2	0
olopatadine hydrochloride Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.	2.01	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.97	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.41	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroperoxy-11,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN refers to (E,E)-isomer	1.97	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	1.97	1	0	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	1.97	1	0	octadecadienoic acid
9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid: from roots & stem of Glycyrrhiza glabara; antistress compound; RN refers to (E)-isomer. 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid : A TriHOME that is octadec-10-enoic acid in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 9, 12 and 13.	2.03	1	0
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	7.4	64	2	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	1.96	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.17	1	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.56	8	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	3.42	7	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
undecaprenyl phosphate undecaprenyl phosphate: RN's in Chemline for diphosphate esters: 31589-58-9, 31867-59-1	3.56	2	0	undecaprenyl phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.81	3	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ceramide 1-phosphate ceramide 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid consisting of any ceramide phosphorylated at position 1. N-octadecanoylsphingosine 1-phosphate : A ceramide 1-phosphate that is the N-octadecananoyl (stearoyl) derivative of sphingosine.	2.17	1	0	N-acylsphingosine 1-phosphate
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.66	3	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
oleyl alcohol oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.6	1	0	fatty alcohol 18:1; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; nonionic surfactant
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.53	1	1	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.17	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	3.96	13	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.22	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	6.26	3	1	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.43	2	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.93	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
cellodextrin cellodextrin: can be metabolized by some yeast species. cellooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide with between two and about 20 D-glucose residues connected by mixed alpha and beta (1->4) glycosidic linkages.. cellodextrin : A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose.	2.71	3	0	glucotriose	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
topiroxostat FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor	3.58	2	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.7	29	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oregon green 488 carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	xanthene dye	epitope; fluorochrome
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.03	1	0
peridinin peridinin: structure	2.05	1	0
rutin quercetin-3-O-rutinoside: structure in first source	5.64	20	0	flavonoids; glycoside
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	3.51	1	1	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
ah 13205 AH 13205: an EP(2) receptor agonist and leukotriene B4 antagonist	1.98	1	0
istradefylline [no description available]	3.14	1	0	oxopurine
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.41	2	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.41	2	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	4.8	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	3.09	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	1.94	1	0	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.08	5	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	2.71	3	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.11	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	4.38	21	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.51	2	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	6.98	100	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.51	1	1	phenylalanine derivative
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.17	1	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.4	2	0	prostanoid
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	4.22	17	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	3	4	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
biliverdine [no description available]	2.84	3	0
centaureidin centaureidin: structure given in first source; isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum, Brickellia veronicaefolia. centaureidin : A trihydroxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii and Athroisma proteiforme.	2.73	3	0	trihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
isochlorogenic acid [no description available]	3	4	0	quinic acid
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.97	4	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
desoxyrhaponticin [no description available]	3.15	5	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	3	4	0	glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.28	122	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.97	4	0
ethyl caffeate (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.	2.46	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester; ethyl ester; hydroxycinnamic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
fustin fustin : A dihydroflavonol that is the 2,3-dihydro derivative of fisetin.. tetrahydroxyflavanone : A hydroxyflavanone with atleast four hydroxy substituents.	2.1	1	0
aloeresin a aloeresin A: structure in first source	2.97	4	0	cinnamate ester
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	3.35	6	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
glycycoumarin glycycoumarin: from the root of Glycyrrhizae Radix, acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3; structure in first source. glycycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 5, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antispasmodic activity.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins; resorcinols	antispasmodic drug; plant metabolite
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	5.7	70	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative
1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene: from Swertia tetrapetala Pall; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
andrographolide [no description available]	6.91	33	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isofraxidin isofraxidin: also see fraxidin	5.46	11	0	hydroxycoumarin
isoginkgetin isoginkgetin: Isolated from Ginkgo biloba; structure in first source. isoginkgetin : A biflavonoid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation between position 8 of one molecule of 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone and the 3' position of another. Found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, it is a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; biflavonoid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.35 (gelatinase B) inhibitor; plant metabolite
isomangiferin isomangiferin: structure given in first source. isomangiferin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 1.	2.77	3	0	C-glycosyl compound; polyphenol; xanthones	anti-HSV-1 agent; plant metabolite
isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source. isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	3	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
isorhapontigenin isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source	2.57	2	0	stilbenoid
kaempferol 3-o-neohesperidoside kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside: isolated from Daphniphyllum calycinum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	3.88	11	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
koaburaside koaburaside: an anti-histamine compound from Aeschynanthus bracteatus; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
icariin [no description available]	3.2	5	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	3.41	1	1	chalcones
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	3.19	5	0	butenolide	metabolite
luteolin 4'-o-glucoside luteolin 4'-O-glucoside: from Kummerowia striata. luteolin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Olea europaea.	3.85	11	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
malvin malvin : An anthocyanin cation that is malvidin carrying two beta-D-glucosyl residues at positions 3 and 5.	3.59	8	0
martynoside martynoside: isolated from Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt; structure in first source	3.66	9	0
3'-methoxypuerarin 3'-methoxypuerarin: inhibits formation of advanced glycation end products; isolated from Pueraria lobata; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
methyl-p-coumarate methyl-p-coumarate: structure in first source. 4-coumaric acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 4-coumaric acid.	2.01	1	0	4-coumaric acid methyl ester
nasunin nasunin: an anthocyanin isolated as purple colored crystals from eggplant peels;	3.21	1	0
neobavaisoflavone neobavaisoflavone: isolated from Psoralea corylifolia; structure in first source. neobavaisoflavone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone with an additonal hydroxy group at position 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, it exhibits inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase and platelet aggregation.	2.15	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neoisoliquiritin neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available	6.31	32	1	flavonoids; glycoside
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.61	2	0	nerolidol
ombuine ombuine: from rhizome of Alpinia tonkinensis. ombuin : A dimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' are replaced by methoxy groups. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2.08	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; flavonols; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
baicalein-7-o-glucoside baicalein-7-O-glucoside: isolated from Oroxylum indicum; structure in first source	3.51	7	0
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	3.48	7	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	3.32	6	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-gentiobioside quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside: an antioxidant with hypoglycemic and anticholesteremic activities; structure in first source. quercetin 3-beta-gentiobioside : A quercetin O-glycoside in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 of quercetin has been replaced by a gentiobiosyl group.	2.21	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	Brassica napus metabolite
spiraeoside spiraeoside: from flowers of Filipendula ulmaria (L.); structure given in first source. quercetin 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 4'.	7.39	12	4	beta-D-glucoside; flavonols; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
rhapontigenin rhapontigenin: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	stilbenoid
atractylenolide i atractylenolide I: from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; structure in first source	2.86	3	0
taxuyunnanine c [no description available]	2.02	1	0	taxane diterpenoid
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.	4.65	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; resorcinols; stilbenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
thunberginol a thunberginol A: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source	2	1	0
tilianin tilianin: from several medicinal plants including Agastache rugosa and Dracocephalum moldavia	2.58	2	0
3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene-4'-o-glucoside trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
acetaldehyde oxime acetaldehyde oxime: structure. (E)-acetaldehyde oxime : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetaldehyde oxime.. acetaldehyde oxime : An aldoxime derived from acetaldehyde.	1.99	1	0	acetaldehyde oxime
caulerpin caulerpin: pigment from green algae, Caulerpa lamourouxii; structure	2.17	1	0
7,8-dimethylalloxazine 7,8-dimethylalloxazine: structure. 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine : A 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione that is isoalloxazine substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8.. lumichrome : A compound showing blue fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in acid or neutral solution.	2.25	1	0	7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione	plant metabolite
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.45	2	0
cymal-5 cyclohexyl-pentyl-maltoside: structure in first source	3.14	5	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
ag 127 AG 127: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.25	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.	2.03	1	0	3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; organic peroxide; phytosterols	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.02	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
ermanin ermanin: from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source. 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol : A dimethoxyflavone that is kaempferol in which the hydroxy groups at position 3 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It is a component of bee glue and isolated from several plant species including Tanacetum microphyllum.	2.46	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.18	15	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
3-hexenylacetate 3-hexenylacetate: RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 11-hydroxy-5,8,12,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	4.46	7	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.02	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4	4	0
5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given is for cpd without isomeric designation; an arachidonate metabolite which stimulates neutrophils to mobilize Ca and promotes PMN degranulation responses	3.81	2	1
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.97	4	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	1.97	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.11	5	0
cinnamoyl chloride cinnamoyl chloride: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.08	1	0
oleoylanilide oleoylanilide: alters lipid metabolism of lung & adipose tissue; do not confuse with oleoanilide; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. oleylanilide : The fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of oleic acid and aniline.	1.96	1	0	anilide; fatty amide
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.93	4	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	1.96	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.9	4	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	5.99	34	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
6-chloropurine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	purines
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	5.14	2	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	4.8	1	1	metal atom; pnictogen
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.87	3	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
triethyltin [no description available]	1.96	1	0
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.44	7	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.37	2	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.71	3	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.1	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	2.63	2	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.97	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.77	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	1.98	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	6.96	4	3	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	6.9	21	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
8-hydroxygeraniol 8-hydroxygeraniol: isolated from Cistanche tubulosa. (6E)-8-hydroxygeraniol : A monoterpenoid that is geraniol bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2	1	0	diol; monoterpenoid; prenols
rhodopin rhodopin: RN given for (all-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. rhodopin : A carotenol having the structure of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene with a hydroxy function at C-1.	2.03	1	0	carotenol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite
beta-damascenone beta-damascenone: from Ipomoea pes-caprea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 23726-93-4 refers to beta-damascenone; structure given in first source. beta-damascenone : A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.	2.73	3	0	apo carotenoid monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone; enone	fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
rhodovibrin rhodovibrin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	xanthophyll
spirilloxanthin spirilloxanthin : A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	carotenoid ether	bacterial metabolite
costunolide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
monomethyl fumarate monomethyl fumarate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Is is a metabolite of dimethyl fumarate and used for the the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). It also induces the NFE2L2 (Nrf2) transcription factor by binding to KEAP1.	2.43	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antioxidant; drug metabolite; immunomodulator
dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: structure given in first source. dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol : A guaiacyl lignin obtained by cyclodimerisation of coniferol.	2.6	1	0	1-benzofurans; guaiacols; guaiacyl lignin; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
n-(4-hydroxy-beta-phenethyl)-4-hydroxycinnamide trans-N-p-coumaroyl tyramine: from the twigs of Celtis chinensis; structure in first source	2.84	3	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	3.09	5	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
jaceosidin jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.	2.46	2	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.69	3	0	alkaloid
simmondsin simmondsin: structure in first source; RN given for (1Z,2alpha,3beta,4beta,6beta)-isomer	5.8	21	1	glycoside
menisdaurin menisdaurin: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
puerarin [no description available]	6.51	32	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
apigenin-7-o-glucuronide apigenin-7-O-glucuronide: from the leaves and flowers of the cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L., Cannabaceae); structure in first source	2.76	3	0	flavonoids; glucosiduronic acid
3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene 3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
calycanthine calycanthine: the principal alkaloid of the plant family Calycanthaceae; RN given refers to (4bS)-(4balpha,5alpha,10balpha,11alpha)-isomer. calycanthine : The principal alkaloid of the plant family Calycanthaceae.	2.08	1	0	aminal; calycanthaceous alkaloid; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	4.83	9	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
cotylenin a cotylenin A: induces differentiation in murine and human myeloid leukemia cells; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
scirpusin a scirpusin A: from the rhizome of Scirpus fluviatilis and Xinjiang wine grape; structure in first soource	2.08	1	0
americanin a americanin A: structure given in first source; structure originally thought to be that given for isoamericanin A; isolated from the seeds of Phytolacca americana; chemline record for americanin A is for isoamericanin A	2.02	1	0	benzodioxine
ternatin (flavonoid) ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	ether; flavonoids
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	3.29	6	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.25	6	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	3.28	6	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.69	3	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.1	5	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime [no description available]	2.89	4	0	(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde oxime
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.64	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
turanose turanose : A glycosylfructose isolated from Daphnia magna.	2.35	2	0	glycosylfructose	Daphnia magna metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.96	38	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.28	6	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.4	7	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.64	9	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
gluconasturtiin gluconasturtiin: hydrolysis yields phenylethyl isothiocyanate; structure in first source. gluconasturtiin : An aralkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose attached to a 3-phenyl-N-(sulfooxy)propanimidoyl group at the anomeric sulfur.	1.94	1	0	aralkylglucosinolic acid; benzenes
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	4.88	12	0
ramiprilat ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.	1.98	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	isoflavones
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	1.99	1	0
panaxynol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
icarrin icarrin: isolated from Herba epimedii	3.7	8	0	flavonoids; glycoside
pinostilbene pinostilbene: structure in first source. 3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether.	2.17	1	0	stilbenol
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone: from roots of Cudrania cochinchinensis	2.03	1	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines
guajavarin guajavarin: from leaves of Psidium guajava	2.07	1	0
narcissin flavonol narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))	2.5	2	0	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	2	1	0	organic radical	mouse metabolite
24-ethyl-4-cholesten-3-one stigmast-4-en-3-one: from the bark of Anacardium occidentale (cashew); structure in first source	2.49	2	0	C29-steroid; steroid	metabolite
pachymic acid pachymic acid: inhibits phospholipase A2; isolated from Poria cocos; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	triterpenoid
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.8	3	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	1.96	1	0
methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone: prevents elastase-induced emphysema. methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethyl ketone : A tripeptide derived from methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val by conversion of the terminal carboxy group to the corresponding chloromethyl ketone.	2.38	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; methyl ester; tripeptide	EC 3.4.21.37 (leukocyte elastase) inhibitor
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	2.03	1	0
3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3'-dipentyloxacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3-pentyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-yl units at each end. A fluorescent compound that preferentially stains chronic myelogenic leukemia cells.	1.96	1	0	benzoxazolium ion; cyanine dye	fluorochrome
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.5	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
myricetin 3-o-glucuronide myricetin 3-O-glucuronide: from Epilobium angustifolium. myricetin 3-O-glucuronide : A myricetin O-glucuronide that is myricetin with a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 3-position.	2.15	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; myricetin O-glucuronide; pentahydroxyflavone	metabolite
quercetin 3-sambubioside quercetin 3-sambubioside: isolated from Actinidia arguta. quercetin 3-O-[beta-D-xylosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside] : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sambubiosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidc linkage.	2.04	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
citrusinine i citrusinine I: acridone alkaloid isolated from Rutaceae	2.1	1	0	acridines
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	3.57	2	0	coumarins	geroprotector
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	3.03	4	0	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
vitexin rhamnoside vitexin rhamnoside: an apigenin	3.02	4	0	flavonoids; glycoside
centaurein centaurein: isolated from Centaurea corcubionensis; structure in first source	2.71	3	0
zinc tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine [no description available]	2	1	0
hydnocarpin hydnocarpin: structure given in first source; isolated from Hydnocarpus wightiana seeds	2.08	1	0
avicularin avicularin: from Polygonum aviculare L.; RN given refers to L-isomer. avicularin : A quercetin O-glycoside in which an alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Juglans regia and Foeniculum vulgare.	2.07	1	0	alpha-L-arabinofuranoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
hibifolin hibifolin: isolated from Helichrysum bracteatum; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
3-methylsydnone-5-nitrosimine 3-methylsydnone-5-nitrosimine: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
ochnaflavone ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source. ochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antibacterial agent; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; plant metabolite
delphinidin-3-rutinoside delphinidin-3-rutinoside: anthocyanin from eggplant skin	4.52	7	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.96	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.05	5	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	3.51	1	1	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.4	2	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	6.59	36	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.25	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.01	1	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.09	5	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	4.05	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
epimedin b epimedin B: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.	2.1	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
epimedin c epimedin C: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.	2.13	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	6.72	49	1
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	5.13	13	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.38	2	0
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	3.31	5	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.7	3	0	naphthalenes
st 638 [no description available]	2.67	3	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.93	13	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.	2.01	1	0
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.81	3	0
caffeoyl-coenzyme a caffeoyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
caffeoylmalic acid caffeoylmalic acid: from extracts of Chelidonium majus & Corydalis lutea	2.44	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.66	3	0
3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene 4'-methoxyresveratrol: has anti-inflammatory effects in cell culture model	1.99	1	0
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	3.54	2	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
amaranthin betacyanin amaranthin betacyanin: amaranthin protein is also available; purple color. amaranthin : A disaccharide derivative that is betanidin in which a beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl moiety is attached at position 5.	2.02	1	0	disaccharide derivative; indoles; olefinic compound; tetrahydropyridine	biological pigment; plant metabolite
quercetin-3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside: from Rhododendron ovatum Planch; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
muconomycin a verrucarin A : A trichothecene antibiotic which incorporates a triester macrocyclic structure and an exocyclic methylene epoxide group.	1.99	1	0	epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; macrotriolide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; trichothecene
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.7	10	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	1.96	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.2	5	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	3.41	1	1	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
spheroidene spheroidene: one of main carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides; structure. spheroidene : The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of 3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol.	2.03	1	0	carotenoid ether
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to compound with specified unsaturation and no isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0
raubasine raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	1.99	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.37	7	0	amidobenzoic acid
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	2.59	2	0	cholestanoid
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	2.36	2	0	polyterpene
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.4	7	0
dithiadene dithiadene: minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search DIBENZOTHIEPINS (69-74) & BENZOTHIEPINS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dithiadene : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydrothieno[2,3-c][2]benzothiepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 4.	2.7	3	0	dithiadene
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.74	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
falcarindiol falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
aminoethoxyvinylglycine aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer	2.15	1	0
carboprostacyclin carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
hesperidin methylchalcone [no description available]	2.25	1	0
terrein terrein: from culture solution of fungus, Pestilotiopsis microspora;structure in first source	2.04	1	0	polyol
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	3.47	2	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
linoleylanilide linoleylanilide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleylanilide : A fatty amide conjugate of linoleic acid and aniline.	1.96	1	0	anilide; fatty amide
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2	1	0
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	1.97	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.5	2	0
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	1.97	1	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.42	2	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
piericidin a piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R,R-(all-E)))-isomer. piericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; secondary allylic alcohol	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
diarachidonyl diglyceride diradylglycerol : Any lipid that is glycerol bearing two substituent groups - either acyl, alkyl, or alk-1-enyl - at any two of the three possible positions.	1.97	1	0
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.08	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.15	1	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	2.15	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
bwa 4c [no description available]	2.68	3	0
1-o-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer	2.37	2	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	9.71	123	0
trichostatin c trichostatin C: glycosylated trichostatin A; structure given in first source; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN	3.63	3	0	O-amino sugar; trichostatin
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.	2.02	1	0	phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)	mouse metabolite
sarmentosine sarmentosine: isolated from the herb Sedum sarmentosum (Bunge); structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
rooperol rooperol: structure given in first source; the deglucosidated product of P2A (hypoxoside); RN given for (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93	3.26	6	0
carbocyanine dye diic12(3) carbocyanine dye DiIC12(3): used for long-term labeling of rat motoneurons in mixed-population spinal cord cultures	2.04	1	0
17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid 17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid : A hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that consists of 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid bearing an additional 17-hydroxy substituent.	4.69	4	0	hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; secondary allylic alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
entadamide a entadamide A: structure given in first source; RN refers to (E)-isomer; isolated from Entada phaseoloides	2.31	1	0	N-acylethanolamine
thunberginol f thunberginol F: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source. thunberginol F : An isobenzofuranone that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7 and a 3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene group at position 3. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.	2	1	0	catechols; gamma-lactone; isobenzofuranone	metabolite; plant metabolite
andrographoside andrographoside: from Andrographis paniculata Nees; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
14-hydroxydocosahexaenoate 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.44	3	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.17	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
echinacin echinacin: used in primary chronic polyarthritis therapy; from Echinacea purpurea	4.09	3	0
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.06	1	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
krn 5500 KRN 5500: a derivative of spicamycin with a wide range of antitumor activity against human cancer cell lines; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
caftaric acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
necic acid necic acid: occur as diesters of pyrrolizidine bases in alkaloids; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; structure	2.6	1	0
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.	3.63	9	0
picroside i picroside I: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta(E),5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; hepatoprotective agent; structure in first source	3.52	8	0
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine: used for premature induction of labor in rabbits; RN given refers to (all Z)-isomer	2.03	1	0
zeatin riboside zeatin riboside: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-ribosyl-trans-zeatin : A 9-ribosylzeatin having trans-zeatin as the nucleobase.	2.5	2	0	9-ribosylzeatin; nucleoside analogue	cytokinin; plant metabolite
nuezhenide nuezhenide: from Ligustrum lucidum; structure given in first source; RN refers to trans-isomer	4.35	18	0	saccharolipid
sphingosyl beta-glucoside sphingosyl beta-glucoside: isolated from spleen in Gaucher's disease	2.37	2	0
rhodiocyanoside a rhodiocyanoside A: from Chinese natural medicine, Si Lie Hong Jing Tian, from the underground part of Rhodiola quadrifida; structure given in first source. rhodiocyanoside A : A cyanogenic glycoside that is (2Z)-2-methylbut-2-enenitrile attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy at position 4. Isolated from Rhodiola quadrifida, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.74	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; beta-D-glucoside; cyanogenic glycoside; monosaccharide derivative	anti-allergic agent; metabolite
anecortave [no description available]	2.49	2	0	oligosaccharide
isoliquiritin apioside isoliquiritin apioside: open form of liquiritin; from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer from Xinjiang, China; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
mycophenolic acid glucuronide [no description available]	2.44	2	0
mulberroside a mulberroside A: structure in first source	2.77	3	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	3.69	9	0
tuberonic acid tuberonic acid: RN given for (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(Z)))-isomer; isolated from the potato Solanum tuberosum; structure in first source. tuberonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (+)-7-isojasmonic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the side-chain methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.12	5	0	cyclopentanones; homoallylic alcohol; oxo monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	jasmonates; plant metabolite
cinnamoyl-coenzyme a (E)-cinnamoyl-CoA : The (E)-isomer of cinnamoyl-CoA.	2.49	2	0	cinnamoyl-CoA
alyssonoside alyssonoside: from Marrubium alysson; structure given in first source	2.99	4	0
presqualene pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.39	2	0
u 75302 U 75302: RN refers to (R-(R,S-(E,Z)))-isomer; leukotriene B4 antagonist	1.99	1	0
cdw17 antigen [no description available]	2.52	2	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	3.28	6	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.45	2	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
trilobatin trilobatin: anti-inflammatory from Lithocarpus polystachyus leaves; structure in first source. trilobatin : An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is phloretin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from the leaves of the Chinese sweet tea Lithocarpus polystachyus and exhibits significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.6	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	3.48	7	0
methyl chlorogenate methyl chlorogenate: from Eriobotrya japonica; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	quinic acid
isoacteoside isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source	5.36	53	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.59	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
clovamide clovamide: RN given for (Z)-isomer; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	tyrosine derivative
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
ix 207-887 IX 207-887: inhibits the release of IL-1alpha & beta from cultured murine macrophages or human mononuclear cells	1.98	1	0
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzophenones
aurone [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aurones; cyclic ketone
beta-escin [no description available]	9.92	149	2
melibiose alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond.	2.46	2	0	glycosylglucose
stigmasterol 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside stigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: an antioxidant from Monochoria vaginalis; structure in first source. stigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A steroid saponin that is (3beta,22E)-stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from Symplocos lancifolia.	3.44	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; phytosterols; steroid saponin	metabolite
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.71	3	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
echinocystic acid echinocystic acid: aglycone moiety of saponin chrysantellin	2.52	2	0
hydroxyachillin hydroxyachillin: isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	gamma-lactone
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.4	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
abietane [no description available]	2.21	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	3.29	6	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	4.01	14	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
allosamine allosamine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
songorine songorine: RN given refers to parent cpd; diterpene alkaloid from Aconitum karakolicum Rap.	2.17	1	0
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	2.41	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.21	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
neomangiferin neomangiferin: from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure in first source	3.95	12	0
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	4.55	1	1	diarylmethane
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.08	1	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
vildagliptin [no description available]	8.83	11	3	amino acid amide
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.48	2	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	14.77	209	6	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
pinostrobin pinostrobin: structure in first source. pinostrobin : A monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.	2.78	3	0	ether; flavonoids
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	5.76	28	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.93	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.84	11	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.44	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
grayanotoxin i grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.	2.21	1	0	acetate ester; pentol; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; neuromuscular agent; phytotoxin
guaiane guaiane: from Artemisia caruifolia; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
cadinane cadinane: structure in first source. cadinane : A sesquiterpene consisting of decalin having two methyl substituents at the 1- and 6-positions, an isopropyl substituent at the 4-position and (1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-configuration.	2.59	2	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
labdane labdane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	3.18	5	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
drimane drimane: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
19-norandrosterone 19-norandrosterone: major metabolite of 19-nortestosterone; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.17	1	0	17-oxo steroid	metabolite
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	1.97	1	0	cholanic acids
ursane ursane: structure in first source	4.2	4	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	4.67	3	2	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	3.26	6	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	3.04	1	0	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
triacsin c triacsin C: from Streptomyces No. 1228; structure given in first source; an acyl-CoA synthetase antagonist. triacsin C : A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters.	2.68	3	0	hydrazone; nitroso compound; olefinic compound	antimalarial; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.64 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
n-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone o-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime N-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone O-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
disilver oxide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gw 311616 GW 311616: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sr 142801 SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
edotecarin [no description available]	3.1	5	0
ginsenoside f1 ginsenoside F1: from ginseng. ginsenoside F1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.51	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6alpha-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	apoptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite
neotame neotame: structure in first source. neotame : A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sacubitril [no description available]	5.03	6	0	biphenyls
1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide [no description available]	3.41	1	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.06	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
cp 195543 CP 195543: a potent & selective leukotriene B4 antagonist; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
rosavin rosavin: isolated from Rhodiola rosea; structure in first source	4.78	9	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
sergliflozin etabonate sergliflozin: a hypoglycemic agent that inhibits SGLT2 sodium-glucose transporter; structure in first source	9.29	10	2	glycoside
lobeglitazone lobeglitazone: putative antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes; structure in first source	6.34	3	2	aromatic ether
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	2.38	2	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
tubuloside b tubuloside B: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Cistanche deserticola; structure in first source	3.44	7	0
tulathromycin tulathromycin: structure in first source	2.51	2	0	aminoglycoside
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.95	4	0	oligopeptide
3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; SM-12502 is the (+) enantiomer of SM-10661; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
neoandrographolide neoandrographolide: structure in first source; isolated from Andrographis paniculata	6.05	35	0
apigenin-7-o-rutinoside [no description available]	2.17	1	0
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	3.21	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
sitosterol palmitate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.25	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
casuarine casuarine: structure in first source; do not confuse with tannin casuariin	2.46	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	8.29	214	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	4.68	10	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
cp 105696 CP 105696: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
biphenyl-indanone a biphenyl-indanone A: an mGluR2 agonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	biphenyls
avanafil [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; prolinols; pyrimidines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.96	3	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
remogliflozin etabonate remogliflozin etabonate: orally administered hypoglycemic agent; structure in first source	13.05	22	12	glycoside
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	13.32	52	13	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
gpi 6150 [no description available]	2	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	28.27	1,305	436	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	stilbenoid
n-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-lysine [no description available]	2.68	3	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	4.47	6	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	1.99	1	0
g(m2) ganglioside G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.	2.37	2	0	N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine; sialotriaosylceramide	antigen
prunin protein, prunus naringenin-7-O-glucoside: from Dracocephalum rupestre; has protective effects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis	5.51	14	1
6''-o-malonyldaidzin 6''-O-malonyldaidzin: structure in first source. malonyldaidzin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a 6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.63	8	0	glycosyloxyisoflavone; hydroxyisoflavone; malonate ester; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
nb 506 NB 506: an indolocarbazole antitumor agent; structure given in first source; a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor	5.77	28	0
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	2.36	2	0	glycoside
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	14.86	151	9
theasaponin e1 theasaponin E1: acylated oleanene-type triterpene oligoglycoside from the seeds of the tea plant Camellia sinensis; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	2.11	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
hirsutanonol hirsutanonol: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
negundoside negundoside: an antioxidant irridiod glycoside from leaves of Vitex negundo; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.76	3	0
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.69	3	0	xanthene dye
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.91	4	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
vortioxetine Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.	2.11	1	0	aryl sulfide; N-arylpiperazine	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
eutigoside c eutigoside C: from Eurya emarginata; structure in first source	2.95	4	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	5.81	6	1
hypaconitine hypaconitine: RN given refers to the (1alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.07	1	0
eutigoside a eutigoside A: from Eurya emarginata; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
methyl 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinate 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester: results suggest that the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C-1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin. methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid with methanol. Isolated from Suaeda glauca and Dichrocephala bicolor, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.45	2	0
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.79	3	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
baicalein-7-o-diglucoside baicalein-7-O-diglucoside: isolated from Oroxylum indicum; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
eclalbasaponin i eclalbasaponin I: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Eclipta prostrata; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
hispolon hispolon: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
kaempferol 7-o-glucoside kaempferol 7-O-glucoside: structure in first source. kaempferol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.99	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavonols; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
delta-viniferin delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	2.46	2	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid
Wistin 4',6-dimethoxyisoflavone-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: PPARgamma/ag	2.55	2	0	acrovestone; isoflavonoid
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	15.57	50	15	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
ombuoside ombuoside: structure given in first source; isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum	2.41	1	0
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.6	1	0
ave 9488 4-fluoro-N-indan-2-yl-benzamide: nitric oxide synthase transcription enhancer that ameliorates portal hypertension	2.31	1	0
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
vilanterol [no description available]	2.51	2	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
delphinidin 3-sambubioside delphinidin 3-sambubioside: a Hibiscus anthocyanin that induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside : An anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside having delphinidin as the anthocyanidin component.	2.58	2	0	anthocyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside	apoptosis inducer; metabolite
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	2.31	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
dihydrokavain dihydrokavain: inhibits binding of batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated sodium channels	2.02	1	0	2-pyranones; aromatic ether
tasimelteon tasimelteon : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is propionamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is replaced by a [(1R,2R)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl)cyclopropyl]methyl group. A melatonin receptor agonist used for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.	2.11	1	0	1-benzofurans; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	melatonin receptor agonist
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.25	1	0
ys 49 YS 49: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	6.51	23	0
saracatinib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	5.5	18	0
corchoionoside c corchoionoside C: structure given in first source; from leaves of Corchorus olitorius	2.71	3	0
rosarin rosarin: isolated from Rhodiola rosea; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
1-azafagomine 1-azafagomine: inhibits processing glycosidase; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
strictosamide strictosamide: from Sarcocephalus latifolius; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	beta-carbolines
pumiloside pumiloside: structure in first source	2.51	2	0	glycoside
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	5.24	8	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
glucosyringic acid [no description available]	3.29	6	0
furosin furosin: an ellagitannin from extract of leaves & stems of Phyllanthus sellowianus; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
ligustroflavone ligustroflavone: an apigenin triglycoside from the leaves of Ligustrum vulgare; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
aurotioprol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ipragliflozin [no description available]	18.97	168	44	glycoside
etc-1002 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid: inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACL); has anti-atherosclerotic activity. bempedoic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentadecanedioic acid which is substituted by methyl groups groups at positions 2 and 14, and by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a drug used for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol, which is sometimes referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.	3.31	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; prodrug
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).	5	6	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; nonclassic icosanoid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	3.54	8	0
kelampayoside a kelampayoside A: a phenolic apioglucoside from the bark of Anthocephalus chinensis; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	glycoside	metabolite
alliarinoside alliarinoside: A cyanoallyl glucoside from Alliaria petiolata; structure in first source	3.55	8	0
cypellocarpin c cypellocarpin C: isolated from Eucalyptus cypellocarpa; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
parishin c parishin C: major component of Gastrodia elata BLUME; structure in first source	3.63	8	0
geranyl glucoside geranyl glucoside: structure in first source	2.85	3	0	terpene glycoside
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2	1	0
theobroxide theobroxide: isolated from Lasiodiplodia theobromae; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.69	3	0
sarcinaxanthin sarcinaxanthin: structure	2.05	1	0
4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid o-glucoside 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid O-glucoside: a UV-filter compound in human lens; structure in first source	3.1	5	0	glycoside
hydroxymatairesinol hydroxymatairesinol: a plant lignan from Norway spruce (Picea abies); structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	3.07	5	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	7.01	74	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
conocarpan conocarpan: RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3beta,5(E))-isomer; from the roots of Krameria tomentosa (Krameriaceae); structure in first source	2.05	1	0
garcimangosone d garcimangosone D: from Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae); structure in first source	2.76	3	0	glycoside
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	2.06	1	0
atractyligenine atractyligenine: structure in first source. atractyligenin : A diterpenoid isolated from coffee silverskin. It inhibits cutaneous photoaging.	2.6	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
retinal dimer retinal dimer: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
benzyl glucopyranoside benzyl glucopyranoside: structure in first source	3.28	6	0
ethyl glucoside ethyl glucoside: RN given for (D)-isomer of unspecified ring form of glucose	4.19	16	0
2,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-5-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-9h-xanthen-9-one 2,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-5-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one: from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata; structure in first source. cudratricusxanthone A : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 6 and 8, an isoprenyl group at position 1 and a 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl group at position 5. It is isolated from the root barks of Cudrania tricuspidata and exhibits cytotoxicity towards human cancer cell lines.	3.31	1	0	polyphenol; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
4-(1-phenylethyl)resorcinol 4-(1-phenylethyl)resorcinol: a depigmenting agent for treatment of solar lentigines; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.02	1	0
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.1	1	0
malvidin-3-glucoside oenin: pigment found in red wine	2.72	2	0
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	3.15	5	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
fg-4592 roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
cardanol cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation	2.01	1	0	phenols
aspalathin aspalathin: structure in first source. aspalathin : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is the 2-C-beta-D-glucopyranide of phloroglucinol and which is substituted at position 4 by a 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoyl group. A metabolite of red bush, Aspalathus linearis (and present in the herbal tea made from the leaves), aspalathin exhibits significant hypoglycemic activity.	3.74	9	0	C-glycosyl compound; catechols; dihydrochalcones; polyketide; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
cenicriviroc cenicriviroc: an inhibitor of HIV-1. cenicriviroc : A member of the class of benzazocines that is (5Z)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-benzazocine which is substituted by a 2-methylpropyl, N-{4-[(S)-(1-propyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanesulfinyl]phenyl}carboxamide and 4-(2-butoxyethoxy)phenyl groups at positions 1, 5 and 8, respectively. It is a potent chemokine 2 and 5 receptor antagonist currently in development for the treatment of liver fibrosis in adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).	3.41	1	0	aromatic ether; benzazocine; diether; imidazoles; secondary carboxamide; sulfoxide	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; chemokine receptor 2 antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.65	3	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	anthracycline
bay 63-2521 riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.64	2	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; pyrazolopyridine	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	1.98	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.21	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.31	1	0	dipeptide
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	6.48	4	1	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
alpha-onocerin alpha-onocerin: RN given for (3beta,21alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. alpha-onocerin : A triterpenoid that is ethane in which each carbon has been substituted by a (1R,4aR,6S,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-1-yl group.	2.1	1	0	diol; olefinic compound; secondary alcohol; triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.11	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.05	1	0
gsk573719 GSK573719: Muscarinic Antagonist. umeclidinium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is quinuclidine substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl and hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.8	3	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
oleandrin oleandrin: structure. oleandrin : A steroid saponin that consists of oleandrigenin having a 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue attached to the oxygen function at position 3.	1.92	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; steroid ester; steroid saponin
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
carfilzomib [no description available]	4.8	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	4.38	4	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
niranthin niranthin: RN given for (R,R)-isomer; has anti-HBsAg activity; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	17.55	73	44
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.76	3	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
gw 2580 5-(3-methoxy-4-((4-methoxybenzyl)oxy)benzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a cFMS kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
14-deoxyandrographolide 14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.84	3	0
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.	4.8	8	0
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	1.98	1	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	3.19	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
andrograpanin andrograpanin: an NSAID isolated from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
omecamtiv mecarbil [no description available]	4.19	2	0	ureas
lyoniresinol lyoniresinol: isoalted from the vine stem of Bauhinia championii; structure in first source. (+)-lyoniresinol : A lignan that is tetralin substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy group at position 4, hydroxymethyl groups at positions 2 and 3, methoxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6. Isolated from Machilus robusta and Sinocalamus affinis, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.5	2	0	dimethoxybenzene; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
serotobenine serotobenine: isolated from Ouratea turnarea	2.04	1	0
scopadulcic acid b scopadulcic acid B: isolated from Scorparia dulcis	2.1	1	0
deoxyarbutin 4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.22	17	0
2-hydroxyemodin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
diosgenin glucoside diosgenin glucoside: RN given refers to (3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source. diosgenin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside having diosgenin as the sterol component.	3.18	5	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative; spiroketal; sterol 3-beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
empagliflozin [no description available]	28.16	1,316	375	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	4.31	3	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	9.31	255	1	benzoxazole
tachioside tachioside: from the linseed meal; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
syringomycin syringomycin: from Pseudomonas syringae; phytotoxin; small peptide containing molecule. syringomycin : A class of cyclodepsipeptides which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Composed from nine nonribosomally synthesised amino acids bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail.	1.97	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	5.71	33	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.41	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.44	21	0
asperulosidic acid asperulosidic acid: from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (noni), a plant originally grown in the Hawaiian and Tahitian islands, has long been used by islanders to treat diseases, including cancer; structure in first source	3.31	6	0	glycoside; iridoid monoterpenoid
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.25	1	0
gentiodelphin gentiodelphin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; structure in first source	3.44	7	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
benzoyl-ile-glu-gly-arg-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide: p-nitroanilide deriv of portion of peptide sequence in prothrombin molecule cleaved by Factor X	1.99	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
viridiflorol viridiflorol: a strong feeding deterrent for the melaleuca weevil that retards larval development; structure in first source. viridiflorol : A carbotricyclic compound that is (1aS,4aR,7aR,7bR)-decahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying four methyl substituents at positions 1, 1, 4 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from several plant species and is a strong feeding deterrent for the melaleuca weevil that retards larval development.	2.6	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifeedant; antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
verproside verproside: from Pseudolysimachion longifolium; structure in first source	2.73	3	0	glycoside	metabolite
verminoside verminoside: from Kigelia africana; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
tryptophan octyl ester [no description available]	2.41	2	0
ugonin k ugonin K: an antioxidant; isolated from the rhizomes of Helminthostachys zeylanica	3.06	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	6.25	34	1
colitose colitose: RN given refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; see also records for paratose & tyvelose	1.99	1	0
alloin barbaloin: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; source for isobarbaloin is Biol Pharm Bull 1998 Nov; 21(11):1226-7	3.11	5	0
apis apiose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.76	3	0	carbohydrate
nomilin [no description available]	2.71	3	0
onopordopicrin onopordopicrin: structure given in first source; isolated from Centaurea sonchifolia; RN given is for (3aR-(3aR,4S,6E,10Z,11aR*))-isomer	2	1	0
sarpagine sarpagine: structure in first source. sarpagine : An indole alkaloid that is sarpagan bearing hydroxy groups at positions 10 and 17.	2.01	1	0	indole alkaloid; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
roridin a roridin A: see also records for roridin D, E & J	1.99	1	0
neoxanthin neoxanthin: one of the main carotenoids in chloroplasts of higher plants and algae; RN given refers to (9'-cis)-isomer. neoxanthin : An epoxycarotenoid that is 6,7-didehydro-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-5',6'-epoxy-beta,beta-carotene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3, 3', and 5 positions.	2.48	2	0
silidianin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sophoradiol sophoradiol: RN refers to (3beta,22beta)-isomer; structure in first source. sophoradiol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta and 22beta positions and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13.	2.04	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	4.17	15	0
trithiacyclononane trithiacyclononane: a ligand for potential technetium and rhenium radiopharmaceuticals	2.01	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	5.83	31	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2.15	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.7	3	0
lnd 623 LND 623: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
rebaudioside c [no description available]	2.9	3	0
8-o-acetylharpagide 8-O-acetylharpagide: an iridoid isolated from Ajuga raptans	2.94	4	0
luteolin-7-o-glucuronide luteolin-7-O-glucuronide: from the leaves and flowers of the cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L., Cannabaceae); structure in first source	3.32	6	0
hypoxoside hypoxoside: RN given for (E)-isomer	7.73	19	3
neosolaniol neosolaniol: RN given refers to (3 alpha,4 beta,8 alpha)-isomer	2.11	1	0
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
taraxasteryl acetate taraxasteryl acetate: from Inula britannica; an anti-hepatitis substance; do not confuse with psi-taraxasterol acetate	2	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
maltoheptaose maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2	1	0	maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
ci 959 CI 959: antiallergy compound; inhibits thromboxanes	1.97	1	0
ptaquiloside ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA	1.99	1	0
astragaloside ii astragaloside II: a potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent from Astragalus; structure in first source. astragaloside II : A triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively.	2.49	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; oxolanes; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
prim-o-glucosylcimifugin prim-O-glucosylcimifugin: from Peucedanum dissolutum; structure in first source	3.2	5	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
alisol b monoacetate alisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	triterpenoid
4-nitrophenyl-n,n',n'',n''',n''''-pentaacetyl-beta-chitopentaoside 4-nitrophenyl-N,N',N'',N''',N''''-pentaacetyl-beta-chitopentaoside: synthetic substrate for the colorimetric assay of lysozyme; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
ligstroside ligstroside: structure in first source. ligstroside : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 4-hydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). An important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	5.8	26	0	beta-D-glucoside; diester; methyl ester; phenols; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
adicardin adicardin: isolated from the roots and stems of Gmelina arborea; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
curcumol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
pedunculoside pedunculoside: from leaves of Ilex chinensis; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
peonidin 3-glucoside peonidin 3-glucoside: the methylated form of cyanidin 3-glucoside	7.76	47	1
atractylenolide ii atractylenolide II: from Atractylodes ovata; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	sesquiterpene lactone
periplocin periplocin: isolated from Periploca calophylla	1.92	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	6.75	55	1
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein	2.01	1	0
oroxylin a-7-o-glucuronide oroxylin A-7-O-glucuronide: an inhibitor of prolyl oligopeptidase; isolated from Scutellaria racemosa and Scutellariae baicalensis; structure in first source. oroxylin A 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of oroxylin A.	2.52	2	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
oregonin oregonin: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diarylheptanoid
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.91	4	0
2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid: inhibits salicylic acid synthesis	2.44	2	0
adenanthin adenanthin: inhibits both peroxiredoxin I and II; isolated from Rabdosia adenantha; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
jujubogenin jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene	2.05	1	0
alisol a alisol A: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; structure	2.11	1	0
6-o-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin: structure given in first source; forms inclusion complexes with p-nitrophenol	2.11	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	16.35	439	7
malonylgenistin malonylgenistin: structure in first source. malonylgenistin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is genistin in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 6'' has been replaced by a malonyl group.	3.93	11	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyisoflavone; hydroxyisoflavone; malonate ester; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.47	23	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dianhydrogalactitol Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.	1.98	1	0
foetidin foetidin: extract of Momordica foetida consisting of equal parts sitosterol glucoside & 5,25-stigmastadiene-ol glucoside	1.95	1	0	coumarins
mgl-3196 resmetirom: a thyroid hormone receptor-beta agonist	3.41	1	0
a 803467 A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
protectin d1 protectin D1: a docosahexaenoic acid-derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress; structure in first source. protectin D1 : A dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that is (4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 10 and 17 (the 10R,17S-stereoisomer). Protectin D1 is one of the specialised proresolving mediators. When produced in neural tissues, it is called neuroprotectin D1	5.27	8	0	dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; protectin; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; neuroprotective agent; PPARgamma agonist; specialised pro-resolving mediator
cytopiloyne cytopiloyne: structure in first source	3.32	6	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	5.18	44	0
17,18-epoxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 17,18-epoxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: can be metabolized to novel epoxyprostaglandins	2.1	1	0	EpETE	metabolite
resolvin e2 resolvin E2: structure in first source; derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid in contrast to resolvin D that derives from docosahexaenoic acid. resolvin E2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,16E)-icosapentaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 5 and 18 (the 5S,18R stereoisomer).	2.44	2	0	diol; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
resolvin d5 resolvin D5: isolated from E coli; structure in first source. resolvin D5 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 17 (the 7S,17S-stereoisomer).	2.31	1	0
nostoxanthin nostoxanthin: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	xanthophyll
deinoxanthin deinoxanthin: isolated from Deinococcus radiodurans; structure in first source	3.51	1	0	xanthophyll
myxol myxol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	xanthophyll
sch 54292 SCH 54292: structure in first source	3.11	5	0
jaboticabin jaboticabin: depside from the fruit of jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora); structure in first source	2.48	2	0
niga-ichigoside f1 niga-ichigoside F1: RN given for (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer. 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid-28-O-beta-D-glucopyrannoside : A triterpenoid saponin that is 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
calcitonin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	3.11	5	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.1	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.98	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	6.4	7	2	polypeptide
oenothein a oenothein A: from leaves of Oenothera biennis; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
oenothein b oenothein B: from Oenothera erythrosepala Bordas; exhibits strong antitumor activity against MM2 ascites tumors & inhibits the growth of Meth-A solid-type tumors in mice; 5 alpha reductase testosterone inhibitor	2.89	3	0
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)	1.98	1	0
dermaseptin s dermaseptin: 34 amino acid residues given in first source; antimicrobial peptide of amphibian skin	1.99	1	0
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	2.1	1	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.83	3	0
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	2.45	2	0
sanguiin h 6 sanguiin H 6: a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba officinalis; structure given in first source	2	1	0
vitisin a [no description available]	3.23	5	0	benzofurans
nociceptin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.43	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.05	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.93	4	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	15.09	56	14	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.68	3	0
thymopoietin iii thymopoietin III: 48 AA monomeric peptide isolated from bovine spleen; thymopoietins I & II are from thymus; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.81	3	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	2.04	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
lactoferricin b lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source	2.17	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.17	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	8.12	74	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.39	6	0
liraglutide [no description available]	14.99	67	9	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	12.85	31	9
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.11	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.97	2	1
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	10.09	15	2
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	9.8	17	11
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.95	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	9.65	92	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.86	11	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	9.37	113	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.92	4	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	3.38	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
n-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine N-(7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole))-6-aminocaproyl sphingosine: fluorescent ceramide analog; structure given in first source. N-{6-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}sphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.	2.4	2	0	N-acylsphingosine	fluorescent probe
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	5.1	42	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
archazolid a archazolid A: inhibits vacuolar-type ATPase; isolated from Archangium gephyra; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
salirepin salirepin: isolated from Symplocos racemosa; structure in first source	2.81	3	0	glycoside
aluminum lactate aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms	2.02	1	0	aluminium coordination entity; lactate salt
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.67	3	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
cevine cevine: RN refers to (3alpha,4alpha,16beta)-isomer; structure given in first source. cevine : A steroid consisting of cevane having an oxygen bridge between positions 4 and 9 and carrying seven additional hydroxy substituents.	1.98	1	0	steroid	insecticide
platencin platencin: inhibits both FabF and FabH; structure in first source. platencin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the polycyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
archazolid b archazolid B: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	macrolide
1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. 1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 are specified as palmitoyl and acetyl respectively.	1.96	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2.31	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.4	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.76	3	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	3.18	5	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.9	4	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	4.02	13	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde oleacein: found in olive oil; structure in first source	4.68	7	0	alcohol; phenols
k-strophanthoside K-strophanthoside: cardiac glycoside extracted from Strophanthus kombe; sugars (glucose-glucose-cymarose) are bonded with strophanthidin	1.93	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.14	5	0
tetronic 701 tetronic 701: series of surface-active block polymers with added hydrophilic (polyoxyethylene) and hydrophobic (polyoxypropylene) side chains to ethylene-diamine; used as a drug carrier	1.98	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.71	3	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
6-tuliposide a 6-tuliposide A: from Alstroemeria ligtu L.; structure given in first source; RN given from Chem Abstr. Index Guide 1985; RN not Chemline 9/85. 6-tuliposide A : A 6-O-acyl-D-glucose that is the 6-O-(4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyl) derivative of D-glucopyranose.	2.25	1	0	6-O-acyl-D-glucose; homoallylic alcohol	allergen; metabolite
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	4.33	6	0
arjunetin arjunetin: RN given for (2alpha,3beta,19alpha)-isomer; has antifeedant, growth inhibitory, and oviposition-deterrent activities against Spilartia obliqua; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
oleracein e oleracein E: antioxidant from Portulaca oleracea; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
strictosidinic acid strictosidinic acid: a neurotransmitter agent isolated from Psychotria myriantha; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
Icariside E4 icariside E4: has antinociceptive activity; isolated from Tabebuia roseo-alba; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	benzofurans	metabolite
triptotriterpenic acid a triptotriterpenic acid A: from Tripterygium wilfordii; RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source. triptotriterpenic acid A : A pentacyclic triterpenoid with formula C30H48O4, originally isolated from Tripterygium hypoglaucum.	1.96	1	0	diol; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dipsacoside b dipsacoside B: from flowers of Lonicera macranthoides Hand	2.11	1	0
2'-acetylacteoside 2'-acetylacteoside: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Cistanch deserticola; structure in first source	3.44	7	0
oxypaeoniflora oxypaeoniflora: from Paeonia lactiflora	4.87	10	0	4-hydroxybenzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; cyclic acetal; lactol; monoterpene glycoside	plant metabolite
gnetin c gnetin C: has free radical scavenging activity; isolated from Gnetum gnemon; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
scalaradial scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; carbotetracyclic compound; dialdehyde; enal; scalarane sesterterpenoid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; marine metabolite; TRP channel blocker
lamalbid lamalbid: from Pedicula dicora	2.42	2	0
quercetin 3'-sulfate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
nothofagin nothofagin: a dihydrochalcone	2.5	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	5.61	25	0
octyl galactopyranoside octyl galactopyranoside: the minimum acceptor-substrate for H transferase; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.15	1	0
mycosporine-2-glycine mycosporine-2-glycine: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.42	2	0
meglumine ioxithalamate meglumine ioxithalamate: structure	1.96	1	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.13	5	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.98	14	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium perchlorate lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound	1.97	1	0
osteum [no description available]	3.56	2	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	4.02	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
on 01210.na (E)-4-carboxystyryl-4-chlorobenzylsulfone, sodium salt: radioprotectant; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	2.65	3	0
lactisole lactisole: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.68	3	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.47	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid 2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to mono-Na salt; structure	2.06	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.96	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.95	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.93	4	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	3.51	2	0
angoroside c angoroside C: angoroside C is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
scrovalentinoside scrovalentinoside: an iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia auriculata; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
forsythoside b forsythoside B: structure in first source	4.48	20	0
tuberonic acid glucoside tuberonic acid glucoside: isolated from the potato Solanum tuberosum; structure in first source	3.54	8	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
arenaemycin e arenaemycin E: from Streptomyces species; arenaemycin C is the chlorhydrin of the parent cpd, arenaemycin D is the diol & arenaemycin E is the epoxide; structure. pentalenolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.03	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro-epoxide	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.2.1.12 [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating)] inhibitor
isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidoside isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside: flavonoid from pollen typhae(Puhuang)	2.13	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	5.77	25	0
liriodendrin liriodendrin: 573-33-4 is liriodendrin; from bark of Plumeria rubra; structure given in first source	4.29	18	0
mogroside v mogroside V: cucurbitane type sweet triterpene glycoside from fruit of Momordica grosvenori Swingle; RN given refers to (3beta,9beta,10alpha,11alpha,24R-all D)-isomer	3.87	3	0
rubusoside rubusoside: from RUBUS. rubusoside : A steviol glycoside that is steviol in which both the carboxy group and the tertiary allylic hydroxy group have been converted to their corresponding beta-D-glucosides. A precious bioactive natural sweetener which mainly exists the in Chinese sweet tea plant, Rubus suavissimus.	5.01	36	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; steviol glycoside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite; sweetening agent
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.77	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	3.23	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	23.31	346	71	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.41	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
madecassoside [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
benzoylmesaconine benzoylmesaconine: structure in first source. benzoylmesaconine : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C31H43NO10 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.07	1	0	benzoate ester; bridged compound; diterpene alkaloid; organic heteropolycyclic compound; polyether; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	analgesic; antiinfective agent; plant metabolite
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	3.64	1	1
arabinogalactan [no description available]	5.27	16	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	1.95	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.31	1	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	5.69	73	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
sorbitan monopalmitate sorbitan monopalmitate: pharmaceutic aid (surfactant)	2.11	1	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	4.8	1	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	2.08	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
glochidioboside glochidioboside: from medicinal plant Sambucus williamsii	2.51	2	0
pargamicin a pargamicin A: isolated from Amycolatopsis; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.21	6	0
6-tuliposide b 6-tuliposide B: has antibacterial activity; structure in first source. 6-tuliposide B : A 6-O-acyl-D-glucose in which the 6-acyl group is specified as (3S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoyl. A secondary metabolite with potent antibacterial activity, occurring specifically in tulip anthers.	3.5	7	0	6-O-acyl-D-glucose; enoate ester	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; plant metabolite
corylifol a corylifol A: isolated from Psoralea corylifolia; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.46	2	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	15.47	41	23
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.39	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
substance p, phe(5)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)- substance P, Phe(5)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: substance P antagonist; bombesin antagonist	2.11	1	0
quercetin 3-o-glucoside-7-o-rhamnoside quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside: sedative from Tilia petiolaris; structure in first source. petiolaroside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 and a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 7 via glycosidic linkages. Isolated from the aerial parts of Delphinium staphisagria, it exhibits trypanocidal activity.	3.17	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; quercetin O-glucoside; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
aniline blue aniline blue: fluorochrom widely used by botanists	3.49	7	0
mannans [no description available]	6.26	47	0
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.	2.31	1	0	steroid sulfate oxoanion	human metabolite
kurarinone kurarinone: cytotoxic lavandulyl flavanone from Sophora flavescens; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
salicortin salicortin: an aryl glucoside from most species of Salix and Populus; structure in first source	4.68	26	0	glycoside
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.67	3	0
moracin o moracin O: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	2.04	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
prunin prunin: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
adenosine diphosphate glucose Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.	2.67	3	0	NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-); ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)	human metabolite
plx4032 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
ganglioside, gd1a [no description available]	1.96	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	7.48	38	1
presenegenin presenegenin: RN given for (2beta,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
feruloyl-coa feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) that is the tetraanion of feruloyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups.. trans-feruloyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 3-trans-feruloyl-CoA. Major structure at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	feruloyl-CoA(4-)
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	9.15	27	2
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	3.61	8	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	5.25	8	0
violarvensin violarvensin: a flavonoid di-c-glycoside from Viola arvensis; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.1	1	0
wasalexin a wasalexin A: wasalexins A and B are geometrical isomers; isolated from Wasabia japonica; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	indoles
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	5.75	82	0
mauritianin mauritianin: from Chenopodium quinoa	2.07	1	0
scopadulciol scopadulciol: InChIKey: CFPMRJFTBKYCRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N	2.1	1	0
Kushenol A kushenol A: a tyrosinase inhibitor derived from Sophora flavescens	2.31	1	0	flavanones
kurarinol kurarinol: from Sophora flavescens; has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis; structure in first source. kurarinol : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4' , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively.	2.04	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	2.42	2	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
typhaneoside typhaneoside: isolated from pollen of Typha angustfolia L. (puhuang); structure given in first source	2.78	3	0	flavonoids; glycoside
14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide: a diterpenoid from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.98	4	0
phillyrin [no description available]	8.42	56	1
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	5.75	14	0	tannin
roridin e roridin E: RN given refers to (2'E,7'R(R))-isomer; see also roridin J: 74042-83-6	1.99	1	0
glucopiericidin a glucopiericidin A: from Streptomyces pactum S48727 as co-metabolite of piericidin A(1); structure given in first source; glycoside antibiotic	1.97	1	0
darendoside a darendoside A: from Scutellaria orientalis subsp. pinnatifida; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
pf 04971729 ertugliflozin: structure in first source	7.93	6	1	diarylmethane
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: thioester substrate of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; structure in first source. 4-coumaroyl-CoA(4-) : Tetraanion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA(4-); acyl-CoA(4-)
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.75	3	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	3.44	1	1
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.25	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
2,3',5',6-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene 2,3',5',6-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene: a naturally occurring compound particularly found in the genus Gnetum, had a strong inhibitory effect on murine tyrosinase activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	13.21	25	15
cyanolide a cyanolide A: molluscicidal from the Papua New Guinea cyanobacterium Lyngbya bouillonii; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
nicotinate mononucleotide nicotinate D-ribonucleotide(2-) : Dianion of nicotinic acid D-ribonucleotide arising from deprotonation of carboxylic acid and phosphate functions.	2.07	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mannosylglycerate 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate : Conjugate base of 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glyceric acid	4.91	4	0	carbohydrate acid anion
benzoylpaeoniflorin benzoylpaeoniflorin: from Paeonia lactiflora	5.31	16	0
galloylpaeoniflorin galloylpaeoniflorin: an acylated monoterpene glucoside from paeony root; structure in first source	4.05	13	0
uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine(2-) : Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : A UDP-sugar having N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as the sugar component.	1.96	1	0	nucleotide-sugar oxoanion	human metabolite
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.07	1	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.82	2	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
UDP-rhamnose UDP-rhamnose : A UDP-sugar in which the sugar component is rhamnose.	2.54	2	0	UDP-sugar
salinixanthin salinixanthin: from Salinibacter ruber, an extremely halophilic eubacterium; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
granatin b granatin B: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor isolated from Punica granatum; do not confuse with granaticin B	2.21	1	0	tannin
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.69	3	0
jujuboside a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
isoquercitrin [no description available]	7.64	51	3
nirtetralin nirtetralin: RN given for (5alpha,6beta,7alpha)-isomer; suppresses HBsAg and HBeAg expression; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
bocillin fl BOCILLIN FL: used for detecting pencillin-binding proteins; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
gardenoside gardenoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 1S(1alpha,4alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer. gardenoside : A cyclopentapyran that is 7-deoxyloganin with a methyl and hydrogen replaced by hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups at position 7.	2.9	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alcohol	metabolite
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.73	3	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	12.22	23	15	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.7	10	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	2.39	2	0
anemarsaponin b anemarsaponin B: from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.68	2	1
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	3.07	5	0	peptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.72	83	2	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.46	8	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.41	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.37	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.42	2	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.71	3	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	7.54	40	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	3.07	5	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.47	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	13.49	186	4	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.98	3	0
arzanol arzanol: a prenylated alpha-pyrone-phloroglucinol etherodimer from Helichrysum italicum subsp.microphyllum; has antioxidant and cytotoxic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
micropyrone micropyrone: from Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
antimycin [no description available]	2	1	0
deoxyfusapyrone deoxyfusapyrone: isolated from Fusarium semitectum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	1.99	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
ascorbic acid 2-o-glucoside ascorbic acid 2-O-glucoside: has same vitamin C activity as L-ascorbic acid	4.48	6	0	glycoside
byl719 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	proline derivative
nickel nitrilotriacetic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.1	5	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	3.47	8	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.41	2	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.39	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	6.26	42	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	9.79	22	1
myricetin-3-o-rhamnoside myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside: antioxidant and antigenotoxic from Myrtus communis; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
semaglutide [no description available]	9.8	23	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
oxathiapiprolin oxathiapiprolin: fungicide, structure in first source. 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone : An N-acylpiperidine that is N-acetyl 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine in which the thiazole ring is substituted at position 4 by a 5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the acetyl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl group.. oxathiapiprolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxathiapiprolin.	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; isoxazoline; N-acylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; tertiary carboxamide
astressin-2b astressin-2B: a CRF2 receptor antagonist. astressin 2B : A 33-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Leu-Ser-D-Phe-His-alpha-MeLeu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Nle-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Glu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-alpha-MeLeu-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 24 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 27.	2.06	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.8	11	0	ketal
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.98	1	0
ganoderic acid c2 ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	triterpenoid
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.72	2	0
saroglitazar saroglitazar: a PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonist. saroglitazar : A monocarboxylic acid that is (2S)-2-ethoxy-3-(p-ethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens of the p-ethoxy substituent has been replaced by the nitrogen of 2-methyl-5-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole. An agonist at the subtypes alpha and gamma of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) with predominant PPARalpha activity, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	hypoglycemic agent; PPARalpha agonist; PPARgamma agonist
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.46	2	0
lipoxin b4 lipoxin B4: structure in first source. lipoxin B4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.. lipoxin B4(1-) : A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of lipoxin B4: major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	hydroxy fatty acid anion; lipoxin anion
paeoniflorigenone paeoniflorigenone: monoterpene from paeony root; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3abeta,5alpha,7abeta,8R*))-isomer. paeoniflorigenone : A terpenoid with formula C17H18O6, isolated from several species of Paeoniae.	3.06	1	0	alicyclic ketone; benzoate ester; bridged compound; cyclic acetal; lactol; monoterpenoid	neuromuscular agent; plant metabolite
maysin maysin: structure in first source. maysin : A flavone C-glycoside that is luteolin attached to a disaccharide residue at position 6. It has been isolated from natural product Petrorhagia velutina and Zea mays and exhibits insecticidal and neuroprotective activities.	4.59	24	0	disaccharide derivative; flavone C-glycoside; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavone	insecticide; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
epidermin epidermin: a linear type A lantibiotic; tetracyclic 21-peptide amide antibiotic produced by Staphylococcus epidermis. epidermin : A type A lantibiotic that is a tetracyclic 21-amino-acid peptide which contains meso-lanthionine, 3-methyllanthionine, and S-(2-aminovinyl)-D-cysteine. It is obtained from Staphylococcus epidermidis Tue 3298 and exhibits antibiotic activity against many Gram-positive bacteria.	2.01	1	0	macrocycle; type A lantibiotic	antibacterial agent; metabolite
stigmasterol glucoside stigmasterol glucoside: toxic component of Cycas circinalis seeds possibly etiologic in Guamanian ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex; structure in first source	4	13	0	steroid
4-nitrophenyl maltopentaoside 4-nitrophenyl maltopentaoside: RN given is for all alpha sugars	1.98	1	0
cucurbitane cucurbitane: structure in first source. cucurbitane : A triterpene that is an isomer of lanostane obtained by migration of the methyl group from 10 to the 9beta position.	2.5	2	0	triterpene
timosaponin aiii timosaponin AIII: nootropic agent from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
macranthoidin b [no description available]	2.11	1	0
deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside: a major conjugate of deoxynivalenol in beer and some brewing intermediates	7.16	61	0	trichothecene
pravastatin acanthoside D: from Salsola collina	4.28	5	0	glycoside; lignan
kibdelomycin kibdelomycin: an antibiotic that inhibits both gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV; isolated from Kibdelosporangium; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	3.5	1	1
sulfated pentagalloylglucoside sulfated pentagalloylglucoside: structure in first source	3.06	4	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.35	7	0
resolvin d3 resolvin D3: structure in first source. resolvin D3 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (5Z,7E,9E,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 11 and 17 (the 4S,11R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
hypophyllanthin hypophyllanthin: Anti-inflammatory from Phyllanthus amarus	4.15	4	0
rebaudioside d rebaudioside D: isolated from Stevia rebaudiana. rebaudioside D : A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in minute quantities in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.	2.87	3	0	rebaudioside; sophoroside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
ilexsaponin a1 ilexsaponin A1: extract from the leaves of the plant	2.07	1	0
sar405 SAR405: a Vps34 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.36	2	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.41	2	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	4.03	13	0
petrosaspongiolide m petrosaspongiolide m: isolated from the caledonian marine sponge Petrosaspongia nigra; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2.06	1	0
sorbitan monolaurate sorbitan monolaurate: span type materials are artificial esters of the common fatty acids & hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol	2.15	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.69	29	0
ly 2140023 LY 2140023: prodrug of LY-404039	3.23	1	0
arabinobiose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cellohexaose D-cellohexaose : A hexasaccharide consisting of five beta-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0	glucohexaose
fusapyrone fusapyrone: isolated from Fusarium semitectum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
zearalenone-4-glucopyranoside zearalenone-4-glucopyranoside: structure given in first source	3.1	5	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	2.37	2	0
sericoside sericoside: structure in first source	2.94	4	0
hp 228 HP 228: a heptapeptide; inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase; RN given refers to (ALL-L)-isomer	2.03	1	0
cyanidin 3-sambubioside cyanidin 3-sambubioside: structure in first source	3.23	5	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.66	3	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	5.85	28	0
2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 2-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source; isomeric probe	2.11	1	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.9	4	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	1.99	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.95	1	0	anthracycline cation
mastoparan x mastoparan X: RN given refers to the all-(L)-isomer. mastoparan-V : A member of the class of mastopyrans that is a 14-amino acid polypeptide comprising isoleucyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, lysyl, glycyl, isoleucyl, alanyl, alanyl, methionyl, alanyl, lysyl, lysyl, leucyl, and leucinamide residues coupled in sequence. It is the major active component of the venom of the hornet Vespa velutina and causes degranulation of mast cells. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as haemolytic activity on chicken, human and sheep erythrocytes.	2.39	2	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antibacterial agent
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	1.96	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.92	4	0
fsl-1 lipoprotein, synthetic FSL-1 lipoprotein, synthetic: a synthetic lipoprotein based on the 44-kDa lipoprotein from Mycoplasma salivarium	2.49	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.69	29	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.21	5	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.02	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.15	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.53	8	0
tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate: structure given in first source; used to activate thioglycosides towards glycosylation; do not confuse with BAHA cpd	2.03	1	0
xylotriose [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pterodontic acid pterodontic acid: anti-bacterial from Laggera pterodonta; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ly2409021 adomeglivant: a glucagon receptor antagonist	3.17	1	0
rebaudioside m rebaudioside M: a sweetening agent isolated from Stevia rebaudiana; structure in first source. rebaudioside M : A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the the hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in very low concentraitions in the leaves of Stevia Rebaudiana, it is more than 200 times sweeter than sucrose.	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
punicalin punicalin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa	3.94	3	0	tannin
neoline neoline: Aconitum jaluense; structure in first source. neoline : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C24H39NO6 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.	2.17	1	0
3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside 3-hydroxykynurenine glucoside: structure in first source	3.82	11	0	organic molecular entity
harpagide harpagide: from S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC	4.09	14	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	3.5	7	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.75	3	0
salmochelin s4 salmochelin S4: isolated from Salmonella enterica; structure in first source	5.17	14	0	C-glycosyl compound; macrotriolide
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.37	7	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	2.08	1	0
tridihexethyl mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	3.07	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	3.21	1	0
morroniside morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source	3.69	9	0
chebulinic acid chebulinic acid: one of the allagitannins in the seeds of Euphoria longana; structure given in first source	5.36	17	0
chebulagic acid [no description available]	6.14	38	0
ganoderic acid a ganoderic acid A: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	5.17	14	0
moracin p moracin P: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	4.21	15	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	3.92	11	0
daptomycin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
casuarictin casuarictin: RN given refers to beta-D-Glc stereoisomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92; precursor of ellagic acid; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	15.23	738	4
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.19	6	2
crenatoside crenatoside: structure given in first source; isolated from the aerial parts of Orobanche crenata	3.28	6	0
catalposide catalposide: structure	3.81	11	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	4.93	11	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	3.99	1	1
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	8.75	15	5
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.02	1	0
insulin degludec [no description available]	3.18	1	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	2.31	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	9.84	24	0
isotalatizidine isotalatizidine: structure in first source. isotalatizidine : A diterpene alkaloid that is aconitane bearing hydroxy groups at the 1alpha, 8, and 14alpha positions and substituted at on the nitrogen and at positions 4 and 16beta by ethyl, methoxymethyl, and methoxy groups, respectively.	2.17	1	0
insulin, desoctapeptide- [no description available]	1.95	1	0
validamycins validamycins: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure given in Merck Index, 9th ed, #9570 has been revised in fifth source; structure in fifth source; see also record for validamycin A. validamycins : Any of the inositol-derived beta-D-glucoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.66	3	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.29	13	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.68	3	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	4.02	14	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	4.88	2	1
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	5.72	20	1
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus	1.99	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	3.19	5	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	4.51	24	0
dehydroandrographolide [no description available]	3.71	9	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	7.1	63	0
peimisine peimisine: isolated from Fritillaria ussuriensis	2.91	4	0
edetic acid solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.	2.15	1	0
beta-amyrin palmitate beta-amyrin palmitate: alpha-amyrin palmitate is also available; may activate noradrenergic activity	2	1	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	3.23	5	0
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	2.02	1	0
poncirin poncirin: isolated from the fructus of Poncirus trifoliata; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	2.49	2	0
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactopyranosylglycerol 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactopyranosylglycerol: an antitumor promoter; a protolimonoid glucoside from the leaves of Trichilia prieuriana; structure in first source	3.14	5	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.96	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	4.07	15	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.4	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.85	12	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	6.61	68	0
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	2.41	2	0
scleroglucan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oligosaccharide
lavandulifolioside lavandulifolioside: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
rhamnogalacturonan i rhamnogalacturonan I: pectic polysaccharide from sycamore cell walls; composed of galactosyluronic acid, rhamnosyl, galactosyl, arabinosyl & fucosyl residues. rhamnogalacturonan I : A family of polysaccharides that all contain a linear backbone composed of repeating units of the disaccharide alpha-D-GalpA-(l->2)-alpha-L-Rhap joined by alpha-(1->4) linkages.	2.4	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.03	4	0
senkyunolide i senkyunolide I: has antioxidant and anti-migraine activities; isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong; structure in first source	2.8	3	0
liriodendrin, 1r-(1alpha,3abeta,4beta,6aalpha)-isomer eleutheroside E: from Eleutherococcus senticosus extract	7.39	31	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	1.96	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.38	7	2
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.04	1	0
roseoside roseoside: from Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae); structure in first source	4.2	16	0
leucinostatin a leucinostatin A: isolated from Penicillium lilacinum; A 20668 A,B,& C are polypeptide antibiotics that inhibit phosphorylation of ADP, Mg ATPase; RN given refers to leucinostatin A	1.99	1	0
dodecyl polyoxyethylene sulfuric acid, sodium salt sodium laureth sulfate: do not confuse with sodium lauryl sulfate, which is also known by this name	2.45	2	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.9	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.12	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.92	33	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	6.15	11	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.4	2	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.09	5	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate glucose guanosine diphosphate glucose: acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer. GDP-alpha-D-glucose : A GDP-D-glucose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.03	1	0	GDP-D-glucose
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	1.96	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.23	6	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	5.7	7	1	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.66	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.78	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.39	4	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.7	10	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.82	11	0
neopterin [no description available]	4.49	5	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	8.04	12	5	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.98	3	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	2.39	2	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	6.4	53	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.01	1	0
noc-5 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(3-aminopropyl)-3-isopropyl-1-triazene: a nitric oxide donor compound. NOC-5 : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an isopropyl group and a 3-aminopropyl group, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group. It is a nitric oxide donor.	2.05	1	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.96	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	4.45	1	1	purine nucleoside
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
loxoribine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cytarabine Guanosine Diphosphate Fucose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar formed from GDPmannose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls, and for blood group substances and other glycoproteins.	2.01	1	0	GDP-fucose
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.84	3	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	2.1	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
vicine vicine: pyrimidine glycoside found in fava bean; structure	6.35	51	0	glycoside
quazinone [no description available]	3.06	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.47	8	0
2-azahypoxanthine 2-azahypoxanthine: metabolite of DTIC; structure	2.17	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.41	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	6.06	10	1	guanosines	biomarker
indole-3-aldehyde oxime indole-3-aldehyde oxime: locomotor depressant; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.35	2	0
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	2.06	1	0
8-bromoguanosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	purine nucleoside
divicine divicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.58	9	0
3,n(4)-ethanocytosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound	mutagen
phosphocreatinine phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	4.55	23	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.97	1	0
ed 110 ED 110: structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
grayanotoxin ii grayanotoxin II: extract from leaves of Ericaceae; structure	2.21	1	0	tertiary alcohol
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	5.52	15	1
eye [no description available]	3.71	10	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	4.58	5	1
steviolbioside steviolbioside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. steviolbioside : A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.. steviolbioside(1-) : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of steviolbioside. The major species at pH 7.3.	3.56	8	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	3.86	2	0
olitoriside olitoriside: from Adonis mongolica Sim; RN given refers to (D-xylo)-isomer; see also erysimoside for (D-ribo)-isomer: 7082-34-0	1.96	1	0
amycolamicin amycolamicin: isolated from Amycolatopsis; structure in first source	4.47	6	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.7	3	0
pd 124966 PD 124966: isolated from Streptomyces sp.; a cyclic hexadepsipeptide; antagonist of complement 5A	1.98	1	0
acetylaleuritolic acid acetylaleuritolic acid: structure	2.08	1	0
picroside ii picroside II: RN given for (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6abeta))-isomer; structure in first source	3.9	12	0
pseudolaric acid b [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pseudolaric acid a pseudolaric acid A: from Pseudolarix kaempfer Gordon; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
plantainoside d plantainoside D: antioxidant from the leaves of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae); structure in first source	2.44	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	5.9	100	0
cep-11004 CEP-11004: inhibitors of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway	2.03	1	0
vermiculite [no description available]	1.98	1	0
vescalagin vescalagin: structure in first source; castalagin is the (33beta)-isomer of vescalagin	4.74	8	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.46	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.88	4	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2.02	1	0
d-jnki-1 D-JNKI-1: a synthetic, cell permeable peptide that blocks the MAPK-JNK signal pathway; has potential therapeutic value for long-term protection of both the morphological integrity and physiological function of the organ of Corti during times of oxidative stress	2.06	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	9.23	21	2
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	6.44	56	0
vomilenine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
araban araban: contains arabinose & galactose	2.47	2	0
pustulan [no description available]	1.96	1	0
destruxin b destruxin B: cyclodepsipeptide from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhyzium anisopliae; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclosomatostatin: involved in hepatocellular transport	1.98	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.01	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	7.84	23	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	11.74	111	4
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	11.74	111	4
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	3.52	6	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	3.52	6	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	19.4	834	14
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	19.4	834	14
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	4.7	11	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	10.68	257	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	6.29	51	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	10.68	257	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	11.19	17	6
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	19.66	963	12
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.45	24	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.45	24	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	11.19	17	6
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.08	13	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	2.41	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	9.78	177	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	13.03	118	10
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	13.03	118	10
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	4.22	16	0
Anasarca [description not available]	8.84	181	1
Allodynia [description not available]	5.89	90	0
Ache [description not available]	5.86	89	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.84	181	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	5.86	89	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.69	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	15.69	81	66
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	15.69	81	66
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	3.45	7	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	5.01	41	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	5.89	37	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	5.01	41	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	5.89	37	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	33.9	4,470	2,942
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	33.9	4,470	2,942
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	2.6	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	5.62	3	2
Odontalgia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	5.62	3	2
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	2.6	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	11.38	53	4
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	11.38	53	4
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	2.31	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	3.34	6	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	4.64	26	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	4.64	26	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.81	26	3
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	8.81	26	3
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	5.8	34	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.69	9	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	9.44	30	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	9.44	30	3
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.85	7	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	5.13	10	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.85	7	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	5.13	10	1
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	3.01	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	13.64	42	11
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	4.36	19	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	4.36	19	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.87	3	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.93	3	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.89	8	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.51	23	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.89	8	1
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	7.58	11	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.53	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	7.58	11	1
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.61	8	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.63	2	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	2.6	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	8.34	69	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.34	69	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	6.99	35	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	12.8	54	7
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	2.93	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	14.07	95	6
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.	2.88	3	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	7.46	12	4
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.69	10	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	3.98	14	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	7.28	11	4
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	7.46	12	4
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	3.98	14	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	7.28	11	4
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.37	6	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.37	6	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	7.96	80	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	5.05	15	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	7.96	80	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	24.99	553	452
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	3.55	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	24.99	553	452
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	4.07	2	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	9.78	106	2
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	2.25	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	6.35	53	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	6.35	53	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	4.11	3	1
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	27.33	1,041	685
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	27.33	1,041	685
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.69	3	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.25	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.25	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	6.18	12	1
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	6.18	12	1
Black Fever [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.96	4	0
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	2.25	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.7	3	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.51	17	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	6.51	17	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	5.07	15	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.53	2	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.43	2	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	5.07	15	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	3.62	9	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.59	2	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	7.7	12	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	7.18	12	3
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.9	39	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.31	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	7.7	12	1
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	19.38	183	54
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	15.94	128	4
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	19.38	183	54
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.06	14	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.63	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	6.11	17	2
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	6.11	17	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	9.18	89	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	9.18	89	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	11.27	26	5
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	29.87	1,732	1,386
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	11.27	26	5
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.7	9	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	19.14	194	53
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	9.15	36	1
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.38	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	6.35	13	1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	6.35	13	1
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	5.02	3	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	16.28	91	34
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	16.28	91	34
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	3.35	6	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	12.68	92	6
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	12.68	92	6
Bone Spur [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	4.75	30	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	4.75	30	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	3.05	4	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	11.01	172	4
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.17	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	4.28	4	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	7.2	79	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	2.13	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	3.81	4	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.58	23	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.58	23	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	22.43	265	208
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	6.1	30	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	6.1	30	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	6.16	16	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	6.61	31	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	6.61	31	0
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.	3.47	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.76	48	7
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	12.76	48	7
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	8.24	57	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	8.24	57	2
Diathesis [description not available]	7.82	21	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	6.56	17	1
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.56	17	1
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	4.55	8	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	4.87	30	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	4.87	30	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	9.57	25	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	17.46	165	26
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	17.46	165	26
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	2.69	3	0
MODS [description not available]	12.49	116	4
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	12.49	116	4
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.81	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	5.95	9	1
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.46	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	5.53	27	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	5.53	27	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.82	3	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	4.18	16	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	2.08	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.42	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	13.27	270	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	11.94	33	16
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.94	33	16
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	8.25	13	3
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	8.25	13	3
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.55	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.55	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	6.3	37	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	6.3	37	1
Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation.	2.1	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.99	15	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	4.99	15	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	11.05	22	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	11.05	22	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	2.1	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.8	11	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.51	8	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	10.88	104	4
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	10.88	104	4
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	13.09	98	4
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	19.56	151	51
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	19.56	151	51
Infections, Pasteurellaceae [description not available]	3.48	1	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.58	26	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.58	26	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	7.81	5	2
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	7.81	5	2
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.8	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	7.31	21	2
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.31	21	2
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.11	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.2	11	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.2	11	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.74	3	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.82	8	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.49	2	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.73	3	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.11	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.58	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	6.82	14	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.44	22	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	6.82	14	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	3.29	6	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.69	10	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.69	10	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.91	4	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	5.8	8	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	5.8	8	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	5.75	7	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	5.75	7	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	5.2	43	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	5.2	43	0
Bleeding [description not available]	6.72	22	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	6.72	22	1
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	5.18	16	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	5.18	16	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	3.59	7	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	2.13	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	4.78	29	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	5.72	19	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	5.72	19	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	14.1	85	8
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.71	3	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	14.1	85	8
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	12.91	81	16
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	7.72	22	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	12.91	81	16
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	7.72	22	1
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.59	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.16	18	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.16	18	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.66	3	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.04	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	19.91	160	73
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	19.91	160	73
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	7.08	11	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	7.08	11	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.77	10	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	8.17	9	4
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	6.38	8	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.15	15	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.96	13	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.38	8	2
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	4.15	15	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.96	13	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.05	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.82	2	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	6.05	118	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	6.05	118	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	7.23	61	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.89	24	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	4.82	2	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	4.82	2	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.41	22	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	9.48	34	4
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	3.07	5	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	9.24	38	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	9.24	38	1
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.05	1	0
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).	2.05	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.44	2	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	3.49	7	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	3.49	7	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	8.17	14	2
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.97	9	1
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.12	5	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	23.79	456	214
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.33	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.33	4	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.93	4	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.19	5	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	5.14	18	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.4	61	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	6.4	61	0
Atheroma [description not available]	7	14	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6.37	38	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	9.86	34	5
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	6.37	38	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	9.86	34	5
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	6.34	4	2
Generalized Vulvodynia [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	6.34	4	2
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.07	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	2.07	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.52	2	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	4.78	32	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.53	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	4.78	32	0
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Pulmonary Aspergillosis Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.07	1	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	3.87	2	1
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.08	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	3.86	4	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3	4	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3	4	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.08	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	4.37	8	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	3.59	9	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.08	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	3.31	6	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.52	8	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.39	2	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.86	12	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	2.64	3	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	6.93	16	1
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	3.49	8	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	6.93	16	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	7.15	21	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	7.15	21	1
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	4.59	5	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	5.39	23	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	5.39	23	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	3.37	7	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	3.84	11	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	4.59	5	1
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.9	4	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	3.32	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	4.01	5	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.01	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.43	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	3.82	4	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	15.33	120	10
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.9	13	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	15.33	120	10
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	4.67	11	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	4.59	10	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.9	13	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	3.97	14	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	3.97	14	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	4.6	27	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	4.6	27	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	2.38	2	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	2.35	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	3.05	5	0
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.34	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.9	4	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.93	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.87	4	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Carcinoma, Krebs 2 A transplantable neoplasm of mice.	1.93	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.32	20	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	4.98	3	1
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	1.93	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.34	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.87	4	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	1.93	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	5.11	42	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	9.53	65	3
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	5.81	20	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	11.36	48	9
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	5.11	42	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	9.53	65	3
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	5.81	20	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	1.94	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	11.36	48	9
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	2.34	2	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.38	2	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.86	4	0
Metastase [description not available]	7.01	28	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	6.32	5	1
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	4.12	6	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	7.01	28	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	9.14	53	2
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	10.08	60	3
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	9.14	53	2
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	10.08	60	3
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.2	4	1
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.86	4	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.87	4	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.16	11	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	4.07	15	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	1.93	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3.67	10	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	3.04	5	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	6.94	15	2
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	5.99	14	2
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.35	2	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	4.16	17	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4	5	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.67	11	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	22.29	230	139
Histomoniasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	22.29	230	139
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	4.03	14	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	3.63	3	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.8	3	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.43	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	7.83	23	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	7.83	23	1
Deficiency Syndrome, Leukocyte-Adhesion [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.	2.91	4	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	12.13	32	9
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	12.13	32	9
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.49	8	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	3.76	10	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.3	6	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.96	4	0
Granuloma, Respiratory Tract Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.	2.02	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	3.57	9	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.35	6	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	3.14	5	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	6.31	5	1
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	4.11	3	1
Buckley Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Job Syndrome Primary immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Most cases are sporadic. Of the rare familial forms, the dominantly inherited subtype has additional connective tissue, dental and skeletal involvement that the recessive type does not share.	2.02	1	0
Johne Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.79	3	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.79	3	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	6.51	9	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	8.21	13	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	6.51	9	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	8.21	13	2
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.44	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	8.03	53	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	4.12	3	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	7.53	9	2
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	7.53	9	2
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.77	11	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.03	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	3.52	8	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.51	2	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.03	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.37	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	22.47	262	189
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	22.47	262	189
AIRE Deficiency [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	4.61	6	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	4.61	6	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.37	7	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.37	7	2
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.49	2	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	10.03	23	4
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	8.06	19	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	10.03	23	4
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	8.06	19	1
Acetonemia [description not available]	9.18	22	2
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	3.42	1	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	8.3	8	3
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	8.3	8	3
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	4.51	9	0
Ulna Fractures Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.	2.41	2	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	2.41	2	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	2.39	2	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	2.03	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	2.47	2	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.87	4	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.34	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.64	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	5.92	13	2
Glandular Fever [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	1.96	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	4.2	6	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	2.37	2	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	2.36	2	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	3.84	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.46	15	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.46	15	2
Acne [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.95	4	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	6.99	29	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	6.99	29	1
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.35	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	3.21	6	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	1.96	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.96	1	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	3.28	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	4.08	15	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	4.08	15	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.78	11	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4.41	8	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	4.28	4	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	1.96	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4.41	8	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.37	2	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	1.96	1	0
Infection [description not available]	7.45	18	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	7.45	18	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.37	19	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	4.53	23	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.37	19	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	4.53	23	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	6.05	11	1
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	6.05	11	1
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.66	3	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.	4.37	8	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.96	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.37	2	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	5.13	11	1
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	5.13	11	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	16.05	55	39
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	16.05	55	39
Angiitis [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.15	5	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	3.84	4	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.53	8	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.82	19	4
Heat Collapse [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.37	8	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.37	2	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.91	14	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.89	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.91	14	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	6.09	11	1
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	1.95	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	6.09	11	1
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	5.37	5	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	8.34	23	6
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	1.96	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	3.36	7	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	1.96	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.65	3	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	5.89	9	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	5.89	9	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	1.96	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	1.96	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	2.37	2	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	1.96	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	3.98	5	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	3.21	6	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	1.96	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	5.44	5	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	10.74	16	9
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	6.1	11	1
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Rubeola [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	1.95	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	1.95	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	4.74	7	1
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	4.74	7	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.39	2	0
Bartonella henselae Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cat-Scratch Disease A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.	1.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	11.41	23	9
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.26	6	0
Bone Tuberculosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	7.6	7	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1.98	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.69	3	0
Bleb [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.96	4	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.67	3	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.89	4	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	5.62	17	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	5.62	17	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	1.98	1	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	2.35	2	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	4.77	32	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	4.77	32	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	17.08	68	5
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.37	2	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.98	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	3.36	7	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.4	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Farmer's Lung A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.	2.87	4	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.21	6	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.91	16	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.72	10	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	7.91	16	1
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	4	5	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	4	5	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	5.41	5	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	7.92	27	1
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.12	5	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.44	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.36	7	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3	4	0
Haim-Monk Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	8.13	21	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	8.13	21	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	3.17	5	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.91	4	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	5.2	18	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.4	2	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.9	4	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	2.45	2	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	1.99	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.99	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	1.99	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.67	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.94	12	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.94	12	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	1.99	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	4.01	5	0
African Swine Fever A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).	1.99	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	1.99	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Avian Sarcoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2.9	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.71	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	6.47	14	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	6.47	14	1
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2	1	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	7.87	39	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.87	39	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	4.5	5	1
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2	1	0
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	2	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis II Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.	2	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.39	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.41	2	0
Dental Granuloma [description not available]	2	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.47	2	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.47	2	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2	1	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.01	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	4.49	5	1
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.4	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	1.95	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	4.16	6	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	1.95	1	0
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.66	3	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	1.95	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.07	5	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.87	4	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.65	3	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	1.95	1	0
Ovoid Neutrophil Nuclei, Developmental Delay, Epilepsy and Skeletal Abnormalities [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.32	2	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	1.95	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	1.95	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	1.95	1	0
Boils [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.36	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	5.87	8	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	5.87	8	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	5.51	6	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	5.51	6	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	15.08	89	9
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	1.95	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	1.95	1	0
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	1.95	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	5	5	2
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	5	5	2
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.85	12	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	1.95	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.36	2	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.95	4	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 11 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).	1.98	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	2.38	2	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	4.74	2	1
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.44	2	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	4.36	4	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.64	3	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.38	2	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	2.39	2	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	4.75	7	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	4.75	7	1
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	3.36	1	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.41	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	1.97	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	3.1	5	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	1.97	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	3.58	8	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.42	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	3.58	8	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	2.41	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	1.97	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	1.97	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	2.37	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.8	10	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.8	10	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	18	79	53
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	1.97	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.72	3	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	1.96	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	8.29	11	4
Infection, Wound [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	1.96	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	2.36	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	4.29	4	1
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	1.97	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	1.97	1	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	1.97	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.41	2	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.32	6	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.97	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.37	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	1.96	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.36	2	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.41	2	0
Aldrich Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.	2.38	2	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	1.96	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	1.96	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	1.96	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	1.96	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	1.96	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.92	4	0
Erythremia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	1.95	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	1.94	1	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	9.59	41	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	10.22	22	3
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	9.59	41	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	10.22	22	3
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.35	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.94	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	1.94	1	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.39	2	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	1.95	1	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Embolus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.39	2	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.94	1	0
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	1.94	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.94	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	4.03	3	1
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	7.64	5	4
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	7.64	5	4
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.61	2	0
Aura [description not available]	6.09	9	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	6.09	9	1
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	14.7	64	7
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	14.7	64	7
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	12.81	49	3
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	22.94	327	181
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	22.94	327	181
Cirrhosis [description not available]	12.84	92	3
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.28	5	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	20.37	193	150
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	12.84	92	3
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	20.34	344	310
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	20.34	344	310
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).	2.31	1	0
Central European Encephalitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	17.08	105	29
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	17.08	105	29
Donohue Syndrome Rare autosomal recessive syndrome of extreme insulin resistance due to mutations in the binding domain of INSULIN RECEPTOR. Clinical features include severe intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction, characteristic dysmorphic FACIES; HIRSUTISM; VIRILIZATION; multiple endocrine abnormalities, and early death.	2.31	1	0
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	6.75	5	2
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	6.75	5	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	12.26	82	7
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	12.26	82	7
Headache, Tension [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.23	1	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	5.92	30	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	5.92	30	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	9.02	21	2
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	6.21	5	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	9.02	21	2
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	6.21	5	2
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	7.1	10	1
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	6.72	8	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	7.1	10	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6	13	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	6	13	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	7.83	35	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.83	35	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	3.18	5	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	5.12	2	1
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	3.23	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	3.23	1	0
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.	3.23	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.04	13	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.04	13	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.81	3	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.81	3	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	5.07	2	1
Asystole [description not available]	6.15	4	1
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	6.15	4	1
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	8.64	13	4
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	8.64	13	4
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	2.31	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	5.01	34	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	12	19	6
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	12	19	6
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	10.08	24	5
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	10.08	24	5
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.59	5	3
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	6.59	5	3
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	5.19	6	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	5.19	6	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	3.14	4	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.41	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	21.61	253	190
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.41	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.66	2	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	14.13	37	23
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	14.13	37	23
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	3.07	3	0
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	3.07	3	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.41	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	14.92	49	16
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	7.82	17	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	7.82	17	1
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.69	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	8.84	16	4
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	6.12	5	5
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	6.12	5	5
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	6	21	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.41	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.81	11	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.76	2	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.19	5	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.41	25	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	6.41	25	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	5.67	3	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	5.67	3	1
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	3.8	1	1
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	3.8	1	1
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	3.1	4	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	4.69	8	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	4.69	8	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.45	21	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	21.56	336	329
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	21.56	336	329
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	7.89	22	2
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	7.89	22	2
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	3.01	3	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.15	5	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	9.42	13	4
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.66	2	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	9.42	13	4
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.42	6	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	4.82	5	1
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	7.35	14	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.35	14	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	10.16	14	13
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Debility [description not available]	6.7	4	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	7.38	37	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	7.38	37	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	3.41	5	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	4.64	5	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.04	7	1
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	4.64	7	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	4.64	7	0
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.8	1	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.07	2	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.89	32	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.89	32	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.28	16	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.28	16	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	6.5	8	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	7.06	9	2
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	6.5	8	2
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	7.06	9	2
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.63	2	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	5.56	8	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	3.81	2	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	7.13	17	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	7.13	17	1
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.41	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.26	5	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.26	5	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.63	2	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.81	9	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.81	9	0
Emesis [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	3.36	6	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	4.01	4	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	9.34	15	3
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.1	4	0
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	2.98	3	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.41	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.41	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.41	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.41	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	5.41	3	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	7.51	43	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	3.92	3	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	3.92	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	7.51	43	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.5	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	4.84	7	1
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	10.32	11	5
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	10.32	11	5
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.41	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	4.02	2	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.79	9	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.81	9	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.79	9	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.81	9	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.41	1	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	2.41	1	0
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	5.03	16	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	3.87	10	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	3.87	10	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.59	2	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	5.99	6	1
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	5.99	6	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	9.94	11	5
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	9.94	11	5
Exanthem [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.6	1	0
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	5.31	4	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	4.9	2	1
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	4.21	3	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	3.08	4	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	3.64	2	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.6	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	6.27	6	2
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.1	4	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	5.83	7	1
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.21	1	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	3.52	7	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	3.52	7	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	2.25	1	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.57	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.01	4	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	3.93	11	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.44	6	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	3.93	11	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.44	6	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.46	7	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.19	5	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.59	2	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.25	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	6.04	4	2
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	6.04	4	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.8	3	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	4.99	2	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	18.4	106	42
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	2.63	2	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.08	4	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	6	9	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	6	9	1
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1.5 [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Autoimmune diabetes in adults with slowly progressive PANCREATIC BETA CELL failure and the presence of circulating autoantibodies to PANCREATIC ISLETS cell antigens.	2.61	2	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	3.9	11	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.57	2	0
Itching [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	3.32	6	0
Chemo-Fog [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	6.85	21	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	6.85	21	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	7.57	6	2
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	7.57	6	2
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.34	6	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.57	2	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.25	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.25	1	0
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)	3.59	9	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	3.71	9	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.87	3	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	5.33	4	1
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	2.59	2	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.91	3	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	3.15	5	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.81	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	5.25	3	1
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	5.25	3	1
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	2.25	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	11.6	20	11
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	11.6	20	11
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	5.23	3	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	5.23	3	1
Psychoses [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.52	2	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	8.96	11	6
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	8.96	11	6
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.68	3	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	3.23	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.37	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	13.29	37	27
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	13.29	37	27
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.63	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	2.25	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.31	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	8.19	15	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	8.19	15	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	7.89	7	2
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.31	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	3.39	6	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	3.39	6	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	4.37	3	1
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.62	1	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.39	4	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	4.62	1	1
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	5.33	4	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	5.94	2	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	6.15	11	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	4.62	1	1
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	4.94	2	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.62	1	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	5.94	2	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	4.62	1	1
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	6.15	11	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.62	1	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	4.62	1	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	4.94	2	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.11	6	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.11	6	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.72	2	0
Rida [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	3.23	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	17.53	98	95
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	17.54	99	95
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	4.55	1	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	17.53	98	95
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	2.25	1	0
Hydrothorax A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.23	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.23	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.25	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	5.47	5	1
Hypovolemic [description not available]	6.72	4	2
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	6.72	4	2
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	4.86	2	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	4.86	2	1
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.3	5	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.3	5	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	5.61	3	1
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.31	1	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	5.14	3	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	5.14	3	1
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.44	2	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.87	3	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.87	3	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	2.25	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.61	2	0
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.87	2	1
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.31	1	0
Fournier Disease [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.31	1	0
Micrometastases, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Presbyopia The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.	2.31	1	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	3.25	5	0
Impotence [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2.63	2	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.82	3	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	16.91	55	5
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.04	4	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	2.31	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.31	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.31	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	2.31	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	2.31	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.84	3	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.31	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.88	3	0
Metabolically Benign Obesity [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.15	1	0
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.15	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.58	2	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.58	2	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.15	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.15	1	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	3.02	4	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	5.16	5	2
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	5.16	5	2
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	6.84	3	3
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	6.84	3	3
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.53	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	12.1	13	8
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	4.01	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.58	2	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.57	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.17	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.17	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.17	1	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.17	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.17	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.06	4	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.48	2	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	5.34	6	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.03	4	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.17	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.55	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	2.17	1	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.17	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	3.95	2	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.17	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3.56	1	1
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	10.76	13	13
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.92	13	5
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.78	3	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	3.09	1	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	2.17	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.17	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	3.02	4	0
Lassa Virus Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lassa Fever An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.	2.17	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	8.46	7	2
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	8.46	7	2
Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.	2.21	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.17	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.21	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	2.21	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.21	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	3.43	2	0
Contracture, Volkmann [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.53	2	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.21	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.58	2	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	2.21	1	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.41	2	0
Balanitis Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.	4.39	1	1
Bed Sores [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	3.85	2	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	2.08	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.44	2	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	4.39	1	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	5.08	3	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.34	4	1
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.48	2	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.48	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	3.91	4	0
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	3.86	2	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.1	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.8	3	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.1	1	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	2.79	3	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	3.13	5	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	2.1	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.1	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.1	1	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	3.5	1	1
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.11	1	0
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.69	3	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.1	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.1	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.11	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	3.93	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.81	3	0
Lentigines [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	2.44	2	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.11	1	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.52	2	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.46	2	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.11	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.11	1	0
Alobar Holoprosencephaly [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.11	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.11	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.11	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.11	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	4.78	2	1
Genital Herpes [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.13	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.39	2	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	3.04	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	4.79	2	1
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	4.79	2	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	3.83	2	1
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.13	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	2.13	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.4	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.13	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.41	2	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	3.04	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.13	1	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2.13	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.89	4	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.15	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.15	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.73	3	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.15	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.04	1	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	2.04	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.44	2	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	5.29	2	2
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	5.29	2	2
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	4.21	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	4.21	6	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.05	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.05	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.05	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	1.92	1	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.96	4	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.05	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.42	2	0
Hives [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	3.44	1	1
Binge Eating [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	2.05	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.92	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.05	1	0
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.98	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.98	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	2.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.06	1	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.06	1	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	3.22	6	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.41	2	0
Brill Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.	2.07	1	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	4.37	1	1
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	2.45	2	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	2.45	2	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	3.46	1	1
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.07	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	2.08	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.08	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	9.7	9	9
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.42	2	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	1.93	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	3.21	6	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bulbar Polio [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.86	4	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	1.93	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	1.94	1	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	1.94	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	1.92	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	1.92	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.8	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.8	2	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	2.93	1	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.02	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.02	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.02	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.02	1	0
Antopol Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.8	2	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.4	2	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2.03	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.03	1	0
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.91	4	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	4.34	1	1
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	4.34	1	1
Back Ache [description not available]	3.87	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	3.87	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	1.92	1	0
Alactasia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.	2.38	2	0
Giant Osteoid Osteoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.39	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.98	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	1.98	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	3.38	1	1
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	1.99	1	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.38	1	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2	1	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	2	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2	1	0
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2	1	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2	1	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Jejunum [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	2	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	1.95	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.35	2	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	1.95	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	1.95	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	1.95	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.95	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	1.95	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	1.95	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	1.98	1	0
Caries, Cervical [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	1.97	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	1.96	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.88	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	1.96	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	1.97	1	0
Sphingolipid Storage Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.95	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	1.93	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	1.93	1	0

glucose, (beta-d)-isomer

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (6 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (171)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (2)

Molecular Functions (6)

Ceullar Components (3)

Bioassays (9)

Research

Studies (21,240)

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Research Demand Index: 4.81

Study Types

glucose, (beta-d)-isomer

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (78)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (6 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (171)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (2)

Molecular Functions (6)

Ceullar Components (3)

Bioassays (9)

Research

Studies (21,240)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 4.81

Study Types

Related Drugs (3,908)

Related Conditions (1,849)