gamma-aminobutyric acid profile

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	119
CHEMBL ID	96
CHEBI ID	16865
SCHEMBL ID	4878
MeSH ID	M0008927

Synonym
gamma-amino butyric acid
gtpl1067
CHEBI:16865 ,
smr000058285
gamma-aminobutanoic acid
gamma-aminobuttersaeure
MLS000028505 ,
gamma aminobutyric acid
4abu ,
omega-aminobutyric acid
NSC51295 ,
nsc-51295
NSC45460 ,
nsc-45460
.gamma.-aminobutanoic acid
piperidinic acid
NSC27418 ,
piperidic acid
butyric acid, 4-amino-
aminalon
gammasol
mielomade
gammar
wln: z3vq
gammalone
mielogen
chemical name: .gamma.-aminobutanoic acid
gamarex
nsc-27418
nsc-32044
gaballon
.gamma.-aminobutyric acid
NSC32044 ,
gammalon
KBIO1_000616
DIVK1C_000616
acide amino-4- butyrique [french]
gammagee
gamastan
einecs 200-258-6
gamma-aminobuttersaeure [german]
nsc 27418
gamulin
gamma-aminobutyric acid [jan]
SGCUT00121
a-aminobutyric acid
EU-0100005
gamma-aminobutyric acid, >=99%
D00058
gammalon (tn)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (jan)
SPECTRUM_000049
SPECTRUM5_001425
lopac-a-2129
NCGC00015043-01
tocris-0344
NCGC00024546-01
4-amino-butanoic acid
LMFA01100039
PDSP2_001259
cid_119
4 aminobutyric acid
[3h]gaba
aminalone
4-amino-n-[2,3-3h]butyric acid
chembl96 ,
4 aminobutanoic acid
bdbm24183
IDI1_000616
BIOMOL-NT_000230
LOPAC0_000005
OPREA1_584567
BSPBIO_002970
PDSP1_001275
butanoic acid,4-amino 4-amino,butyric acid
butanoic acid, 4-amino-
inchi=1/c4h9no2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5h2,(h,6,7
epa pesticide chemical code 030802
reanal
immu-g
3-carboxypropylamine
gamma-aminobutryic acid
butanoic acid, 4-amino- (9ci)
ai3-26812
butyric acid, 4-amino- (7ci,8ci)
ccris 3721
df 468
gamma-amino-butanoic acid
STK301748
gamma-amino-n-butyric acid
56-12-2
4-aminobutanoic acid
4-AMINO-BUTYRATE ,
gaba
gamma-aminobutyric acid
4-amino-n-butyric acid
C00334
4-nh2-but
4-aminobutyric acid
4-nh3-but
g-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid, bioxtra, >=99%
TO_000021
DB02530
gamma(amino)-butyric acid
NCGC00024546-03
NCGC00024546-04
NCGC00024546-06
KBIOSS_000429
KBIO2_000429
KBIO3_002190
KBIO2_005565
KBIOGR_001297
KBIO2_002997
NINDS_000616
SPECTRUM3_001385
SPECTRUM2_001208
SPECTRUM4_000809
SPBIO_000996
SPECTRUM1500678
NCGC00024546-02
NCGC00024546-05
A-5290
NCGC00015043-03
A 2129
C5C3DC27-C105-4D18-8A52-F51978B32D24
A0282
NCGC00015043-08
L000262
BMSE000340
aminobutanoic acid
butanoic acid,4-amino
.gamma.-amino-butyric acid
.gamma.-amino-n-butyric acid
aminobutyric acid, gamma-
factor i
vigabatrin impurity, .gamma.-aminobutyric acid-
HMS501O18
HMS1921C06
NCGC00015043-07
AKOS000119660
HMS3260A11
BMSE000871
2acz6ipc6i ,
acide amino-4- butyrique
unii-2acz6ipc6i
BMSE000820
BBL008590
nsc757426
nsc-757426
pharmakon1600-01500678
cas-56-12-2
dtxcid4015106
tox21_110071
dtxsid6035106 ,
4-amino-butyric acid
HMS2232P09
S4700
CCG-38515
NCGC00015043-04
NCGC00015043-05
NCGC00015043-09
NCGC00015043-06
NCGC00015043-02
piperidate
FT-0617569
AM20100372
LP00005
aminobutyric acid [inci]
.gamma.-aminobutyric acid [mi]
vigabatrin impurity, .gamma.-aminobutyric acid- [usp impurity]
gamma-aminobutyric acid [who-dd]
vigabatrin impurity d [ep impurity]
gamma-aminobutyric acid [usp-rs]
gamma-aminobutyric acid [mart.]
sodium alendronate trihydrate impurity a [ep impurity]
4-aminobutyric acid [fhfi]
aminobutyrate
gtpl5410
BP-21452
SCHEMBL4878
KS-5273
tox21_500005
NCGC00260690-01
4-aminobutyricacid
NCGC00015043-10
4-amino butyric acid
nh2-(ch2)3-cooh
aminobutyric acid,-4-
immuglobin
.omega.-aminobutyric acid
STR01523
CS-W020704
?-aminobutyric acid
HB0882
AB00052155_12
OPERA_ID_1152
mfcd00008226
y-aminobutyric acid
F2191-0196
sr-01000075618
SR-01000075618-1
20-79-1
gamma-aminobutyric acid, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
gamma-aminobutyric acid, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
gamma-aminobutyric acid, analytical standard
D70585
vigabatrin impurity d, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
SR-01000075618-6
SR-01000075618-3
SR-01000075618-7
SBI-0049994.P003
omega-aminobutyrate
w-aminobutyric acid
piperidinate
w-aminobutyrate
gamma aminobutyrate
4-aminobutyric
HY-N0067
4-aminobutyric-2,2-d2 acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid,(s)
Q210021
BRD-K77245796-001-19-2
A14934
SDCCGSBI-0049994.P004
gamma-aminobutyric acid pound>>(c)(3/4)?aminobutyric acid (gaba)
BCP34675
NCGC00015043-14
gamma-aminobutyric-acid
vigabatrin ep impurity d
4-aminobutanoic acid (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
vigabatrin impurity d
EN300-19823
gamma-aminobutyric acid (4-aminobutyric acid)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (mart.)
gaba phenolic
gaba (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
gamma.-aminobutyric acid
vigabatrin impurity, gamma-aminobutyric acid-(usp impurity)
gamma-amino-butyric acid
hydrocodone, acetaminophen, gamma-aminobutyric acid
gaba1519
acide amino-4-butyrique
gamma-aminobutyric acid (usp-rs)
gamma-aminobuttersaure
Z104475620

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, synthesized by two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. It is a nutritious bioactive compound that is also an antioxidant.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, synthesized by two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. "	( GAD67-mediated GABA Synthesis and Signaling Impinges on Directing Basket Cell Axonal Projections Toward Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellum. Hirai, S; Kobayashi, K; Miwa, H; Okado, H; Watanabe, M; Yamada, M; Yanagawa, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid act as a major neurotransmitter inhibitor in the nervous system of mammals. "	( Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in Escherichia coli with pyridoxal kinase (pdxY) based regeneration system. Ahn, J; Bhatia, SK; Choi, KY; Choi, YK; Gurav, R; Ham, S; Jeon, JM; Kim, HT; Yang, YH; Yoon, JJ, 2022)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that possesses various physiological functions. "	( Ultrasound accelerated γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in coffee leaves through influencing the microstructure, enzyme activity, and metabolites. Chen, X; Ji, D; Ma, H; Sun, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid that plays vital roles in plant growth and developmental processes. "	( Physiological and proteomic analyses of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-treated tubers reveals that StPOD42 promotes sprouting in potato. Chen, J; Huang, XL; Li, LQ; Lu, LM; Lu, YF; Ren, B; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, LP; Zeng, FC, 2022)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widely distributed in nature and extensively explored for its numerous physiological functions and effects on metabolic disorders. "	( Strategies for improvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis Faizal Wong, FW; Halim, M; Mohamad, R; Mohamed, MS; Pannerchelvan, S; Rios-Solis, L; Tan, JS; Wasoh, H; Zaidan, UH, 2023)	2.64
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system that exerts regulatory effects on the blood, immune, and nervous systems. "	( Genome sequences and functional analysis of Levilactobacillus brevis LSF9-1 and Pediococcus acidilactici LSF1-1 from fermented fish cake (Som-fak) with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. Kingkaew, E; Pakdeeto, A; Phuengjayaem, S; Somphong, A; Tanasupawat, S; Tunvongvinis, T, 2023)	2.55
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nutritious bioactive compound that is also an antioxidant. "	( Characterization of bioactive film from pectin incorporated with gamma-aminobutyric acid. Meerasri, J; Sothornvit, R, 2020)	2.24
"Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widely distributed in nature. "	( A Brief Review on the Non-protein Amino Acid, Gamma-amino Butyric Acid (GABA): Its Production and Role in Microbes. Angayarkanni, J; Mahendran, R; Muthusamy, G; Sarasa, SB; Selta, DRF; Thankappan, B, 2020)	2
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important metabolite which functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. "	( Induction of γ-aminobutyric acid plays a positive role to Arabidopsis resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. Deng, X; Liu, Y; Xu, J; Xu, X; Yang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a newly recognized signaling molecule participating in physiological processes, growth, and development of plants under optimal and stressful environments. "	( GABA reverses salt-inhibited photosynthetic and growth responses through its influence on NO-mediated nitrogen-sulfur assimilation and antioxidant system in wheat. AlAjmi, MF; Iqbal, N; Jahan, B; Khan, MIR; Khan, NA; Khanna, RR; Tabish Rehman, M, 2021)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous four-carbon, non-protein amino acid. "	( The versatile GABA in plants. Dou, N; Li, L; Wu, C; Zhang, H, 2021)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is strongly and selectively synthesized in and secreted from pancreatic beta cells. "	( Effects of sustained GABA releasing implants on pancreatic islets in mice. Hagan, DW; Ling, KC; Phelps, EA; Santini-González, J, 2021)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is produced by irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate. "	( Evaluation of GABA Production and Probiotic Activities of Enterococcus faecium BS5. Angayarkanni, J; Bs, S; Femil Selta, DR; Mahendran, R; Muthusamy, G; Thankappan, B, 2021)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a well-known feed supplement for its capability of reducing the adverse effect of stress in chickens. "	( The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid supplementation on growth performances, immune responses, and blood parameters of chickens reared under stressful environment: a meta-analysis. Goel, A; Gupta, V; Jeong, C; Ncho, CM, 2021)	2.42
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a key inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the aetiology of common mood and behavioural disorders. "	( Kisspeptin modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the human brain. Abbara, A; Comninos, AN; Demetriou, L; Dhillo, WS; Mills, EG; O'Callaghan, J; Owen, BM; Rabiner, EA; Thurston, L; Wall, MB; Wing, VC; Yang, L, 2021)	2.38
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bio-product used in pharmaceuticals and functional foods and as a precursor of the biodegradable plastic polyamide 4. "	( Characterization of three glutamate decarboxylases from Bacillus spp. for efficient γ-aminobutyric acid production. Bai, Y; Luo, H; Su, X; Sun, L; Tu, T; Wang, Y; Yao, B; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, C, 2021)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino that plays a major role as a neurotransmitter. "	( In silico comparative genomics analysis of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DW12, a potential gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing strain. Chukamnerd, A; Deachamag, P; Jeenkeawpiam, K; Kantachote, D; Surachat, K; Wonglapsuwan, M, 2021)	2.28
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major modulator in brain maturation and its role in many different neurodevelopmental disorders has been widely reported. "	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid in neuropaediatric disorders. Armstrong-Morón, J; Artuch, R; Casado, M; Cortès-Saladelafont, E; Cuadras, D; García-Cazorla, À; Molero-Luis, M; Montoya, J; Yubero, D, 2018)	3.37
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system of mammals. "	( Transcriptomic response to GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 1.2437T induced by L-MSG. Dang, F; Feng, X; Jiang, Y; Li, L; Man, C; Zhang, W; Zhuang, K, 2018)	1.92
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that exerts several physiological functions and positive effects on human health. "	( Characteristics of Potential Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Korean and Vietnamese Fermented Fish Products. Park, JH; Vo, T, 2019)	2.25
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid with various health benefits. "	( Physicochemical and functional properties of γ-aminobutyric acid-treated soy proteins. Liu, C; Ma, T; Wang, Y; Zhao, J, 2019)	1.96
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a well-known neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, but additionally enhances the sperm acrosome reaction in the rat and cow."	( Capacitation of mouse sperm is modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration. Hara, K; Hiradate, Y; Kurata, S; Tanemura, K; Umezu, K, 2019)	1.5
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and vertebrates. "	( An Updated Review on Pharmaceutical Properties of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid. Ngo, DH; Vo, TS, 2019)	2.21
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid commonly present in all organisms. "	( Genetic manipulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt in rice: overexpression of truncated glutamate decarboxylase (GAD2) and knockdown of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) lead to sustained and high levels of GABA accumulation in rice kern Akama, K; Kainou, K; Oonishi, T; Ozaki, K; Shimajiri, Y, 2013)	1.83
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a precursor of one of the most promising heat-resistant biopolymers, Nylon-4, and can be produced by the decarboxylation of monosodium glutamate (MSG). "	( Efficient gamma-aminobutyric acid bioconversion by employing synthetic complex between glutamate decarboxylase and glutamate/GABA antiporter in engineered Escherichia coli. Hong, SH; Ko, JS; Le Vo, TD; Lee, SH; Park, SJ, 2013)	2.23
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, and most cortical inhibitory synapses originate from non-pyramidal cells."	( Untangling GABAergic wiring in the cortical microcircuit. Kubota, Y, 2014)	1.12
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter, but recent reports have revealed the expression of GABAergic components in peripheral, non-neural tissues. "	( Characteristic expressions of GABA receptors and GABA producing/transporting molecules in rat kidney. Abe, A; Kimura, J; Sanada, H; Suzuki, Y; Takano, K; Watanabe, T; Yatabe, J; Yatabe, MS, 2014)	1.85
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the retina and affects myopic development. "	( Effects of electroacupuncture on the levels of retinal gamma-aminobutyric acid and its receptors in a guinea pig model of lens-induced myopia. Bi, AL; Bi, HS; Ding, MH; Guo, DD; Guo, JG; Jiang, WJ; Sha, F; Wang, L; Wu, JF; Xu, CL; Ye, X; Zhao, W, 2015)	2.11
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bioactive compound biosynthesized by microorganisms through decarboxylation of glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). "	( Overexpression and optimization of glutamate decarboxylase in Lactobacillus plantarum Taj-Apis362 for high gamma-aminobutyric acid production. Bakar, FA; Baradaran, A; Ebrahimpour, A; Manap, MY; Mohammed, AS; Rahim, RA; Saari, N; Tajabadi, N, 2015)	2.07
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a key neurotransmitter where it usually inhibits impulse transmission. "	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid loaded halloysite nanotubes and in vitro-in vivo evaluation for brain delivery. Çengelli Ünel, Ç; Erol, K; Kırımlıoğlu, GY; Yazan, Y, 2015)	3.3
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. "	( Metabotropic GABAB receptors mediate GABA inhibition of acetylcholine release in the rat neuromuscular junction. Malomouzh, AI; Nikolsky, EE; Nurullin, LF; Petrov, KA, 2015)	1.86
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bio-product, which is used in pharmaceutical formulations, nutritional supplements, and biopolymer monomer. "	( Efficient production of gamma-aminobutyric acid using Escherichia coli by co-localization of glutamate synthase, glutamate decarboxylase, and GABA transporter. Dung Pham, V; Hong, SH; Lee, SH; Park, SJ; Somasundaram, S, 2016)	2.18
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid, which is an important inhibitor of neurotransmission in the human brain. "	( Co-Localization of GABA Shunt Enzymes for the Efficient Production of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid via GABA Shunt Pathway in Escherichia coli. Hong, SH; Lee, SH; Park, SJ; Pham, VD; Somasundaram, S, 2016)	2.11
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widespread in Nature. "	( Improved fermentative production of gamma-aminobutyric acid via the putrescine route: Systems metabolic engineering for production from glucose, amino sugars, and xylose. Jorge, JM; Kind, S; Nguyen, AQ; Pérez-García, F; Wendisch, VF, 2017)	2.17
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that is widely distributed among various organisms. "	( Biotechnological advances and perspectives of gamma-aminobutyric acid production. Liu, J; Wei, L; Xu, N, 2017)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in animals that is also found in plants and has been associated with plant responses to stress. "	( A validated method for gas chromatographic analysis of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tall fescue herbage. Coe, BL; Dougherty, CT; Huo, CJ; Kagan, IA; Smith, LL; Strickland, JR, 2008)	2.04
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. "	( [Gamma-aminobutyric acid--metabolism and its disorders]. Kowalski, A; Rebas, E; Zylińska, L, 2007)	2.69
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon amino acid that is commonly present in living organisms and functions as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammals. "	( Seed-specific expression of truncated OsGAD2 produces GABA-enriched rice grains that influence a decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Akama, K; Kanetou, J; Kawakami, K; Shimosaki, S; Takaiwa, F; Tsuchikura, S, 2009)	1.8
"gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid presented in a wide range of organisms. "	( Effects of exogenous GABA on gene expression of Caragana intermedia roots under NaCl stress: regulatory roles for H2O2 and ethylene production. Jiang, ZP; Li, CX; Liu, JF; Qi, LW; Shi, SQ; Shi, Z; Sun, XM; Xiao, WF; Zhang, SG, 2010)	1.8
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important bioactive regulator, and its biosynthesis is primarily through the alpha-decarboxylation of glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). "	( Purification of calmodulin from rice bran and activation of glutamate decarboxylase by Ca2+/calmodulin. Liu, M; Lv, YG; Wang, L; Zhang, H, 2010)	1.8
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid that is widely present in organisms. "	( Lactic acid bacterial cell factories for gamma-aminobutyric acid. Cao, Y; Li, H, 2010)	2.07
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brains, and has several well-known physiological functions. "	( Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis NCL912 using fed-batch fermentation. Cao, Y; Huang, G; Li, H; Qiu, T, 2010)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. "	( In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of gray-matter and white-matter gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in sensorimotor cortex using a motion-controlled MEGA point-resolved spectroscopy sequence. Bhattacharyya, PK; Lowe, MJ; Phillips, MD; Stone, LA, 2011)	2.04
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinaceous amino acid that is widely distributed in nature and acts as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. "	( Separation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from fermented broth. Cao, Y; Chen, Y; Li, H; Qiu, T, 2011)	2.17
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-essential amino acid and a precursor of pyrrolidone, a monomer of nylon 4. "	( Effects of glutamate decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter on the bioconversion of GABA in engineered Escherichia coli. Hong, SH; Kim, TW; Le Vo, TD, 2012)	2.09
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. "	( Reduced GAD(65/67) immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in depression: a postmortem study. Bao, AM; Gao, SF; Klomp, A; Swaab, DF; Wu, JL, 2013)	1.83
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter present almost exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS), distributed across almost all brain regions, and expressed in interneurons modulating local circuits."	( GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders. Barale, F; Brambilla, P; Perez, J; Schettini, G; Soares, JC, 2003)	1.04
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. "	( Cleft palate by picrotoxin or 3-MP and palatal shelf elevation in GABA-deficient mice. Ding, R; Obata, K; Tsunekawa, N, )	1.57
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory amino acid and acts as an intercellular transmitter in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. "	( Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter is expressed in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing astrocytes in rat pineal glands. Echigo, N; Moriyama, Y, 2004)	2.01
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. "	( Gamma-aminobutiric acid immunostaining in trigeminal, nodose and spinal ganglia of the cat. Stoyanova, II, 2004)	1.77
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter with a demonstrated neuroregulatory role in reproduction in most representative species of vertebrate classes via the hypothalamus. "	( In vitro and in vivo effects of GABA, muscimol, and bicuculline on lamprey GnRH concentration in the brain of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Kavanaugh, SI; Root, AR; Sanford, JD; Sower, SA, 2004)	1.77
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter found in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems including the gastrointestinal tract. "	( GABAergic mechanisms of gastroprotection in the rat: role of sensory neurons, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. Ancha, HR; Anderson, M; Harty, RF; Jazzar, A; Xia, Y, )	1.57
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, is also found in many peripheral nonneuronal tissues, including male reproductive organs. "	( Epithelial localization of green fluorescent protein-positive cells in epididymis of the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse. Abe, H; Azuma, H; Hayasaki, H; Kanbara, K; Katsuoka, Y; Maemura, K; Obata, K; Watanabe, M; Yabumoto, M; Yanagawa, Y, )	1.57
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important regulatory factor of pituitary gland function, which in addition to hypothalamic neurons, can be derived from intrapituitary sources, ie, growth hormone (GH) cells of rat and monkey. "	( Receptors and sites of synthesis and storage of gamma-aminobutyric acid in human pituitary glands and in growth hormone adenomas. End, K; Gamel-Didelon, K; Gratzl, M; Jung, H; Lüdecke, D; Mayerhofer, A; Tolnay, M, 2005)	2.03
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. "	( Quantum dot-mediated detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid binding sites on the surface of living pollen protoplasts in tobacco. He, Z; Liang, J; Sun, M; Yu, G, 2006)	2.06
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is synthesized by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67. "	( GABAergic neurons in the lateral superior olive of the hamster are distinguished by differential expression of gad isoforms during development. Jenkins, SA; Simmons, DD, 2006)	1.78
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, but widely distributed in different peripheral organs. "	( Possible expression of a particular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter isoform responsive to upregulation by hyperosmolarity in rat calvarial osteoblasts. Fujimori, S; Hinoi, E; Iemata, M; Takahata, Y; Takarada, T; Yoneda, Y, 2006)	2.05
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important retinal neurotransmitter. "	( Dark-rearing-induced reduction of GABA and GAD and prevention of the effect by BDNF in the mouse retina. Gibo, TL; Grzywacz, NM; Lee, EJ, 2006)	1.78
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter that, through the subtype A GABA receptor (GABAAR), induces inhibition in the adult brain. "	( A GABAergic system in airway epithelium is essential for mucus overproduction in asthma. Fan, Y; Hirota, JA; Inman, MD; Ju, W; Kelly, MM; Li, J; Liu, M; Lu, WY; O'Byrne, PM; Orser, B; Wang, S; Xiang, YY; Yang, X; Ye, B, 2007)	1.78
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in insects and is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). "	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling components in Drosophila: immunocytochemical localization of GABA(B) receptors in relation to the GABA(A) receptor subunit RDL and a vesicular GABA transporter. Enell, L; Hamasaka, Y; Kolodziejczyk, A; Nässel, DR, 2007)	3.23
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid. "	( Wound healing activity of gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in rats. Hahm, DH; Han, D; Kim, HY; Lee, HJ; Shim, I, 2007)	2.08
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and also presumed to be a neurotrophic factor. "	( GABA and synaptic inhibition of mouse cerebellum lacking glutamate decarboxylase 67. Hirono, M; Itohara, S; Kawaguchi, Y; Kume, N; Obata, K; Yanagawa, Y, 2008)	1.79
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a candidate as a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. "	( Binding and uptake of the GABA analogue, 3H-muscimol, in the retinas of goldfish and chicken. Brecha, N; Yazulla, S, 1980)	1.7
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter which is synthesized by the enteric bacterial flora and delivered into portal venous blood. "	( Identification of an acceptor system for gamma-aminobutyric acid on isolated rat hepatocytes. Ferenci, P; Jones, EA; Minuk, GY; Vergalla, J, )	1.84
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter."	( Biochemistry and the schizophrenia. Old concepts and new hypothesis. Berger, PA, 1981)	0.98
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitive neurotransmitter in central nervous system (CNS). "	( [Morphologic study of GABA-ergic neurons in dissociated cell culture of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion]. Pao, X; Tao, ZJ; Zha, XM, 1995)	1.73
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent amino acid neurotransmitter with various physiologic effects throughout the body. "	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the liver. Minuk, GY, 1993)	3.17
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter with growth-regulatory properties. "	( The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on hepatic regenerative activity following partial hepatectomy in rats. Gauthier, T; Minuk, GY, 1993)	2.09
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, synthesised from glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), in the central nervous system. "	( Transcription and translation of two glutamate decarboxylase genes in the ileum of rat, mouse and guinea pig. Cram, DS; Faulkner-Jones, BE; Furness, JB; Harrison, LC; Williamson, S, 1995)	1.73
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a prominent inhibitory transmitter in both the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the medial nuclei of the solitary tracts (mNTS). "	( GABAergic neurons in rat nuclei of solitary tracts receive inhibitory-type synapses from amygdaloid efferents lacking detectable GABA-immunoreactivity. Cestari, DM; Chan, J; Pickel, VM; Van Bockstaele, EJ, 1996)	1.74
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a prevalent neurotransmitter in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. "	( GABA-induced synaptic facilitation at type B to A photoreceptor connections in Hermissenda. Clark, GA; Schultz, LM, 1997)	1.74
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian retina, and its physiological action is well established. "	( GABA-gated Cl- channels in the rat retina. Bormann, J; Feigenspan, A, 1998)	1.74
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates (Sattelle [1990] Adv. "	( Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in insects suggests lineage homology. Truman, JW; Witten, JL, 1998)	1.74
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature vertebrate retina, where it is localized predominantly in amacrine cells, and to a lesser extent in other cell types. "	( GABA as a developmental signal in the inner retina and optic nerve. Sandell, JH, 1998)	1.74
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that also occurs in a few non-neuronal cell types, where it may serve as a paracrine modulator. "	( Immunocytochemical evidence suggesting that diamine oxidase catalyzes biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid in antropyloric gastrin cells. Hardt, J; Hougaard, DM; Larsson, LI, 2000)	1.97
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is elevated in inflamed human dental pulp. "	( Evaluation of functional GABA(B) receptors in dental pulp. Bowles, W; Hargreaves, KM; Richardson, JD; Wurm, C, 2001)	1.75
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major neurotransmitter in AMG, and histamine receptor activation is also reported to stimulate GABA release."	( Modulation of audiogenically kindled seizures by gamma-aminobutyric acid-related mechanisms in the amygdala. Faingold, CL; Feng, HJ; Naritoku, DK; Randall, ME, 2001)	1.29
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian brain and the enzyme responsible for catabolism (breakdown in the liver during regulation) is GABA-Transaminase (GABA-T). "	( GABA-transaminase, the liver and infantile autism. Cohen, BI, 2001)	1.75
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system of certain invertebrates and is thought to be a major transmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. "	( GABA may be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. Burnstock, G; Dennison, ME; Jessen, KR; Mirsky, R, 1979)	1.7
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a putative inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. "	( GABA-immunoreactive terminals synapse on primate spinothalamic tract cells. Carlton, SM; Westlund, KN; Willis, WD; Zhang, D, 1992)	1.73
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts as an inhibitory transmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system, often by interacting with the GABAA type of receptor. "	( Activation and inactivation of the GABAA receptor: insights from comparison of native and recombinant subunit assemblies. Mathers, DA, 1991)	1.72
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a regulator of uterine motility. "	( Steroid control of uterine motility via gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors in the rabbit: a novel mechanism? Majewska, MD; Vaupel, DB, 1991)	1.99
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian retina, where it serves many roles in establishing complex response characteristics of ganglion cells. "	( Evidence for functionally distinct subclasses of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in rabbit retina. Friedman, DL; Redburn, DA, 1990)	1.98
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory transmitter found in the retinae of mammals largely within certain amacrine cells. "	( The effects of gabaculine in vivo on the distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the rat retina. Cubells, JF; Makman, MH; Walkley, SU, 1988)	1.72
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a putative central neurotransmitter that depresses respiratory neurons and has a metabolism in the brain that is tied to CO2 fixation and H+ metabolism. "	( Reversible depression of ventilation and cardiovascular function by ventriculocisternal perfusion with gamma-aminobutyric acid in dogs. Hoop, B; Kazemi, H; Kneussl, MP; Pappagianopoulos, P, 1986)	1.93
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potent amino acid neurotransmitter that suppresses normal neuronal activity in the central nervous system. "	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production by eight common bacterial pathogens. Minuk, GY, 1986)	3.16

Effects

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development.

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to depolarize the membranes of astrocytes and oligodendrocyte taken from different tissues and species. The GABA-transaminase (GAba-T) is the main GABA-degrading enzyme in the GABA shunt pathway. Gamma-amino acids have been hypothesized to play a role in tactile hypersensitivity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. "	( The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons. Erdélyi, F; Katarova, Z; Kwakowsky, A; Margolis, FL; Schwirtlich, M; Szabó, G; Vastagh, C; Yanagawa, Y, 2015)	1.86
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a pronounced effect on these events and elicits differentiation of neurons; that is, GABA acts as a trophic signal."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Belhage, B; Elster, L; Hansen, GH; Schousboe, A, 1998)	1.41
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to accumulate in plants when subjected to salt stress, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) is the main GABA-degrading enzyme in the GABA shunt pathway. "	( Characterization of GABA-Transaminase Gene from Mulberry ( Fan, Y; Gai, Y; Ji, X; Li, Y; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Xin, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been hypothesized to play a role in tactile hypersensitivity."	( Tactile hypersensitivity and GABA concentration in the sensorimotor cortex of adults with autism. Lamberton, F; Mattout, J; Sapey-Triomphe, LA; Schmitz, C; Sonié, S, 2019)	1.24
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a dual role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system (CNS) and as a signaling molecule exerting largely excitatory actions during development. "	( The spatiotemporal segregation of GAD forms defines distinct GABA signaling functions in the developing mouse olfactory system and provides novel insights into the origin and migration of GnRH neurons. Erdélyi, F; Katarova, Z; Kwakowsky, A; Margolis, FL; Schwirtlich, M; Szabó, G; Vastagh, C; Yanagawa, Y, 2015)	1.86
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has many biological functions, including the inhibition of blood pressure increases and acceleration of growth hormone secretion. "	( Monitoring Technology for Gamma-Aminobutyric acid Production in Polished Mochi Barley Grains using a Carbon Dioxide Sensor. Kawata, K; Watanabe, S; Watanabe, Y, 2015)	2.16
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to inhibit the growth of cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells, but the mechanisms are still not fully understood."	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid binds to GABAb receptor to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma cells growth via the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Hu, SY; Huang, Q; Liu, CH; Xie, F; Zhu, CL; Zhu, K, 2013)	3.28
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to enhance exocrine secretion evoked by intrinsic neuronal excitation in the pancreas."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on action of gastrin-releasing peptidergic neurons in exocrine secretion of isolated, perfused rat pancreas. Cui, ZY; Park, HJ; Park, YD, 2002)	2.15
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed to function as a paracrine signaling molecule in islets of Langerhans. "	( Glucose inhibition of glucagon secretion from rat alpha-cells is mediated by GABA released from neighboring beta-cells. Birnir, B; Braun, M; Buschard, K; Gromada, J; Rorsman, P; Salehi, A; Sewing, S; Wendt, A, 2004)	1.77
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known to function as an autocrine/paracrine signal molecule in addition to its well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter function. "	( Role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in early neuronal development: studies with an embryonic neuroectodermal stem cell clone. Anderová, M; Jelitai, M; Kékesi, K; Koncz, P; Madarász, E; Markó, K; Syková, E, 2004)	2.2
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in cell proliferation and differentiation during development. "	( Morphogenesis in the retina of a slow-developing teleost: emergence of the GABAergic system in relation to cell proliferation and differentiation. Anadón, R; Candal, E; Ferreiro-Galve, S; Rodríguez-Moldes, I, 2008)	1.79
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has several physiological functions in humans. "	( Characterization of glutamate decarboxylase from a high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producer, Lactobacillus paracasei. Kimura, T; Komatsuzaki, N; Nakamura, T; Shima, J, 2008)	2.03
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid also has been shown to have an inhibitory role in some studies."	( Possible aminergic mediation of MSH release and of the CNS effects of MSH and MIF-I. Kastin, AJ; Kostrzewa, RM; Schally, AV, 1980)	0.98
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the development of hypertension and in the regulation of blood pressure. "	( The GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the nervous system of a hypertensive strain of rat. Head, RA; Tunnicliff, G; Welborn, KL, 1984)	1.71
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid has no effect on [3H]Ro 5-8464 binding, again in contrast to its marked effect on [3H]diazepam binding."	( Characterization of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in brain using [3H]Ro 5-4864. Boulenger, JP; Clark-Rosenberg, R; Marangos, PJ; Patel, J, 1982)	0.99
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been suggested to be a neurotransmitter of monophasic horizontal cells (a subtype of horizontal cells), which have direct connections with red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones."	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid acts at axon terminals of turtle photoreceptors: difference in sensitivity among cell types. Kaneko, A; Tachibana, M, 1984)	2.43
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been determined in rat brain by derivatization with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. "	( Determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Caudill, WL; Houck, GP; Wightman, RM, 1982)	2.05
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown both to stimulate and inhibit LH secretion in vivo. "	( Differential expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons. Favit, A; Negro-Vilar, A; Wetsel, WC, 1993)	2.03
"Gamma-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) has been established as a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. "	( [GABA receptor chloride ion channel]. Hashimoto, T, 1998)	1.74
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a pronounced effect on these events and elicits differentiation of neurons; that is, GABA acts as a trophic signal."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Belhage, B; Elster, L; Hansen, GH; Schousboe, A, 1998)	1.41
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the regulation of reproduction, particularly in the developmental modulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. "	( GABA inhibition of immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal excitability involves GABA(A) receptors negatively coupled to cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation. Beltrán-Parrazal, L; Clapp, C; Martínez de la Escalera, G; Noris, G, 2001)	1.75
"Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in the neurochemistry of epilepsy. "	( Low cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid content in seizure patients. Ballenger, JC; Glaeser, BS; Hare, TA; Post, RM; Wood, JH, 1979)	2.01
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) has been shown to influence dopamine activity in the brain. "	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Van Kammen, DP, 1977)	3.14
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been proposed as a neurotransmitter of a subset of efferent nerve fibers in the mammalian cochlea. "	( Potassium induced release of GABA and other substances from the guinea pig cochlea. Bobbin, RP; Ceasar, G; Fallon, M, 1990)	1.72
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been identified in axon terminals innervating neurons of the supraoptic nucleus and has been shown to inhibit the electrical activity of supraoptic neurons when applied iontophoretically. "	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid antagonists stimulate vasopressin release from organ-cultured hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants. Armstrong, WE; Sladek, CD, 1987)	3.16
"gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to be an important neurotransmitter in the retinas of many species. "	( Localization of GABA- and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the turtle retina. Eldred, WD; Hurd, LB, 1989)	1.72
"gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to depolarize the membranes of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes taken from different tissues and species. "	( GABA triggers a Cl- efflux from cultured mouse oligodendrocytes. Hoppe, D; Kettenmann, H, 1989)	1.72
"The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system has been found to differentiate very early relative to other transmitter-identified neurons, such that by embryonic day 13 a well developed fiber network exists in the brainstem, mesencephalon and diencephalon, including a large projection in the posterior commissure and adjacent areas on the surface of the mesencephalon and tectum."	( Prenatal ontogeny of the GABAergic system in the rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Han, VK; Henderson, P; Lauder, JM; Towle, AC; Verdoorn, T, 1986)	0.75

Actions

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in anxiety circuits, prominently in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. It also plays a key role in cytosolic regulation of pH, controlling of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role in signal transduction and can function as a neurotransmitter. "	( Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling in Damage Response, Metabolism, and Disease. Kim, K; Yoon, H, 2023)	3.8
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role as a neurotransmitter in anxiety circuits, prominently in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. "	( Age-related changes in glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of fear-potentiated rats subjected to isolation stress. Abbasnejad, M; Esmaili-Mahani, S; Hosseininasab, NS; Motaghi, S; Sepehri, G; Sirchi, MM, 2023)	2.35
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a vital role in plant responses to multifarious stresses."	( Gamma-aminobutyric acid enhances tolerance to iron deficiency by stimulating auxin signaling in cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.). Du, N; Guo, Z; Li, Y; Piao, F; Shen, S; Zheng, S, 2020)	2.72
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in cytosolic regulation of pH, controlling of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses."	( Application of gamma-aminobutyric acid increased the level of phytohormones in Citrus sinensis. Hijaz, F; Killiny, N; Nehela, Y, 2018)	1.56
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid may act to inhibit brain areas involved in fear learning (e.g., the amygdala), and glutamate, acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, may play a role in the neural plasticity that permits this GABA-mediated inhibition to be exerted appropriately."	( The role of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in fear extinction: clinical implications for exposure therapy. Davis, M; Myers, KM, 2002)	1.34
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and anxiety. "	( Open-label tiagabine monotherapy for major depressive disorder with anxiety. Carpenter, LL; Haggarty, R; Mello, AF; Mello, MF; Price, LH; Schecter, JM; Tyrka, AR, 2006)	1.78
"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a pivotal role in suppressing the origin and spread of seizure activity. "	( Measuring human brain GABA in vivo: effects of GABA-transaminase inhibition with vigabatrin. Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 1998)	1.74
"The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system plays an important role in the early development of the hippocampal formation. "	( Development of GABAergic neurons and their transporter in human temporal cortex. Hachiya, Y; Takashima, S, 2001)	0.87

Toxicity

The acute administration of an anticonvulsant dose of ethosuximide had no effect on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration. A toxic dose (400 mg/kg) increased significantly the concentration of brain GABA (1.5%)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pronounced [3H]GABA release could already be evoked on day 3 by N-methyl-D-aspartate, quisqualate and kainate, whereas toxic cell death could first be induced on day 7, in vitro."	( Developmental dissociation of pharmacological and neurotoxic effects of excitatory amino acids. Cai, NS; Erdö, SL, 1992)	0.28
" To characterize better the selectivity of the toxic action of MPP+, other parameters were measured reflecting survival and function of dopaminergic or nondopaminergic neurons."	( Toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium for rat dopaminergic neurons in culture: selectivity and irreversibility. Dandapani, BK; Hefti, F; Knusel, B; Michel, PP; Sanchez-Ramos, J, 1990)	0.28
" GABA increases glutamate toxicity in a dose-dependent fashion, but NMDA and kainic acid were not toxic in the presence or absence of GABA."	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhances glutamate cytotoxicity in a cerebellar cell line. Simantov, R, 1990)	1.72
" One hundred to 300 microM was toxic for all cell types, and concentrations above 300 microM resulted in fixation."	( Toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and dopamine for dopaminergic neurons in culture. Hefti, F; Michel, PP, 1990)	0.28
" Immature cortical neurons are insensitive to the toxic effects of glutamate receptor stimulation."	( Glutamate toxicity in immature cortical neurons precedes development of glutamate receptor currents. Baraban, JM; Murphy, TH, 1990)	0.28
" THIP, even at toxic doses, did not alter the anti-PTZ activity of either pentobarbital or phenobarbital."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists on the neurotoxicity and anticonvulsant activity of barbiturates in mice. Chweh, AY; Swinyard, EA; Ulloque, RA, 1986)	0.66
"The acute administration of an anticonvulsant dose of ethosuximide (150 mg/kg) had no effect on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, whereas a toxic dose (400 mg/kg) increased significantly the concentration of brain GABA (1."	( Effect of ethosuximide alone and in combination with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration, anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity in mice. Chweh, AY; Lin-Michell, E; Swinyard, EA, 1986)	0.74
" These behavioral and neurochemical results are identical to those observed following concomitant destruction of striatonigral GABA and mesostriatal dopamine projections, and indicate that MPP+ may be toxic to GABAergic as well as to A10 and A9 dopaminergic neurons."	( 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+): regional dopamine neuron uptake, toxicity, and novel rotational behavior following dopamine receptor proliferation. Altar, CA; Heikkila, RE; Manzino, L; Marien, MR, 1986)	0.27
" The LD50 associated with seizure activity was lower in mice receiving MMT in propylene glycol (152 mg/kg) than in those receiving MMT in corn oil (999 mg/kg)."	( Neurotoxic effects of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in the mouse: basis of MMT-induced seizure activity. Fishman, BE; Gianutsos, G; McGinley, PA, 1987)	0.27
" Only ALA (10 microM) and glutamic acid (1 mM) were toxic towards neurons in culture, as measured by cell survival after 5 days' exposure."	( [Mechanism of delta-aminolevulinic acid neurotoxicity]. Lamm, MC; McCarthy, BW; Neethling, AC; Percy, VA; Taljaard, JJ; Truter, L, 1981)	0.26
" These findings argue strongly for a direct toxic effect of ethanol, and are furthermore compatible with behavioural changes in chronic alcoholics, dominated by memory impairment."	( The neurotoxicity of ethanol. Melgaard, B, 1983)	0.27
" In an initial non-blinded study, L-glutamic acid (15 mM) exerted a significant toxic effect on HD fibroblasts, decreasing viability by approximately 60% after 48 h exposure."	( Effects of L-glutamate on viabilities of cultured diploid skin fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Increased toxicity not observed in Huntington's disease. Bird, TD; Casper, JB; Stahl, WL; Ward, CB, )	0.13
"Plasma and brain levels of chlordecone in chlordecone-induced motor impairment, lethal levels of chlordecone, and cumulative LD50 of chlordecone in the mouse are presented."	( Neurochemical evaluation of chlordecone toxicity in the mouse. Chang-Tusi, H; Fujimori, K; Ho, IK; Huang, TP, )	0.13
" However, results obtained with dispersed cells in culture may not necessarily reflect the situation in vivo where the cell may have a far greater resistance to the effects of toxic agents."	( delta-Aminolaevulinic acid uptake, toxicity, and effect on [14C]gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake into neurons and glia in culture. Lamm, MC; Percy, VA; Taljaard, JJ, 1981)	0.5
" In order to demonstrate the existence of such a selective vulnerability, the toxic effects of rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I of the respiratory chain, and of glutamate, which is very likely involved in the neurotoxicity induced by an energetic stress, were analyzed on cultured mouse mesencephalic neurons."	( A selective toxicity toward cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons is induced by the synergistic effects of energetic metabolism impairment and NMDA receptor activation. Gelman, M; Lévi-Strauss, M; Marey-Semper, I, 1995)	0.29
" Finally, gabapentin is a very safe add-on medication."	( The new anticonvulsant drugs. Implications for avoidance of adverse effects. Krämer, G; Schmidt, D, 1994)	0.29
" No adverse maternal or fetal effects were observed in mice or rats given doses up to 1500 or 3000 mg/kg, respectively."	( Developmental toxicity studies in mice, rats, and rabbits with the anticonvulsant gabapentin. Anderson, JA; Petrere, JA, 1994)	0.29
" polylepis were toxic as determined by all four test methods."	( Toxicity of four potentially ichthyotoxic marine phytoflagellates determined by four different test methods. Edvardsen, B; Fonnum, F; Meldahl, AS, 1994)	0.29
" Although adverse events occur in most patients receiving gabapentin as adjunctive therapy, they are transient and mild to moderate in severity."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of gabapentin. Ramsay, RE, 1994)	0.29
" At the time of data cutoff, 30% of patients had withdrawn from the study due to lack of efficacy, and 4% due to adverse events."	( The long-term safety and efficacy of gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The US Gabapentin Study Group. , 1994)	0.29
" Discontinuation resulting from adverse events were infrequent, occurring in 15% of patients receiving TGB compared to 5% receiving placebo."	( Tiagabine: the safety landscape. Leppik, IE, 1995)	0.29
" It is well tolerated, with transient somnolence and dizziness being the most frequent adverse effects."	( Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1995)	0.29
" Adverse effects of antiepileptic treatment may affect the patient's quality of life to an even greater extent than the occurrence of seizures."	( Adverse effects of established and new antiepileptic drugs: an attempted comparison. Gram, L; Rogvi-Hansen, B, 1995)	0.29
"Copper and manganese, two essential metals involved in physiological and physiopathological processes in the brain, were measured in corpora striata of rats 7 days after intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (QUIN, 240 nmol/l microliters), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist with toxic activity."	( Quinolinic acid neurotoxicity: in vivo increased copper and manganese content in rat corpus striatum after quinolinate intrastriatal injection. Flores, A; Galván-Arzate, S; Osorio-Rico, L; Pérez, P; Ríos, C; Santamaría, A; Solís, F, 1996)	0.29
"Standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic adverse events and with many interactions with each other and with non-AEDs that complicate patient management."	( Overview of the safety of newer antiepileptic drugs. Shorvon, S; Stefan, H, 1997)	0.3
"We suggest that, in patients with mental retardation and epilepsy, involuntary movements may either occur as reversible side effects of gabapentin therapy or result from a previously undescribed adverse drug interaction with other antiepileptic agents."	( Choreoathetosis as a side effect of gabapentin therapy in severely neurologically impaired patients. Chudnow, RS; Dewey, RB; Lawson, CR, 1997)	0.3
" One general rule that may reduce the risks of toxic drug interactions is to add medication to the patient's current regimen in modest doses and increase the dose slowly."	( Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy. Freeman, MP; Stoll, AL, 1998)	0.3
" Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug not appreciably metabolized by the liver in humans, and it appears to be safe and effective in the maintenance therapy of epilepsy in these patients."	( Treatment of seizures in acute intermittent porphyria: safety and efficacy of gabapentin. Brambilla, A; Erli, LC; Grandi, R; Mirabile, D; Zadra, M, 1998)	0.3
" Two analyses of adverse events are presented: tolerability and safety."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study. Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)	0.3
" Within these 281 patients, two mutually exclusive groups were compared (a) those reporting adverse events at only < or =1,800 mg/day (low dose); and (b) those reporting adverse events at only >1,800 mg/day (high dose)."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study. Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)	0.3
"Gabapentin doses >1,800 mg/day were as well tolerated as doses < or =1,800 mg/day and were not associated with more adverse events."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study. Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)	0.3
" We investigated whether this drug was comparable to standard first-line monotherapy in efficacy and incidence of adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of vigabatrin and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a multicentre randomised double-blind study. Vigabatrin European Monotherapy Study Group. Chadwick, D, 1999)	0.3
" After initial maintenance doses were reached, doses were adjusted downwards (in the case of adverse events) or upwards (in the case of seizures) by the clinician."	( Safety and efficacy of vigabatrin and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a multicentre randomised double-blind study. Vigabatrin European Monotherapy Study Group. Chadwick, D, 1999)	0.3
"Time to withdrawal for lack of efficacy or adverse events did not differ between groups (p=0."	( Safety and efficacy of vigabatrin and carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsy: a multicentre randomised double-blind study. Vigabatrin European Monotherapy Study Group. Chadwick, D, 1999)	0.3
"Although gabapentin seems also to be safe in children, the efficacy in refractory partial seizures was disappointing."	( Gabapentin in childhood epilepsy: a prospective evaluation of efficacy and safety. Boenigk, HE; Borusiak, P; Korn-Merker, E, 2000)	0.31
" It has a relatively benign side effect profile, but little data exists on massive overdoses with this agent."	( A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects. Radtke, RA; St Clair, EW; Verma, A, 1999)	0.3
" The toxic effect of gamma-vinyl-GABA was mimicked by a 24-h treatment with GABA (100 microM) and the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol (10 microM), but not the GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen (10 microM)."	( GABA(A)-mediated toxicity of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Lukasiuk, K; Pitkänen, A, 2000)	0.31
"Water hemlock, Cicuta virosa, belonging to the Umbelliferae, is well-known as a toxic plant responsible for lethal poisonings in humans as well as animals, causing tonic and clonic convulsions and respiratory paralysis."	( Exploring the structural basis of neurotoxicity in C(17)-polyacetylenes isolated from water hemlock. Kisara, K; Ohashi, K; Ohta, T; Oshima, Y; Sakakibara, R; Shibusawa, K; Tadano, T; Takaya, Y; Uwai, K, 2000)	0.31
" However, on rare occasions, they can progress to more severe cutaneous disorders, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis."	( Therapeutic safety monitoring: what to look for and when to look for it. Harden, CL, 2000)	0.31
"The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether the sensitivity to systemic toxic effects of cocaine is altered in genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs)."	( Phenotypic expression of the systemic toxicity of cocaine in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Heavner, JE; Kao, YJ; Kaye, AD; Reigel, CE; Shi, B, 2000)	0.31
" Serious adverse events were assessed individually."	( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom. Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)	0.31
" The adverse events with LTG reported by this study were similar to those reported in the literature."	( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom. Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)	0.31
" Life-threatening adverse reactions were rare."	( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom. Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)	0.31
" Weight gain, somnolence, nystagmus, and dizziness were the major adverse events in these patients, whereas ataxia, tremor, and diplopia were found with gabapentin in a dose higher than 1,800 mg/day."	( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin as an add-on therapy in refractory partial epileptic patients. Rungreangyingyod, L; Suthisisang, C; Towanabut, S, 2001)	0.31
" The most frequent adverse events were dizziness (31%), fatigue (29%), somnolence (27%), headache (21%), and ataxia (20%), with no major increase seen in adverse events necessitating discontinuation as the dose of GBP was titrated upward."	( AUStralian study of titration to effect profile of safety (AUS-STEPS): high-dose gabapentin (neurontin) in partial seizures. Beran, R; Berkovic, S; Black, A; Danta, G; Dunne, J; Frasca, J; Grainger, K; Kilpatrick, C; McKenzie, R; McLaughlin, D; Schapel, G; Somerville, E, 2001)	0.31
"We reviewed the reports in the literature on the safety, adverse effects and tolerance of GBP as treatment, used as monotherapy or associated with other drugs, in epilepsies in patients of all age groups, including children, adults and the elderly."	( [Safety and tolerability of gabapentin]. Viteri, C, )	0.13
" The commonest adverse effects seen were somnolence, fainting, ataxia, nystagmus, tremor and headache."	( [Safety and tolerability of gabapentin]. Viteri, C, )	0.13
" Mild adverse effects were seen in 62 patients (37."	( [Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine]. Friera Acebal, G; Jiménez-Hernández, MD; Torrecillas Nárvaez, MD, )	0.13
"Gabapentin can be considered an effective and safe drug in the preventive treatment of migraine."	( [Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine]. Friera Acebal, G; Jiménez-Hernández, MD; Torrecillas Nárvaez, MD, )	0.13
" Five hundred micromolar GABA and 50 microM tiagabine were not toxic in the presence or absence of light."	( Acute vigabatrin retinotoxicity in albino rats depends on light but not GABA. Benz, AM; Ishikawa, M; Izumi, M; Izumi, Y; Thio, LL; Zorumski, CF, 2004)	0.32
"3 the corresponding values for phepyrone (irrespective of the LD50 values)."	( [Functional-behavioral profile of new cyclic GABA analogs in acute toxicity tests]. Bugaeva, LI; Spasov, AA; Verovskiĭ, VE, )	0.13
" It is assumed that adverse events occurring with gabapentin are dose related, their frequency and severity increasing with increasing doses."	( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to assess the dose dependence of adverse events with gabapentin by determining the relationship between increasing doses of gabapentin and the onset and/or worsening of adverse events in patients with PHN."	( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)	0.32
" The analysis of adverse events was based on 3 distinct groups: patients who received gabapentin <1800 mg/d, those who received gabapentin >or=1800 mg/d, and those who received placebo."	( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)	0.32
" The 3 most common adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, and peripheral edema."	( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)	0.32
" Dizziness and somnolence, the other most commonly occurring adverse events, were transient and did not occur more frequently or worsen with titration to >or=1800 mg/d."	( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)	0.32
" Safety/tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs), physical and neurologic examinations, and clinical laboratory evaluation."	( Safety and efficacy of two pregabalin regimens for add-on treatment of partial epilepsy. Beydoun, A; Garofalo, EA; Greiner, MJ; Knapp, LE; Kugler, AR; Uthman, BM, 2005)	0.33
"Fetal exposure to SSRI are associated to transient toxic symptoms of the neonates, likely to be an expression of excess serotonin activity in the CNS."	( [SSRI during pregnancy and risk of fetal neurotoxicity. Follow precautions and look for other therapeutic alternatives]. Högberg, U; Wang, M, )	0.13
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of AED utilisation and reported adverse events, in a cohort of MS patients."	( Antiepileptic medications in multiple sclerosis: adverse effects in a three-year follow-up study. Battaglia, MA; Brichetto, G; Mancardi, GL; Messmer Uccelli, M; Solaro, C, 2005)	0.33
" The increased activities of ASS and ASL suggest the increased and effective recycling of citrulline to arginine in acute ammonia toxicity, making NO production more effective and contributing to its toxic effects."	( Effects of acute ammonia toxicity on nitric oxide (NO), citrulline-NO cycle enzymes, arginase and related metabolites in different regions of rat brain. Govindasamy, C; Nadiger, HA; Sirajudeen, KN; Swamy, M; Zakaria, AZ, 2005)	0.33
" There is also a fairly broad consensus that gabapentin is safe and well tolerated, but the side-effect profile of gabapentin has not been adequately assessed in pain populations."	( Adverse effects of gabapentin and lack of anti-allodynic efficacy of amitriptyline in the streptozotocin model of painful diabetic neuropathy. Bourin, C; Chen, P; Hogan, JB; Leet, JE; Lindner, MD; Machet, F; McElroy, JF; Stock, DA, 2006)	0.33
" Discontinuation rates due to associated adverse events were greatest in the venlafaxine treatment group: venlafaxine, 20."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of pregabalin and venlafaxine. Kasper, S; Montgomery, SA; Pande, AC; Tobias, K; Zornberg, GL, 2006)	0.33
" Toxic potencies for MZ and MB were similar and no difference in sensitivity between the DA and GABA populations was observed with the fungicides."	( Acute neurotoxic effects of mancozeb and maneb in mesencephalic neuronal cultures are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Bernard, LP; Cooper, KR; Domico, LM; Zeevalk, GD, 2006)	0.33
"A growing body of experimental evidence suggests that anaesthetics, by influencing GABAergic and glutaminergic neural signalling, can have adverse effects on the developing central nervous system."	( Potentially toxic effects of anaesthetics on the developing central nervous system. Gascon, E; Kiss, JZ; Klauser, P; Vutskits, L, 2007)	0.34
"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants that are highly toxic to the developing nervous system, particularly via their disruption of dopamine (DA) function."	( Polychlorinated biphenyl-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic cocultures of developing rat ventral mesencephalon and striatum. Lyng, GD; Seegal, RF; Snyder-Keller, A, 2007)	0.34
" In this study we evaluated randomized, controlled trials examining the analgesic efficacy, adverse effects, and clinical value of gabapentinoids in postoperative pain."	( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)	0.34
" Gabapentin reduced opioid-related adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and urinary retention (number-needed-to-treat 25, 6, and 7, respectively)."	( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)	0.34
"Gabapentinoids effectively reduce postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and opioid-related adverse effects after surgery."	( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)	0.34
" As clinicians face a broader spectrum of efficacious treatments, side-effect profiles play an increasingly important role in the development of a pain management regimen."	( Safety profile of treatment in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Robinson-Papp, J; Simpson, DM, 2007)	0.34
" The most frequently reported adverse events were dizziness and somnolence, although tolerance to these developed within a few weeks."	( Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in generalized anxiety. Owen, RT, 2007)	0.34
" It is known that dopamine (DA) enhances this toxic effect."	( Endogenous dopamine enhances the neurotoxicity of 3-nitropropionic acid in the striatum through the increase of mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and free radicals production. Cano, J; de Pablos, RM; Herrera, AJ; Machado, A; Navarro, A; Santiago, M; Tomás-Camardiel, M; Villarán, RF, 2008)	0.35
" Overall, pregabalin was well tolerated with no new adverse events emerging that have not been reported with its use in other indications."	( Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in fibromyalgia syndrome. Owen, RT, 2007)	0.34
" A global improvement, especially in anxious and depressive symptomatology, was observed; no adverse events were reported."	( [Efficacy and safety of gabapentin in Borderline Personality Disorder: a six-month, open-label study]. Peris, L; Ruíz, M; Szerman, N, )	0.13
" The adverse effects of gabapentin seem to vary from person to person and should be viewed with a high degree of suspicion, especially in patients taking this drug at the beginning."	( Gabapentin toxicity: an important cause of altered consciousness in patients with uraemia. Chen, CC; Chong, CF; Hung, TY; Seow, VK; Wang, TL, 2008)	0.35
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, and peripheral edema."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Durso-Decruz, E; Emir, B; Freeman, R, 2008)	0.35
" An additional four patients dropped out during the study, and one stopped taking medication due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in alcohol dependence. Bria, P; Di Nicola, M; Janiri, L; Martinotti, G; Mazza, M; Tedeschi, D, 2008)	0.35
" Pregabalin was well-tolerated, with almost all adverse events in the mild-to-moderate range, and self-limiting (median duration of 4-16 days)."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in elderly people with generalised anxiety disorder. Baldinetti, F; Chatamra, K; Montgomery, S; Pauer, L; Whalen, E, 2008)	0.35
"Pregabalin, in doses of 150-600 mg/day, was a safe and effective treatment of generalised anxiety disorder in patients 65 years and older."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in elderly people with generalised anxiety disorder. Baldinetti, F; Chatamra, K; Montgomery, S; Pauer, L; Whalen, E, 2008)	0.35
" Patients administering lidocaine plaster experienced fewer drug-related adverse events (3."	( Efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster in comparison with pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: interim analysis from an open-label, two-stage adaptive, randomized, controlled trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.35
"After 4 weeks, 5% lidocaine medicated plaster treatment was associated with similar levels of analgesia in patients with PHN or DPN but substantially fewer frequent adverse events than pregabalin."	( Efficacy and safety of 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) medicated plaster in comparison with pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: interim analysis from an open-label, two-stage adaptive, randomized, controlled trial. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.35
" Safety evaluation included adverse events (AEs), drug-related AEs (DRAEs), and withdrawal due to AEs."	( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.35
"In patients with PHN and painful DPN failing to respond to monotherapy, combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin provides additional clinically relevant pain relief and is safe and well-tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster and pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy. Baron, R; Binder, A; Leijon, G; Mayoral, V; Serpell, M; Steigerwald, I, 2009)	0.35
"Gabapentin was found to be partially effective and safe in symptomatic treatment of CTS patients."	( The efficacy and safety of gabapentin in carpal tunnel patients: open label trial. Erdemoglu, AK, )	0.13
" Acute human toxicity related to adverse neuronal function is usually a result of over-excitation or depression of the nervous system."	( GABAA receptor and cell membrane potential as functional endpoints in cultured neurons to evaluate chemicals for human acute toxicity. Babot, Z; Forsby, A; Galofré, M; García, DA; Iraola, S; Rodríguez-Farré, E; Suñol, C, )	0.13
"The incidence of constipation as an adverse effect of pregabalin has previously been reported as low, with all cases described as either mild or moderate."	( Severe and disabling constipation: an adverse effect of pregabalin. Cook, MJ; D'Souza, WJ; Kamel, JT, 2010)	0.36
" The proportions of patients with any adverse event, somnolence or dizziness were also significantly greater with pregabalin than with placebo."	( Pregabalin in fibromyalgia: meta-analysis of efficacy and safety from company clinical trial reports. Derry, S; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Straube, S, 2010)	0.36
"8%); toxic manifestations were more severe in group III than in group II."	( Gabapentin toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preventable cause of morbidity. McKian, KP; Qian, Q; Zand, L, 2010)	0.36
" Titration (dose escalation) regimens based on clinical judgment were implemented to mitigate this adverse event and reduce patient dropout across clinical trials."	( Modeling dropout from adverse event data: impact of dosing regimens across pregabalin trials in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Frame, B; Hutmacher, M; Lalovic, B; Miller, R, 2011)	0.37
" The commonly reported adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, peripheral edema and weight gain, and most of them were mild to moderate in intensity."	( [Long-term efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: results of a 52-week, open-label, flexible-dose study]. Arakawa, A; Ogawa, S; Suzuki, M; Yoshiyama, T, 2010)	0.36
" Treatments were generally well tolerated; discontinuation rates due to adverse events were 4%, 2%, 5%, 0%, and 1% with standard- and low-dose pregabalin/tolterodine ER, pregabalin, tolterodine ER, and placebo, respectively."	( Investigation of the clinical efficacy and safety of pregabalin alone or combined with tolterodine in female subjects with idiopathic overactive bladder. Cossons, NH; Darekar, A; Marencak, J; Mills, IW, 2011)	0.37
" Safety was based on adverse events (AEs)."	( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. Cheung, R; Emir, B; Murphy, TK; Semel, D; Zlateva, G, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin was well tolerated; somnolence (26%), dizziness (24%), peripheral oedema (13%) and weight gain (11%) were the most common adverse events and generally were reported as mild to moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin for treating neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 14 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arakawa, A; Baba, M; Satoh, J; Shoji, S; Suzuki, M; Yagihashi, S; Yoshiyama, T, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were more frequent with pregabalin than with placebo and caused discontinuation in 9 (8."	( Safety and efficacy of pregabalin in patients with central post-stroke pain. Bashford, G; Cheung, R; Dror, V; Kim, JS; Martin, A; Murphy, KT, 2011)	0.37
" We aimed at identifying treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) associated with pregabalin through a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available RCTs."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gangemi, P; Perucca, P; Specchio, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
"Information about the time course of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is often lacking."	( Longitudinal monitoring of the safety of drugs by using a web-based system: the case of pregabalin. Grootheest, K; Härmark, L; Puijenbroek, E, 2011)	0.37
" Safety was evaluated using adverse events (AEs)."	( Pregabalin or placebo used adjunctively with levetiracetam in refractory partial-onset epilepsy: a post hoc efficacy and safety analysis in combined clinical trials. Almas, M; Emir, B; Giordano, S; Leon, T; Uthman, BM, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were typical of pregabalin and, in general, did not vary as the number of concomitant AEDs increased."	( The impact of background antiepileptic drugs on the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in treating partial-onset seizures: a post hoc analysis of combined clinical trials. Almas, M; Cabrera, J; Giordano, S; Tomson, T, 2011)	0.37
"To report a case of acute elevation of hepatic enzyme levels as a probable adverse reaction associated with pregabalin."	( Pregabalin-induced hepatotoxicity. Junyent, TT; Pellicer, MJ; Sendra, JM, 2011)	0.37
" Reported adverse effects were also analysed."	( Efficacy and safety of perioperative pregabalin for post-operative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Cateloy, F; Engelman, E, 2011)	0.37
"Efficacious and safe monotherapy options are needed for adult patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin versus lamotrigine in patients with newly diagnosed partial seizures: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial. Brodie, MJ; Kälviäinen, R; Knapp, LE; Kwan, P; Weaver, J; Yurkewicz, L, 2011)	0.37
" The overall incidence of adverse events was similar between the groups and consistent with that in previous studies; dizziness (55 [17%] vs 45 [14%] patients), somnolence (29 [9%] vs 14 [4%]), fatigue (27 [8%] vs 19 [6%]), and weight increase (21 [6%] vs 7 [2%]) were numerically more common in the pregabalin group than in the lamotrigine group."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin versus lamotrigine in patients with newly diagnosed partial seizures: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trial. Brodie, MJ; Kälviäinen, R; Knapp, LE; Kwan, P; Weaver, J; Yurkewicz, L, 2011)	0.37
" International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale (IRLS) score, investigator- and patient-rated Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scores, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) total scores and subscores, and short form (SF)-36 subscores were assessed, and adverse events (AEs) were monitored."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in Japanese restless legs syndrome patients. Hattori, N; Hirata, K; Inoue, Y; Kuroda, K; Uchimura, N, 2012)	0.38
"Pregabalin and placebo were equally safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Förg, A; Hein, J; Heinz, A; Müller, CA; Richter, C; Volkmar, K; Winter, M, )	0.13
"In a recent meta-analysis of 38 double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pregabalin (PGB) to placebo, we found 20 adverse events (AEs) to be significantly associated with PGB treatment."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin across different disorders: a meta-analysis. Gangemi, PF; Perucca, P; Zaccara, G, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 20%) with single-agent use are fatigue, nausea, and anorexia."	( Pemetrexed-induced cellulitis: a rare toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Katsenos, S; Panagou, C; Psara, A, 2013)	0.39
"The adverse effect profile of this medication from controlled, randomized studies as well as open and long-term studies is described with consideration of the evidence-based results for pregabalin's clinical use."	( Drug safety evaluation of pregabalin. Toth, C, 2012)	0.38
" Pregabalin use is associated with benign central nervous system and systemic adverse effects with very limited metabolic, idiosyncratic, or teratogenic adverse effects."	( Drug safety evaluation of pregabalin. Toth, C, 2012)	0.38
"9%) permanently discontinued study participation due to treatment-emergent adverse events (all causality) at 12 weeks (pooled data) and 53 of 429 (12."	( Safety profile and tolerability of up to 1 year of pregabalin treatment in 3 open-label extension studies in patients with fibromyalgia. Arnold, LM; Emir, B; Murphy, TK; Pauer, L; Petersel, D; Scott, G; Zeiher, BG, 2012)	0.38
"The data from these extension studies suggest that the adverse event safety profile and tolerability of patients with FM treated with open-label pregabalin (75-300 mg BID) for up to 1 year were stable and were consistent with those of previous studies."	( Safety profile and tolerability of up to 1 year of pregabalin treatment in 3 open-label extension studies in patients with fibromyalgia. Arnold, LM; Emir, B; Murphy, TK; Pauer, L; Petersel, D; Scott, G; Zeiher, BG, 2012)	0.38
" The relative scarcity and controversial evidential status of available pharmacological interventions for the treatment of patients' acute withdrawal syndrome and/or relapse prevention call for the clinical investigation of novel safe and efficacious agents."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol and benzodiazepine dependence. Konstantakopoulos, G; Oulis, P, 2012)	0.38
"Available evidence suggests that monotherapy with pregabalin, within the dosage range of 150 - 600 mg/d, is a promising "novel" option for the safe and efficacious relapse prevention of both AD and BD."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol and benzodiazepine dependence. Konstantakopoulos, G; Oulis, P, 2012)	0.38
"Pregabalin is one of the first-line treatments for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in many countries, and we have administered it to relieve the neurotoxicity associated with adverse effects of VCR in a DLBCL patient treated with the R-CHOP regimen."	( [A case of neurotoxicity reduced with pregabalin in R-CHOP chemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma]. Hosokawa, A; Ito, T; Kiba, T; Kido, M; Kimura, A; Kozawa, K; Nakashima, T; Niimi, H; Ogawa, Y; Okada, Y; Okikawa, Y; Saito, A; Shintani, H; Taniguchi, T; Taniyama, K, 2012)	0.38
" We found no differences in the offspring mice with regard to their cognitive function and mood or mRNA neurotransmitter receptor gene expression in several brain areas, including 5-HT(1A), MOR₁ and GABA(Aα1), suggesting the absence of adverse effects of postnatal exposure to ∑6 NDL-PCBs under these conditions."	( Neurodevelopmental and behavioral toxicity via lactational exposure to the sum of six indicator non-dioxin-like-polychlorinated biphenyls (∑6 NDL-PCBs) in mice. Bouayed, J; Desor, F; Diesel, B; Elnar, AA; Feidt, C; Kiemer, AK; Soulimani, R, 2012)	0.38
" The 2 most commonly reported adverse events were somnolence and dizziness."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Atluri, H; Bonzo, D; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ellenbogen, A; Hurt, J; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Tovera, J; Vu, A; Zomorodi, K, )	0.13
" Efficacy data showed that a once-daily dose of GEn 600 to 2400 mg provides greater relief of RLS symptoms than placebo; GEn was generally well tolerated with an adverse event profile consistent with gabapentin."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Atluri, H; Bonzo, D; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ellenbogen, A; Hurt, J; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Tovera, J; Vu, A; Zomorodi, K, )	0.13
" Descriptive safety data from the original trials were reviewed and the most commonly reported adverse events (AEs; dizziness, somnolence, peripheral oedema and weight gain) were identified to be of primary interest."	( Pregabalin treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain: a review of safety data from randomized controlled trials conducted in Japan and in the west. Arakawa, A; Ogawa, S; Satoh, J; Suzuki, M; Yoshiyama, T, 2012)	0.38
" After the treatment, more than 95% of the initial blue product was removed from the waste solution and the treated waste was proven to be safe for aquatic organisms, as studied in brine shrimp and guppy fishes."	( "From safe source to safe sink" development of colorimetric assay for gabapentin in bulk drug and capsules using naturally derived genipin. Dejpittayanunt, S; Kongpakwattana, K; Nuntharatanapong, N; Pathomcharoensukchai, S; Rojanarata, T; Suksaran, U; Winotapun, W, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment was generally well tolerated, with somnolence and dizziness the most frequently reported adverse events."	( A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled phase III trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pregabalin in Japanese patients with fibromyalgia. Nishioka, K; Ohkura, M; Ohta, H; Oka, H; Suzuki, M; Usui, C, 2012)	0.38
"Treatment options for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a complication of herpes zoster, are commonly unsatisfactory and associated with adverse events."	( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)	0.39
" The most frequently reported adverse events were dizziness (G-GR, 11%; placebo, 2%) and somnolence (G-GR, 5%; placebo, 3%)."	( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)	0.39
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were somnolence, dizziness, increased weight, and constipation."	( An open-label long-term phase III extension trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in Japanese patients with fibromyalgia. Nishioka, K; Ohkura, M; Ohta, H; Oka, H; Suzuki, M; Usui, C, 2013)	0.39
"These data indicate that the long-term treatment of Japanese FM patients with pregabalin may be both safe and effective."	( An open-label long-term phase III extension trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in Japanese patients with fibromyalgia. Nishioka, K; Ohkura, M; Ohta, H; Oka, H; Suzuki, M; Usui, C, 2013)	0.39
" Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central nervous system (CNS)."	( Manganese toxicity in the central nervous system: the glutamine/glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid cycle. Aschner, M; Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz, M, 2013)	0.39
" Safety assessments included the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs), the occurrence of serious AEs, changes in physical and neurological examination findings, clinical laboratory assessments, and changes in weight."	( Long-term safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia patients. Irving, G; Jensen, MP; Rauck, R; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2013)	0.39
" The primary endpoint was a ≥1/3 reduction in pain (NRS); secondary endpoints included the time to analgesia and adverse effects."	( Randomised phase II trial (NCT00637975) evaluating activity and toxicity of two different escalating strategies for pregabalin and oxycodone combination therapy for neuropathic pain in cancer patients. Bianchi, A; Bramati, A; Carbone, C; Farina, G; Febbraro, A; Ganzinelli, M; Garassino, MC; Gentili, M; Iorno, V; La Verde, N; Marabese, M; Moretti, A; Piva, S; Spagnoletti, I; Torri, V, 2013)	0.39
" The most commonly reported adverse events were dizziness and somnolence."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PXN110748). Bell, CF; Chen, C; Freeman, R; Graff, O; Harden, RN; Harding, K; Hunter, S; Kavanagh, S; Laurijssens, B; McClung, C; Rainka, M; Schwartzbach, C; Warren, S; Zhang, L, 2013)	0.39
"5%) was the only treatment-related adverse event (AE) occurring ≥10%."	( Long-term treatment of anxiety disorders with pregabalin: a 1 year open-label study of safety and tolerability. Emir, B; Haswell, H; Montgomery, S; Prieto, R, 2013)	0.39
" Weight loss and numbness were common adverse effects in the topiramate group."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial. Ahmed, S; Alam, R; Khan, M; Zafar, I; Zain, S, 2013)	0.39
" While there was a decrease in total patient-reported adverse events in the once nightly arm, the lack of specificity in relation to a particular adverse event suggested no real difference in adverse events."	( Twice daily versus once nightly dosing of pregabalin for fibromyalgia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Kivitz, AJ; Maricic, MJ; Nasser, K; Silver, DS; Silverman, SL, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events (AEs) were also compared between treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with spinal cord injury: a pooled analysis. Emir, B; Juhn, M; Parsons, B; Sanin, L; Yang, R, 2013)	0.39
" Endpoints were responder rate, seizure frequency, adverse events, and anxiety symptoms."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in refractory focal epilepsy with and without comorbid anxiety disorders - results of an open-label, parallel group, investigator-initiated, proof-of-concept study. Brandt, C; Fueratsch, N; May, TW; Pohlmann-Eden, B; Schoendienst, M; Schrecke, M; Trentowska, M; Witte-Boelt, K, 2013)	0.39
" A total of 12 subjects in the gabapentin group and 15 subjects in the amitriptyline group experienced adverse events which were of mild to moderate grades."	( A comparative study of efficacy and safety of gabapentin versus amitriptyline as coanalgesics in patients receiving opioid analgesics for neuropathic pain in malignancy. Banerjee, M; Basu, J; Bhattacharya, B; Ghosh, B; Mondal, S; Pal, S, )	0.13
"This paper presents a new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of baclofen and gabapentin in feeds based on two modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)."	( Evaluation of two modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation methods for the analysis of baclofen and gabapentin in feeds by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, RX; Hou, XL; Lv, Y; Wu, YL; Xu, XQ; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In 28-37% of patients, pregabalin was associated with adverse events, with drowsiness and dizziness being frequently observed."	( [Efficacy and safety of pregabalin for oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy]. Itabashi, T; Kashiwaba, M; Kudo, K; Nihei, S; Sato, J; Takahashi, K, 2013)	0.39
"Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is more complicated in elderly patients, and multiple daily dosing, complex titration, and high incidences of adverse events can be limiting for many pharmacological treatment options."	( Safety and efficacy of once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia aged 75 years and over. Gupta, A; Li, S, 2013)	0.39
" We chose the number of patients experiencing = 50% reduction in pain and number of patient withdrawals due to adverse events (AE) as primary outcomes for efficacy and safety, respectively."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis. Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )	0.13
"Gabapentin was found to be most efficacious and amitriptyline to be least safe among the treatments included in the study."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis. Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )	0.13
" Gabapentin misuse is possible, similar to other medications not typically considered drugs of abuse, but it should be considered safe and appropriate for use in patients with all types of SUDs, including patients who take opioid drugs."	( Gabapentin for Substance Use Disorders: Is it Safe and Appropriate? Howland, RH, 2014)	0.4
" However, gabapentin increased the somnolence (RR 2·03; 95% CI 1·39, 2·98; I(2) = 2%), dizziness (RR 2·68; 95% CI 1·95, 3·69; I(2) = 15%), peripheral oedema (RR 9·10; 95% CI 3·23, 25·60; I(2) = 2%), total adverse effects (RR 1·28; 95% CI 1·16, 1·42; I(2) = 0%) and withdrawal due to adverse events (RR 1·51; 95% CI 1·06, 2·16; I(2) = 6%), but these adverse effects were often mild to moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Gabapentin 1800 mg appeared safe in treating PHN for up to 24 weeks."	( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Discontinuation because of adverse events was significantly greater in the duloxetine (19."	( Comparative safety and tolerability of duloxetine vs. pregabalin vs. duloxetine plus gabapentin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Irving, G; Malcolm, S; Raskin, J; Risser, RC; Tanenberg, RJ, 2014)	0.4
"Duloxetine, pregabalin and duloxetine plus gabapentin were generally safe and tolerable for the treatment of DPNP."	( Comparative safety and tolerability of duloxetine vs. pregabalin vs. duloxetine plus gabapentin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Irving, G; Malcolm, S; Raskin, J; Risser, RC; Tanenberg, RJ, 2014)	0.4
"Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to numerous physiological processes."	( Novel dose-dependent alterations in excitatory GABA during embryonic development associated with lead (Pb) neurotoxicity. Cannon, JR; Freeman, JL; Lee, JW; Weber, GJ; Wirbisky, SE, 2014)	0.4
"Pregabalin administration is occasionally abandoned due to adverse events such as somnolence, dizziness, unsteadiness, weight gain and edema."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with pregabalin administered for neuropathic pain relief. Hosokawa, T; Kanbayashi, Y; Onishi, K, )	0.13
"To identify factors predicting adverse events associated with pregabalin administered for neuropathic pain."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with pregabalin administered for neuropathic pain relief. Hosokawa, T; Kanbayashi, Y; Onishi, K, )	0.13
" Variables were extracted from the clinical records for regression analysis of factors related to the occurrence of adverse events associated with pregabalin administration."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with pregabalin administered for neuropathic pain relief. Hosokawa, T; Kanbayashi, Y; Onishi, K, )	0.13
"The results of the present study indicate that care is warranted regarding long durations of therapy for somnolence, advanced age rather than dose-dependent adverse events for unsteadiness, elevated serum creatinine level for weight gain, and elevated serum creatinine level and combination use of neurotropin for edema."	( Factors predicting adverse events associated with pregabalin administered for neuropathic pain relief. Hosokawa, T; Kanbayashi, Y; Onishi, K, )	0.13
" The aim of this review was to provide an update of current knowledge of adverse events (AE) associated with the most common perioperative non-opioid analgesics: paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids (GCCs), gabapentinoids and their combinations."	( Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review. Dahl, JB; Hamunen, K; Hansen, MS; Kjer, JJ; Kontinen, VK; Mathiesen, O; Nikolajsen, L; Pommergaard, HC; Rosenberg, J; Wetterslev, J, 2014)	0.4
" If future pregnancy registry data confirm this positive safety profile, gabapentin therapy would likely be a safe and effective treatment for RLS during pregnancy."	( Potential maternal symptomatic benefit of gabapentin and review of its safety in pregnancy. Guttuso, T; Shaman, M; Thornburg, LL, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory tests, and electrocardiograms."	( Efficacy and safety of mirogabalin (DS-5565) for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator-controlled, adaptive proof-of-concept phase 2 study. Feins, K; Hsu, C; Merante, D; Rosenstock, J; Sharma, U; Vinik, A, 2014)	0.4
" Delayed corneal reepithelialization was a common side effect of both topical anesthetics and topical NSAIDs."	( Efficacy and safety of pain relief medications after photorefractive keratectomy: review of prospective randomized trials. Faktorovich, EG; Melwani, K, 2014)	0.4
" Two children experienced serious adverse events, one of whom received pregabalin 15 mg/kg/day."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in children with refractory partial seizures: a phase 1, randomized controlled study. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, H; Chew, ML; Liu, J; Mann, D; Pellock, J; Pitman, VW; Zegarac, E, 2014)	0.4
" However, narcotics can have significant adverse effects."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus. Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)	0.42
"GBP appears to be relatively safe and tolerable in SAH patients with headache and may be a useful narcotic-sparing agent to prevent narcotics-associated complications, such as gastrointestinal immobility, ileus, and constipation."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus. Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)	0.42
"Weight gain and alopecia were the most common patient-reported CSEs in this study, and weight gain was the most likely cosmetic side effect to result in dosage adjustment or medication discontinuation."	( Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Buchsbaum, R; Chen, B; Choi, H; Detyniecki, K; Hirsch, LJ; Javed, A; Kato, K; Legge, A; Moeller, J, 2015)	0.42
" Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central nervous system."	( Impairment of glutamine/glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid cycle in manganese toxicity in the central nervous system. Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz, M, 2014)	0.4
" A discussion of pregabalin dosing and adverse events is also presented."	( Pregabalin for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: strategies for dosing, monotherapy vs. combination therapy, treatment-refractory patients, and adverse events. Juhn, MS; Parsons, B; Sadosky, A; Varvara, R, 2015)	0.42
"To characterize risk factors for occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and treatment discontinuations due to AEs for improving safety and tolerability of treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)."	( Relationships Among Adverse Events, Disease Characteristics, and Demographics in Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia With Gastroretentive Gabapentin. Bucior, I; Nalamachu, S; Shaparin, N; Slattum, PW, 2015)	0.42
" Otherwise, it has been described to produce a large number of adverse effects among them cell death mediated mainly by blockage of K(+) channels."	( Neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of 4-aminopyridine mediated by KChIP1 regulation through adjustment of Kv 4.3 potassium channels expression and GABA-mediated transmission in primary hippocampal cells. Baselga, MJA; Capo, MA; Del Pino, J; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; García, JM; Moyano, P, 2015)	0.42
" Considering that GAB was found in raw drinking water, the formation of toxic PTPs during drinking water treatment with UV light might be possible."	( Identification of phototransformation products of the antiepileptic drug gabapentin: Biodegradability and initial assessment of toxicity. Herrmann, M; Kümmerer, K; Menz, J; Olsson, O, 2015)	0.42
" To gather information on prevalence of use, desired effects and/or adverse effects, we searched grey literature (online drug discussion forums) and medical literature (PubMed and abstracts from selected International Toxicology conferences)."	( Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Archer, JR; Dargan, PI; Owen, DR; Wood, DM, 2016)	0.43
" According to the grey literature, phenibut is taken for its anxiolytic and euphoric properties, with tolerance and withdrawal syndromes commonly reported adverse effects."	( Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Archer, JR; Dargan, PI; Owen, DR; Wood, DM, 2016)	0.43
" Its desired and adverse effects appear similar to other gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists."	( Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Archer, JR; Dargan, PI; Owen, DR; Wood, DM, 2016)	0.68
" Although the adverse effects of this compound are well documented in various species, the full modes of action (MoAs) are still not well characterized."	( Whole-Organism Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Acute Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate in Daphnia magna. Evenseth, LM; Gomes, T; Høgåsen, T; Iguchi, T; Rundberget, JT; Song, Y; Tollefsen, KE; Xie, L, 2016)	0.43
" Removal of this potential adverse effect with adjuvant intervention(s) would represent a significant advance in epilepsy therapeutics."	( Aberrant mTOR signaling and disrupted autophagy: The missing link in potential vigabatrin-associated ocular toxicity? Ainslie, GR; Gibson, KM; Pearl, PL; Vogel, KR, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse event were monitored and summarized."	( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Comparison to Solifenacin Succinate in Adult Overactive Bladder Treatment. Balingit, JC; Chua, ME; Esmeňa, EB; Morales, ML; See, MC, 2018)	0.48
" Summary effect for migraine headache days, headache frequency, at least 50% reduction in headache attacks, all-adverse events, nausea, somnolence, dizziness, withdrawal and withdrawal due to adverse events were produced by synthesizing both direct and indirect evidence."	( Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis. He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)	0.46
" Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, resource utilization data and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as described in the leaflet were extracted."	( Characteristics, resource utilization and safety profile of patients prescribed with neuropathic pain treatments: a real-world evidence study on general practices in Europe - the role of the lidocaine 5% medicated plaster. Katz, P; Liedgens, H; Pegoraro, V, 2017)	0.46
" These results raise the possibility that the phenobarbital-induced adverse effects could be reduced by a co-treatment with caffeine."	( Caffeine Protects Against Anticonvulsant-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Developing Rat Brain. Bendix, I; Bührer, C; Endesfelder, S; Schiller, C; Sifringer, M; Weichelt, U, 2017)	0.46
"Although propofol is a widely used intravenous general anaesthetic, many studies report its toxic potential, particularly on the developing central nervous system."	( Neurotoxicity of propofol on rat hypoglossal motoneurons in vitro. Corsini, S; Ghezzi, F; Monni, L; Nistri, A, 2017)	0.46
"This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to compare the use of gabapentin with placebo in open hysterectomy regarding (1) the mean difference (MD) of postoperative opioid requirements; (2) the changes of visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in two groups; and (3) incidence rate of adverse effects."	( Is gabapentin effective and safe in open hysterectomy? A PRISMA compliant meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Han, C; Li, XD; Yu, WL, 2017)	0.46
" They necessitate prolonged use and are associated with adverse effects and increased cost."	( Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)	0.46
"Existing evidence on the use of gabapentinoids in CLBP is limited and demonstrates significant risk of adverse effects without any demonstrated benefit."	( Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)	0.46
" The present research was to test the hypothesis that Mn causes putrescine accumulation over a physiologically adequate to toxic concentration range in a neuronal cell line."	( Putrescine as indicator of manganese neurotoxicity: Dose-response study in human SH-SY5Y cells. Chandler, JD; Fernandes, J; Go, YM; Jones, DP; Liu, KH; Uppal, K, 2018)	0.48
"0001], but were more likely to experience incidence of adverse events, such as somnolence, dizziness, and peripheral edema."	( A Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia from Randomized Controlled Trials. Dai, ZG; Gao, CX; Li, L; Ma, KT; Si, JQ; Wang, S; Zhang, M, 2018)	0.48
" Number and type of adverse events were similar between the three groups."	( Safety and efficacy of GABA Audoli-Inthavong, ML; Bassetti, CL; Chabriat, H; Hermann, DM; Lambert, E; Marx, U; Sors, A; Wattez, M, 2020)	0.56
" elegans did not cause significant toxic reaction in the rats after long-term exposure."	( A comprehensive toxicity evaluation in rats after long-term oral Gelsemium elegans exposure. Huang, CY; Huang, SJ; Liu, ZY; Wang, N; Wang, ZY; Wu, Y; Yu, H; Zhao, XJ; Zuo, MT, 2021)	0.62
" The application of GABA had a significant effect on alleviating the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning, and 80-100 mg/kg treatment exerted the best effect."	( Effects of ammonia toxicity on the histopathology, detoxification, oxidative stress, and immune response of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis and the mitigation of γ-aminobutyric acid. Chen, S; Jiang, M; Jiang, X; Li, J; Liang, Y; Lin, J; Peng, R; Wu, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Lethal intestinal tissue toxicity is a common side effect and a dose-limiting factor in chemoradiotherapy."	( Inhibition of GABAA receptors in intestinal stem cells prevents chemoradiotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity. Chen, D; Guo, W; Hu, H; Jiang, W; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, H; Mu, K; Ning, N; Yu, X; Zhang, C; Zheng, J; Zhou, Y, 2022)	0.72
"4 mg/kg/h was safe and well tolerated by all mild or moderate hepatic impairment subjects and normal hepatic function subjects."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator, HSK3486, in Chinese patients with hepatic impairment. Chen, H; Ding, Y; Hu, Y; Li, C; Li, X; Liu, J; Liu, X; Lou, J; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wu, M; Wu, N; Xuan, C; Yan, P; Zhang, H; Zheng, W; Zhu, X, 2022)	0.72
"Acrolein (ACR) and formaldehyde (FA) are toxic aldehydes co-produced in foods."	( Cytotoxicity of a Novel Compound Produced in Foods via the Reaction of Amino Acids with Acrolein along with Formaldehyde. Hu, J; Ou, J; Ou, S, 2022)	0.72
" The majority of adverse events pertained to the nervous system (7 effects) or psychiatric (3 effects) disorders."	( The safety and efficacy of gabapentinoids in the management of neuropathic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eldabe, S; Meaadi, J; Nazar, H; Obara, I, 2023)	0.91
"Despite RCTs documenting the adverse events of gabapentionoids on the nervous system, there was no evidence of gabapentinoid use leading to addiction, suggesting an urgent need to design studies investigating their abusive potential."	( The safety and efficacy of gabapentinoids in the management of neuropathic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eldabe, S; Meaadi, J; Nazar, H; Obara, I, 2023)	0.91
"Although gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine (GABA-BZ) receptor agonists are used to treat insomnia, their long-term or high-dosage use causes adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of lemborexant as an alternative drug for patients with insomnia taking gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptor agonists or suvorexant. Inamoto, A; Iwanami, A; Kawai, K; Okino, K; Sanada, K; Suzuki, H; Tomioka, H, 2023)	1.55
"The novel dual orexin receptor antagonist lemborexant (LEM) has fewer adverse effects than GABA-BZ receptor agonists."	( Efficacy and safety of lemborexant as an alternative drug for patients with insomnia taking gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptor agonists or suvorexant. Inamoto, A; Iwanami, A; Kawai, K; Okino, K; Sanada, K; Suzuki, H; Tomioka, H, 2023)	1.13
" The safety and tolerability of GABA-BZ receptor agonists and SUX were high, and no serious adverse effects were observed after switching to LEM."	( Efficacy and safety of lemborexant as an alternative drug for patients with insomnia taking gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptor agonists or suvorexant. Inamoto, A; Iwanami, A; Kawai, K; Okino, K; Sanada, K; Suzuki, H; Tomioka, H, 2023)	1.13

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The influence of progabide, a new antiepileptic drug, on the pharmacokinetic profiles of phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid was evaluated in four separate studies, each including six young healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of progabide with other antiepileptic drugs. Bianchetti, G; Morselli, PL; Padovani, P; Thénot, JP; Thiercelin, JF, )	0.13
" The present study was, therefore, planned to confirm blood-barrier crossing by Ca AOTA and to study the drug's physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Physicochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetic study of a new GABAergic compound, calcium acetylhomotaurinate. Andre, D; Boismare, F; Boucly, P; Chabenat, C; Chretien, P; Daoust, M; Lhuintre, JP; Moore, N; Saligaut, C, 1988)	0.27
"This paper describes the pharmacokinetic studies of 1-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexane acetic acid (gabapentin, Gö 3450, CI-945) conducted with the 14C-labelled substance following intravenous and intragastric administration to rats and dogs and oral administration to humans."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog and man. Kölle, EU; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1986)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic profile of progabide was investigated in five chronically catheterized male rhesus monkeys."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of progabide, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid-mimetic drug, in rhesus monkey. Johno, I; Levy, RH; Ludwick, BT, 1982)	0.53
" Pharmacodynamic interactions take place at the level of receptor sites, where they may have additive or potentiating effects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions during treatment with vigabatrin. Richens, A, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by standard noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of tiagabine, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-uptake inhibitor, in healthy subjects after single and multiple doses. Gustavson, LE; Mengel, HB, 1995)	0.57
"Only valproyl glycinamide showed a good anticonvulsant profile in both mice and rats due to its better pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis and antiepileptic activity of N-valproyl derivatives of GABA and glycine. Bialer, M; Hadad, S, 1995)	0.29
" The current study demonstrates the benefit of the SPPR approach in developing and selecting a potent antiepileptic compound in intact animals based not only on its intrinsic pharmacodynamic activity, but also on its better pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis and antiepileptic activity of N-valproyl derivatives of GABA and glycine. Bialer, M; Hadad, S, 1995)	0.29
" The plasma VGB concentration-time data were analyzed by mixed-effects modeling to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters and to identify any significant demographic covariates."	( A comparison of population and standard two-stage pharmacokinetic analyses of vigabatrin data. Bhargava, VO; Hutcheson, SJ; Wei, G; Weir, SJ; Yu, DK, 1994)	0.29
"With the introduction of three new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the UK during the past 4 years as adjunctive add-on therapy, the possibility of AED pharmacokinetic interactions has become a relevant consideration."	( Phenobarbitone to gabapentin: a guide to 82 years of anti-epileptic drug pharmacokinetic interactions. Patsalos, PN, 1994)	0.29
" The elimination half-life is approximately 5 to 9 hours."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. McLean, MJ, 1994)	0.29
" Apparent oral plasma clearance (CL/F) and renal clearance (CLR) of gabapentin decreased and maximum plasma concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, and half-life values increased as renal function diminished."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in subjects with various degrees of renal function. Blum, RA; Bockbrader, H; Busch, JA; Comstock, TJ; Keller, E; Reece, PA; Reetze, P; Schultz, RW; Sica, DA; Tuerck, D, 1994)	0.29
" Three of the new drugs, gabapentin, topiramate and vigabatrin, are more promising on the basis of their pharmacokinetic features."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Bialer, M, 1993)	0.29
"To assess the possible occurrence of pharmacokinetic interactions between the antiepileptic agents felbamate and vigabatrin, two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies were conducted in healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction studies between felbamate and vigabatrin. Banfield, C; Colucci, R; Glue, P; Lim, J; Lin, C; Meehan, J; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E; Reidenberg, P; Rey, E, 1995)	0.29
" The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2z) is relatively long in neonates; it then decreases during the first postnatal month to lower values than in adults, and then progressively increases with age due to an age-dependent decrease in the metabolic rate."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in paediatric patients. Part II. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, sulthiame, lamotrigine, vigabatrin, oxcarbazepine and felbamate. Avanzini, G; Battino, D; Estienne, M, 1995)	0.29
"Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in broad use today have a number of pharmacokinetic liabilities, including a propensity for clinically meaningful drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate in comparison with other new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1996)	0.29
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile."	( Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1995)	0.29
" The BBB influx (CL1) and efflux (CL2) permeabilities of GBP were estimated with a hybrid pharmacokinetic model assuming that transport between intra- and extracellular space was more rapid than transport across the BBB."	( The simultaneous estimation of the influx and efflux blood-brain barrier permeabilities of gabapentin using a microdialysis-pharmacokinetic approach. Wang, Y; Welty, DF, 1996)	0.29
" All the drugs can be conveniently given as a twice daily dosage apart from gabapentin, which has a short half-life and a midday dose is needed."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of newer antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine. Binnie, CD; Elwes, RD, 1996)	0.29
" Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters included Cmax' Tmax' AUC and T1/2."	( Effect of a high-protein meal on gabapentin pharmacokinetics. Budde, J; Gidal, BE; Jones, JC; Lensmeyer, GL; Maly, MM; Pitterle, ME, 1996)	0.29
"This article surveys the pharmacokinetic parameters for the new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, and vigabatrin."	( Pharmacokinetics of new antiepileptic drugs. Gram, L, 1996)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two enantiomers have been studied after administration of a single oral 125 mg dose of the racemate to six neonates."	( Pharmacokinetics of the individual enantiomers of vigabatrin in neonates with uncontrolled seizures. Chiron, C; d'Athis, P; Dulac, O; Dumas, C; Olive, G; Pons, G; Rey, E; Vauzelle-Kervroëdan, F, 1996)	0.29
" Plasma tiagabine concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography; pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of tiagabine as add-on therapy in patients taking enzyme-inducing antiepilepsy drugs. Cascino, GD; Graves, NM; Gustavson, LE; Leppik, IE; Pixton, GC; So, EL; Wolff, D, 1995)	0.29
"Standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have a number of pharmacokinetic shortcomings, and AEDs with more favorable profiles would be preferred."	( Pharmacokinetics and interaction profile of topiramate: review and comparison with other newer antiepileptic drugs. Johannessen, SI, 1997)	0.3
" A pharmacokinetic study of the S(+) and R(-) enantiomers of vigabatrin was performed before and during dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of the S(+) and R(-) enantiomers of vigabatrin during chronic dosing in a patient with renal failure. Chiron, C; Guillonneau, M; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Loirat, C; Macher, MA; Montes, C; Rey, E, 1997)	0.3
" This study examined the single-dose pharmacokinetic profiles of Li in 13 patients receiving placebo and then steady-state gabapentin (mean daily dose: 3,646."	( Gabapentin does not alter single-dose lithium pharmacokinetics. Corá-Locatelli, G; Dunn, RT; Frye, MA; Grothe, D; Ketter, TA; Kimbrell, TA; Piscitelli, S; Post, RM; Vanderham, E, 1998)	0.3
" GBP concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)	0.3
" No change in maximal GBP plasma concentration (Cmax), time at which Cmax occurred (tmax), or apparent volume of distribution (V/F) with age was noted."	( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)	0.3
" For all drugs that are metabolized, half-life is shortened and clearance is increased when patients receive concomitant enzyme-inducing agents such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and carbamazepine."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1999)	0.3
" Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parenteral PT."	( Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. Al-Hassan, MI; Bawazir, SA; Matar, KM; Nicholls, PJ; Tekle, A, 2000)	0.31
"5-30 Hz) of the EEG as derived by fast Fourier transformation analysis was used as pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of tiagabine CNS effects upon chronic treatment in rats: lack of change in concentration-EEG effect relationship. Altorf, BA; Cleton, A; Danhof, M; Voskuyl, RA, 2000)	0.31
" Plots of pharmacokinetic parameters versus age suggested significant differences between younger (1 month to < 5 years) and older (> or =5 to 12 years) subjects."	( Single-dose gabapentin pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy infants and children. Bockbrader, HN; Boellner, SW; Brown, RR; Haig, GM; Ouellet, D; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL, 2001)	0.31
" Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parental PT."	( Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phynytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog. al-Hassan, MI; Bawazir, SA; Matar, KM; Nicholls, PJ; Tekle, A, )	0.13
" In the meantime, a review of the established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities of these agents is the first step in defining their optimal uses and limitations in the psychiatric setting."	( Pharmacokinetics of new anticonvulsants in psychiatry. Morris, HH, 1998)	0.3
" Pregabalin pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by established noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in subjects with various degrees of renal function. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Cook, JA; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Sedman, AJ, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are the primary deter-minant of the extent and duration of drug action, and influence susceptibility to clinically important drug interactions."	( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come? Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for gabapentin were determined by non-compartment methods using multivariate regression analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in paediatric patients with uncontrolled seizures. Lo, W; Nahata, MC; Tallian, KB; Tsao, CY, 2004)	0.32
"Data from nine patients were suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in paediatric patients with uncontrolled seizures. Lo, W; Nahata, MC; Tallian, KB; Tsao, CY, 2004)	0.32
" Likewise, PGB steady-state pharmacokinetic parameter values were similar among patients receiving CBZ, PHT, LTG, or VPA and, in general, were similar to those observed historically in healthy subjects receiving PGB alone."	( Pregabalin drug interaction studies: lack of effect on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate in patients with partial epilepsy. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Brodie, MJ; Bron, NJ; Gibson, GL; Hounslow, NJ; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL; Wilson, EA, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC(0."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two gabapentin preparations after a single oral dose in healthy Korean volunteers. Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2006)	0.33
" No statistically significant difference was found for tmax and t1/2 values."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two gabapentin preparations after a single oral dose in healthy Korean volunteers. Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2006)	0.33
" For drugs that are eliminated renally completely unchanged (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) or mainly unchanged (levetiracetam and topiramate), the pharmacokinetic variability is less pronounced and more predictable."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed? Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic profile of GBP was examined."	( The effect of MDR1 G2677T/A polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2007)	0.34
"A sensitive validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for gabapentin (GB) in human plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioequivalence (BE) studies in human."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of gabapentin in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in Korean volunteers. Jhee, OH; Kang, JS; Kim, KH; Kim, YS; Lee, JH; Lee, JS; Lee, MH; Park, JH; Park, SH; Shaw, LM, 2007)	0.34
" A single dose (600 mg) of each formulation was orally administered to four beagle dogs under fasted conditions, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( In Vitro/in vivo relationship of gabapentin from a sustained-release tablet formulation: a pharmacokinetic study in the beagle dog. Han, SB; Jeon, JW; Lee, DS; Lee, TW; Nam, TY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Park, S; Rhee, YS, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interrelationship of vigabatrin in blood and the brain (frontal cortex vs."	( Vigabatrin extracellular pharmacokinetics and concurrent gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter effects in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus using microdialysis. Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Tong, X, 2009)	0.6
" In contrast, levetiracetam was without affect on tiagabine or vigabatrin concentrations and co-administration with gabapentin, tiagabine or vigabatrin had no effect on levetiracetam brain concentrations, indicating the pharmacodynamic nature of interaction between these antiepileptic drugs in the mouse pentylenetetrazole model."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis. Andres-Mach, MM; Czuczwar, SJ; Dudra-Jastrzebska, M; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sielski, M, 2009)	0.35
" Inclusion of such a pharmacokinetic compartment into the patch model introduced a slow kinetic component in the extracellular exchange time course, thereby providing recapitulation of divergent whole cell results."	( Pentobarbital produces activation and block of {alpha}1{beta}2{gamma}2S GABAA receptors in rapidly perfused whole cells and membrane patches: divergent results can be explained by pharmacokinetics. Burkat, PM; Gingrich, KJ; Roberts, WA, 2009)	0.35
" The focus of this study was to determine the influence of sildenafil on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of pregabalin with the objective of informing the design of a quantitative pharmacodynamic (PD) study."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of the pregabalin-sildenafil interaction in rats: application of simulation to preclinical PK-PD study design. Bender, G; Bies, R; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Field, M; Florian, J; Gosset, J; Marshall, S; Tan, K, 2009)	0.35
" Noncompartmental analysis was used to estimate pharmacokinetic variables."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs. Badgley, BL; Dewey, CW; Gleed, RD; Horne, W; Ludders, JW; Salazar, V; Schwark, W, 2009)	0.35
" The median (range) pharmacokinetic parameters were: Area under the curve from time 0 to 36 hours = 81."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs. Badgley, BL; Dewey, CW; Gleed, RD; Horne, W; Ludders, JW; Salazar, V; Schwark, W, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with computer software."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs. Cohen, RL; Kukanich, B, 2011)	0.37
" We demonstrate that diazepam variously modulates theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (7-14 Hz), beta (15-25 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz) frequency oscillations in specific regions of the cortex, with a pharmacodynamic profile consistent with that of drug uptake."	( Neuronal network pharmacodynamics of GABAergic modulation in the human cortex determined using pharmaco-magnetoencephalography. Barnes, GR; Furlong, PL; Hall, SD; Hillebrand, A; Seri, S, 2010)	0.36
" Data from all subjects were used for pharmacokinetic and safety analyses unless stated otherwise."	( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin elimination half-life is approximately 6 hours and steady state is achieved within 1 to 2 days of repeated administration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy volunteers. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Busch, JA; Corrigan, BW; Haig, GM; Posvar, EL; Radulovic, LL; Randinitis, EJ; Strand, JC; Wesche, DL, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this extended-release formulation allows a reduced dosing frequency while maintaining bioavailability and possibly diminishing the occurrence of adverse events attributable to a slower increase to the peak concentration compared with the immediate-release dosage form."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)	0.37
" After IV administration, the mean +/- SEM apparent volume of the central compartment, apparent volume of distribution at steady state, and clearance and the harmonic mean +/- jackknife pseudo-SD for terminal half-life were 90."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Siao, KT, 2010)	0.36
"Pregabalin and gabapentin share a similar mechanism of action, inhibiting calcium influx and subsequent release of excitatory neurotransmitters; however, the compounds differ in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)	0.36
"Gabapentin is being used in horses although its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, pharmacodynamic (PD) effects and safety in the equine are not fully investigated."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse. Driessen, B; Liu, Y; McDonnell, SM; Moate, PJ; Soma, LR; Terry, RL; Uboh, CE; Van Eps, AW, 2010)	0.36
" Plasma drug concentrations were determined over 48h post-administration by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves. Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and quantify the influence of covariates on the parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy subjects and patients with post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Bockbrader, HN; Matsui, S; Shoji, S; Suzuki, M; Tomono, Y, 2011)	0.37
"This pregabalin population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on data from 14 clinical trials involving healthy subjects, subjects with impaired renal function and patients with post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy (n= 616)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy subjects and patients with post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Bockbrader, HN; Matsui, S; Shoji, S; Suzuki, M; Tomono, Y, 2011)	0.37
" To evaluate if pregabalin coadministration affects pharmacokinetics of other antiepileptic drugs, population pharmacokinetic analyses using NONMEM software were performed on data from three epilepsy trials involving seven antiepileptic drugs with pregabalin as add-on therapy."	( Pregabalin effect on steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate, and tiagabine. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Knapp, L, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to describe a population pharmacokinetic analysis of gabapentin enacarbil in patients with varying degrees of renal function, using data from an open-label study of gabapentin enacarbil in patients with renal impairment (XenoPort, Inc."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data were compared with those from Phase I-III studies in subjects with normal renal function to evaluate the relationship between gabapentin oral clearance (CL/F) and CrCL."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
" The method was proved to be selective, sensitive, rapid and suitable for pharmacokinetic study of gabapentin in human plasma."	( [LC-MS/MS method for quantification and pharmacokinetic study of gabapentin in human plasma]. He, JF; Li, FM; Qin, F; Xiong, ZL; Yu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma and milk drug concentrations were determined over 7 days postadministration by HPLC/MS followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk secretion of gabapentin and meloxicam co-administered orally in Holstein-Friesian cows. Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kukanich, B; Malreddy, PR, 2013)	0.39
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic of gabapentin is essential for patients who have to receive gabapentin 600 mg."	( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg in Thai healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)	0.38
" The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)	0.38
"The data show the pharmacokinetic parameters of gabapentin 600 mg."	( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted over a 24-hour period at the end of each study period."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
" Two different gabapentin to pregabalin transition designs were simulated based on their respective population pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Gabapentin to pregabalin therapy transition: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Bockbrader, HN; Budhwani, MN; Wesche, DL, 2013)	0.39
"Pregabalin , the S-enantiomer of 3-aminomethyl-5-methylhaxanoic acid, is a second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) developed after gabapentin with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of pregabalin and its role in the treatment of epilepsy. Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2013)	0.39
" The article also looks at its clinical application as a combination therapy with particular respect to its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of pregabalin and its role in the treatment of epilepsy. Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2013)	0.39
"This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism, interactions and possible relation to clinical effect of several drugs which are used primarily as anxiolytics."	( Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs. Altamura, AC; Bareggi, S; Maffini, M; Mauri, MC; Moliterno, D; Paletta, S, 2013)	0.39
"There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with benzodiazepine use, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment."	( Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs. Altamura, AC; Bareggi, S; Maffini, M; Mauri, MC; Moliterno, D; Paletta, S, 2013)	0.39
" The differences in the dosing frequency and tolerability between G-IR and GR are mainly because of the difference in formulations and thus pharmacokinetic properties."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of a once-daily gastroretentive dosage form of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Han, CH; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" Using plasma gabapentin concentration data obtained after administration of GEn in 12 phase 1 to 3 GEn studies in healthy adults or patients with RLS (dose range, 300-2400 mg/d), a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Tovera, J, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic parameters and effect of preemptive analgesics administered to calves subjected to dehorning with local anesthesia."	( The pharmacokinetics and effects of meloxicam, gabapentin, and flunixin in postweaning dairy calves following dehorning with local anesthesia. Allen, KA; Bergamasco, LL; Coetzee, JF; Dockweiler, JC; Edwards-Callaway, LN; Fraccaro, E; Glynn, HD; Jones, M; KuKanich, B; Lubbers, B, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic variables were estimated by means of noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intragastric and intravenous pregabalin administration in clinically normal horses. Divers, TJ; Mullen, KR; Schwark, W, 2013)	0.39
"These data suggest that diet-drug pharmacokinetic interactions may occur during co-exposure to gabapentin and mushroom constituents."	( Effect of mushroom diet on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Chinese subjects. Goh, BC; Lee, EJ; Limenta, LM; Murray, M; Toh, DS; Wang, LZ; Yee, JY, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the immediate-release (IR) and the recently developed controlled-release (CR) formulation of pregabalin are dose proportional."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
" The objectives of this analysis were: (1) to evaluate the effect of administration time and fat or caloric content of an accompanying meal on the pharmacokinetic properties of a single dose of pregabalin CR (330 mg) relative to a single dose of pregabalin IR (300 mg); (2) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of a single dose of pregabalin CR administered fasted relative to a single dose of pregabalin CR administered immediately after food; and (3) to determine the safety and tolerability of single-dose administration of pregabalin CR and IR with and without food."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
"The effect of food on the pharmacokinetic properties of pregabalin CR was determined in five phase I, open-label, single-dose, crossover studies (24-28 participants/study)."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
"Time of day of administration and the fat and caloric content of the accompanying meal had minimal overall effect on the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of the pregabalin CR formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic properties of pregabalin CR were determined in four phase I, open-label, multiple-dose crossover studies (18-24 participants/study)."	( Pregabalin controlled-release pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: analysis of four multiple-dose randomized clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
" Pregabalin CR pharmacokinetic parameters were dose proportional following administration of 82."	( Pregabalin controlled-release pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: analysis of four multiple-dose randomized clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
" The primary goal of the study reported here was to describe endogenous concentrations of GABA in horses and the pharmacokinetics, selected pharmacodynamic effects, and CSF concentrations following administration of a GABA-containing product."	( Endogenous concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and selected pharmacodynamic effects of a single dose of exogenous GABA in horses. Knych, HK; McKemie, DS; Steinmetz, SJ, 2015)	0.42
"Vigabatrin pharmacokinetic data from six randomized controlled clinical trials and one open-label study were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics analysis of vigabatrin in adults and children with epilepsy and children with infantile spasms. Karim, A; Kowalski, KG; Nielsen, JC; Patel, M; Tolbert, D; Wesche, DL, 2014)	0.4
" Covariate analysis indicated that age, creatinine clearance (CLCR), and body weight were important predictors of vigabatrin pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics analysis of vigabatrin in adults and children with epilepsy and children with infantile spasms. Karim, A; Kowalski, KG; Nielsen, JC; Patel, M; Tolbert, D; Wesche, DL, 2014)	0.4
"The model adequately described vigabatrin pharmacokinetic and enabled predictions of systemic exposures in pediatric patients 1-12 months of age."	( Population pharmacokinetics analysis of vigabatrin in adults and children with epilepsy and children with infantile spasms. Karim, A; Kowalski, KG; Nielsen, JC; Patel, M; Tolbert, D; Wesche, DL, 2014)	0.4
"5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 24 hours after dosing, to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of the single dose administration, ie, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 24 hours (AUCt), AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC(inf)), the peak plasma concentration of the drug (Cmax), time needed to achieve Cmax (tmax), and the elimination half-life (t1/2)."	( Single dose pharmacokinetic equivalence study of two gabapentin preparations in healthy subjects. Amalia, F; Putri, RS; Setiawati, E; Susanto, LW; Tjandrawinata, RR; Yunaidi, DA, 2014)	0.4
" The differences in tmax and t1/2 values between the test and reference drug products for gabapentin were not statistically significant."	( Single dose pharmacokinetic equivalence study of two gabapentin preparations in healthy subjects. Amalia, F; Putri, RS; Setiawati, E; Susanto, LW; Tjandrawinata, RR; Yunaidi, DA, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic measures were limited to subject assessment of somnolence, dizziness, and nausea conducted by using a visual analog scale (VAS)."	( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison. Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)	0.42
"No significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 drugs was seen in this study."	( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison. Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma concentration-time data using standard non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic effects of simultaneous administration of single-dose gabapentin 500 mg and zolpidem tartrate 10 mg in healthy volunteers: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial. Furey, SA; Galitz, LA; Jayawardena, S, 2015)	0.42
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of GABA tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( [Determination of γ-aminobutyric acid in human plasma by LC-MS/MS and its preliminary application to a human pharmacokinetic study]. Chen, XY; Chen, Y; Dai, XJ; Du, JB; Zhong, DF; Zhong, K, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma gabapentin concentrations were estimated by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF A SINGLE ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL GABAPENTIN IN THE GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS). Coetzee, JF; Gall, A; Olds, JE; Papastavros, E; Wulf, L; Yaw, TJ; Zaffarano, BA, 2015)	0.42
" Plasma samples were analyzed for gabapentin concentration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with both a nonlinear mixed-effect approach and a noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of Compounded Intravenous and Oral Gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis ). Baine, K; Cox, S; Jones, MP; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2015)	0.42
" Despite the well characterised pharmacodynamic interaction, little is known about possible pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)	0.43
" The combination did not lead to pharmacokinetic interactions for morphine or gabapentin but resulted in an estimated ~33% diminished morphine-3-glucuronide formation."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)	0.43
"The finding of a lack of pharmacokinetic interaction strengthens the notion that the combination of the two drugs leads to better efficacy in pain treatment due to interaction at the pharmacodynamic level."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)	0.43
" To validate the pharmacodynamic biomarkers for GABA-ergic anxiolytics, this study determined the pharmacodynamics of two anxiolytics and a nonanxiolytic control, and linked them to their anxiolytic and sedative effects, during an anxiety-challenge study day."	( Pharmacodynamic response profiles of anxiolytic and sedative drugs. Baas, J; Broeyer, F; Chen, X; Cohen, A; de Kam, M; van Gerven, J, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, the potential influence of anxiety on CNS pharmacodynamic markers could be examined."	( Pharmacodynamic response profiles of anxiolytic and sedative drugs. Baas, J; Broeyer, F; Chen, X; Cohen, A; de Kam, M; van Gerven, J, 2017)	0.46
" This was a prospective pharmacokinetic study in elderly nursing home patients (≥60 years) receiving GBP for the management of chronic pain or epilepsy from seven nursing homes."	( Pharmacokinetics and Saturable Absorption of Gabapentin in Nursing Home Elderly Patients. Ahmed, GF; Bathena, SP; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Schwartz, JB, 2017)	0.46
" With 2-L exchanges every 2 hours, we document an apparent elimination half-life of 41."	( Treatment of Gabapentin Toxicity With Peritoneal Dialysis: Assessment of Gabapentin Clearance. Edwards, JC; Ibrahim, H; Oman, Z; Schuelke, M, 2017)	0.46
" The purpose of this study was to quantitatively characterize the pharmacodynamic interaction between the two drugs and to identify the optimal concentration-effect relationship of the combination."	( Quantification of the Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Morphine and Gabapentin Using a Response Surface Approach. Gabel-Jensen, C; Heegaard, AM; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was based on plasma and urine data concentrations."	( The role of organic cation transporter 2 inhibitor cimetidine, experimental diabetes mellitus and metformin on gabapentin pharmacokinetics in rats. Baviera, AM; Benzi, JRL; de Moraes, NV; Stevens, JH; Yamamoto, PA, 2018)	0.48
"No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between vehicle + GAB × cimetidine + GAB and vehicle + GAB × metformin + GAB groups."	( The role of organic cation transporter 2 inhibitor cimetidine, experimental diabetes mellitus and metformin on gabapentin pharmacokinetics in rats. Baviera, AM; Benzi, JRL; de Moraes, NV; Stevens, JH; Yamamoto, PA, 2018)	0.48
" This is the first pharmacokinetic (PK) comparison of all three formulations using FDA-recommended doses for PHN."	( Pharmacokinetics of immediate release, extended release, and gastric retentive gabapentin formulations in healthy adults . Aronoff, GM; Ciric, S; Lal, R; Swearingen, D, 2018)	0.48
" The brain concentration-time profiles of diazepam that correspond to these effects are unknown, but can be estimated with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Diazepam: Unbound Interstitial Brain Concentrations Correspond to Clinical End Points. Burkat, PM, 2022)	0.72
" This study utilized physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling to further examine the underlying mechanisms of anxiety treatment and addiction."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of alprazolam: Implications for anxiety and addiction. Burkat, PM, 2023)	0.91
" With repetitive administrations, peak concentration is 59 nM for a 2-mg alprazolam immediate-release dose and 122 nM for a 10-mg extended-release dose."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of alprazolam: Implications for anxiety and addiction. Burkat, PM, 2023)	0.91
" In this study, we investigated locomotor behavior as well as metabolic and pharmacokinetic interactions following co-administration of GHB and ethanol in rats."	( Alcohol perturbed locomotor behavior, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rats. Bae, JW; Choi, B; Ji, M; Kim, M; Kim, S; Lee, S; Lee, YS; Oh, S; Paik, MJ, 2023)	0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic elements in 3 forebrain regions of two-day-old domestic chicks was investigated using light and electron microscope autoradiography.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic elements in 3 forebrain regions (medial mid-telencephalic hyperstriatum ventrale; paleostriatum augmentatum; lobus parolfactorius) of two-day-old domestic chicks was investigated using (1) light and electron microscope autoradiography following [3H]GABA uptake in vitro in combination with pre-embedding GABA immunocytochemistry and (2) Golgi impregnation and 'gold-toning' combined with postembedding GABA immunocytochemistry."	( GABAergic structures in the chick telencephalon: GABA immunocytochemistry combined with light and electron microscope autoradiography, and Golgi impregnation. Csillag, A; Curtis, EM; Stewart, MG, 1987)	0.6
"To assess the roles of substance P in neurologic or psychiatric illnesses, effects of acute or chronic (40- or 80-day dietary) treatment with trihexyphenidyl and carbamazepine alone or in combination with haloperidol on substance P content were investigated in the rat brain."	( Effects of chronic treatment with trihexyphenidyl and carbamazepine alone or in combination with haloperidol on substance P content in rat brain: a possible implication of substance P in affective disorders. Mataga, N; Mitsushio, H; Takashima, M; Toru, M, 1988)	0.27
"The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) in the ectostriatal core (Ec) of domestic chicks (one to two days old) was investigated using (1) preembedding GABA immunocytochemistry and (2) Golgi impregnation and gold-toning combined with postembedding GABA immunocytochemistry."	( Localization of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the ectostriatum of domestic chicks: GABA immunocytochemistry combined with Golgi impregnation. Bourne, RC; Csillag, A; Patel, SN; Stewart, MG; Tömböl, T, 1989)	0.28
"In order to associate specific fiber projections in the central nervous system with specific target neurons, procedures were developed in which the anterograde neuroanatomical tracing technique utilizing Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) is combined with immunocytochemistry of three (different) neuronal markers: gamma-amino butyric acid, choline acetyltransferase, and serotonin."	( Anterograde neuroanatomical tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin combined with immunocytochemistry of gamma-amino butyric acid, choline acetyltransferase or serotonin. Wouterlood, FG, 1988)	0.27
" The anxiolytic effect of dibunol alone and combined with phenazepam is attended by a decrease in the content of malonic dialdehyde in rat blood and brain, evidence of the reduction of the lipid peroxidation intensity."	( [Effect of the antioxidant dibunol and its combination with phenazepam on the behavior of rats in a conflict situation]. Molodavkin, GM; Poiurovskiĭ, MV, 1985)	0.27
"A pharmacohistochemical method for GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), the key enzyme for GABA metabolism, has been combined with retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase, to a study of projections to the lateral habenula."	( Retrograde HRP tracing combined with a pharmacohistochemical method for GABA transaminase for the identification of presumptive GABAergic projections to the habenula. Araki, M; McGeer, EG; McGeer, PL, 1984)	0.27
" To address this issue in cats, anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was combined with postembedding immunocytochemistry for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate."	( Intra-amygdaloid projections of the lateral nucleus in the cat: PHA-L anterograde labeling combined with postembedding GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry. Paré, D; Smith, Y, 1994)	0.49
" For the labeling of the septal neurons we used a double immunocytochemical method combined with retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin apo-horseradish peroxidase-gold (WAHG) injected unilaterally into the hippocampus."	( Cholinergic and GABAergic septo-hippocampal projection neurons in mice: a retrograde tracing study combined with double immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase and parvalbumin. Boldyreva, M; Linke, R; Schwegler, H, 1994)	0.29
"To verify the possibility that the pedunculopontine nucleus is a source of glutamatergic terminals in contact with midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey, we used the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in combination with preembedding immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase and for calbindin D-28k and postembedding immunocytochemistry for glutamate and for gamma-aminobutyric acid."	( Glutamatergic inputs from the pedunculopontine nucleus to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primates: Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde labeling combined with postembedding glutamate and GABA immunohistochemistry. Charara, A; Parent, A; Smith, Y, 1996)	0.46
"Electric impedance measurements on awake rabbits with electrodes implanted into cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus showed that modeling of the noise and general (wide-band) vibration, as well as their combination with sea-sickness action, leads to disturbances in the aqueous-electrolyte balance in brain."	( [Effects of pikamilon on the brain water-electrolyte balance and in models of responses to the noise and vibration exposure, and their combination with motion sickness]. Sapegin, ID, )	0.13
" The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of PP alone and in combination with various doses of vigabatrin (VGB) on brain GABA levels."	( Influence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate alone and in combination with vigabatrin on brain GABA measured by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. Boesiger, P; Mueller, SG; Weber, OM; Wieser, HG, 2001)	0.31
"To investigate the effect of propofol combined with diazepam on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated chloride current (IGABA) evoked in rat sensory neurons."	( Propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the GABA-activated chloride current in rat sensory neurons. Luo, A; Sugiyama, K, 2000)	0.54
"Our results suggest that propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the IGABA."	( Propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the GABA-activated chloride current in rat sensory neurons. Luo, A; Sugiyama, K, 2000)	0.31
" In the present study, the effect of gabapentin (GBP) on seizure score and memory is evaluated when it is given alone and in combination with some antidepressants, such as sertraline (SERTR) and alprazolam (ALP)."	( Effects of gabapentin and antidepressant drug combinations on convulsions and memory in mice. Ali, A; Dua, Y; Pal, SN; Pillai, KK; Rizwan, AN, )	0.13
" The effect of SNP was tested alone and in combination with phenobarbitone (PB), the GABA potentiating antiepileptic drug, against picrotoxin (PCT) (5 mg/kg)-induced convulsions in rats."	( Effects of sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, on gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in the brain and on picrotoxin-induced convulsions in combination with phenobarbitone in rats. Ekambaram, P; Paul, V, 2005)	0.57
" Patients received PGB, 600 mg/day (200 mg q8h) for 7 days, in combination with their individualized maintenance monotherapy with valproate (VPA), phenytoin (PHT), lamotrigine (LTG), or carbamazepine (CBZ)."	( Pregabalin drug interaction studies: lack of effect on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate in patients with partial epilepsy. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Brodie, MJ; Bron, NJ; Gibson, GL; Hounslow, NJ; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL; Wilson, EA, 2005)	0.33
" PGB may be added to VPA, LTG, PHT, or CBZ therapy without concern for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( Pregabalin drug interaction studies: lack of effect on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate in patients with partial epilepsy. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Brodie, MJ; Bron, NJ; Gibson, GL; Hounslow, NJ; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL; Wilson, EA, 2005)	0.33
"Acute gabapentin administration was well tolerated in combination with alcohol, but did not alter the effects of alcohol."	( The acute effects of gabapentin in combination with alcohol in heavy drinkers. Bisaga, A; Evans, SM, 2006)	0.33
"We report the successful management of anesthesia in a patient with stiff-person syndrome (SPS) undergoing a thymectomy using a volatile anesthetic combined with epidural anesthesia."	( Considerations for general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia in a patient with stiff-person syndrome. Hara, K; Horishita, T; Sata, T; Yamamoto, K, 2007)	0.34
" We investigated the analgesic effect of pregabalin and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol after abdominal hysterectomy."	( Pregabalin and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol for postoperative pain control after abdominal hysterectomy. A randomized clinical trial. Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Fomsgaard, JS; Hilsted, KL; Lech, K; Lose, G; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2009)	0.35
" Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin at the fixed-ratio of 1:4 significantly elevated (21%) total brain gabapentin concentrations."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis. Andres-Mach, MM; Czuczwar, SJ; Dudra-Jastrzebska, M; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sielski, M, 2009)	0.35
" We, therefore, investigated the analgesic effect of gabapentin, dexamethasone and low-dose ketamine in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac as compared with paracetamol and ketorolac alone after hip arthroplasty."	( Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin, ketamine and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac after hip arthroplasty: a preliminary study. Christensen, BV; Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Hilsted, KL; Larsen, TK; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2010)	0.36
"Preoperative gabapentin, dexamethasone and ketamine combined with paracetamol and ketorolac reduced overall pain scores in patients after hip arthroplasty as compared with paracetamol and ketorolac alone."	( Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin, ketamine and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac after hip arthroplasty: a preliminary study. Christensen, BV; Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Hilsted, KL; Larsen, TK; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine (LP)."	( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)	0.36
" One minute following pilocarpine injection, HFS (pulses of 60 mus width at 130 Hz at subthreshold intensities and applied during 3 h) was applied alone or combined with subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs."	( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)	0.36
" This effect was not evident when HFS was combined with phenytoin (33."	( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)	0.36
" The aim of this study was to see whether low-dose gabapentin is effective in treating cancer-related neuropathic pain when combined with low-dose imipramine."	( Low-dose gabapentin as useful adjuvant to opioids for neuropathic cancer pain when combined with low-dose imipramine. Arai, YC; Arakawa, M; Hayashi, R; Kinoshita, A; Kobayashi, K; Kondo, M; Matsubara, S; Matsubara, T; Nishida, K; Nishihara, M; Shimo, K; Suetomi, K; Suzuki, C; Tohyama, Y; Ushida, T, 2010)	0.36
"Low-dose gabapentin-antidepressant combination with opioids was effective in managing neuropathic cancer pain without severe adverse effects."	( Low-dose gabapentin as useful adjuvant to opioids for neuropathic cancer pain when combined with low-dose imipramine. Arai, YC; Arakawa, M; Hayashi, R; Kinoshita, A; Kobayashi, K; Kondo, M; Matsubara, S; Matsubara, T; Nishida, K; Nishihara, M; Shimo, K; Suetomi, K; Suzuki, C; Tohyama, Y; Ushida, T, 2010)	0.36
"Three-phase hollow fiber microextraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC-UV) was applied for the extraction and determination of gabapentin in biological fluids."	( Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of gabapentin in biological samples. Ebrahimzadeh, H; Firozjaei, HA; Kamarei, F; Rouini, MR; Tavassoli, N; Yamini, Y, 2010)	0.36
" To examine the potential for drug-drug interactions at these two transporters, the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin enacarbil were evaluated in healthy adults after administration alone or in combination with either naproxen (an MCT-1 substrate) or cimetidine (an OCT2 substrate)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of gabapentin enacarbil, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin, with naproxen and cimetidine. Blumenthal, R; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Vicente, V, 2010)	0.36
" This study determined the pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam in ruminant calves."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves. Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)	0.37
"To assess the efficacy and safety of pregabalin alone or in combination with tolterodine extended release (ER) in subjects with idiopathic OAB."	( Investigation of the clinical efficacy and safety of pregabalin alone or combined with tolterodine in female subjects with idiopathic overactive bladder. Cossons, NH; Darekar, A; Marencak, J; Mills, IW, 2011)	0.37
" Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 16 healthy volunteers were administered (in separate sessions) capsules containing placebo, 75 mg pregabalin, 150 mg pregabalin, 10 mg oxycodone, and 75 mg pregabalin combined with 10 mg oxycodone."	( Subjective, psychomotor, and physiological effects of pregabalin alone and in combination with oxycodone in healthy volunteers. Coalson, DW; Paice, JA; Zacny, JP, 2012)	0.38
" We performed unilateral ventralis caudalis deep brain stimulation combined with stereotactic bilateral cingulotomy to maximize the effects of treatment for 3 patients with intractable post-stroke pain."	( Impact of ventralis caudalis deep brain stimulation combined with stereotactic bilateral cingulotomy for treatment of post-stroke pain. Chang, JW; Chang, WS; Kim, JP; Park, YS, 2012)	0.38
" Below we describe the preliminary evaluation of support vector machine in the regression mode (SVR) application for the prediction of maximal antiallodynic effect of a new derivative of dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) used in combination with pregabalin (PGB) in the streptozocin-induced neuropathic pain model in mice."	( The application of support vector regression for prediction of the antiallodynic effect of drug combinations in the mouse model of streptozocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Sałat, K; Sałat, R, 2013)	0.39
"25), although this enhancement was not observed when morphine was combined with 17 mg/kg pregabalin."	( Assessment of the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin alone or in combination with morphine during acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)	0.39
"The frequency and financial impact of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and drug-condition interactions (DCIs) in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) treated with either pregabalin or duloxetine were compared."	( Cost comparison of drug-drug and drug-condition interactions in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy treated with pregabalin versus duloxetine. Cappelleri, JC; Chu, BC; Johnson, BH; Johnston, SS; Shrady, G; Silverman, SL; Udall, M, 2013)	0.39
"Potential DDI measured using clinical software that identifies co-prescription of medications that potentially interact with pregabalin or duloxetine."	( Potential drug-drug and drug-condition interactions among fibromyalgia patients initiating pregabalin or duloxetine: prevalence and health care expenditure impact. Cappelleri, JC; Chu, BC; Johnson, BH; Johnston, SS; Shrady, G; Silverman, SL; Udall, M, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OROS® hydromorphone combined with pregabalin in patients with chronic non-cancer neuropathic pain."	( Long-term efficacy of OROS® hydromorphone combined with pregabalin for chronic non-cancer neuropathic pain. Casali, M; Dauri, M; Lazzari, M; Sabato, AF; Sabato, E; Tufaro, G, 2014)	0.4
"This study examined the pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of oral meloxicam (MEL) administered alone or in combination with gabapentin (GABA) in an experimental bovine lameness model."	( Impact of oral meloxicam administered alone or in combination with gabapentin on experimentally induced lameness in beef calves. Anderson, DE; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kohake, LE; Kukanich, B; Mosher, RA; Robert, B; Wang, C; White, BJ, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the analgesic effect of pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with bone metastases."	( [Pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion for breakthrough pain in patients with bone metastases]. Cao, Q; Gu, S; Huang, D; Wu, L; Xu, H, 2014)	0.4
"A total of 60 breakthrough pain patients with bone metastases were randomly divided to 3 groups: group A (pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion group, n=20), group B (placebo combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion group, n=20) and group C (oral morphine sulfate controlled-release tablet group, n=20)."	( [Pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion for breakthrough pain in patients with bone metastases]. Cao, Q; Gu, S; Huang, D; Wu, L; Xu, H, 2014)	0.4
"Pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion can effectively relieve breakthrough pain in patients with bone metastases."	( [Pregabalin combined with intrathecal sufentanil infusion for breakthrough pain in patients with bone metastases]. Cao, Q; Gu, S; Huang, D; Wu, L; Xu, H, 2014)	0.4
"We sought to compare a group (Group L) (n=21) of patients that underwent total knee arthroplasty and received a single preoperative dose of pregabalin combined with a COX-2 inhibitor with a control group (Group C) (n=20) that only received a COX-2 inhibitor in terms of (1) acute postoperative pain intensity, (2) analgesic consumption, and (3) functional recovery."	( The effect of a single dose of preemptive pregabalin administered with COX-2 inhibitor: a trial in total knee arthroplasty. Choi, CH; Chung, KS; Lee, JK, 2015)	0.42
"This paper aimed to discuss the curative effect and safety of curing intercostal neuralgia through paravertebral nerve block combined with pregabalin."	( Curative effect research on curing intercostal neuralgia through paravertebral nerve block combined with pregabalin. Wu, X; Xiao, P; Zhu, X, 2014)	0.4
" Gas release-based prescreening combined with reversed-phase HPLC confirmation was an efficient and cost-effective method to identify high-GABA-producing LAB, which could be good candidates for probiotics."	( Gas release-based prescreening combined with reversed-phase HPLC quantitation for efficient selection of high-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing lactic acid bacteria. Shah, NP; Wu, Q, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we tested the hypothesis that HIV gp120 combined with antiretroviral therapy reduces spinal GABAergic inhibitory tone and that restoration of GABAergic inhibitory tone will reduce HIV-related NP in a rat model."	( Gene Transfer of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 67 by Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors Suppresses Neuropathic Pain Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp120 Combined with ddC in Rats. Candiotti, KA; Hao, S; Huang, W; Kanao, M; Kanda, H; Levitt, RC; Liu, S; Lubarsky, DA; Yi, H, 2015)	0.42
"To explore the effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in the distribution area of auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking on auditory brainstem response (ABR) and contents of neurotransmitters of γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and acetyl choline (Ach) in inferior colliculus of tinnitus rats."	( [Effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in the distribution area of auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking method on auditory brainstem response and neurotransmitters of inferior colliculus in rats of tinnitus]. Cai, S; Huang, K; Li, T; Ma, W; Mei, Z; Tan, L; Wang, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, D, 2016)	0.43
" Rats in the 7-d treatment group and 15-d treatment group were treated with electrical stimulation at "Shenmen (TF₄)" and "Yidan (CO₁₁)" in the distribution area of auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking, once a day, for 7 days and 15 days."	( [Effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in the distribution area of auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking method on auditory brainstem response and neurotransmitters of inferior colliculus in rats of tinnitus]. Cai, S; Huang, K; Li, T; Ma, W; Mei, Z; Tan, L; Wang, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, D, 2016)	0.43
"Electrical stimulation at auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking) could regulate the threshold of ABR, especially in the 15-d treatment group."	( [Effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in the distribution area of auricular vagus nerve combined with sound masking method on auditory brainstem response and neurotransmitters of inferior colliculus in rats of tinnitus]. Cai, S; Huang, K; Li, T; Ma, W; Mei, Z; Tan, L; Wang, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, D, 2016)	0.43
" Previous studies showed that opioids combined with gabapentin for management of cancer pain reduced the dosage of opioids."	( The research on long-term clinical effects and patients' satisfaction of gabapentin combined with oxycontin in treatment of severe cancer pain. Chen, DL; Li, YH; Wang, ZJ; Zhu, YK, 2016)	0.43
" To understand whether taurine-ethanol combined toxicity is exclusively connected to taurine or whether other inhibitory amino acids may have similar effects when combined with ethanol, we tested different doses of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in combination with ethanol in 7-day-old mice."	( Comparison of Toxicity of Taurine and GABA in Combination with Alcohol in 7-Day-Old Mice. Gunnar, T; Kiianmaa, K; Oja, SS; Saransaari, P; Taranukhin, AG, )	0.32
" In order to monitor the neural activities in cortex under gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) modulation, an implantable microelectrode array (MEA) was combined with microinjection capillary."	( Electrophysiological Detection of Cortical Neurons under Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Modulation Based on Implantable Microelectrode Array Combined with Microinjection. Cai, X; Gao, F; Li, Z; Song, Y; Wang, M; Xiao, G; Xu, S, 2018)	0.97
"The study did not provide any evidence of clinical efficacy for AZD5213 when combined with pregabalin in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy."	( A 3-way Cross-over Study of Pregabalin, Placebo, and the Histamine 3 Receptor Inverse Agonist AZD5213 in Combination With Pregabalin in Patients With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy and Good Pain-reporting Ability. Alexander, RC; Katz, N; Raudibaugh, K; Spierings, ELH, 2021)	0.62
" This anxiety animal model was established by intraperitoneal injection of FG7142 combined with restraint stress."	( FG7142 combined with restraint stress induces anxiogenic-like effects via downregulation gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors expression in the hippocampus. Chen, S; Gao, J; Wang, K; Wei, X; Zeng, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.94
"Compared with the control group and restraint stress group, intraperitoneal injection of FG7142 combined with restraint stress model group was found to induce anxiogenic-like behavior in elevated plus maze and marble burying test."	( FG7142 combined with restraint stress induces anxiogenic-like effects via downregulation gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors expression in the hippocampus. Chen, S; Gao, J; Wang, K; Wei, X; Zeng, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.94
"These results indicated that FG7142 combined with restraint stress is sufficient to induce anxiety, and its mechanism is associated with downregulation of hippocampal gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors."	( FG7142 combined with restraint stress induces anxiogenic-like effects via downregulation gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors expression in the hippocampus. Chen, S; Gao, J; Wang, K; Wei, X; Zeng, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)	1.14
"This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alone or combined with praziquantel (PZQ) against Schistosoma (S) mansoni infection in a murine model."	( Schistosomicidal and hepatoprotective activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alone or combined with praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni infection in murine model. Fahmy, AM; Hegab, A; Tm, D; William, S, 2022)	1.23
" Significant improvement in hepatic oxidative stress levels, serum albumin and total protein in response to GABA treatment alone or combined with PZQ."	( Schistosomicidal and hepatoprotective activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alone or combined with praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni infection in murine model. Fahmy, AM; Hegab, A; Tm, D; William, S, 2022)	0.97

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The drug bioavailability at oral administration to mice is 21."	( [Pikamilon pharmacokinetics in animals]. Dorofeev, BF; Kholodov, LE, )	0.13
" The substance is well absorbed after oral administration and penetrates the blood-brain barrier."	( Intestinal absorption of gabapentin in rats. Maurer, HH; Rump, AF, 1991)	0.28
" The data obtained indicate that the gastric pH and gastric emptying rate will have a profound effect on the oral bioavailability of Progabide."	( The stability and solubility of progabide and its related metabolic derivatives. Davis, SS; Farraj, NF; Parr, GD; Stevens, HN, 1988)	0.27
" Gabapentin is well absorbed in rats, dogs and in humans, with maximum blood levels, reached within 1-3 h after peroral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog and man. Kölle, EU; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1986)	0.27
" Several issues pertaining to the bioavailability of progabide were addressed: first-pass effect, incomplete dissolution, and dose and time dependency."	( Disposition of progabide and valproic acid following intraperitoneal administration in rhesus monkey. Bialer, M; Johno, I; Levy, RH; Nickelson, SA, 1984)	0.27
" The mean bioavailability was attributed principally to a first-pass effect."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of progabide, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid-mimetic drug, in rhesus monkey. Johno, I; Levy, RH; Ludwick, BT, 1982)	0.53
" The results show that the compound is well absorbed and retained by the organism."	( Absorption, distribution and excretion of DL-gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid-1-14C (GABOB-1-14C) in the rat. Bonardi, G; Mondino, A; Silvestri, S; Zanolo, G, 1981)	0.26
" Oral bioavailability was 40% in monkeys administered 25 mg/kg, 79% in mice and rats receiving 50 mg/kg, and 80% in dogs administered 50 mg/kg."	( Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; DeHart, PD; Hanson, BJ; McNally, WP; Radulovic, LL; Türck, D; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1995)	0.29
" These results indicate a marked behavioral difference in the effects of haloperidol in drug-naive and chronically treated rats which is not related to an altered bioavailability of the drug and which is dissociated from both basal and haloperidol induced effects on dopamine and acetylcholine release in both brain regions."	( Acute versus chronic haloperidol: relationship between tolerance to catalepsy and striatal and accumbens dopamine, GABA and acetylcholine release. Beck, O; O'Connor, WT; Osborne, PG; Ungerstedt, U, 1994)	0.29
" This drug is rapidly absorbed and exhibits dose-dependent bioavailability as a result of a saturable transport mechanism."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. McLean, MJ, 1994)	0.29
" Furthermore, ofloxacin competes with other fluoroquinolones or P-glycoprotein substrates for a common secretory pathway, resulting in an increased rate of absorption for both ofloxacin isomers; this is probably an indirect result of their reduced efflux from the apical side of intestinal cells."	( Absorption of ofloxacin isomers in the rat small intestine. Carbon, C; Colas-Linhart, N; Dautrey, S; Farinotti, R; Rabbaa, L, 1997)	0.3
" However, GBP concentrations were much lower after rectal administration; therefore, we concluded that the aqueous solution was poorly absorbed rectally."	( Failure of absorption of gabapentin after rectal administration. Birnbaum, AK; Caruso, KJ; Cloyd, JC; Jones Saete, C; Kriel, RL; Ricker, BJ, 1997)	0.3
" The following kinetic parameters were calculated: area under the concentration time curve from zero time to 24 h after the dose, AUC 0-24 h; maximal serum concentration, Cmax; time to the maximal serum concentration, Tmax; absorption rate constant, ka; elimination rate constant, beta; elimination half-time, t1/2beta."	( Oral gabapentin disposition in patients with epilepsy after a high-protein meal. Baraldo, M; Benetello, P; Fortunato, M; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Testa, G; Tognon, A, 1997)	0.3
" At large daily doses, oral bioavailability (F) may be improved by giving the daily dose more frequently."	( Gabapentin bioavailability: effect of dose and frequency of administration in adult patients with epilepsy. Bockbrader, HN; DeCerce, J; Gidal, BE; Gonzalez, J; Kruger, S; Pitterle, ME; Ramsay, RE; Rutecki, P, 1998)	0.3
" After oral administration, absorption is rapid and relatively efficient for the new AEDs, the most notable exception being gabapentin, whose bioavailability decreases with increasing dosage."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs. Perucca, E, 1999)	0.3
"Study A: 400-mg single dose, randomized, cross-over study to assess bioavailability of four different gabapentin formulations (n=20, 9 males, 11 females; mean age and weight 41 years, 75."	( Inter- and intra-subject variability in gabapentin absorption and absolute bioavailability. Bockbrader, HN; Gidal, BE; Kruger, S; Pitterle, M; Radulovic, LL; Rutecki, P, 2000)	0.31
" When administered orally as enteric-coated tablets at relatively high doses, this drug has a bioavailability of about 11%; however, the intestinal absorption mechanism has not been studied in depth."	( Kinetic study of acamprosate absorption in rat small intestine. Granero, L; Guerri, C; Martín-Algarra, RV; Más-Serrano, P; Polache, A, )	0.13
" Both pulsed emission with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg and continuous emission with high SAR (32 W/kg) were tested."	( Effects of radiofrequency exposure on the GABAergic system in the rat cerebellum: clues from semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. de Seze, R; Mausset, AL; Montpeyroux, F; Privat, A, 2001)	0.31
" Intersubject variability was approximately 30% for oral clearance and volume of distribution and was larger for the absorption rate constant and lag time."	( Population pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in infants and children. Bockbrader, HN; Garofalo, E; Ouellet, D; Shapiro, DY; Wesche, DL, 2001)	0.31
" It is well absorbed when administered orally and displays linear kinetics up to doses of 1,800 mg/day."	( [Characteristics and indications of gabapentin]. Sancho-Rieger, J, 2002)	0.31
" It has been suggested that this transportation is capacity limited, thus decreasing GBP bioavailability at higher doses."	( The absorption of gabapentin following high dose escalation. Beran, RG; Berry, DJ; Clarke, LA; Hung, WT; Plunkeft, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" In healthy volunteers, it is rapidly absorbed with peak blood concentrations within 1 h and it has a bioavailability of approximately 90%."	( Pregabalin: a new anxiolytic. Lauria-Horner, BA; Pohl, RB, 2003)	0.32
" In monkeys, oral bioavailability of gabapentin from XP13512 capsules was 84."	( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys. Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)	0.32
" The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."	( Rapid quantification of gabapentin in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Chidambara, J; Koteshwara, M; Manoj, S; Ramakrishna, NV; Santosh, M; Sumatha, B; Varma, DP; Vishwottam, KN, 2006)	0.33
" Together, these data support the idea that the synthesis of estrogen can be rapidly regulated in the brain, thus producing rapid changes in local estrogen bioavailability that could rapidly modify brain function with a time course similar to what has previously been described for neurotransmitters and neuromodulators."	( Rapid control of brain aromatase activity by glutamatergic inputs. Baillien, M; Ball, GF; Balthazart, J, 2006)	0.33
" Peak plasma levels occur approximately 1 hour after oral doses and oral bioavailability is about 90%."	( Pregabalin: a new agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Zareba, G, 2005)	0.33
" Unlike gabapentin, pregabalin was well absorbed (> 90%), and its absorption was dose independent."	( Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin? Guay, DR, 2005)	0.33
" Oral bioavailability of gabapentin was not affected by OCTN1 genotype."	( Effects of genetic variation in the novel organic cation transporter, OCTN1, on the renal clearance of gabapentin. Brett, CM; Brown, C; Burchard, EG; Castro, RA; Giacomini, KM; Huang, Y; Mercer, R; Shah, N; Urban, TJ, 2008)	0.35
" Gabapentin ER is based on the company's proprietary AcuForm drug delivery technology, which is part of the Gastric Retention (GR) family of technologies; this offers improved drug absorption and bioavailability compared with the existing immediate-release formulation of gabapentin (Neurontin), making gabapentin ER suitable for twice-daily dosing."	( Gabapentin Extended-Release - Depomed: Gabapentin ER, Gabapentin Gastric Retention, Gabapentin GR. , 2007)	0.34
" XP13512 immediate-release (up to 2800 mg single dose and 2100 mg twice daily) was well absorbed (>68%, based on urinary recovery of gabapentin), converted rapidly to gabapentin, and provided dose-proportional exposure, whereas absorption of oral gabapentin declined with increasing doses to <27% at 1200 mg."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin. Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)	0.35
" Bioavailability was included in the models as a function of dose by using a hyperbolic function derived from data previously reported in the literature."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of gabapentin developed in nonparametric adaptive grid and nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Carlsson, KC; Eriksen, HO; Hoem, NO; Karlsson, MO; Moberg, ER; van de Schootbrugge, M, 2009)	0.35
" Additionally, present knowledge of bioavailability and in-vivo actions of the peptides in fermented milk are discussed."	( Does fermented milk possess antihypertensive effect in humans? Ibsen, H; Jensen, LT; Usinger, L, 2009)	0.35
" The bioavailability of released GABA at the GABA(A) receptor improved when the release took place from m-OCF3 (2) but decreased for m-CF3 (3) when compared with the parent pHP derivative."	( Competing pathways in the photo-Favorskii rearrangement and release of esters: studies on fluorinated p-hydroxyphenacyl-caged GABA and glutamate phototriggers. Givens, RS; Heger, D; Kandler, K; Noh, J; Stensrud, K; Wirz, J, 2009)	0.35
" Mean (standard deviation) bioavailability (based on urinary recovery) of gabapentin from gabapentin enacarbil was 42."	( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil. Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin oral bioavailability is approximately 90% and is independent of dose and frequency of administration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy volunteers. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Busch, JA; Corrigan, BW; Haig, GM; Posvar, EL; Radulovic, LL; Randinitis, EJ; Strand, JC; Wesche, DL, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this extended-release formulation allows a reduced dosing frequency while maintaining bioavailability and possibly diminishing the occurrence of adverse events attributable to a slower increase to the peak concentration compared with the immediate-release dosage form."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)	0.37
" The absolute bioavailability of gabapentin drops from 60% to 33% as the dosage increases from 900 to 3600 mg/day, while the absolute bioavailability of pregabalin remains at > or = 90% irrespective of the dosage."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)	0.36
" The mean oral bioavailability of gabapentin (± SD) was 16."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse. Driessen, B; Liu, Y; McDonnell, SM; Moate, PJ; Soma, LR; Terry, RL; Uboh, CE; Van Eps, AW, 2010)	0.36
" Our study investigated whether a single 300-mg dose of pregabalin in patients has sufficient central nervous system bioavailability to be useful under acute conditions where brain or spinal cord excitability may lead to long-term disease, such as chronic pain."	( Can a single dose of 300 mg of pregabalin reach acute antihyperalgesic levels in the central nervous system? Buvanendran, A; Kari, M; Kroin, JS; Tuman, KJ, )	0.13
"This pharmacostatistical model showed that: (1) pregabalin oral clearance (CL/F) was directly proportional to creatinine clearance (CLcr), but was independent of gender, race, age, female hormonal status, daily dose, and dosing regimen; (2) apparent volume of distribution was dependent on body weight and gender; (3) absorption rate was decreased when given with food; and (4) coadministration with marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) had no significant effect on pregabalin CL/F."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy subjects and patients with chronic pain or partial seizures. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Corrigan, BW; Knapp, L, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmaceutical properties, including the physical and chemical properties, and the bioavailability are greatly influenced by their polymorphism."	( [The crystalline polymorph control and selection of gabapentin with polymer heteronuclei]. Lang, MD; Ru, ML; Yang, L, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability (BA) of gabapentin was estimated by 24-h urine collection."	( Impact of concomitant antacid administration on gabapentin plasma exposure and oral bioavailability in healthy adult subjects. Kawakami, J; Mino, Y; Naito, T; Umemura, K; Yagi, T, 2012)	0.38
" These interactions may have important implications on the absorption and metabolism and thus the overall oral bioavailability of atazanavir."	( Interactions between phytochemical components of Sutherlandia frutescens and the antiretroviral, atazanavir in vitro: implications for absorption and metabolism. Bendayan, R; Kanfer, I; Kis, O; Müller, AC; Patnala, S, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability of gabapentin displays dose-dependence."	( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)	0.38
" Pregabalin is well absorbed in patients with chronic pancreatitis, and the pharmacokinetic profile of pregabalin is not extensively affected by chronic pancreatitis."	( The absorption profile of pregabalin in chronic pancreatitis. Andresen, T; Dahan, A; Drewes, AM; Olesen, AE; Olesen, SS; Olofsen, E; Staahl, C, 2012)	0.38
"Gabapentin exposure at steady state, as measured by AUC(24), increased with doses from 600 mg/day to 3000 mg/day, although there was a slight decrease in gabapentin's relative bioavailability with increasing dose compared with the 600 mg dose."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
" It includes the following aspects: 1) the mechanism of gastroretention of gabapentin GR tablets, 2) in vitro dissolution profiles of the GR and IR formulations, 3) site of absorption of gabapentin in the human intestine, 4) studies of the mechanism of gabapentin absorption using intestinal tissue preparations, 5) human PK studies to examine the effects of dose and formulations on PK profiles and the bioavailability of gabapentin at therapeutically relevant doses, and 6) efficacy and safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in patients with PHN."	( The intestinal absorption mechanism of gabapentin makes it appropriate for gastroretentive delivery. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pregabalin has a linear uptake without transporter saturation at therapeutic dosages, high bioavailability with rapid absorption independent of food intake."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of pregabalin and its role in the treatment of epilepsy. Schulze-Bonhage, A, 2013)	0.39
"To determine the oral bioavailability of a pregabalin capsule relative to a pregabalin solution."	( Bioequivalence assessment of a pregabalin capsule and oral solution in fasted healthy volunteers: a randomized, crossover study. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Corrigan, BW; Radulovic, LL, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the so-called "drift" with generic-generic drug substitution, a single-dose, four-way crossover comparative bioavailability study was performed involving 24 healthy subjects and three generic and one branded formulation of a tablet containing 800 mg gabapentin as test medication."	( Interchangeability of gabapentin generic formulations in the Netherlands: a comparative bioavailability study. Burger, D; Maliepaard, M; Neef, C; Teerenstra, S; Vanmolkot, F; Yu, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability was 97."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intragastric and intravenous pregabalin administration in clinically normal horses. Divers, TJ; Mullen, KR; Schwark, W, 2013)	0.39
" Human and animal experiments have shown that tissue-plasminogen activator participates in many mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy or its animal variant, electroconvulsive stimulus, including improved N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated signaling, activation of both brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, increased bioavailability of zinc, purinergic release, and increased mobility of dendritic spines."	( Pivotal role of tissue plasminogen activator in the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy. Hoirisch-Clapauch, S; Mezzasalma, MA; Nardi, AE, 2014)	0.4
" Absolute bioavailability was 64%."	( Study of the absolute bioavailability of citrocard, a new GABA derivative. Lebedeva, SA; Perfilova, VN; Ryabukha, AF; Smirnova, LA; Suchkov, EA; Tyurenkov, IN, 2013)	0.39
" Overall, pregabalin is characterized by higher potency, quicker absorption rates and greater bioavailability levels than gabapentin."	( Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern? Schifano, F, 2014)	0.4
" Bioavailability is greater in gabapentin enacarbil as compared to gabapentin."	( New treatment options for the management of restless leg syndrome. Toro, BE, 2014)	0.4
" Bioequivalence criteria for comparison of pregabalin CR after a low- or medium-calorie breakfast relative to pregabalin IR were not met; however, bioavailability of the pregabalin CR vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
"Time of day of administration and the fat and caloric content of the accompanying meal had minimal overall effect on the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of the pregabalin CR formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy volunteers: effect of food in five single-dose, randomized, clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
" Relative bioavailability of pregabalin CR was 93-97 % of pregabalin IR, and bioequivalence criteria with respect to the 24-h steady-state exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h [AUC24]) were met."	( Pregabalin controlled-release pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: analysis of four multiple-dose randomized clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
"1 %) and relative bioavailability (F) (26."	( Population pharmacokinetics analysis of vigabatrin in adults and children with epilepsy and children with infantile spasms. Karim, A; Kowalski, KG; Nielsen, JC; Patel, M; Tolbert, D; Wesche, DL, 2014)	0.4
"Gabapentin was selected to formulate oral controlled release dry suspension because of short biological half life of 5-7 h and low bioavailability (60%)."	( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution. Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)	0.42
"To formulate and evaluate controlled release dry suspension for reconstitution to increase the bioavailability and to control bitter taste of drug."	( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution. Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)	0.42
" The results of in vivo studies showed increase in bioavailability of controlled release suspension by 24."	( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution. Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)	0.42
"The plasma/brain ECF concentration-time profiles of gabapentin were adequately described with a two-compartment plasma model with saturable intestinal absorption rate (K m = 44."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Gabapentin in a CFA-induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia Rat Model. Holm, R; Keizer, R; Kreilgaard, M; Larsen, MS; Munro, G; Mørk, A; Savic, R, 2016)	0.43
", ip) indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound, suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably low bioavailability of the parent molecule."	( Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents. Bednarski, M; Gunia-Krzyżak, A; Marona, H; Nitek, W; Pękala, E; Powroźnik, B; Słoczyńska, K; Walczak, M; Waszkielewicz, AM; Żesławska, E, 2016)	0.43
" Dose dependencies were found for morphine absorption rate and gabapentin bioavailability."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)	0.43
" Since brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes GABAergic synaptogenesis, we hypothesized that individual differences in this vulnerability may arise from differences in the link between BDNF bioavailability and FR-evoked wheel running."	( Variant BDNF-Val66Met Polymorphism is Associated with Layer-Specific Alterations in GABAergic Innervation of Pyramidal Neurons, Elevated Anxiety and Reduced Vulnerability of Adolescent Male Mice to Activity-Based Anorexia. Aoki, C; Chen, YW; Lee, F; Rana, BS; Surgent, O, 2017)	0.46
" Dose-dependent bioavailability of GBP was demonstrated, and the saturable absorption profile was described by a nonlinear hyperbolic function."	( Pharmacokinetics and Saturable Absorption of Gabapentin in Nursing Home Elderly Patients. Ahmed, GF; Bathena, SP; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Schwartz, JB, 2017)	0.46
" Existing functional substances have been assessed as fermentation substrates for better component bioavailability or other functions."	( Bioconversion Using Lactic Acid Bacteria: Ginsenosides, GABA, and Phenolic Compounds. Lee, NK; Paik, HD, 2017)	0.46
" A significant higher bioavailability of gabapentin administered 30min after meal, compared to fasting conditions or to dose administration 10min before meal, argued in favor of the gastro-retention of gabapentin prolonged release layer."	( Multi-kinetics and site-specific release of gabapentin and flurbiprofen from oral fixed-dose combination: in vitro release and in vivo food effect. Barchielli, M; Bettini, R; Buttini, F; Colombo, G; Colombo, P; Conti, C; Leoni, B; Loprete, L; Rossi, A; Sonvico, F, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this study is to enhance solubility and bioavailability via utilizing nanotechnology in the formulation of intranasal Zaleplon nano-emulsion (ZP-NE) to bypass the barriers and deliver an effective therapy to the brain."	( Brain Targeted Intranasal Zaleplon Nano-emulsion: In-Vitro Characterization and Assessment of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Rabbits' Brain and Plasma at Low and High Doses. Abd-Elrasheed, E; El-Ashmoony, MM; El-Helaly, SN; Salah, S, 2018)	0.48
"A NE composed of 10% Miglyol® 812, 40% Cremophor® RH40 40%Transcutol® HP and 10% water successfully enhanced the bioavailability and brain targeting in the rabbits, showing a three to four folds increase than the marketed product."	( Brain Targeted Intranasal Zaleplon Nano-emulsion: In-Vitro Characterization and Assessment of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Rabbits' Brain and Plasma at Low and High Doses. Abd-Elrasheed, E; El-Ashmoony, MM; El-Helaly, SN; Salah, S, 2018)	0.48
"Intranasal zaleplon solid dispersion was formulated to enhance the solubility, bioavailability and deliver an effective therapy."	( Brain-targeted intranasal zaleplon solid dispersion in hydrophilic carrier system; 2 Abd-Elrasheed, E; El-Ashmoony, MM; Nageeb El-Helaly, S; Salah, S, 2018)	0.48
"Gabapentin (GBP), an antiepileptic and anti-neuropathic agent, suffers from short half-life (5-7 h), has narrow absorption window, and is absorbed via carrier-mediated mechanism resulting in frequent dosing, poor compliance, and poor bioavailability (<60%)."	( Gastroretentive raft liquid delivery system as a new approach to release extension for carrier-mediated drug. Aboelwafa, AA; Abouelatta, SM; El-Gazayerly, ON, 2018)	0.48
" The cooking and taste qualities of GBR were improved by the degradation of the crude fibre of the cortex and the increase in GBR water absorption rate under cyclic cellulase conditioning."	( Effects of cyclic cellulase conditioning and germination treatment on the γ-aminobutyric acid content and the cooking and taste qualities of germinated brown rice. Lan, H; Liu, N; Liu, Y; Wang, S; Zhang, Q, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The bioavailability of organic iron is higher than that of inorganic iron."	( Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Increases Absorption of Glycine-Bound Iron in Mice with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Ko, HS; Lim, YH; Park, KT; Sim, I, 2020)	0.56
" Despite its potent anticonvulsant activity, ZP is not commonly used for the treatment of convulsion since ZP is characterized by its low oral bioavailability as a result of poor solubility and extensive liver metabolism."	( Polymeric nanoencapsulation of zaleplon into PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activity. Abosalha, AK; Donia, AA; El-Gizawy, SA; Essa, EA; Haggag, YA; Osman, EY; Tambuwala, MM, 2021)	0.62
"The absorption and bioavailability of oral gabapentin are associated with a high degree of interindividual variability."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
" The distribution of bioavailability values was assessed in all studies."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
"4 μg·h/mL, and bioavailability range: 64."	( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies. Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)	0.72
" Soy fermentation can improve the bioavailability of these precious nutrients."	( Soy yoghurts produced with efficient GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-producing Chen, LG; Chu, C; Hsieh, CW; Weng, BB; Yuan, HD, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Daily dosing increased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in patients with epilepsy. GABA and glycine are likely to activate the same receptors.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" 4 The dose-response curve for the pressor action of Wy 20051 was potentiated in reserpine-treated anaesthetized rats."	( The evaluation of the novel pressor activity of gamma-piperidinobutyramide (WY 20051, DF480). Alps, BJ; Devoy, PW; Waterfall, JF, 1976)	0.26
" In this case, however, the dosage of GABA required to produce a given depression was significantly less than the required dosage of glycine."	( Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on phasic respiratory neurons. Boyarsky, LL; Toleikis, JR; Wang, L, 1979)	0.26
" No acitvity was detected in other brain areas at various dosed or incubation times."	( Effects of kainic acid, a cyclic analogue of glutamic acid, on cyclic nucleotide accumulation in slices of rat cerebellum. Molloy, BB; Ryan, JJ; Schmidt, MJ, 1976)	0.26
" In addition, our preparation did not demonstrate the long-lasting responses to bromoaTT-induced depression of the nicotinic responses was studied on the dose-response curves; the mode of receptor inhibition was rather complexed, being neither type of competitive nor non-competitive."	( Effects of disulfide bond reduction on the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic responses of Aplysia ganglion cells. Sato, M; Sato, T; Sawada, M, 1976)	0.26
"Intraperitoneal injection of diazepam in moderate dosage (1--10mg/kg) to rats caused a decrease in dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) formation, measured as the accumulation of these intermediates induced by inhibition of the aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase by means of NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (HCl), in limbic forebrain, striatum and the remaining hemisphere portion."	( On the mode of action of diazepam on brain catecholamine metabolism. Biswas, B; Carlsson, A, 1978)	0.26
"Log dose-response curves for induction of contralateral rotational behaviour in the rat by unilateral intranigral injections of the GABA agonist muscimol and the GABA analogue baclofen have been compared."	( Baclofen and muscimol: behavioural and neurochemical sequelae of unilateral intranigral administration and effects on 3H-GABA receptor binding. Cross, AJ; Waddington, JL, 1979)	0.26
" The dose-response relationship and specifity of this effect were investigated."	( Transient apnoea after systemic injection of GABA in the rat. Hagmüller, K; Holzer, P, 1979)	0.26
" GABA derivatives in the used dosage caused similar changes in the sleep patterns in case of its disturbances, with a relatively more pronounced action of sodium oxybutyrate."	( [Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives on sleep disorders in neuroses]. Vlasov, NA, 1978)	0.65
" Using voltage--clamp technique and local drug application, the dose-response relationships were studied during selective activation either of two kinds of cholinoreceptors available on the identified neuron membrane."	( [Study of the chemoreceptor membrane of identified neurons of the gastropod mollusk Planorbarius corneus with different technics of applying chemicals]. Frolova, EV; Gapon, SA; Kachman, AN, )	0.13
" Pentobarbitone reversibly enhanced the conductance increase produced by GABA with a variable slowing of response kinetics, shifting GABA dose-response curves to the left."	( Pentobarbitone pharmacology of mammalian central neurones grown in tissue culture. Barker, JL; Ransom, BR, 1978)	0.26
" GABA depressed motor and exploratory activity in rats in a degree dependent on its dosage and inborn exploratory of the rats, and this effect was accompanied by changes in the cerebral cholinergic system."	( The central action of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rats. Bień, E; Herman, ZS; Kmieciak-Kolada, K; Kozok, J; Szwed, A, 1977)	0.57
" There was a significant progressive loss of GABA with increasing dosage of DPH."	( Effect of diphenylhydantoin on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinate activity in rat Purkinje cells. Gabra-Sanders, T; Hitchcock, E, 1977)	0.26
" GABA both in DA- and in NA-predominated brain regions, the dose-response relations being complex."	( The effect of intraperitoneally administered GABA on brain monoamine metabolism. Biswas, B; Carlsson, A, 1977)	0.26
" 4 In the frog spinal cord GABA depolarized the dorsal roots presumably by mimicking the activity of the transmitter depolarizing the primary afferents; sigmoidal log dose-response curves for GABA were obtained."	( A comparative study of the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid and piperazine on the lobster muscle fibre and the frog spinal cord. Constanti, A; Nistri, A, 1976)	0.53
" Relatively specific patterns of action of different drugs in vivo may prove to be largely dependent on their customary rates and routes of administration, and on summation of minor differences in the dose-response curves with different types of neuron, even though the basic types of molecular action may be essentially similar."	( Direct effects of ethanol on the nervous system. Kalant, H, 1975)	0.25
" Their actions were transient and were 'occluded' by GABA; also the dose-response curve in each case was parallel to that of GABA."	( A comparison of gamma-aminobutyric acid and the semi-rigid analogues 4-aminotetrolic acid, 4-aminocrotonic acid and imidazole-4-acetic acid on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Bowery, NG; Jones, GP, 1976)	0.6
" The benzodiazepine effect was evaluated by the shift in the isoguvacine dose-response curve in the absence, then presence, of diazepam."	( Reduction in potency of selective gamma-aminobutyric acidA agonists and diazepam in CA1 region of in vitro hippocampal slices from chronic flurazepam-treated rats. Tietz, EI; Xie, XH, 1992)	0.56
" The dose-response curve for GABA was shifted to the right by 3 x 10(-3) M 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid."	( GABAB receptor-mediated mechanisms in human intestine in vitro. Cortesini, C; Franchi-Micheli, S; Gentilini, G; Pantalone, D; Zilletti, L, 1992)	0.28
" At acute dosing of 500 mg/kg, vigabatrin slightly decreased behavioral activity of rats through decreasing the number of trials completed and percent of correct responses."	( Effects of single and repeated administration of vigabatrin on the performance of rats in a 5-choice serial reaction time task. Mazurkiewicz, M; Riekkinen, P; Sirviö, J, 1992)	0.28
" Neither bicuculline nor strychnine antagonized the taurine effect, as revealed by absence of a shift to right, a change in slope or in the taurine IC50 value in the dose-response curve."	( Taurine induces bicuculline/strychnine-insensitive dose-dependent inhibition of cortical visual evoked responses. Cañas, P; Hernández, A; Pérez, H, )	0.13
" The GABAB receptor antagonist 2-hydroxy-saclofen caused a 10 fold rightward shift of the baclofen dose-response curve, whereas the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (10-50 microM) was ineffective."	( Presynaptic GABAB receptor activation attenuates synaptic transmission to rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. Dun, NJ; Wu, SY, 1992)	0.28
" Unilateral injections of L-glutamate (10 pmol to 100 nmol), or bilateral injections of GABA (1 nmol to 125 nmol), were made into the CVLM, and dose-response effects on arterial pressure determined."	( Effect of nucleus tractus solitarius lesions on cardiovascular responses elicited from the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Blessing, WW; Gieroba, ZJ, 1992)	0.28
", reduced Feulgen-DNA reactivity), irrespective of the dosage employed and the delay prior to sacrifice."	( Cytophotometric analysis of magnocellular azure B-RNA and Feulgen-DNA following chronic GABA infusion into the nucleus basalis of rats. Anthony, A; Ballough, G; Kan, R; Majchrzak, M; Strauss, J; Will, B, 1992)	0.28
" Bicuculline (1 microM) shifted the dose-response inhibitory curve of GABA to the right, while the excitatory effect was enhanced."	( The distribution and function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the superior colliculus. Okada, Y, 1992)	0.56
" A significant improvement was found in the symptomatology of these patients, but relapses occurred when CLZ dosage was reduced."	( Sodium valproate and clonazepam for treatment-resistant panic disorder. Fontaine, R; Ontiveros, A, 1992)	0.28
"Time- and dose-response studies were carried out on the effects of the monoamine oxidase-inhibiting antidepressant and antipanic drug phenelzine on GABA levels in rat whole brain."	( Effects of the antidepressant phenelzine on brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Baker, GB; Coutts, RT; Wong, JT; Yeung, JM, 1991)	0.52
" The dose-response curve for inhibition of the GABA response by Zn is shifted to the right at a high GABA concentration but is unaffected by the presence of chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, or 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one."	( Negative modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid response by extracellular zinc. Celentano, JJ; Farb, DH; Gibbs, TT; Gyenes, M, 1991)	0.58
" Dose-response curves for GABA obtained in different preparations were highly reproducible."	( The intact central nervous system of the newborn opossum in long-term culture: fine structure and GABA-mediated inhibition of electrical activity. Møllgård, K; Nicholls, JG; Saunders, NR; Stewart, RR; Treherne, JM; Zou, DJ, 1991)	0.28
" The relationship held over an extensive range of experimental conditions including different drugs, different dosage levels of the same drug, different time intervals after administration of the same drug, and both single and multiple injections of drugs."	( Regulation of the GABAA receptor/ion channel complex by intracellular GABA levels. Davies, M; Wood, JD, 1991)	0.28
" An enhancing dose of La3+ shifted the dose-response curve for kainate to lower concentrations of agonist without changing the maximum evoked current, and a similar leftward shift of the quisqualate dose-response curve occurred at non-saturating concentrations of quisqualate."	( Lanthanum actions on excitatory amino acid-gated currents and voltage-gated calcium currents in rat dorsal horn neurons. MacDermott, AB; Reichling, DB, 1991)	0.28
" The dose-response relation for LY171555 was bell-shaped, with a maximal effect being obtained with 10(-9) M) LY171555."	( Opposing effects of dopamine D2 receptor stimulation on the spontaneous and the electrically evoked release of [3H]GABA on rat prefrontal cortex slices. Besson, MJ; Penit-Soria, J; Rétaux, S, 1991)	0.28
" Its anticonvulsant effects against 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-induced seizures in mice is related to the elevation of whole brain GABA concentrations: The mentioned doses of MDL 72483 which cause a decrease of GABA-T activity by 50%, produce within 5 h after dosing an increase of GABA concentration by about 3 mumol."	( (4S)-4-amino-5,6-heptadienoic acid (MDL 72483): a potent anticonvulsant GABA-T inhibitor. Casara, P; Knödgen, B; Sarhan, S; Seiler, N, 1991)	0.28
" The GBP dosage of 900 mg appeared to be ineffective."	( Double-blind study of Gabapentin in the treatment of partial seizures. Kälviäinen, R; Riekkinen, P; Sivenius, J; Ylinen, A, )	0.13
" Fischer 344 rats were separated into multiple groups and underwent two dose-response evaluations."	( Cerebral radioprotection by pentobarbital: dose-response characteristics and association with GABA agonist activity. Delaney, T; Friedman, R; Oldfield, EH; Olson, JJ; Orr, K, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response curve of R-(--)-baclofen for its inhibitory effect on the electrically-induced vasopressor response was shifted to the right by the GABAB-receptor antagonist 2-hydroxysaclofen, but was not affected by the GABAA-receptor antagonist bicuculline."	( GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition of the neurogenic vasopressor response in the pithed rat. Kohlenbach, A; Schlicker, E, 1990)	0.28
" The antagonist properties of 6-cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline, kynurenate, and gamma-D-glutamylglycine were competitive in nature, inducing parallel rightward shifts of the KA dose-response curves."	( Kainate receptors coupled to the evoked release of [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid from striatal neurons in primary culture: potentiation by lithium ions. Bauce, L; Kemp, DE; Tse, FW; Weiss, S, 1990)	0.53
" Also, Ro5-4864 caused a rightward shift in GABA dose-response curves, increasing the IC50 value for GABA more than 6 fold."	( Dependence on gamma-aminobutyric acid of pyrethroid and 4'-chlorodiazepam modulation of the binding of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate in piscine brain. Eshleman, AJ; Murray, TF, 1990)	0.64
" As in the in vitro experiments, the dose-response curve for the antagonist was shifted rightward in a parallel fashion when D-serine was coinjected."	( Activity of 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid, a potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site. Baron, BM; Harrison, BL; McDonald, IA; Miller, FP; Palfreyman, MG; Salituro, FG; Schmidt, CJ; Sorensen, SM; White, HS, 1990)	0.28
" The GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (25-200 nmol) ICV produced an increase in food intake in which the dose-response relation was most obvious 30-60 min after dosing."	( Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of muscimol or GABA on operant feeding in pigs. Baldwin, BA; De La Riva, C; Ebenezer, IS, 1990)	0.28
" Although absolute tissue concentrations are not known, dose-response curves constructed using pressure-ejection doses as previously described we found that FG 7142 was more efficacious, but less potent than Ro 15-4513."	( GABAergic mechanisms in the electrophysiological actions of ethanol on cerebellar neurons. Hoffer, BJ; Palmer, MR, 1990)	0.28
" The inhibitory effect of GABA was mimicked by the type B GABA agonist baclofen, displaying a similar dose-response relationship as GABA."	( Presynaptic effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on norepinephrine release and uptake in rat pineal gland. Cardinali, DP; Chuluyan, HE; Rosenstein, RE, 1990)	0.59
" Dose-response curves generated during acoustic stimulation by varying GABA ejection current were sigmoidal at all ages studied, and the range of slopes relating discharge rate to applied currents increased during the first 10 postnatal days."	( GABA actions within the caudal cochlear nucleus of developing kittens. Fitzakerley, JL; McGee, J; Walsh, EJ, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response relationship followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a half-maximal response elicited at approximately 110 microM."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on skate retinal horizontal cells: evidence for an electrogenic uptake mechanism. Malchow, RP; Ripps, H, 1990)	0.67
" Histologically, GABA at the high dosage and baclofen at both dosages significantly decreased the labeling index of the antral mucosa and significantly increased the serum gastrin level."	( Inhibition by gamma-amino-n-butyric acid and baclofen of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. Baba, M; Ichii, M; Iishi, H; Nakaizumi, A; Taniguchi, H; Tatsuta, M, 1990)	0.28
" The presence of these different ICl components explains why the dose-response relationship cannot be fitted well by a single Hill equation; the fitting requires a synthesis of 3 suitable Hill equations."	( GABA activates different types of chloride-conducting receptor-ionophore complexes in a dose-dependent manner. Akaike, N; Ishizuka, S; Yasui, S, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for GABA-induced Cl- conductance was sigmoidal with the GABA concentration producing a half-maximum response (4."	( Interactions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), pentobarbital, and homopantothenic acid (HOPA) on internally perfused frog sensory neurons. Akaike, N; Oomura, Y, 1985)	0.62
" In the presence of DZP, the GABA dose-response curve shifted to the left without changing the maximum current, indicating that DZP modifies the interaction between GABA and its receptor rather than affecting directly the channel activation step."	( Diazepam action on gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride currents in internally perfused frog sensory neurons. Akaike, N; Hattori, K; Oomura, Y, 1986)	0.6
" The GABA dose-response curve was shifted to the right without changing the maximum response by increasing [Ca2+]i."	( Different actions of intracellular free calcium on resting and GABA-gated chloride conductances. Akaike, N; Inoue, M; Sadoshima, J, 1987)	0.27
"4 mM Ca2+, the degree of depression was inversely related to the Ca2+ concentration, with an increased sensitivity and sinistral shift of the dose-response curve at lower Ca2+ concentrations."	( Calcium dependence of baclofen- and GABA-induced depression of responses to transmural stimulation in the guinea-pig isolated ileum. Johnston, GA; Kerr, DI; Ong, J, 1987)	0.27
" A preceding ICa shifted the GABA dose-response curve to the right without affecting the maximum current or the Hill coefficient (n = 2)."	( Modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride current by intracellular calcium in frog sensory neurones. Akaike, N; Inoue, M; Tokutomi, N, 1987)	0.61
" Hill coefficients, determined from dose-response data, indicated that binding of at least two GABA molecules was required to activate the chloride channel."	( GABA receptors on the cell-body membrane of an identified insect motor neuron. David, JA; Pinnock, RD; Sattelle, DB; Wafford, KA, 1988)	0.27
" GABA dose-response measurements were made with and without external Na+."	( Sodium-dependent suppression of gamma-aminobutyric-acid-gated chloride currents in internally perfused frog sensory neurones. Akaike, N; Maruyama, T; Sikdar, SK; Yasui, S, 1987)	0.27
"We have investigated the effects of an aryl-aminopyridazine derivative of GABA (SR 95531) on dose-response curves of GABA-induced depolarizations from dorsal root ganglion neurones recorded intracellularly."	( Quantitative evaluation of the properties of a pyridazinyl GABA derivative (SR 95531) as a GABAA competitive antagonist. An electrophysiological approach. Bader, MF; Desarmenien, M; Desaulles, E; Feltz, P; Hamann, M, 1988)	0.27
" However, the dose-response curve for the substance P effect had a biphasic shape."	( Differential modulation of striatal dopamine release by intranigral injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dynorphin A and substance P. Herrera-Marschitz, M; Hökfelt, T; Reid, M; Terenius, L; Ungerstedt, U, 1988)	0.5
" The Cl- -selective channels were activated after the sequential binding of two GABA molecules to the receptor, as deduced from the slope of the dose-response curve."	( Patch-clamp study of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor Cl- channels in cultured astrocytes. Bormann, J; Kettenmann, H, 1988)	0.59
" Dose-response experiments at a holding potential of -45 mV showed that 1) maximal peak responses to glutamate were on the average approximately 40% of those to GABA, 2) the dose-peak response curve for glutamate was steeper than that for GABA, and 3) time-to-peak (risetime) and desensitization half-time decreased monotonically with dose for GABA but were relatively insensitive to dose and more variable for glutamate."	( Voltage-clamp characterization of Cl- conductance gated by GABA and L-glutamate in single neurons of Aplysia. Carpenter, DO; King, WM, 1989)	0.28
" Lumbar punctures were carried out prior to treatment and at the end of each dosage regimen and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluated for concentrations of free and total GABA, homocarnosine (GABA-histidine dipeptide), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and vigabatrin."	( The effect of different vigabatrin treatment regimens on CSF biochemistry and seizure control in epileptic patients. Ben-Menachem, E; Dahlgren, L; Haegele, KD; Hardenberg, J; Huebert, N; Mumford, JP; Persson, LI; Schechter, PJ, 1989)	0.28
" ACTH(1-24) and 8-bromocyclic AMP both provoked a dose-related release of putrescine-derived GABA, although the dose-response curve for the latter differed somewhat from that for the release of corticosterone by this secretogogue."	( Formation of releasable gamma-aminobutyrate from putrescine by rat adrenal slices in vitro. Gillham, B; Oon, BB; Scraggs, PR, 1989)	0.28
"5 mM shifted the dose-response curve for GABA to the left."	( The effect of GABA on neurotransmission in frog tectal slices. Arakawa, T; Okada, Y, 1989)	0.28
" Licking episodes elicited by amphetamine in 11-day-old pups can be magnified by muscimol if the dosage of the former is relatively too potent."	( Functional maturation of the GABAergic inhibition on dopamine-mediated behaviours during the neonatal period in the mouse. Tirelli, E, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curve for GABA was shifted to the right without affecting the maximum response."	( Influences of external Ca2+ on the GABA-induced chloride current and the efficacy of diazepam in internally perfused frog sensory neurons. Akaike, N; Oyama, Y; Yakushiji, T, 1989)	0.28
" Extracellular Br- [( Br-]o) shifted the dose-response curves of GABA-induced inward anion currents to the left without affecting the maximum values, whereas [Cl-]o, [I-]o, [No3-]o, [HCOO-]o, and [CH3COO-]o altered the rate of desensitization differently without shifting the GABA dose-response curves, indicating that the kinetics of desensitization phase are affected differently by various extracellular anions."	( Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions on GABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons. Akaike, N; Inomata, N; Yakushiji, T, 1989)	0.28
" Data from dose-response curves show that glutamate enhances the GABAA conductance without significantly changing GABA binding affinity."	( GABAA responses in hippocampal neurons are potentiated by glutamate. Stelzer, A; Wong, RK, 1989)	0.28
" The apparent KD = 417 nM and Bmax = 1083 fmol/mg of membrane protein were calculated using a computer program for dose-response curve fitting."	( Further characterisation of the [35S]-TBPS binding site of the GABA receptor complex in locust (Schistocerca gregaria) ganglia membranes. Brown, MC; Lunt, GC; Stapleton, A, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curve of the GABA-evoked catecholamine release was shifted to the left by midazolam without affecting the maximal response to GABA."	( Benzodiazepines facilitate the stimulatory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on basal and veratridine-evoked catecholamine release from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Dohi, T; Kitayama, S; Morita, K; Tsujimoto, A, )	0.38
"Using isolated, internally perfused bullfrog dorsal root ganglion cells we have studied the dose-response curves for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence of internally or externally applied GABA antagonists."	( Bicuculline and picrotoxin block gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated Cl- conductance by different mechanisms. Akaike, N; Carpenter, DO; Hattori, K; Oomura, Y, 1985)	0.76
" Thus (-)-baclofen (100 microM) shifted the dose-response curve to forskolin to the right 5 fold in an apparently parallel fashion."	( GABAB receptor modulation of adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain slices. Hill, DR, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curve has a slope of 2 in the Hill plot, indicating a bimolecular binding reaction of GABA to the receptor."	( gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor channels in adrenal chromaffin cells: a patch-clamp study. Bormann, J; Clapham, DE, 1985)	1.71
"A study was conducted to assess the impact of single dosing and different dosing intervals of vigabatrin [gamma vinyl GABA (GVG)] in 11 patients with drug-resistant complex partial seizures."	( Pharmacokinetic effects of vigabatrin on cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in humans. Ben-Menachem, E, 1989)	0.28
" Acute and long-term haloperidol administration induced significant leftward displacement of the control dose-response curves for picrotoxin but not those for strychnine or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA)."	( Behavioral aspects of GABAergic-dopaminergic interactions in the central nervous system. Palermo-Neto, J; Sandoval, MR, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves of isoguvacine, a specific GABAA agonist, showed a shift to the right for the intrinsic bursting cells whatever the parameter measured (depolarization or conductance increase): the ED50 was 50-100 times higher for intrinsic bursting cells than for other non-intrinsic bursting cells, thus indicating that intrinsic bursting cells are tolerant to GABAA agonist."	( Relationship between tolerance to GABAA agonist and bursting properties in neocortical neurons during GABA-withdrawal syndrome. Brailowsky, S; Champagnat, J; Menini, C; Naquet, R; Silva-Barrat, C, 1989)	0.28
" The overall pattern of decreased glucose use seen with progabide was different from that noted with previously studied GABA-mimetic drugs, such as muscimol, except for those changes observed in the extrapyramidal and sensory-motor areas for which similar dose-response relationships occurred."	( Effects of the GABA receptor agonist, progabide, upon local cerebral glucose utilization. Cudennec, A; Duverger, D; Lloyd, KG; MacKenzie, ET; McCulloch, J; Motohashi, N; Nishikawa, T; Scatton, B, 1987)	0.27
" There was a sinistral shift of the GABA dose-response curve in the presence of 10 pM cortisol, with a significant potentiation of the GABA-induced contractions over the lower dose range of GABA (3-30 microM), whereas 100 nM cortisol caused a non-parallel dextral shift of the GABA dose-response curve, with a depression of the maximum GABA response indicative of non-competitive antagonism."	( Cortisol: a potent biphasic modulator at GABAA-receptor complexes in the guinea pig isolated ileum. Johnston, GA; Kerr, DI; Ong, J, 1987)	0.27
" The characteristics of dose-response curves of GABA-induced Cl- currents (ICl) were mainly studied using the "concentration-clamp" technique, by which the external solution around isolated single neurons was rapidly changed within a few milliseconds."	( Selective effects of enzyme treatment used for dissociating single cells on their GABA-receptor activities. Akaike, N; Inoue, M, 1987)	0.27
" The GABA antagonists 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazinium chloride (SR 95103) and 3-alpha-hydroxy-16-imino-5 beta-17-aza-androstan-11-one (R 5135) shifted and suppressed the dose-response curve of GABA on diazepam binding."	( GABAA receptor populations bind agonists and antagonists differentially and with opposite affinities. Maksay, G, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were determined by administering cumulative doses IV during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the fixed-interval schedule."	( GABA-related drugs modulate the behavioral effects of lorazepam. Spealman, RD; Wettstein, JG, 1988)	0.27
" 3) The phenomenon was specific since the dose-response curve of the adenosine-inhibitory effect was comparable in preparations from tolerant animals and controls."	( Decreased response to GABA-B agonists in longitudinal smooth muscle-myenteric plexus preparations from morphine-tolerant guinea-pigs. Ciuffi, M; Franchi-Micheli, S; Gentilini, G; Gori, AM; Luzzi, S; Zilletti, L, 1988)	0.27
" An analysis with dose-response curves revealed that 5-HT potentiated the maximum GABA current (Vmax), while it produced no significant change in the apparent dissociation constant (Km)."	( 5-Hydroxytryptamine facilitates GABA-induced depolarization in bullfrog primary afferent neurons. Akasu, T, 1988)	0.27
" Bicuculline 1 microM shifted the dose-response curve of GABA to the right and the excitatory effect was also enhanced."	( Excitatory and inhibitory action of GABA on synaptic transmission in slices of guinea pig superior colliculus. Arakawa, T; Okada, Y, 1988)	0.27
" In this preparation, all these antagonists shifted the NMDA dose-response curve to the right in a parallel manner."	( Quantitative studies on some antagonists of N-methyl D-aspartate in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Harrison, NL; Simmonds, MA, 1985)	0.27
" Complete dose-response curves were carried out on individual neurons, reducing error introduced by cell-to-cell variability."	( Modulation of neurotransmitter action: control of the gamma-aminobutyric acid response through the benzodiazepine receptor. Chan, CY; Farb, DH, 1985)	0.52
" An agonist of the GABAA receptor, muscimol, produces a dose-response curve similar to that of GABA, whereas the agonist of the GABAB receptor, baclofen, did not alter the membrane potential."	( Pharmacological properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid-, glutamate-, and aspartate-induced depolarizations in cultured astrocytes. Kettenmann, H; Schachner, M, 1985)	0.56
" This dose-response curve of L-Glu was shifted to the left in the presence of D-Asp, although the maximal amount of release was unchanged."	( Effects of D-aspartate on excitatory amino acid-induced release of [3H]GABA from goldfish retina. Cha, JH; Dowling, JE; O'Brien, DR, 1986)	0.27
" Addition of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, caused a leftward shift in the GABA dose-response curve and increased by 10-fold the sensitivity of the antral preparation to GABA stimulation."	( Cholinergic mediation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced gastrin and somatostatin release from rat antrum. Franklin, PA; Harty, RF, 1986)	0.57
"Using a microperfusion technique for rapid application of agonists to single identified voltage-clamped neurons of the marine mollusc Aplysia, chloride conductances elicited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate were found to differ in rates of activation and desensitization, voltage dependence and dose-response relations."	( Distinct GABA and glutamate receptors may share a common channel in Aplysia neurons. Carpenter, DO; King, WM, 1987)	0.47
" In each case, the dose-response curve for the neurotoxin was extended, with about 50% of evoked release being inhibited at approximately 10 nM whereas 200 nM was required for the maximal blockade."	( Characterization of the inhibitory action of botulinum neurotoxin type A on the release of several transmitters from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Ashton, AC; Dolly, JO, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response and time-course studies revealed that baclofen has little influence on neurotransmitter recognition site affinity, but rather enhances the synthesis or accumulation of second messenger that occurs in response to these agents."	( Characterization of the relationship between gamma-aminobutyric acid B agonists and transmitter-coupled cyclic nucleotide-generating systems in rat brain. Enna, SJ; Karbon, EW, 1985)	0.53
" The dose-response relationships for GABA antagonism of [3H]alpha-dihydropicrotoxinin binding and for picrotoxinin antagonism of the GABA enhancement of [3H]flunitrazepam binding in cultured cortical neurons were also investigated."	( The picrotoxinin binding site and its relationship to the GABA receptor complex. Dichter, MA; Snodgrass, SR; White, WF, 1985)	0.27
" The effect of GABA was mimicked by (-)-baclofen, which gave a dose-response curve overlapping that of GABA, while (+)-baclofen was about one hundred times less potent."	( Modulatory activity of GABAB receptors on cholinergic tone in guinea-pig distal colon. Giotti, A; Luzzi, S; Maggi, CA; Spagnesi, S; Zilletti, L, 1985)	0.27
" Examination of the dose-response relation for GABA alone and in the presence of midazolam or flurazepam showed that the maximal response to GABA was increased by the benzodiazepine in some cells while it was unchanged in others."	( Actions and interactions of GABA and benzodiazepines in the mouse hippocampal slice. Biscoe, TJ; Duchen, MR, 1985)	0.27
" The inhibitory effects of the selective GABAA-receptor agonists isoguvacine and muscimol were antagonized by bicuculline methochloride, which shifted the dose-response curves to the right in a parallel manner."	( Quantitative evaluation of the potencies of GABA-receptor agonists and antagonists using the rat hippocampal slice preparation. Kemp, JA; Marshall, GR; Woodruff, GN, 1986)	0.27
"4,6,6-Trimethylcaprolactam antagonised GABAA receptor-mediated contractile responses in guinea-pig isolated ileum, displacing the GABA dose-response curve to the right in a non-parallel manner, and causing a depression of the maximum response."	( Caprolactam-barbiturate interaction at the GABAA receptor complex in the guinea-pig intestine. Kerr, DI; Ong, J; Prager, RH; Ward, DA, 1986)	0.27
" Midazolam (greater than 10(-6) M) reliably potentiated GABA responses with a parallel shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Electrophysiological studies in cultured mouse CNS neurones of the actions of an agonist and an inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor. Jensen, MS; Lambert, JD, 1986)	0.27
" The dosage of MV-GABA which caused locomotor hypoactivity produced an impairment of the rotarod performance."	( [Behavioral pharmacological action of Ca-4-(3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpenthylamido) butyrate (mevalonic GABA, MV-GABA)]. Kameyama, T; Nabeshima, T; Noda, Y, 1987)	0.27
"Safety and efficacy studies of new antiepileptic drugs require strict adherence to prescribed dosage regimens."	( Compliant populations: variability in serum concentrations. Graves, NM; Holmes, GB; Leppik, IE, 1988)	0.27
"" Midazolam caused a shift to the left of the GABA log dose-response curve."	( Modulation of GABA-gated chloride ion flux in rat brain by acute and chronic benzodiazepine administration. Chiu, TH; Rosenberg, HC; Yu, O, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response curve of ifenprodil tartrate was shifted to the left by pre-incubation in calcium hopantenate."	( A possible mechanism on the potentiating vascular effect of coadministration of ifenprodil tartrate and calcium hopantenate: a study in the internal carotid artery. Honda, H; Irino, O; Iwata, T; Izumisawa, M; Matsuda, H; Shibuya, T; Shimura, H; Tsuji, H; Watanabe, Y, 1988)	0.27
"0 mg/kg AOAA significantly potentiated the effects of diazepam, as indicated by a significant shift to the left in the diazepam dose-response curve relative to diazepam alone."	( Potentiation of the anticonflict effects of diazepam, but not pentobarbital and phenobarbital, by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). Beshears, JF; Commissaris, RL; Halas, NA; McCloskey, TC, 1988)	0.27
"835 and a parallel shift of the probit-log dosage regression line to the right."	( Delta-aminovaleric acid antagonizes the pharmacological actions of baclofen in the central nervous system. Klockgether, T; Schwarz, M; Sontag, KH; Turski, L; Wüllner, U, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response relationships of excitatory amino acids demonstrated the following rank order of potency: glutamate greater than aspartate = N-methyl-D-aspartate greater than kainate much greater than quisqualate."	( Excitatory amino acid-evoked release of gamma-[3H]aminobutyric acid from striatal neurons in primary culture. Weiss, S, 1988)	0.27
" Values for the Hill coefficient derived from dose-response curves suggested that the binding of 2 molecules of GABA to the receptor is required for the activation of the chloride channel."	( A patch clamp study of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced macroscopic currents in rat melanotrophs in cell culture. Hughes, D; Kehl, SJ; McBurney, RN, 1987)	0.58
" Prednisolone shifted the dose-response curve of the GABA current downward."	( Voltage-clamp studies of the inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid response by glucocorticoids in bullfrog primary afferent neurons. Akasu, T; Ariyoshi, M, 1987)	0.54
" Replacement of [Na]o with Li+ completely removed the Na+ suppression, and GABA dose-response curve in Li+ external solution agreed well with that in Na+-free (Tris+) external solution."	( Inhibition of Na+-dependent GABA uptake in isolated frog sensory nerve cell bodies by extra- and intracellular Li+. Akaike, N; Ikemoto, Y; Nagasawa, K; Tokutomi, N, 1987)	0.27
"gamma-Vinyl GABA (GVG), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA degradation, was administered to seizure-susceptible gerbils at different dosage regimens."	( One to three day dose intervals during subchronic treatment of epileptic gerbils with gamma-vinyl GABA: anticonvulsant efficacy and alterations in regional brain GABA levels. Frey, HH; Löscher, W, 1987)	0.27
" Muscimol (2 mg/kg) and THIP (5 and 10 mg/kg) exerted the antiimmobility effect even after single dosing 1 h before the test."	( Effect of GABAergic drugs in the behavioral 'despair' test in rats. Borsini, F; Evangelista, S; Meli, A, 1986)	0.27
" Bilateral nigral infusions of muscimol markedly facilitated the development of flurothyl seizures in a dose-response manner and differed significantly from the vehicle controls or rats infused with muscimol dorsally to the substantia nigra."	( Age-related substantia nigra-mediated seizure facilitation. Moshe, SL; Okada, R; Sperber, EF; Wong, BY; Zhao, DY, 1986)	0.27
" A rigorous system of analysis was devised making use of the dose-response profiles in each of the 61 brain areas to construct a regional hierarchy of responsiveness to the three drugs and allowing comparison of their effects on the brain as a whole."	( The effect of diazepam upon local cerebral glucose use in the conscious rat. Ford, I; Kelly, PA; McCulloch, J, 1986)	0.27
" Neurons in the thiamine-deficient animals were more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of 5-HT, as demonstrated by a significant parallel shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Enhanced sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells to iontophoretically-applied serotonin in thiamine deficiency. Lee, RS; Strahlendorf, HK; Strahlendorf, JC, 1985)	0.27
" Dosage and duration of drug treatment did not influence striatal or cortical GAD levels."	( Brain glutamate decarboxylase in Parkinson's disease with particular reference to a premortem severity index. Agid, Y; Dubois, B; Hauw, JJ; Javoy-Agid, F; Monfort, JC, 1985)	0.27
" Observation of behaviour indicated that the novel GABA uptake blockers exerted no side-effects in anticonvulsant doses, whereas diazepam produced sedative effects at all active dosage levels."	( Comparison of the anticonvulsant effects of two novel GABA uptake inhibitors and diazepam in amygdaloid kindled rats. Löscher, W; Schwark, WS, 1985)	0.27
" The log dose-response curve for depolarization was sigmoid with a mean ED(50) of 12."	( Depolarizing actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and related compounds on rat superior cervical ganglia in vitro. Bowery, NG; Brown, DA, 1974)	0.56
" Diazepam shifted GABA dose-response curves to the left by decreasing the apparent KD but without altering the apparent Vmax (Lineweaver-Burk analysis)."	( Benzodiazepine receptor ligand actions on GABA responses. Benzodiazepines, CL 218872, zopiclone. Macdonald, RL; Skerritt, JH, 1984)	0.27
" Midazolam (10(-7)-10(-5) M) potentiated responses to all three agonists to a similar extent with a shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Modulation of the responses to the GABA-mimetics, THIP and piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, by agents which interact with benzodiazepine receptors. An electrophysiological study on cultured mouse neurones. Jensen, MS; Lambert, JD, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response data were obtained for barbiturate concentrations ranging from 1 microM to 3 mM."	( Effects of barbiturates on inhibitory and excitatory responses to applied neurotransmitters in Aplysia. Cote, IL; Wilson, WA, 1980)	0.26
" Prevention is easy if treatment is gradually rather than abruptly withdrawn in all patients who receive the compound in high dosage for more than one month."	( [Benzodiazepine physical dependence. 6 cases (author's transl)]. Bismuth, C; Dally, S; Lagier, G; Le Bellec, M, 1980)	0.26
" Dose-response curves were constructed for amino-oxyacetic acid and gamma-acetylenic GABA."	( Blockade of methamphetamine-induced depression of tyrosine hydroxylase by GABA transaminase inhibitors. Gibb, JW; Hotchkiss, A, 1980)	0.26
" 5 Methohexitone and thiopentone produced a biphasic dose-response on the K+-stimulated release of both amino acids; low concentrations enhanced release, high concentrations depressed release."	( The effects of anaesthetics on the uptake and release of amino acid neurotransmitters in thalamic slices. Kendall, TJ; Minchin, MC, 1982)	0.26
" In a dose-response study (2-26 nmol), 8 nmol caused a 46% decrease in striatal choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity with minimal effects on the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at 7 days."	( Selective cholinergic neurotoxin: AF64A's effects in rat striatum. Coyle, JT; Fisher, A; Hanin, I; Sandberg, K, 1984)	0.27
" This dosage regimen produced a decrease in the forebrain concentrations of DA and NE at 7 and 20 days after injection."	( Effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on monoamine neurotransmitters in mouse brain & heart. Boldry, R; Miller, D; Schmittgen, T; Uretsky, N; Wallace, RA, 1984)	0.27
" Further, each dosing paradigm has been evaluated with a view to experimental error and interactive variables."	( Effects of early lead exposure on neurotransmitter systems in the brain. A review with commentary. Shellenberger, MK, 1984)	0.27
" It means that over this dosage range haloperidol potentiates GABA-induced effects."	( [Participation of GABA-ergic structures in producing the effects of haloperidol]. Molodavkin, GM; Ostrovskaia, RU, 1980)	0.26
" From an analysis of the dose-response curve of GABA with or without ibotenate, it is suggested that ibotenate acts on the GABA receptor in the crayfish neuromuscular junction."	( Inhibitory action of ibotenic acid on the crayfish neuromuscular junction. Ishida, M; Shinozaki, H, 1980)	0.26
" Analysis of the effect of naloxone on GABA dose-response curves indicates that naloxone acts as a competitive antagonist at the neuronal GABA receptors."	( Naloxone antagonism of GABA-evoked membrane polarizations in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons. Barker, JL; Gruol, DL; Smith, TG, 1980)	0.26
" The i--response counteracts the inhibitory effect of GABA at low GABA concentrations and can distort the dose-response curve."	( Closing of membrane channels effected by gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) in crayfish muscle. Dudel, J; Finger, W, 1980)	0.26
" accommodation was enhanced) at the anesthetic dosage level."	( A comparison of the effects of pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on the GABA sensitivity and excitability of adult sensory ganglion cells. Connors, BW, 1981)	0.26
" The log dose-response curves for GABA and muscimol appeared to be parallel, but were not parallel to that for dopamine."	( GABA and muscimol inhibit the release of prolactin from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. Besser, GM; Delitala, G; Grossman, A; Yeo, T, 1981)	0.26
" Step clamp data were used to construct dose-response curves."	( Voltage clamp analysis of inhibitory synaptic action in crayfish stretch receptor neurons. Adams, PR; Banks, FW; Constanti, A, 1981)	0.26
" First, since two GABA-molecules are required to activate GABA-coupled chloride ion channels, the dose-response relationship for GABA is sigmoidal and steep."	( Pharmacology of GABA-mediated inhibition of spinal cord neurons in vivo and in primary dissociated cell culture. Macdonald, RL; Young, AB, 1981)	0.26
" When washed P2 membranes were subjected to high-frequency homogenization, the biphasic dose-response relationship for pentobarbitone was markedly shifted to the right."	( Dual action of pentobarbitone on GABA binding: role of binding site integrity. Johnston, GA; Willow, M, 1981)	0.26
" Picrotoxin, and agent which blocks the chloride ionophore of GABA-receptor complex, exhibited a parallel dose-response curve with respect to muscimol."	( Acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital in relation to postsynaptic GABA receptors: a study with muscimol. Ho, IK; Nabeshima, T; Sivam, SP, 1982)	0.26
" The dose-response curve shifted to the right when the resting membrane was hyperpolarized, a fact suggesting an increase in apparent dissociation constant (Kapparent) of the receptor-GABA complex."	( The voltage-dependent nature of the GABA-induced conductance change recorded from the ganglion cell of Aplysia. Matsumoto, M, 1982)	0.26
" Low concentrations (1 nM) of (+)-propranolol were observed to be equipotent with (+/-)-propranolol in shifting the dose-response curve of GABA-stimulated [3H]diazepam binding by approximately 1/2 log unit."	( Nanomolar concentrations of propranolol inhibit GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cerebral cortex. Morgan, PF; Stone, TW, 1982)	0.26
" Bicuculline methobromide (13 microM) antagonized this action of SL75102 and shifted the log dose-response curve to the same extent as the GABA curve."	( Evidence that SL75102 is an agonist at GABAb as well as GABAa receptors. Bowery, NG; Hill, DR; Hudson, AL, 1982)	0.26
" GABA dose-response curves were obtained for SC neurons by pressure applying known concentrations of GABA from micropipettes with large tips (miniperfusion pipettes)."	( GABA and bicuculline actions on mouse spinal cord and cortical neurons in cell culture. Macdonald, RL; Nowak, LM; Young, AB, 1982)	0.26
" Dose-response curves show that EDA differs from GABA with respect to both potency and efficacy."	( Ethylenediamine and GABA potentiation of [3H]diazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors in rat cerebral cortex. Morgan, PF; Stone, TW, 1982)	0.26
" After chronic dosing the sedative effects of flunitrazepam showed tolerance and the increases in exploration remained while locomotion was less increased."	( Effects of agents which enhance GABA-mediated neurotransmission on licking conflict in rats and exploration in mice. Gardner, CR; Piper, DC, 1982)	0.26
" We examined ionophoretic dose-response relations of the cells at stage 26, a couple of hours after the first acquisition of GABA sensitivity."	( The appearance and development of chemosensitivity in Rohon-Beard neurones of the Xenopus spinal cord. Bixby, JL; Spitzer, NC, 1982)	0.26
" These actions of barbiturates were not accompanied by changes in the apparent dissociation constant of the GABA-current dose-response curve or the reversal potential for GABA currents."	( Effect of barbiturates on the GABA receptor of cat primary afferent neurones. Higashi, H; Nishi, S, 1982)	0.26
" Dose-response curves were obtained for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence and in the absence of glycine, and it was concluded that GABA and glycine are likely to activate the same receptors."	( Effects of glycine on the crayfish neuromuscular junction. I. Glycine-operated inhibitory postsynaptic channels and a glycine-effected decrease in membrane conductance. Finger, W, 1983)	0.53
" A new technique was developed to permit the determination of complete electrophysiological dose-response curves on single neurons in cell culture, eliminating cell-to-cell variability as a problem that complicates the interpretation of pooled data."	( Multiple embryonic benzodiazepine binding sites: evidence for functionality. Borden, LA; Chan, CY; Farb, DH; Gibbs, TT, 1983)	0.27
" Dose-response analysis of the action of ATP on the GABA-induced response suggests that the facilitatory action of ATP on the GABA response is effected on the GABA receptor channel complexes without changing the GABA affinity."	( Actions of ATP on the soma of bullfrog primary afferent neurons and its modulating action on the GABA-induced response. Akasu, T; Katayama, Y; Koketsu, K; Morita, K, 1984)	0.27
" 2-week treatment periods were used; the median daily oral dosage of progabide was 24."	( The effect of the GABA-agonist, progabide, on stretch and flexor reflexes and on voluntary power in spastic patients. Mondrup, K; Pedersen, E, 1984)	0.27
" The median daily dosage of progabide was 24."	( The clinical effect of the GABA-agonist, progabide, on spasticity. Mondrup, K; Pedersen, E, 1984)	0.27
" Progabide was added to the concomitant antiepileptic treatment in a fixed dosage schedule."	( Progabide: a controlled trial in partial epilepsy. Angelo, HR; Christensen, JM; Dam, M; Gram, L; Hansen, BS; Lyon, BB; Philbert, A, 1983)	0.27
" 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, a potent SSADH inhibitor did not increase GABA level at a dosage which induces a 99% inhibition of SSADH."	( [Mechanism of action of an anticonvulsant, sodium dipropylacetate]. Ciesielski, L; Gobaille, S; Klein, M; Mandel, P; Simler, S, 1981)	0.26
" Limiting the opportunity to gnaw on inanimate objects shifted the dose-response curve for muscimol-induced self-injurious behavior (SIB) to the left and increased the maximum incidence of SIB."	( Self-injurious behavior in rats produced by intranigral microinjection of GABA agonists. Baumeister, AA; Frye, GD, 1984)	0.27
" Amphetamine induces a dose-response partial reversal of the GBL effect."	( gamma-Butyrolactone effects on behavior induced by dopamine agonists. Dougherty, GG; Ellinwood, EH; Gonzalez, AE, 1983)	0.27
" Protoveratrine A increased the uptake of 22Na+ into the slices with a similar dose-response curve to that found for gamma-aminobutyrate release."	( The role of Ca2+ in the protoveratrine-induced release of gamma-aminobutyrate from rat brain slices. Minchin, MC, 1980)	0.26
" However, the effect on seizure threshold could not be enhanced by an increase in the daily dosage of the GABA-T inhibitors and, especially with higher doses, tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect developed."	( Anticonvulsant and biochemical effects of inhibitors of GABA aminotransferase and valproic acid during subchronic treatment in mice. Löscher, W, 1982)	0.26
" Testicular weight was significantly lower in the group of rats treated with the low dosage of GAG (5 mg/kg), and serum prolactin was significantly lower in the rats treated with the high dosage of GAG (20 mg/kg) as compared with control rats."	( Prolonged treatment with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mimetic substances in prepubertal male rats. Debeljuk, L; Díaz, MD; Maines, VM; Seilicovich, A, 1983)	0.57
" In contrast, neither the dose-response nor the time course of TMT-induced hypothermia were affected by any of the drugs tested."	( Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of trimethyltin. Costa, LG; Doctor, SV; Murphy, SD, 1982)	0.26
" Plasma prolactin levels, initially high, increased when the dosage was increased to 100 mg/day but did not increase further."	( High doses of haloperidol in schizophrenia. A clinical, biochemical, and pharmacokinetic study. Bianchetti, G; Cuche, H; Loo, H; Morselli, PL; Scatton, B; Zarifian, E, 1982)	0.26
" In neither patient, the increase in haloperidol dosage affected paranoid symptoms."	( [Use of haloperidol in high doses in schizophrenia. Clinical, biochemical and pharmacokinetic study]. Bianchetti, G; Cuche, H; Loo, H; Morselli, PL; Scatton, B; Zarifian, E, 1982)	0.26
" In vitro ethanol dose-response curves (0-1."	( Norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and choline reuptake kinetics and the effects of ethanol in long-sleep and short-sleep mice. Collins, AC; Howerton, TC; Marks, MJ, 1982)	0.61
"Experiments on isolated mice (CC57W males) have demonstrated that GABA antagonists (bicuculline, picrotoxin, thiosemicarbazide) increase the desocializing effects of isolation (enhance aggression and reduce intraspecies sociability), while GABA-positive drugs (muscimol, gamma-acetylenic GABA) within a certain dosage range diminish aggression and favour a temporary recovery of sociability."	( [GABA-ergic correlates of aggression and intraspecies sociability of mice subjected to isolation]. Poshivalov, VP, 1981)	0.26
" 3 The actions of Sl 75 102 were in nearly all respects identical to those of GABA; parameters examined were the effects on membrane potential and input conductance, desensitization, dose-response characteristics and sensitivity to the GABA antagonists, bicuculline and picrotoxin."	( SL 75 102 as a gama-aminobutyric acid agonist: experiments on dorsal root ganglion neurones in vitro. Desarmenien, M; Feltz, P; Headley, PM; Santangelo, F, 1981)	0.26
" These sites appear to be interdependent since analysis of the shift in the DPH dose-response curve by PTX and vice versa, showed neither truly non-competitive nor competitive interaction."	( On the action of the anticonvulsant 5,5-diphenylhydantoin and the convulsant picrotoxin in crayfish stretch receptor. Aickin, CC; Deisz, RA; Lux, HD, 1981)	0.26
" Similar studies were conducted with rats treated at the highest lead dosage which did not result in weight loss (100 microgram lead as lead acetate/g body weight/day via intubation)."	( Developmental studies of the uptake of choline, GABA and dopamine by crude synaptosomal preparations after in vivo or in vitro lead treatment. Krigman, MR; Morell, P; Ramsay, PB, 1980)	0.26
" The log dose-response relationship obtained from 6 preparations was sigmoidal and had an ED(50) of 13 muM."	( The effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the input conductance and membrane potential of Ascaris muscle. Martin, RJ, 1980)	0.62
" The dose-response curves for GABA and glycine were sigmoidal with saturating concentrations of 100 and 300 microM, respectively."	( GABA- and glycine-activated currents in the rod bipolar cell of the rabbit retina. Dacheux, RF; Gillette, MA, 1995)	0.29
" The EC50 obtained from the dose-response curves for GABA in eliciting a maximal response was comparable in neurons maintained in high K+ or in low K+ and treated with a single dose of NMDA, but that it increased significantly in cells maintained in low K+."	( NMDA-mediated modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in cerebellar granule neurons. Grayson, DR; Harris, BT; Vicini, S; Zhu, WJ, 1995)	0.59
" The dose-response relationships for potentiation of 1 microM GABA-mediated chloride currents were studied for [3S-(3 alpha, 3a alpha, 5a beta, 7 beta, 9a alpha, 9b beta)]-1- [dodecahydro-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3a-methyl-1H-benz[e]inden-3- yl]ethanone (3), steroid 7, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (5), and the analogous 7 alpha-(2-hydroxyethyl)benz[e]indene analogue of steroid 5 (compound 1)."	( Neurosteroid analogues. 3. The synthesis and electrophysiological evaluation of benz[e]indene congeners of neuroactive steroids having the 5 beta-configuration. Covey, DF; Han, M; Hu, Y; Zorumski, CF, 1995)	0.29
" Although there appears to be a clear dose-response relationship up to 3 g/day, it is not well documented if higher doses result in proportionately higher brain GABA levels."	( Vigabatrin: effect on brain GABA levels measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Behar, K; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, D, 1995)	0.29
" The current dosage regime of anticonvulsants were maintained during the trial period."	( Open label trial with vigabatrin in children with intractable epilepsy. Wong, V, )	0.13
" The EC50 of the GABA dose-response curve for the alpha 1 beta 2 combination was lower than that for the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2s combination."	( Alcohol modulation of cloned GABAA receptor-channel complex expressed in human kidney cell lines. Carter, DB; Hamilton, BJ; Kurata, Y; Marszalec, W; Narahashi, T, 1993)	0.29
" Octanol produced a shift of the current dose-response curve toward lower concentrations of GABA."	( Selective effects of alcohols on gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunits expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Carter, DB; Hamilton, BJ; Kurata, Y; Marszalec, W; Narahashi, T, 1994)	0.57
" In the flurothyl seizure model, SNR microinjection of the selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol results in a biphasic dose-response curve in adults: Intermediate doses are anticonvulsant, but high doses have proconvulsant effects."	( Age-related differences in the effects of GABAA agonists microinjected into rat substantia nigra: pro- and anticonvulsant actions. Garant, DS; Moshé, SL; Sperber, EF; Xu, SG, 1995)	0.29
" After 1-month observation, the patients entered a 7-month treatment period that involved administration of placebo for 1 month followed by VGB at the initial dosage of 40 mg/kg/day, to be increased to 60 and 80 mg/kg/day at 2-month intervals if seizures persisted."	( Efficacy and tolerability of vigabatrin in children with refractory partial seizures: a single-blind dose-increasing study. Buti, D; Cianchetti, C; Dalla Bernardina, B; Fontana, E; Fusco, L; Galeone, D; Gnanasakthy, A; Iudice, A; Torelli, D; Vigevano, F, 1995)	0.29
" In the case of the wild type receptor, fipronil blocked GABA-induced currents inducing both a shift to the right in the GABA dose-response curve and depressing the maximum amplitude of responses to GABA."	( Actions of the insecticide fipronil, on dieldrin-sensitive and- resistant GABA receptors of Drosophila melanogaster. Baylis, HA; Buckingham, SD; Hosie, AM; Sattelle, DB, 1995)	0.29
" However, intravenous pharmacokinetics in rats were linear over the dosage range of 4-500 mg/kg."	( Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; DeHart, PD; Hanson, BJ; McNally, WP; Radulovic, LL; Türck, D; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1995)	0.29
" This effect which was quantified in terms of numbers of tongue protrusions, was dose-dependent: a bell-shaped dose-response was found (50-500 ng)."	( Interactions of the subthalamic nucleus and the subpallidal area in oro-facial dyskinesia: role of GABA and glutamate. Cools, AR; Helfrich, SE; Spooren, WP, 1995)	0.29
" The plasma concentration ratio of the [R] to [S] enantiomers appears to remain constant across the vigabatrin dosage interval in adult volunteers, and in the present study this has also proved to be the case in 12 chronically treated adult epileptic patients."	( Plasma vigabatrin enantiomer ratios in adults and children. Appleton, DB; Burke, CJ; Eadie, MJ; Nagarajan, L; Schramm, T, 1993)	0.29
" Oral dosing [3 mg/ml of drinking water, giving doses of GVG of 194 +/- 38 mg/kg/day and of EOS of 303 +/- 42 mg/kg/day (mean +/- SD)] was followed by microdialysis at 2, 8, and 21 days."	( The effect of chronic treatment with the GABA transaminase inhibitors gamma-vinyl-GABA and ethanolamine-O-sulphate on the in vivo release of GABA from rat hippocampus. Fowler, LJ; Qume, M; Whitton, PS, 1995)	0.29
", significantly lowered the convulsive threshold of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice and shifted the dose-response curve of PTZ."	( Correlation between in vitro and in vivo models of proconvulsive activity with the carbapenem antibiotics, biapenem, imipenem/cilastatin and meropenem. Day, IP; Goudie, J; Nishiki, K; Williams, PD, 1995)	0.29
" Co-expression of the mutants with beta 2 and gamma 2 subunits in human embryonic kidney cells produced functional receptors which are similar to the wild type in their sensitivity to a benzodiazepine agonist (U-92330), insensitivity to Zn, anion permeability, and GABA dose-response profiles as monitored with the whole cell patch clamp technique."	( Acceleration of GABA-dependent desensitization by mutating threonine 266 to alanine of the alpha 6 subunit of rat GABAA receptors. Altman, RA; Binder, JA; Dillon, GH; Im, HK; Im, WB; Pregenzer, JF, 1995)	0.29
" We evaluated the cognitive and quality-of-life (QOL) effects of VGB in a double-blinded, add-on, placebo-controlled, parallel group dose-response study of patients with focal epilepsy whose complex partial seizures (CPS) were difficult to control."	( Effects of differing dosages of vigabatrin (Sabril) on cognitive abilities and quality of life in epilepsy. Arnett, JL; Dodrill, CB; Sommerville, KW; Sussman, NM, 1995)	0.29
"4 the GABA dose-response curve indicates that the increases in the peak current are related to an augmented maximal current."	( Modulation by extracellular pH of the activity of GABAA receptors on rat cerebellum granule cells. Baldelli, P; Cupello, A; Robello, M, 1994)	0.29
"Time- and dose-response analyses were undertaken to investigate the effects of the substituted hydrazine monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors iproniazid and nialamide on the following: MAO-A and -B activity; levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), alanine (ALA), and the neurotransmitter amines dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their acid metabolites; and the activity of GABA-transaminase and ALA-transaminase."	( Effects of two substituted hydrazine monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on neurotransmitter amines, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and alanine in rat brain. Baker, GB; Paetsch, PR; Takahashi, S; Todd, KG; Yamada, N, 1993)	0.69
" In view of the evidence for the role of excitatory amino acids in destruction of CNS nerve cells, the optimal treatment must counteract the raised levels of CSF glutamate and the dosage of vitamin B6 must be adjusted accordingly."	( Glutamate in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: neurotoxic glutamate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid and its normalization by pyridoxine. Baumeister, FA; Egger, J; Gsell, W; Shin, YS, 1994)	0.29
"Data from published research were extracted and evaluated according to study design, sample size, dosing regimen, outcome measures, and treatment efficacy and safety."	( Treatment of infantile spasms. Casto, DT; Haines, ST, 1994)	0.29
" In an attempt to image these changes in vivo, we performed high-field MRI on seven treated and four control dogs at baseline and after 15 weeks of dosing with vigabatrin (300 mg/kg/d)."	( MRI monitoring of vigabatrin-induced intramyelinic edema in dogs. Arezzo, JC; Gibson, JP; Heydorn, WE; Kastin, SJ; McBride, RG; Schroeder, CE; Sussman, NM; Weiss, KL; Yarrington, JT, 1994)	0.29
" Propofol evoked current responses (EC50 = 61 microM) and shifted the dose-response curve of GABA-activated current to the left without altering the maximum of the GABA response."	( Propofol modulates activation and desensitization of GABAA receptors in cultured murine hippocampal neurons. MacDonald, JF; Orser, BA; Pennefather, PS; Wang, LY, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response profile of U-94863 in the alpha 1 beta 2 subtype was largely indistinguishable from that in the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 subtype, suggesting no critical role for the gamma 2 subunit in potentiation of the GABA response by the pyrazinones."	( Substituted pyrazinones, a new class of allosteric modulators for gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors. Carter, DB; Gammill, RB; Hamilton, BJ; Im, HK; Im, WB; Judge, TM; Pregenzer, JF, 1993)	0.52
" Plasma concentrations are essentially proportional to dosages up to 1,800 mg daily, which is the highest dosage used in double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. McLean, MJ, 1994)	0.29
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, it appears that the dosing regimen of gabapentin in subjects with renal impairment may be adjusted on the basis of creatinine clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in subjects with various degrees of renal function. Blum, RA; Bockbrader, H; Busch, JA; Comstock, TJ; Keller, E; Reece, PA; Reetze, P; Schultz, RW; Sica, DA; Tuerck, D, 1994)	0.29
" The primary analysis compared data for patients receiving GBP 900 mg/day with placebo; the GBP 1,200-mg/day group provided dose-response data."	( Gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in patients with partial seizures: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The International Gabapentin Study Group. Anhut, H; Ashman, P; Feuerstein, TJ; Sauermann, W; Saunders, M; Schmidt, B, )	0.13
" No dosage adjustment is necessary when GBP and CBZ or VPA are coadministered."	( Lack of interaction of gabapentin with carbamazepine or valproate. Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; Erdman, GR; Leppik, IE; Posvar, EL; Radulovic, LL; Sedman, AJ; Uthman, BM; Wilder, BJ, )	0.13
" Plasma [14C]GBP declined linearly after dosing while brain ISF [14C]GBP concentration peaked at approximately 1 h and then declined in parallel with plasma concentration."	( Gabapentin anticonvulsant action in rats: disequilibrium with peak drug concentrations in plasma and brain microdialysate. Schielke, GP; Taylor, CP; Vartanian, MG; Welty, DF, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curve for GABA in the presence of 10(-3) M PC-G was shifted rightward and there was a decrease in maximum response."	( Effect of penicillin on GABA-gated chloride ion influx. Ito, M; Kishi, K; Mori, C; Shiraishi, H; Tsuda, A; Tsuda, H, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response showed that DL-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine was about 100 and 500 times more potent than cis-methanoglutamate and NMDA, respectively."	( The NMDA receptor agonist DL-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine is a highly potent excitotoxin. Lunn, WH; McDonald, JW; Salhoff, CR; Schoepp, DD, 1994)	0.29
" ZNS daily dosage is 400-600 mg."	( Antiepileptic drugs in development: prospects for the near future. Leppik, IE, 1994)	0.29
" None of the K+ channel blockers had an effect on the dose-response curve to NO, on the noradrenaline-induced contraction or on the relaxation to nitroglycerine (GTN)."	( Prejunctional modulation of the nitrergic innervation of the canine ileocolonic junction via potassium channels. Boeckxstaens, GE; De Man, JG; De Winter, BY; Herman, AG; Pelckmans, PP; Van Maercke, YM, 1993)	0.29
" Cumulative dose-response curves for chlordiazepoxide were obtained before and during chronic chlordiazepoxide administration and during chronic saline administration."	( Tolerance to the behavioral effects of chlordiazepoxide: pharmacological and biochemical selectivity. Alastra, AJ; Cohen, C; Goldberg, SR; Marley, RJ; Sannerud, CA; Serdikoff, SL, 1993)	0.29
" Thus, bicuculline not only produced a rightward shift of the dose-response curves of the central depressant drugs in the cortex, but also increased the maximal stimulation of 35S-TBPS binding."	( Bicuculline-produced regional differences in the modulation of 35S-TBPS binding by GABA, pentobarbital and diazepam in mouse cerebellum and cortex. Liljequist, S; Tabakoff, B, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curve was determined for GABA-stimulated 36Cl-accumulation into brain cortex microsacs."	( Electric shock convulsions in the rabbit and brain cortex GABAA receptor function. Cupello, A; Loeb, C; Patrone, A; Robello, M; Vignolo, L, 1993)	0.29
" These two current components have different dose-response characteristics for GABA, with the nondesensitizing component being activated more effectively and reaching its peak amplitude at lower agonist concentrations than the desensitizing one."	( GABA responses and their partial occlusion by glycine in cultured rat medullary neurons. Faber, DS; Lewis, CA, 1993)	0.29
" It is, however, obvious that both in rats and mice the severity of symptoms depends not only on dose and dosing schedule of TAA, but also on strain and body weight (age)."	( Effects of inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase on thioacetamide-induced hepatogenic encephalopathy. Grauffel, C; Knödgen, B; Sarhan, S; Seiler, N, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves yielded an EC50 of about 50 microM."	( Patch-clamp analysis of glycine-induced currents in chick ciliary ganglion neurons. Berg, DK; Zhang, ZW, 1995)	0.29
" There was no abnormal locomotor activity in the L-CPA rats treated with MK-801 except for the first 4 hr following dosing when animals were severely sedated."	( L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity is prevented by MK-801: possible role of NMDA receptors in the neuropathology. Gyte, A; Lock, EA; Simpson, MG; Widdowson, PS; Wyatt, I, 1996)	0.29
"A 7-year-old boy with intractable epilepsy developed acute psychosis 3 days after initiating a rapid vigabatrin dosage escalation."	( Vigabatrin-associated reversible acute psychosis in a child. Beltrán Marqués, M; Cánovas Martínez, A; Delgado Cordón, F; Escrivá Aparisi, A; Ordovás Baines, JP, 1995)	0.29
" The mean daily dosage for all 100 patients was 2107 mg, and the mean daily dosage for patients who continued gabapentin treatment was 2270 mg."	( Efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in clinical practice. Morris, GL, )	0.13
" A clear dose-response has been demonstrated, and the minimal effective dose level is 30 mg."	( International experience with tiagabine add-on therapy. Ben-Menachem, E, 1995)	0.29
" GABA was applied in pulses to outside-out patches of muscle membrane, and, based on the dose-response of the peak currents and of their rise times, a linear model with five binding steps has been proposed."	( A molecular scheme for the reaction between gamma-aminobutyric acid and the most abundant chloride channel on crayfish deep extensor abdominal muscle. Adelsberger, H; Dudel, J; Parzefall, F; von Beckerath, N, 1996)	0.56
" GBP is also active in this population, but only the 1,800 mg/day dosage was significantly better than placebo with respect to percent responders."	( Clinical efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs in refractory partial epilepsy: experience in the United States with three novel drugs. French, JA, 1996)	0.29
" In a similarly designed United States trial, LTG was significantly superior to placebo at a 500-mg/day dosage but not at a 300-mg/day dosage."	( Expanding antiepileptic drug options: clinical efficacy of new therapeutic agents. Ben-Menachem, E, 1996)	0.29
" Compared with control or mismatched ODN-treated cell cultures, treatment of granule neurons with alpha 6 antisense ODNs caused a decrease in GABA-induced maximal current density and increased the half-maximal concentration derived from GABA dose-response curves."	( Alpha 6 and gamma 2 subunit antisense oligodeoxynucleotides alter gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor pharmacology in cerebellar granule neurons. Grayson, DR; Vicini, S; Wang, JF; Zhu, WJ, 1996)	0.53
" The apparent number of incorporated subunits for each class (alpha, beta, and gamma) could then be determined from the number of components comprising the compound GABA dose-response relationships."	( Stoichiometry of a recombinant GABAA receptor. Barot, S; Chang, Y; Wang, R; Weiss, DS, 1996)	0.29
" The log dose-response curves for both antagonists for suppression of GABA effects were coincident, having a very shallow slope and covering the whole range of doses effective against the other agonists."	( gamma-Aminobutyric acidA receptors and spinally mediated antinociception in rats. Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Guo, Z; Nadeson, R; Porter, V, 1996)	1.74
" We used in vivo microdialysis to determine a suitable dosing regimen for tiagabine (NNC328) to elevate extracellular levels of GABA within the hippocampus."	( Postischemic inhibition of GABA reuptake by tiagabine slows neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Inglefield, JR; Perry, JM; Schwartz, RD, 1995)	0.29
" In aged rats, the dose-response curve was shifted to the left, indicating an increase in the potency of GABA to inhibit [3H]t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate binding."	( GABAA receptor binding in the aging rat inferior colliculus. Albin, RL; Caspary, DM; Milbrandt, JC; Turgeon, SM, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves obtained for slow and fast desensitizing cells displayed similar degrees of cooperativity and antagonist affinity, but clearly greater GABA sensitivity for fast desensitizing cells."	( Heterogeneous current responses to GABA and glycine are present in post-natally cultured hippocampal neurons. Barry, PH; Fatima-Shad, K, 1995)	0.29
" All the drugs can be conveniently given as a twice daily dosage apart from gabapentin, which has a short half-life and a midday dose is needed."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of newer antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine. Binnie, CD; Elwes, RD, 1996)	0.29
" We conclude that vigabatrin in SSADH deficiency should be administered in a gradually increasing dosage combined with frequent evaluation of the clinical condition and the EEG."	( Seizures in a boy with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency treated with vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl-GABA). Gibson, KM; Korinthenberg, R; Lehnert, W; Matern, D, 1996)	0.29
" The optimized methods show good linearity, precision (RSD < 2%) and accuracy (bias < 2% for dosage forms)."	( Validation of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods on two silica base-deactivated reversed phases for the determination of chloroprocaine and bupivacaine. Brun, F; Veuthey, JL, 1996)	0.29
" This may be related to dosage and speed of introduction."	( Psychotic and severe behavioural reactions with vigabatrin: a review. Ferrie, CD; Panayiotopoulos, CP; Robinson, RO, 1996)	0.29
" SN606078 (10 microM) decreased the slope of the dose-response curve for GABA, suggesting a non-competitive mechanism of action."	( Novel azole derivatives are antagonists at the inhibitory GABA receptor on the somatic muscle cells of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Bascal, Z; Holden-Dye, L; Smith, SW; Walker, RJ; Willis, RJ, 1996)	0.29
" The highest dosage of 3 alpha-Diol (7."	( Behavioral effects of 3 alpha-androstanediol. I: Modulation of sexual receptivity and promotion of GABA-stimulated chloride flux. Erskine, MS; Frye, CA; Van Keuren, KR, 1996)	0.29
" Once-a-day dosing should be as effective as divided doses."	( Human brain GABA levels rise rapidly after initiation of vigabatrin therapy. Behar, KL; Collins, TL; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 1996)	0.29
" Excitoxins when infused directly into the Nbm destroy non-specifically cell bodies but spare axons passing the injection site, whereas the specificity of AF64A to destroy cholinergic neurons depends on both the dosage applied and the site of injection."	( Immunolesion by 192IgG-saporin of rat basal forebrain cholinergic system: a useful tool to produce cortical cholinergic dysfunction. Bigl, V; Rossner, S; Schliebs, R, 1996)	0.29
" The dose-response curve for GABA-induced currents was shifted by 16 microM to lower concentrations by 10 microM nefiracetam while the maximal response was reduced by 22."	( Effects of the nootropic drug nefiracetam on the GABAA receptor-channel complex in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Huang, CS; Ma, JY; Marszalec, W; Narahashi, T, 1996)	0.29
" As compared to placebo, VAL, at the dosage of both 400 and 800 mg, significantly suppressed nocturnal blood melatonin levels, the higher dose being slightly more effective than the lower one."	( Suppression of nocturnal plasma melatonin levels by evening administration of sodium valproate in healthy humans. Borriello, R; Cassandro, P; Maj, M; Monteleone, P; Natale, M; Tortorella, A, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response curves showed a wide range of potencies, with (+/-)-exo-2-(6-chloro-3pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2."	( Pharmacology of directionally selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. Kittila, CA; Massey, SC, 1997)	0.3
" Specific indications and dosage schedules have been provided."	( New antiepileptic drugs. Brodie, MJ; Wilson, EA, 1996)	0.29
" Group results during the controlled trial did not reach statistical significance at the dosage used."	( Effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling spasticity: a quantitative study. Graves, DE; Mueller, M; Olson, WH; Priebe, MM; Sherwood, AM, 1997)	0.3
" According to the dose-response curves of GABA, TACA, isoguvacine and CACA, measured by the varied pressure duration method, the ED50 value of CACA was larger than those of the other compounds, and Emax of TACA was larger than that of GABA, whereas Emax values of isoguvacine and CACA were smaller."	( Pharmacologic characteristics of excitatory gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors in a snail neuron. Han, XY; Takeuchi, H; Wong, SM; Zhang, W, 1997)	0.3
" In bicuculline, the dose-response curve for GABA was fitted with a sigmoidal curve with an EC50 value of 209 microM."	( Functionally distinct chloride-mediated GABA responses in rat cerebellar granule cells cultured in a low-potassium medium. Cherubini, E; Martina, M; Virginio, C, 1997)	0.3
" Generalized tonic-clonic seizures observed in EP mice were inhibited by valproate, administered 1 h prior to testing, in a dose-response fashion."	( Effects of valproate on amino acid and monoamine concentrations in striatum of audiogenic seizure-prone Balb/c mice. Alexiuk, NA; Vriend, JP, 1996)	0.29
" In the present study, the effects of maternal cocaine dosage and of cocaine-elicited maternal seizures on the progeny were studied."	( Cocaine administration in pregnant rabbits alters cortical structure and function in their progeny in the absence of maternal seizures. Fischer, I; Friedman, E; Grayson, D; Jones, L; Levitt, P; Murphy, EH; O'Brien-Jenkins, A; Wang, HY; Wang, XH, 1997)	0.3
" With a view to better defining the drug's dose-response relationships in the presence of concomitant alternative antiepileptic drugs."	( Plasma concentrations of vigabatrin in epileptic patients. López, E; Quintana, B; Rodriguez, I; Sánchez-Alcaraz, A, 1996)	0.29
" It is important to realise, however, that the glia-specificity of these compounds depends both on the dosage and on the model used."	( Use of fluorocitrate and fluoroacetate in the study of brain metabolism. Fonnum, F; Hassel, B; Johnsen, A, 1997)	0.3
" Gabapentin was well tolerated by patients in both dosage groups, and no patients exited the study due to adverse events, despite rapid initiation of full dose within 24 hours."	( Gabapentin monotherapy: I. An 8-day, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study in hospitalized patients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. The US Gabapentin Study Group 88/89. Bergey, GK; Blume, WT; Crockatt, JG; Garofalo, E; LaMoreaux, L; Leiderman, DB; Morrell, MJ; Morris, HH; Penovich, PE; Pierce, M; Rosenfeld, W, 1997)	0.3
" Results of outcome measures, including time to exit, completion rate, and mean time on monotherapy, showed no significant differences among dosage groups."	( Gabapentin monotherapy: II. A 26-week, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study of conversion from polytherapy in outpatients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. The US Gabapentin Study Group 82/83. Abou-Khalil, B; Beydoun, A; Cantrell, D; Fischer, J; Garofalo, E; Greiner, M; Harden, C; Hayes, A; Labar, DR; Pierce, M; Ramsay, RE; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1997)	0.3
" Up to now, no single drug has been shown to be more effective at controlling seizures of a particular type than another, so other factors such as mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosage regimens or the spectrum of adverse drug reactions and interactions are used when making a choice between one agent and another."	( Newer anticonvulsant drugs: role of pharmacology, drug interactions and adverse reactions in drug choice. Deckers, CL; Hekster, YA; Keyser, A; Meinardi, H; Natsch, S; Renier, WO, 1997)	0.3
" Evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were decreased by kainate by up to 90%, showing a bell-shaped dose-response curve similar to that of native kainate-selective receptors."	( Kainate receptors presynaptically downregulate GABAergic inhibition in the rat hippocampus. Herreras, O; Lerma, J; Rodríguez-Moreno, A, 1997)	0.3
" In the presence of 10 mu M zinc, the dose-response curve for 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP; a GABAA agonist that suppresses GABAC-activated currents) was shifted to the left of the curve obtained in the absence of zinc, but without a significant change in the response maximum."	( GABA receptors of bipolar cells from the skate retina: actions of zinc on GABA-mediated membrane currents. Chappell, RL; Li, L; Qian, H; Ripps, H, 1997)	0.3
"The relationship between the ratio of vigabatrin concentration to dosage (VGB C/D) and both patient age and the presence of other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was analyzed retrospectively by bivariate and multivariate methods in 179 patients with epilepsy (114 children and 65 adults)."	( Vigabatrin serum concentration to dosage ratio: influence of age and associated antiepileptic drugs. Armijo, JA; Arteaga, R; Bravo, J; Cuadrado, A, 1997)	0.3
" In the test of physical dependence-producing potential with the drug-admixed food method in rats, vigabatrin and diazepam were given to rats mixed with food for 28 days in an increasing dosage schedule, followed by feeding a drug-free diet to observe withdrawal signs for 7 days."	( Drug dependence study on vigabatrin in rhesus monkeys and rats. Takada, K; Yanagita, T, 1997)	0.3
" External H-7 shifted the dose-response curve of GABA-activated currents downward without changing the EC50 significantly (from 15."	( Modulation of nicotinic ACh-, GABAA- and 5-HT3-receptor functions by external H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, in rat sensory neurones. Hu, HZ; Li, ZW, 1997)	0.3
" Vigabatrin mean dosage during phase 3 was 63."	( Vigabatrin in refractory childhood epilepsy. The Brazilian Multicenter Study. Chisté, MA; da Costa, JC; Diament, A; Gherpelli, JL; Guerreiro, CA; Guerreiro, MM; Manreza, ML; Nunes, ML; Palmini, A; Pedroso, F; Reed, UC; Rotta, NT; Silva, EA; Vega-Gutiérrez, L; Vizioli, J, 1997)	0.3
" Risk factors have included prior psychopathology, coexisting medical conditions, slow acetylator status, advanced age, concomitant medications, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, as well as high antibiotic dosage and intrathecal or intravenous administration."	( Antibiotics: neuropsychiatric effects and psychotropic interactions. State, R; Sternbach, H, )	0.13
" The dose-response relationship revealed an EC50 of 11."	( Activation kinetics and single channel properties of recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptor channels. Adelsberger, H; Bufler, J; Dudel, J; Franke, C; Hertle, I; Jahn, K; Pestel, E; Zieglgänsberger, W, 1997)	0.3
" Furosemide at a concentration of 1 mM depressed the maximal peak amplitude of the dose-response curve for either GABA or glycine to about 70% of control."	( Action of furosemide on GABA- and glycine currents in rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture. Kumamoto, E; Murata, Y, 1997)	0.3
" In six patients, including three taking 6000 mg daily, GBP concentrations continued to rise linearly at each dosage increment."	( High dose gabapentin in refractory partial epilepsy: clinical observations in 50 patients. Brodie, MJ; Forrest, G; Sills, GJ; Wilson, EA, 1998)	0.3
" Thus, from the present study it may be concluded that: (a) caffeine-induced stimulation of LA is dependent on dose and duration of caffeine treatment, (b) development of tolerance to caffeine is dependent on the dosage of caffeine, and (c) the reduction of central GABAergic activity in the caffeine-nontolerant condition pushed up and restored the LA to the control level on the development of tolerance to caffeine."	( Is GABA involved in the development of caffeine tolerance? Mukhopadhyay, S; Poddar, MK, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves for the peak and the slow component yielded EC50 values of 139 and 24 microM, respectively."	( Dentate gyrus basket cell GABAA receptors are blocked by Zn2+ via changes of their desensitization kinetics: an in situ patch-clamp and single-cell PCR study. Berger, T; Kraushaar, U; Monyer, H; Schwarz, C, 1998)	0.3
" A 6-month multicentre, open-label study, involved addition of gabapentin to pre-existing treatment at the initial dosage of 1200 mg and subsequent adjustment between 900 and 2400 mg/day according to efficacy and tolerability."	( Gabapentin add-on therapy with adaptable dosages in 610 patients with partial epilepsy: an open, observational study. The French Gabapentin Collaborative Group. Arzimanoglou, A; Baulac, M; Cavalcanti, D; Portal, JJ; Semah, F, 1998)	0.3
" Both effects exhibited a tendency to a U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Anticonvulsant action of gabapentin during postnatal development in rats. Haugvicová, R; Mares, P, 1997)	0.3
"When information became available on aplastic anemia and hepatotoxicity associated with felbamate, all patients were advised to taper their felbamate dosage over approximately 2 weeks."	( Increased seizure frequency associated with felbamate withdrawal in adults. Privitera, M; Shukla, R; Welty, TE, 1998)	0.3
" Dosage and side effects were noted."	( Clinical experience using gabapentin adjunctively in patients with a history of mania or hypomania. Knoll, J; Stegman, K; Suppes, T, 1998)	0.3
" There was a U-shaped dose-response curve and LHRH release was not inhibited at lower or higher cytokine concentrations."	( Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor suppresses LHRH release by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid release. Kimura, M; McCann, SM; Rettori, V; Yu, WH, )	0.34
" A linear dose-response relationship was found on the glucose-induced insulin release in case of 3-min stimulation with 4 and 500 mM of glucose (lin-log graph)."	( Dynamic insulin secretion from perifused rat pancreatic islets. Csernus, VJ; Hammer, T; Peschke, D; Peschke, E, 1998)	0.3
" dosing were 38."	( Gabapentin bioavailability: effect of dose and frequency of administration in adult patients with epilepsy. Bockbrader, HN; DeCerce, J; Gidal, BE; Gonzalez, J; Kruger, S; Pitterle, ME; Ramsay, RE; Rutecki, P, 1998)	0.3
" Awake mice were dosed with [1-(13)C]glucose, and brain extracts were analyzed by 13C NMR spectroscopy."	( Quantification of the GABA shunt and the importance of the GABA shunt versus the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase pathway in GABAergic neurons. Fonnum, F; Hassel, B; Johannessen, CU; Sonnewald, U, 1998)	0.3
" The dose-response relationship pooled from nine progenitor cells was best fit by a logistic function of EC50=113 microM and Hill coefficient=0."	( Properties of GABA(A) receptors in cultured rat oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Grant, AL; Mellor, JR; Randall, AD; Williamson, AV, 1998)	0.3
" From such recordings we constructed dose-response curves for peak and steady-state currents, for the rise times of the currents and for the time constants of desensitization."	( Neuromuscular glutamatergic and GABAergic channels. Adelsberger, H; Dudel, J; Heckmann, M, )	0.13
"Based on the observations of other authors, we used this drug in dosage varying between 900 and 1,200 mg/day, in three patients with neuropathic pain, of both central and peripheral origin, and in whom the usual treatments had been unsatisfactory or could not be tolerated because of side-effects."	( [Treatment of neuropathic pain with gabapentin ++]. Sánchez-Valiente, S, 1998)	0.3
" For example, receptors formed by perch-rho 1B subunits were more sensitive to GABA than the receptors formed by other GABA-rho subunits, the dose-response curves for the various receptors revealed different Hill coefficients, and there were differences in the kinetics of the GABA-induced currents."	( Molecular and pharmacological properties of GABA-rho subunits from white perch retina. Dowling, JE; Qian, H; Ripps, H, 1998)	0.3
" Neither bicuculline nor GABA altered the dose-response of steroids in the [3H]GHB assay, suggesting that there was no GABAA component involved in the steroid-inhibition of [3H]GHB binding."	( Steroid-inhibition of [3H]gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) binding in thalamic relay nuclei increases during absence seizures. Banerjee, PK; Liu, CC; Snead, OC, 1998)	0.3
"A 4-week titration period to a maximum dosage of 3600 mg/d of gabapentin or matching placebo."	( Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. Bernstein, P; Harden, N; Magnus-Miller, L; Rowbotham, M; Stacey, B, 1998)	0.3
" Gabapentin therapy proved to be very satisfactory in relieving muscular cramps with a relatively low dosage (600 mg/day) and without any remarkable side effects."	( A case of myokymia-cramp syndrome successfully treated with gabapentin. Cardinali, P; Parisi, L; Pierelli, F; Rossi, P; Serrao, M; Tramutoli, R, 1998)	0.3
" The hyperpolarization was dose-dependent, and the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35,348 produced a rightward shift in the agonist dose-response curve."	( A powerful GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Bosch, MA; Kelly, MJ; Rønnekleiv, K; Wagner, EJ, 1998)	0.3
"This clinical study provides support for the pharmacological evidence that this preparation may be administered on a once or twice daily basis, depending on the individual patient's preference, total dosage and co-medication."	( Once-daily versus twice-daily vigabatrin: is there a difference? The results of a double-blind pilot study. Blankenhorn, V; Krämer, G; Mumford, JP; Richens, A; Stefan, H; Thümler, R; Zahner, B, 1999)	0.3
" Four of the six partial clinical responders had deterioration of spasms with additional VGB dosage increases."	( Vigabatrin in the treatment of infantile spasms. Koo, B, 1999)	0.3
" The results show that whether or not the introduction of vigabatrin results in an increase or a reduction in costs to the healthcare system depends largely on 3 factors: (i) the administered dosage of vigabatrin; (ii) the effect that vigabatrin has on hospital admissions; and (iii) the proportion of epileptic patients who take the drug."	( The economic effects of introducing vigabatrin, a new antiepileptic medication. Champagne, F; Contandriopoulos, AP; Kennedy, W; Reinharz, D; Tessier, G, 1995)	0.29
" Muscarine shifted the GABA dose-response curve to the left, with the GABA EC50 decreased from 45 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 2 microM."	( Enhancement of GABA-activated current by muscarine in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Hu, HZ; Li, ZW; Shao, M, 1999)	0.3
"0 mg/kg dosage of 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP."	( Prenatal stress reduces the effectiveness of the neurosteroid 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP to block kainic-acid-induced seizures. Bayon, LE; Frye, CA, 1999)	0.3
"Gabapentin is not available in a liquid dosage form for clinical use."	( Development of two stable oral suspensions for gabapentin. Nahata, MC, 1999)	0.3
" Reduction of GBP dosage may be required in elderly patients with reduced renal function."	( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)	0.3
"No significant relationship was seen between dosage and serum levels, nor between serum levels and efficacy or side-effect."	( [In children with refractory epilepsy: vigabatrin or lamotrigine?]. Armijo, JA; Arteaga, R; Caviedes, BE; Herranz, JL, )	0.13
" Once-a-day dosing is sufficient to increase GABA."	( Acute effects of vigabatrin on brain GABA and homocarnosine in patients with complex partial seizures. Collins, T; Hyder, F; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 1999)	0.3
" In electrophysiological experiments, the arginine 120 lysine (R120K) mutation in the alpha 1 subunit, when co-expressed with beta 2 and gamma 2 subunits in Sf-9 insect cells, induces a 180-fold rightward shift of the GABA dose-response curve compared with wild type alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2s GABAA receptors."	( Arginine residue 120 of the human GABAA receptor alpha 1, subunit is essential for GABA binding and chloride ion current gating. Dekermendjian, K; Liljefors, T; Nielsen, M; Rasmussen, PB; Westh-Hansen, SE; Witt, MR, 1999)	0.3
" Further studies are required to confirm this effect and to determine whether a dose-response relationship exists."	( Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. Davidson, JR; Greist, JH; Janney, CA; Jefferson, JW; Katzelnick, DJ; Pande, AC; Sutherland, SM; Weisler, RH, 1999)	0.3
" In fact it showed: (1) very sensitive dose-response not affected by TTX in the bath; (2) an equilibrium potential compatible with Cl-channel conductance; (3) a massive reduction with the competitive GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline; (4) a small reduction, if any, with the potent competitive GABA(B) antagonist CGP55845A; (5) persistence of the responses under 4-AP (4-aminopyridine), the potassium channel blocker, and inhibition of the 4-AP-induced calcium bursts of spikes."	( Purkinje cell inhibitory responses to 3-APPA (3-aminopropylphosphinic acid) in RAT cerebellar slices. Batini, C; Vigot, R, 1999)	0.3
" Slow dosage escalation yields good tolerability."	( Lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Bowden, CL; Mitchell, P; Suppes, T, 1999)	0.3
" Because dosing is often modest, cost should rarely be the overriding factor in choosing a drug for a patient with newly diagnosed epilepsy in the developed world."	( Monostars: an aid to choosing an antiepileptic drug as monotherapy. Brodie, MJ, 1999)	0.3
" Gabapentin was titrated up to a maximal dosage of 3600 mg/day to achieve seizure control or to tolerability."	( Dosing to efficacy with neurontin: the STEPS trial. Study of Titration to Effect Profile of Safety. Morrell, MJ, 1999)	0.3
" The gabapentin dosage was titrated to effective tolerated dose up to 2400 mg/day."	( Gabapentin as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. Bruni, J, 1999)	0.3
" Therefore, gabapentin dosing must be optimized on an individual basis to achieve an adequate trial of the drug and obtain the best seizure control."	( Gabapentin in the management of convulsive disorders. McLean, MJ, 1999)	0.3
" Conversion to TGB monotherapy can be achieved in patients with medically refractory epilepsy, although additional controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of TGB as monotherapy and to establish the effective dosage range."	( Tiagabine. Schachter, SC, 1999)	0.3
" Lamotrigine may offer a much-needed treatment alternative for bipolar depression and could be found effective for acute mania, but the need for slow dosage adjustment and the risk of rash may limit overall clinical utility."	( Gabapentin and lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. Botts, SR; Raskind, J, 1999)	0.3
" The hyperpolarization was dose dependent, and the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 35,348 produced a rightward shift in the agonist dose-response curve."	( A powerful GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of GABAergic neurons in arcuate nucleus. Bosch, MA; Kelly, MJ; Rønnekleiv, OK; Wagner, EJ, 1999)	0.3
"125 mg/kg) produced an apparent shift of the cocaine dose-response curve to the right."	( The GABA(B) agonist CGP 44532 decreases cocaine self-administration in rats: demonstration using a progressive ratio and a discrete trials procedure. Andrews, M; Brebner, K; Froestl, W; Phelan, R; Roberts, DC, 1999)	0.3
" The excitatory effects of L-Glu and BIC and the inhibitory effects of GABA showed a dose-response relationship."	( [Effects of L-glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and their respective antagonists on spontaneous discharge of nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis neurons in rats]. Li, L; Xu, M; Zheng, Y, 1997)	0.59
" After lamotrigine was added for better seizure control and the dosage of gabapentin was tapered, anorgasmia improved."	( Improved sexual function in three men taking lamotrigine for epilepsy. Carwile, ST; Husain, AM; Miller, PP; Radtke, RA, 2000)	0.31
"In the first series of experiments, three dose-response curves were generated that examined the effect of three doses of baclofen (1."	( Effect of baclofen on cocaine self-administration in rats reinforced under fixed-ratio 1 and progressive-ratio schedules. Brebner, K; Phelan, R; Roberts, DC, 2000)	0.31
" We reported that daily dosing increased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in patients with epilepsy."	( Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients. Hyder, F; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 2000)	0.56
" We report 11 MS patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN): 6 intolerant to a therapeutic dosage of CBZ, showing serious adverse effects and subsequently treated with a combination of low-dose CBZ and gabapentin (GBP) (group 1); 5 treated with lamotrigine (LMT), showing adverse effects and subsequently treated with GBP (group 2)."	( Low-dose gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. Leandri, M; Mancardi, GL; Messmer Uccelli, M; Solaro, C; Uccelli, A, 2000)	0.31
" Furthermore, coexpression of wild-type rho1 and gamma2S subunits was found to shift the GABA dose-response curve."	( Evidence for coassembly of mutant GABAC rho1 with GABAA gamma2S, glycine alpha1 and glycine alpha2 receptor subunits in vitro. Lipton, SA; Pan, ZH; Zhang, D; Zhang, X, 2000)	0.31
" Muscimol increased responsiveness to formalin and reduced the slope of the formalin dose-response relation."	( GABAergic modulation of descending inhibitory systems from the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Dose-response analysis of nociception and neurological deficits. Franklin, KB; Gilbert, AK, 2001)	0.31
" Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were dosed from gestational day (GD) 12 to postnatal day (PND) 7, whereupon the rat pups were dosed directly until PND 21 (group A) or PND 42 (group B)."	( Neurotoxicological outcomes of perinatal heptachlor exposure in the rat. Chapin, RE; Harris, MW; Meacham, CA; Moser, VC; Shafer, TJ; Ward, TR, 2001)	0.31
" Study medication was to be given on a three-times-a-day dosing regimen."	( Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. Klapper, J; Magnus, L; Mathew, NT; Ramadan, N; Rapoport, A; Saper, J; Stacey, B; Tepper, S, 2001)	0.31
"Fourteen of the 18 (78%) treated for hypomania or mania had a positive response to a dosage range of 600-3,600 mg/day."	( Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Altshuler, LL; Brown, ES; Denicoff, K; Frye, M; Gitlin, M; Goodman, R; Hwang, S; Keck, PE; Kupka, R; Leverich, G; McElroy, SL; Nolen, W; Post, R; Suppes, T, 1999)	0.3
"Starting gabapentin therapy at an initial therapeutic dosage of 900 mg/day is well tolerated by patients with epilepsy and is as safe as initiating with a titration schedule over 3 days."	( Rapid initiation of gabapentin: a randomized, controlled trial. Bernstein, P; Fisher, RS; Magnus, L; Pellock, J; Penovich, PE; Sachdeo, RC, 2001)	0.31
" Similarly, valproate combined with antipsychotics provided greater improvement in mania than antipsychotic medication alone and resulted in lower dosage of the antipsychotic medication."	( Novel treatments for bipolar disorder. Bowden, CL, 2001)	0.31
" Optimal dosing remains unclear."	( Gabapentin for treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Miller, LJ, 2001)	0.31
" The designs and dosing regimens differed between studies."	( Evidence for the use of gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Hemstreet, B; Lapointe, M, 2001)	0.31
"A highly sensitive and specific method is proposed for the determination of vigabatrin (I) and gabapentin (II) in their dosage forms and spiked human plasma."	( Spectrofluorimetric determination of vigabatrin and gabapentin in dosage forms and spiked plasma samples through derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Al-Deeb, OA; Belal, F; Hassan, EM; Khalil, NY, )	0.13
" The combination PP and low-medium dosed VGB (1000-2000 mg/d) did not increase the GABA+/Cr signals."	( Influence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate alone and in combination with vigabatrin on brain GABA measured by 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. Boesiger, P; Mueller, SG; Weber, OM; Wieser, HG, 2001)	0.31
" Gabapentin was given at the daily dosage of 900 mg."	( Drug-resistant cluster headache responding to gabapentin: a pilot study. Cruccu, G; Gottlieb, A; Leandri, M; Luzzani, M, 2001)	0.31
" In a separate series of in vivo electrophysiological experiments, administration of the same dosage of the taurine antagonist into the supraoptic nucleus via microdialysis resulted in an increased electrical activity of identified vasopressinergic, but not oxytocinergic, neurons."	( Taurine selectively modulates the secretory activity of vasopressin neurons in conscious rats. Ebner, K; Engelmann, M; Landgraf, R; Lubec, G; Ludwig, M; Sabatier, N; Singewald, N; Wotjak, CT, 2001)	0.31
" Also, the dosing of the drug in children has been complicated by negative behavioral adverse effects."	( Gabapentin: a unique anti-epileptic agent. Dougherty, JA; Rhoney, DH, 2001)	0.31
" With long-term dosing and once target doses were achieved at 4 weeks, significant elevations in GABA were observed compared with baseline for all three drugs (topiramate 46%, gabapentin 25%, lamotrigine 25%)."	( Modulation of cerebral GABA by topiramate, lamotrigine, and gabapentin in healthy adults. Faught, E; Gilliam, F; Hetherington, H; Ho, S; Kuzniecky, R; Martin, R; Pan, J, 2002)	0.31
" There was no evidence to suggest dosing difficulties due to tolerance over the 3-year period."	( Long-term use of gabapentin for treatment of pain after traumatic spinal cord injury. Hicken, BL; Kezar, L; Ness, TJ; Putzke, JD; Richards, JS, )	0.13
" Some of the point mutations caused shifts in the GABA dose-response curve, indicating that the mutations changed the apparent affinity of the receptor for GABA."	( Volatile anesthetic actions on the GABAA receptors: contrasting effects of alpha 1(S270) and beta 2(N265) point mutations. Harrison, NL; Jenkins, A; Nishikawa, K; Paraskevakis, I, 2002)	0.31
" A slow upward dose titration is recommended to reduce the incidence of serious rash, but this may delay the attainment of adequate dosage for 6 weeks."	( Lamotrigine update and its use in mood disorders. Hurley, SC, 2002)	0.31
" The selection and dosage of antiepileptic drugs requires proper attention to special pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic situations that are common in older individuals."	( [Gabapentin in the treatment of epilepsy in the elderly]. Gil-Nagel, A, )	0.13
" The classic AEDs had numerous problems, ranging from inconvenient dosing schedules to frequent side effects due to active metabolites and common drug interactions; newer agents have been developed to avoid some of these pitfalls."	( Pharmacokinetics of new anticonvulsants in psychiatry. Morris, HH, 1998)	0.3
" No significant difference was found among other pain descriptors during the gabapentin and placebo treatment, although this may have been limited by the small sample size and low maximum dosage of gabapentin."	( Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Chen, B; DeLisa, JA; Johnston, M; Kirshblum, S; Millis, S; Tai, Q, 2002)	0.31
" VS-3 neuron GABA receptors were activated by muscimol and inhibited by picrotoxin but not bicuculline, and their dose-response relationship had an EC(50) of 103."	( Peripheral GABAergic inhibition of spider mechanosensory afferents. French, AS; Panek, I; Sekizawa, S; Seyfarth, EA; Torkkeli, PH, 2002)	0.31
" A sub-chronic dosing regimen of low cumulative manganese exposure (4."	( Low cumulative manganese exposure affects striatal GABA but not dopamine. Gwiazda, RH; Lee, D; Sheridan, J; Smith, DR, 2002)	0.31
" During 2- and 6-week titration periods, respectively, GBP dosage reached 1,800 mg/day, and LTG, 150 mg/day."	( Gabapentin versus lamotrigine monotherapy: a double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Anhut, H; Brodie, MJ; Chadwick, DW; Garofalo, EA; Maton, S; Messmer, SL; Murray, G; Otte, A; Sauermann, W, 2002)	0.31
" Glycine dose-response curves were shifted to the right by GES (0."	( Guanidinoethyl sulphonate is a glycine receptor antagonist in striatum. Chepkova, AN; Haas, HL; Sergeeva, OA, 2002)	0.31
" The mean effective dosage at the end of the 6-week treatment period was 1,855 mg, although therapeutic effects were already observed at the end of week 4 (1,391 mg)."	( Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study. de la Llave, Y; Garcia-Borreguero, D; Hernandez, G; Larrosa, O; Masramon, X; Verger, K, 2002)	0.31
" Mean dosage +/- SD at week 8 was 1270 +/- 561."	( Effectiveness of adjunctive gabapentin in resistant bipolar disorder: is it due to anxious-alcohol abuse comorbidity? Akiskal, HS; Frare, F; Moretti, L; Perugi, G; Ruffolo, G; Toni, C; Torti, C, 2002)	0.31
" BDNF action was mediated by TrkB-receptors and had no effects on: (i) the amplitude and dose-response of GABA-evoked IPSCs and (ii) the number of GABA(A) receptor clusters and the total functioning synapses, suggesting that the neurotrophin unlikely acted postsynaptically."	( BDNF up-regulates evoked GABAergic transmission in developing hippocampus by potentiating presynaptic N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels signalling. Baldelli, P; Carabelli, V; Carbone, E; Hernández-Guijo, JM; Novara, M, 2002)	0.31
" After stabilising at each dosage, a sequence of serum and saliva samples were collected within the dosage interval; GBP and co-medication concentrations were determined and the results subjected to PK modelling."	( The absorption of gabapentin following high dose escalation. Beran, RG; Berry, DJ; Clarke, LA; Hung, WT; Plunkeft, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" The high dosage of GABA needed to affect the light responses of HCs could be due to strong GABA uptake systems in the intact rabbit retina."	( The effects of GABA and vigabatrin on horizontal cell responses to light and the effect of vigabatrin on the electroretinogram. Hanitzsch, R; Küppers, L, 2002)	0.31
"The influence of age and administered daily dosage on the plasma concentrations of gabapentin (GBP) at steady state was evaluated in a group of 41 children and young adults (aged 3-30 years) receiving long-term adjunctive treatment with GBP for the management of refractory partial-onset seizures."	( Plasma gabapentin concentrations in children with epilepsy: influence of age, relationship with dosage, and preliminary observations on correlation with clinical response. Bonanni, P; Bonomi, I; Ferrari, AR; Gatti, G; Guerrini, R; Perucca, E, 2003)	0.32
" When neocortical slices were treated in vitro for 3 h with 10 microM SKF, ALLO was also reduced (25-30%) and in addition, the GABA dose-response curve was shifted to the right; however this shift was not as marked as the shift in the slices obtained from mice treated with SKF, in keeping with the smaller decrease of the ALLO content in these slices."	( On the putative physiological role of allopregnanolone on GABA(A) receptor function. Costa, E; Guidotti, A; Matsumoto, K; Mienville, JM; Puia, G; Takahata, H; Watanabe, H, 2003)	0.32
" Higher, open-label gabapentin dosing was associated with 54% and 67% reductions in hot flash frequency and composite score from baseline, respectively."	( Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Guttuso, T; Kieburtz, K; Kurlan, R; McDermott, MP, 2003)	0.32
" In this study, conventional analgesics were continued at a therapeutic level, and gabapentin was administrated for an 18-day titration period followed by a 5-week maintenance period at a dosage of 1800 mg/day or the maximum tolerable dosage."	( Gabapentin effect on neuropathic pain compared among patients with spinal cord injury and different durations of symptoms. Ahn, SH; Bae, JH; Jang, SH; Lee, BS; Moon, HW; Park, HW; Sakong, J, 2003)	0.32
" In this report, we show that ATP elicits Ca(2+) responses producing a monophasic dose-response curve with an EC(50) value of 24."	( GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic potentiation of ATP ionotropic receptors in rat midbrain synaptosomes. Gómez-Villafuertes, R; Gualix, J; Miras-Portugal, MT; Pintor, J, 2003)	0.32
"The goals of this article were to review data on the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults and to determine the optimal dosing schedule."	( Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Backonja, M; Glanzman, RL, 2003)	0.32
" Results form the basis of recommended pregabalin dosing regimens in patients with decreased renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in subjects with various degrees of renal function. Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Cook, JA; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Sedman, AJ, 2003)	0.32
" In contrast, biochemical study (based on dosage of plasma levels of GABA and diazepam binding inhibitor, an endogenous ligand of GABAA and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, showed contradictory results: patients with Angelman's syndrome showed significantly higher levels of GABA and diazepam binding inhibitor than patients without neurologic impairment but significantly lower levels than epileptic controls."	( Peripheral markers of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system in Angelman's syndrome. Borgatti, R; Cogliati, T; Elia, M; Ferrarese, C; Grasso, R; Musumeci, SA; Passoni, D; Piccinelli, P; Raggi, ME; Romeo, A; Valseriati, D; Viri, M, 2003)	0.62
" To gain more insight into retinal excitotoxicity, we carried out a dose-response study in adult rats using alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), a glutamate analogue."	( Low sensitivity of retina to AMPA-induced calcification. Andrés, N; Mahy, N; Malpesa, Y; Rodríguez, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Given the maximal dosage studied, pregabalin had acceptable tolerability compared to placebo despite a greater incidence of side effects, which were generally mild to moderate in intensity."	( Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bockbrader, H; Corbin, AE; Dworkin, RH; Garofalo, EA; LaMoreaux, L; Poole, RM; Sharma, U; Young, JP, 2003)	0.32
"To establish the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin administered twice-daily (BID) without dose titration as adjunctive treatment in patients with partial seizures and to confirm the dose-response relationship."	( Dose-response trial of pregabalin adjunctive therapy in patients with partial seizures. French, JA; Garofalo, EA; Knapp, LE; Kugler, AR; Robbins, JL, 2003)	0.32
"Our objectives were to describe the exposure-response relationship of pregabalin add-on treatment for refractory partial seizures after multiple dosing in patients and to identify the factors that influence this relationship."	( Exposure-response analysis of pregabalin add-on treatment of patients with refractory partial seizures. Bockbrader, H; Burger, P; Corrigan, B; Frame, B; Garofalo, E; Lalonde, R; Miller, R, 2003)	0.32
"Pregabalin add-on treatment demonstrates a dose-response relationship in 3 out of 4 patients with refractory partial seizures."	( Exposure-response analysis of pregabalin add-on treatment of patients with refractory partial seizures. Bockbrader, H; Burger, P; Corrigan, B; Frame, B; Garofalo, E; Lalonde, R; Miller, R, 2003)	0.32
" More studies are needed to determine the best dosing regimen to optimize efficacy and tolerability."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, multicenter study of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Carter, CM; Cohn, CK; Crockatt, JG; Dubovsky, SJ; Feltner, DE; Liu-Dumaw, M; Pande, AC; Shrivastava, RK; Targum, SD, 2003)	0.32
" The recommended dosage in adults is 300 mg at bedtime on day 1,300 mg BID on day 2, and 300 mg TID on day 3, titrating up as needed to 2400 to 3600 mg/d."	( The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Kennedy, DH; Singh, D, 2003)	0.32
"The purposes of this review were to assess the gabapentin titration and dosing regimens that have been published in peer-reviewed journals, to develop dosing recommendations to maximize antiseizure efficacy without compromising tolerability, and to formulate guidelines for an adequate therapeutic assessment of gabapentin dosage efficacy."	( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy. Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" These were reviewed to assess the range of dosing and titration schedules reported."	( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy. Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)	0.32
" Side effects occurred around the onset of dosing and were reported in some studies to be transient."	( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy. Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"Based in the literature here, in most adult patients, gabapentin may be initiated at a dosage of 900 mg/d and titrated to maintenance dosages > or = 3600 mg/d."	( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy. Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)	0.32
"35 ml) were added single dosing into this chamber with living physiological solution in concentration 10(-15)-10(-27) mol/l."	( [Regulation of the neuronal functional state by ultra low doses of different biologically active substances. Nonspecific effect ]. Grechenko, TN; Terekhova, SF, )	0.13
" Patients randomized to GBP started on 1800 mg/d and could have their dosage increased stepwise to 2400 and 3600 mg/d if seizures persisted."	( Serum concentrations and effects of gabapentin and vigabatrin: observations from a dose titration study. Johannessen, SI; Larsson, S; Lindberger, M; Luhr, O; Tomson, T, 2003)	0.32
" Although its half-life is relatively short (6 to 8 hours), its duration of action is longer than anticipated from its pharmacokinetics in plasma, and a twice-daily dosing regimen is adequate to produce the desired response."	( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come? Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)	0.32
" Hill slope coefficients for the tested anticonvulsants indicate that the dose-response curve was less steep for gabapentin than for phenytoin, carbamazepine and ethosuximide."	( Potent analgesic effects of anticonvulsants on peripheral thermal nociception in rats. Jevtovic-Todorovic, V; Rastogi, AJ; Todorovic, SM, 2003)	0.32
" Corresponding dose-response relationships are close to single-site binding isotherms."	( Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators. Chatterjee, SS; Kondratskaya, EL; Krishtal, OA, 2003)	0.32
"Nicotine maintained stable self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule with a linear dose-response function ( r=0."	( The GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532 decreased nicotine self-administration in the rat. Froestl, W; Markou, A; Paterson, NE, 2004)	0.32
" After 1-d or 14-d withdrawal from Amph, they were challenged on day 8 (W1d) or on day 21 (W14d) with a single same dosage and then perfused."	( Age- and region-dependent alterations in the GABAergic innervation in the brain of rats treated with amphetamine. Chen, CT; Lin, TY; Yin, HS, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-response (D-R) curves and kinetic measurements of GABA rho(1) currents were carried out in the presence or absence of antagonists."	( Studies on the mechanisms of action of picrotoxin, quercetin and pregnanolone at the GABA rho 1 receptor. Calvo, DJ; Goutman, JD, 2004)	0.32
" Most of these studies assayed changes in GABA dose-response curves, which are macroscopic measures that depend on the interplay of many processes and cannot resolve individual microscopic transitions."	( An arginine involved in GABA binding and unbinding but not gating of the GABA(A) receptor. Czajkowski, C; Jones, MV; Wagner, DA, 2004)	0.32
" This dosage produced a substantial but non-significant decrease in the incidence of postherpetic pain-related responses."	( Effects of the suppression of acute herpetic pain by gabapentin and amitriptyline on the incidence of delayed postherpetic pain in mice. Kuraishi, Y; Nojima, H; Shiraki, K; Takahata, H; Takasaki, I, 2004)	0.32
" This was followed by a 4-week stable dosing period when the patients continued to receive maximum tolerated doses, a 2-week washout period, then a crossover of 4 weeks of medication/placebo titration, and another 4 weeks of stable dosing period."	( Gabapentin is a first line drug for the treatment of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. Levendoglu, F; Ogün, CO; Ogün, TC; Ozerbil, O; Ugurlu, H, 2004)	0.32
" 6-Methylflavone (60 microM) did not significantly affect the GABA dose-response curve at rho1 GABAC receptors."	( Flumazenil-independent positive modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid action by 6-methylflavone at human recombinant alpha1beta2gamma2L and alpha1beta2 GABAA receptors. Chebib, M; Hall, BJ; Hanrahan, JR; Johnston, GA, 2004)	0.58
" This was not seen following similar dosing of diazepam."	( Sub-chronic administration of zolpidem affects modifications to rat sleep architecture. Dunn, SL; Johnson, C; Koblan, KS; Motzel, SL; Renger, JJ, 2004)	0.32
" Rapid clearance of the drug necessitates dosing three or more times per day to maintain therapeutic levels."	( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys. Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)	0.32
"5 mg/d, are reasonable initial dosages, and if symptoms do not improve within a week or two, the dosage can be doubled."	( Management of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors and men with prostate cancer. Stearns, V, 2004)	0.32
" Caffeine shifted the GABA dose-response curve downward and decreased the maximum response to 57% without changing K(d) value."	( [Inhibitory effect of caffeine on GABA-activated current in acutely isolated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons]. An, J; Li, S; Li, ZW; Sun, CK, 2004)	0.32
" The norepinephrine dose-response curve was shifted to the left with dehydration, revealing an increase in norepinephrine sensitivity."	( Dehydration-induced synaptic plasticity in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. Di, S; Tasker, JG, 2004)	0.32
"3 h, and dose-proportional maximal plasma concentrations and total exposures predict a dose-response relationship in clinical practice and allow an effective starting dose of 150 mg/day in clinical practice without need for titration."	( Pregabalin pharmacology and its relevance to clinical practice. Ben-Menachem, E, 2004)	0.32
" Pregabalin, at 150, 300, and 600 mg/day, was significantly superior to placebo in reducing seizure frequency with a clear dose-response relationship."	( Pregabalin as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. Brodie, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" On Day 8, an antinociceptive dose-response curve was constructed and the 50% effective dose (ED(50)) values for morphine (given alone) were calculated for each study group."	( The effects of intrathecal gabapentin on spinal morphine tolerance in the rat tail-flick and paw pressure tests. Gilron, I; Hansen, C; Hong, M, 2004)	0.32
" In all participants TMS procedures were carried out before and after administering GVG for three consecutive days at a daily dosage of 50 mg/kg."	( Effect of Vigabatrin on motor responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation: an effective tool to investigate in vivo GABAergic cortical inhibition in humans. Bernardi, G; Brusa, L; Caramia, MD; Galati, S; Marciani, MG; Palmieri, MG; Pierantozzi, M; Stanzione, P, 2004)	0.32
" A dose-response curve revealed a bell-shaped effect of 3alpha,5alpha-THP on ePSA-NCAM+ progenitor proliferation, with greatest stimulation at nanomolar concentrations."	( 3alpha,5alpha-Tetrahydroprogesterone (allopregnanolone) and gamma-aminobutyric acid: autocrine/paracrine interactions in the control of neonatal PSA-NCAM+ progenitor proliferation. Avellana-Adalid, V; Baron-Van Evercooren, A; Cadepond, F; El-Etr, M; Gago, N; Samuel, D; Sananès, N; Schumacher, M, 2004)	0.57
" This study examined the effects of gabapentin on signs of central sensitization (brush and pinprick hyperalgesia) in a human model of capsaicin-evoked pain, using a gabapentin dosing regimen similar to that used in the clinic."	( Chronic oral gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental hyperalgesia. Bach, FW; Brown, J; Chizh, BA; Gottrup, H; Jensen, TS; Juhl, G; Kristensen, AD; Lai, R, 2004)	0.32
"01), but GBP daily dosage or concomitant AEDs had no significant influence on the ratio."	( Association between patient age and gabapentin serum concentration-to-dose ratio: a preliminary multivariate analysis. Adín, J; Armijo, JA; Pena, MA; Vega-Gil, N, 2004)	0.32
" AMI-193, a 5-HT(2A) antagonist (10(-10) to 10(-5) M), reduced GABA release in a dose-response manner, while it induced an increase of 5-HT outflow."	( A cortical GABA-5HT interaction in the mechanism of action of the antidepressant trazodone. Garrone, B; Luparini, MR; Pazzagli, M; Pepeu, G; Pinza, M, 2004)	0.32
" Receptors desensitized and deactivated rapidly, and dose-response measurements estimated an EC(50) of approximately 30 microM."	( GABAA receptor kinetics in the cerebellar nuclei: evidence for detection of transmitter from distant release sites. Pugh, JR; Raman, IM, 2005)	0.33
" Compared with the model group, the concentration of Glu in the middle and large dosage groups of TGF, during the 120 min of ischemia, reduced by 38."	( [Effects of tianma gouteng fang on transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus extracellular liquids in freely moving rats subjected to brain ischemia]. Du, GY; Sun, XF; Wang, DQ; Wang, W; Ye, ZG; Zhang, CY; Zhao, DZ, 2004)	0.32
"01) difference when the highest dosage of the drug was administered."	( Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an alpha2delta ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes. Boileau, C; Boily, M; Brunet, J; El-Kattan, A; Flory, C; Martel-Pelletier, J; Pelletier, JP; Schrier, D; Tardif, G, 2005)	0.33
" Initial studies examined the dose-response effects of injection of baclofen (0."	( Injections of baclofen into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex block the initiation, but not the expression, of cocaine sensitization in rats. Beyer, CE; Steketee, JD, 2005)	0.33
" Further work is required to establish the optimal dosage and to validate the methods used to quantify the response to treatment."	( Gabapentin can improve postural stability and quality of life in primary orthostatic tremor. Byrnes, ML; Edwards, DJ; Mastaglia, FL; Rodrigues, JP; Stell, R; Thickbroom, G; Walters, SE, 2005)	0.33
" Confirmation that different levels of GABA affect different receptor subtypes was demonstrated by the shift in the GABA dose-response curves to the selective antagonists."	( Opposing roles for GABAA and GABAC receptors in short-term memory formation in young chicks. Gibbs, ME; Johnston, GA, 2005)	0.33
" The current study evaluated the anxiolytic efficacy of BID versus TID dosing of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder."	( Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of BID versus TID dosing. Feltner, DE; Fieve, RR; Pande, AC; Pohl, RB, 2005)	0.33
"Gabapentin at a dosage of 1200 mg/d is safe and effective in treatment of epilepsy."	( [Curative effect of gabapentin on refractory epilepsy]. Ding, MP; Hong, Z; Lü, CZ; Ma, GY; Pan, YF; Pan, YZ; Wang, DS; Wang, DX; Xiao, B; Zhao, QC; Zhu, GX, 2005)	0.33
" These results present a novel interpretation of synergistic inhibition of certain epileptic discharges using vigabatrin and another drug, and that for successful synergistic treatment of epilepsies carefully designed timed dosage regimens are essential."	( Antiepileptic action induced by a combination of vigabatrin and tiagabine. Fueta, Y; Kunugita, N; Schwarz, W, 2005)	0.33
" Following recovery, the phencyclidine dose-response curve was repeated in the fixed-interval paradigm."	( Effects of phencyclidine on schedule-controlled responding following neurotoxic lesions of the striatum. Carlson, KM; Wagner, GC, 2005)	0.33
" Pregabalin dosing aimed at optimal balance of efficacy and tolerability provides significant pain relief and may reduce risks for AEs and therapy discontinuation."	( Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexible- and fixed-dose regimens. Balkenohl, M; Freynhagen, R; Griesing, T; Strojek, K; Whalen, E, 2005)	0.33
" Results of these studies showed efficacy at doses of 150 mg per day, and a dose-response relationship up to doses of 600 mg per day."	( [Clinical experiences with pregabalin in the treatment of focal epilepsies]. Gil-Nagel Rein, A; Gómez-Alonso, J, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves for current amplitudes, activation kinetics, and GABA-dependent desensitization parameters showed a parallel shift towards 30- to 40-fold higher GABA concentrations."	( Molecular analysis of the A322D mutation in the GABA receptor alpha-subunit causing juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Bufler, J; Cossette, P; Krampfl, K; Lerche, H; Maljevic, S; Rouleau, GA; Ziegler, E, 2005)	0.33
"6-fold shift in morphine's dose-response curve."	( Attenuation of morphine tolerance by intrathecal gabapentin is associated with suppression of morphine-evoked excitatory amino acid release in the rat spinal cord. Lee, MS; Lin, JA; Lin, SL; Wen, ZH; Wong, CS; Wu, CT; Yeh, CC, 2005)	0.33
"Gabapentin has been shown to provide pain relief for post-herpetic neuralgia at dosage of 1200 to 2400 mg/day."	( Starting dose of gabapentin for patients with post-herpetic neuralgia--a dose-response study. Jean, WH; Mok, MS; Sun, WZ; Wu, CC, 2005)	0.33
" H-89, per se, did not modify glutamate release but reduced extracellular GABA value at the higher dosage used (200 microM)."	( Differential roles of mGlu8 receptors in the regulation of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid release at periaqueductal grey level. de Novellis, V; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Mariani, L; Palazzo, E; Rodella, L; Rossi, F; Siniscalco, D, 2005)	0.56
" Responder rates across the effective doses (150-600 mg/day) ranged from 14% to 51% and demonstrated a significant dose-response relationship."	( Defining success in clinical trials--profiling pregabalin, the newest AED. Ryvlin, P, 2005)	0.33
" In the presence of 300 microM Lu(3+), dose-response curves for GABA-evoked currents showed a significant enhancement of the maximum amplitude and an increase of the apparent affinity."	( Analysis of macroscopic ionic currents mediated by GABArho1 receptors during lanthanide modulation predicts novel states controlling channel gating. Calvo, DJ; Escobar, AL; Goutman, JD, 2005)	0.33
"Patients were stabilised using phenobarbitone and/or potassium bromide to produce tolerable therapeutic serum concentrations and dosed additionally with gabapentin at 35 to 50 mg/kg/d (divided twice or three times daily) for 4 months."	( Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Govendir, M; Malik, R; Perkins, M, 2005)	0.33
" At low concentration, bilobalide (3 microM) caused a parallel right shift and surmountable GABA maximal response of the GABA dose-response curve characteristic of a competitive antagonist."	( Mixed antagonistic effects of bilobalide at rho1 GABAC receptor. Chebib, M; Duke, RK; Huang, SH; Johnston, GA; Sasaki, K; Wada, K, 2006)	0.33
"5-5 mg/kg) produced a rightward shift of a heroin dose-response curve, while vigabatrin (75-300 mg/kg), baclofen (0."	( Role of opioidergic mechanisms and GABA uptake inhibition in the heroin-induced discriminative stimulus effects in rats. Filip, M; Krówka, T; Przewłocki, R; Solecki, W, )	0.13
" Dosage could be adjusted based on tolerability and maintained when a 4-week seizure-free period was achieved."	( Pregabalin add-on treatment in patients with partial seizures: a novel evaluation of flexible-dose and fixed-dose treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anhut, H; Barrett, JA; Brodie, MJ; Elger, CE; Lee, CM, 2005)	0.33
" Lower incidence of adverse events and discontinuations were achieved in patients receiving pregabalin when dosing was individualized to optimize efficacy and tolerability."	( Pregabalin add-on treatment in patients with partial seizures: a novel evaluation of flexible-dose and fixed-dose treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anhut, H; Barrett, JA; Brodie, MJ; Elger, CE; Lee, CM, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response studies with 6-hydroxydopamine revealed that the application of 200 microg per animal caused hypokinetic signs (decreased ambulatory activity, increased inactivity, and reduced motor coordination), which paralleled several signs of degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (dopamine depletion in the caudate-putamen, and decreased mRNA levels for tyrosine hydroxylase and superoxide dismutase-1 and -2 in the substantia nigra)."	( Effects of rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. de Miguel, R; Fernández-Ruiz, J; García-Arencibia, M; González, S; Ramos, JA; Scorticati, C, 2006)	0.33
" Tiagabine was initiated at 4 mg/day and then flexibly dosed twice a day to a maximum dose of 16 mg/day."	( The selective GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: results of a placebo-controlled study. Brown, C; Ondrasik, J; Pollack, MH; Rickels, K; Roy-Byrne, PP; Snyder, H; Van Ameringen, M, 2005)	0.33
" The method was successfully applied to the analysis of gabapentin in plasma from dosed patients for therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection for the analysis of gabapentin in human plasma. Chung, TC; Tai, CT; Wu, HL, 2006)	0.33
"This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of pregabalin dosed twice daily (BID) for relief of neuro-pathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)."	( Efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily pregabalin for treating pain and related sleep interference in postherpetic neuralgia: a 13-week, randomized trial. Feister, HA; Rigaudy, L; Stoker, M; van Seventer, R; Versavel, M; Young, JP, 2006)	0.33
"Pregabalin, dosed BID, reduced neuropathic pain associated with PHN and was well tolerated."	( Efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily pregabalin for treating pain and related sleep interference in postherpetic neuralgia: a 13-week, randomized trial. Feister, HA; Rigaudy, L; Stoker, M; van Seventer, R; Versavel, M; Young, JP, 2006)	0.33
" The improved pharmacokinetic profile of pregabalin relative to gabapentin is manifested in linear and dose-independent absorption and a narrow therapeutic dosing range."	( Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin? Guay, DR, 2005)	0.33
" First, the maximally effective gabapentin dosage (600-2,700 mg/day) for each patient was determined during an initial dose-titration phase."	( Blinded placebo crossover study of gabapentin in primary orthostatic tremor. Byrnes, ML; Edwards, DJ; Mastaglia, FL; Rodrigues, JP; Stell, R; Thickbroom, GW; Walters, SE, 2006)	0.33
" In contrast, CPCCOEt shifted the EtOH dose-response function downwards, enhanced the capacity of higher EtOH doses to elevate NAC levels of GABA and lowered extracellular dopamine and glutamate below baseline following EtOH injection."	( Behavioral and neurochemical interactions between Group 1 mGluR antagonists and ethanol: potential insight into their anti-addictive properties. Hannun, RA; Kapasova, Z; Lominac, KD; Middaugh, LD; Patterson, C; Szumlinski, KK, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, single or repeated dosing of gabapentin reduced cutaneous but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers."	( Multiple dose gabapentin attenuates cutaneous pain and central sensitisation but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers. Segerdahl, M, 2006)	0.33
" Pregabalin in both dosage treatment groups (400 mg/day, p < ."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of pregabalin and venlafaxine. Kasper, S; Montgomery, SA; Pande, AC; Tobias, K; Zornberg, GL, 2006)	0.33
" Additionally, pregabalin (initial dosage 450 mg/day) was effective for the prevention of relapse of GAD over 34 weeks."	( Pregabalin: in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. Foster, RH; Frampton, JE, 2006)	0.33
" Initial gabapentin dosage was 600 mg/day."	( The effect of gabapentin in earlier stage of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Duman, I; Hazneci, B; Kalyon, TA; Tan, AK; Taşkaynatan, MA, 2007)	0.34
" When dosed at 10mg/kg, beta-acids increased, in the elevated plus maze, open arm entries reducing in parallel those in closed arms."	( Evidence that the beta-acids fraction of hops reduces central GABAergic neurotransmission. Avallone, R; Baraldi, M; Brusiani, F; Losi, G; Puia, G; Rivasi, M; Zanoli, P; Zavatti, M, 2007)	0.34
" Taking maximum relative contraction speed and minimal relative projected body area as a measure of the sponge's response, a comparison of the dose-response curves indicated a higher sensitivity of the contractile tissue for GABA than for L: -Glu."	( GABA and glutamate specifically induce contractions in the sponge Tethya wilhelma. Eich, A; Ellwanger, K; Nickel, M, 2007)	0.34
" For these older drugs it has been common practice to adjust the dosage to achieve a serum drug concentration within a predefined 'therapeutic range', representing an interval where most patients are expected to show an optimal response."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed? Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)	0.33
" We used a repeated dosing paradigm because there are precedents showing that repeated drug exposure may be necessary to demonstrate analgesia in neuropathic pain models."	( Chemotherapy-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy: analgesic effects of gabapentin and effects on expression of the alpha-2-delta type-1 calcium channel subunit. Bennett, GJ; Boroujerdi, A; Luo, ZD; Xiao, W, 2007)	0.34
"We report the case of a woman with an apparent primary thunderclap headache which occurred frequently until she achieved a therapeutic dosage of gabapentin."	( Persistent primary thunderclap headache responsive to gabapentin. Black, DF; Garza, I, 2006)	0.33
" There was no need to decrease of the dosage of GBP and the side effects were mild and of transitory nature."	( [Efficacy, safety and effect on the quality of life of gabapentin in adult epilepsy--results of a prospective open-label quasi naturalistic Hungarian multicenter study (phase human-IV)]. Rajna, P; Szíjártó, E, 2006)	0.33
" Thus, monitoring and dosage adjustment are required, without discontinuation of the drug."	( Therapeutic management of chronic neuropathic pain: an examination of pharmacologic treatment. Argyra, E; Moka, E; Siafaka, I; Vadalouca, A; Vrachnou, E, 2006)	0.33
" Pregabalin was administered either intraperitoneally (IP) or intrathecally (IT) and dosed up incrementally until an antiallodynic effect without sedation or motor impairment was apparent."	( Antiallodynic effect of pregabalin in rat models of sympathetically maintained and sympathetic independent neuropathic pain. Han, DW; Kweon, TD; Lee, JS; Lee, YW, 2007)	0.34
" The anticonvulsant and acute adverse effects of the combination of TPM with GBP at the fixed ratio of 1:1 were determined using the type I isobolographic analysis for nonparallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	( Isobolographic analysis of interaction between drugs with nonparallel dose-response relationship curves: a practical application. Luszczki, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Here, a collection of subchronic to chronic rodent and nonhuman primate studies was evaluated to determine whether there is a consistent dose-response relationship among studies, whether there is a progression of effects with increasing dose, and whether these studies are adequate for evaluating the neurotoxicity of chronic low-level manganese exposures in humans."	( Adequacy and consistency of animal studies to evaluate the neurotoxicity of chronic low-level manganese exposure in humans. Gwiazda, R; Lucchini, R; Smith, D, 2007)	0.34
" In contrast, the tmax and terminal half-life of gabapentin did not change after oral dosing for all treatments."	( In vivo effects of glycyl-glutamate and glycyl-sarcosine on gabapentin oral absorption in rat. Fleisher, D; Nguyen, TV; Smith, DE, 2007)	0.34
" Individualization of dosage and avoidance of unnecessary polypharmacy are essential for safe utilization of anti-epileptic drugs."	( [Epilepsy in the elderly]. Yoshino, A, 2007)	0.34
" A single dose of 1 mug of VEGF, chosen from a dose-response study, highly disrupted the BBB in the ventral mesencephalon in a time-dependent manner."	( Blood-brain barrier disruption induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Cano, J; Machado, A; Rite, I; Venero, JL, 2007)	0.34
"Gabapentin, at a maintenance dosage of 900 to 3600 mg/d for 8 weeks, or lactose placebo."	( Relief of idiopathic subjective tinnitus: is gabapentin effective? Chole, RA; Finnell, J; Piccirillo, JF; Spitznagel, E; Vlahiotis, A, 2007)	0.34
"Adjuvants are compounds which by themselves have undesirable side-effects or low potency but in combination with opioids allow a reduction of narcotic dosing for postoperative pain control."	( Useful adjuvants for postoperative pain management. Buvanendran, A; Kroin, JS, 2007)	0.34
" In addition the optimal time frame for cell grafting after ischemia and the optimal dosing of grafted cells were also studied."	( Functional recovery in rats with ischemic paraplegia after spinal grafting of human spinal stem cells. Cizkova, D; Hazel, T; Hefferan, MP; Johe, K; Kakinohana, O; Kucharova, K; Marsala, M; Marsala, S, 2007)	0.34
" All fenamates tested (1-100 microM) dose-dependently potentiated GABA-evoked currents; mefenamic acid (MFA) was the most potent and efficacious and was found to shift the GABA dose-response curve to the left without effect on the maximum amplitude or the GABA Hill Slope."	( Characterization of the interaction between fenamates and hippocampal neuron GABA(A) receptors. Coyne, L; Halliwell, RF; Patten, D; Su, J, )	0.13
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of pregabalin are reviewed."	( Pregabalin: an antiepileptic agent useful for neuropathic pain. Blommel, AL; Blommel, ML, 2007)	0.34
" The starting dosage for patients with neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy is 50 mg three times daily and may be increased to 300 mg daily within one week based on efficacy and tolerability."	( Pregabalin: an antiepileptic agent useful for neuropathic pain. Blommel, AL; Blommel, ML, 2007)	0.34
" Four of the available six placebo-controlled trials were found acceptable for a pooled analysis of dose-response relationship."	( Dose-response relationship of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. A pooled analysis of four placebo-controlled trials. Bech, P, 2007)	0.34
" Treatment was continued for 6 days, during which the dosage was progressively decreased, and the mare was discharged."	( Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse. Davis, JL; Elce, Y; Posner, LP, 2007)	0.34
" Sanjoinine A also increased sleeping rate and sleeping time when administered combined with pentobarbital at a sub-hypnotic dosage and showed synergistic effects with muscimol in potentiating sleeping onset and enhancing sleeping time induced by pentobarbital."	( Sanjoinine A isolated from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the modification of GABA-ergic systems. Eun, JS; Han, H; Hong, JT; Kim, HC; Ma, Y; Oh, KW, 2007)	0.34
" Better effects could be achieved with earlier use of high dosage GABA or Na-DMPS."	( The antidotal effects of high-dosage gamma-aminobutyric acid on acute tetramine poisoning as compared with sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate. Han, J; Sun, P; Weng, Y, 2007)	0.61
" In addition to reassurance, pregabalin was prescribed for these myotonic symptoms at a dosage of 50 mg by mouth three times daily."	( Successful amelioration of oxaliplatin-induced hyperexcitability syndrome with the antiepileptic pregabalin in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Hashmi, S; Saif, MW, 2008)	0.35
" A flexible dosing approach appears appropriate to ensure patient compliance and treatment success."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in treatment refractory patients with various neuropathic pain entities in clinical routine. Freynhagen, R; Grond, S; Hagebeuker, A; Junker, U; Konrad, C; Schmelz, M; Schüpfer, G; Von Giesen, HJ; Wagner, KJ; Ziegler, D, 2007)	0.34
"A rapid, sensitive and accurate high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection method was developed and validated for the quantification of gabapentin in dosage forms."	( Optimization of an HPLC method for determination of gabapentin in dosage forms through derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Jalalizadeh, H; Shafiee, A; Souri, E, 2007)	0.34
"Both gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for the management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), although dosing and pharmacokinetic differences between these medications may affect their use in actual practice."	( A retrospective evaluation of the use of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia in usual-care settings. Gore, M; Sadosky, A; Stacey, B; Tai, KS, 2007)	0.34
" However, the results should not be extrapolated to other gabapentin drug products and to other tablet dosage forms."	( Comparison of the stability of split and intact gabapentin tablets. Ciavarella, AB; Faustino, PJ; Gupta, A; Khan, MA; Sayeed, VA; Volpe, DA, 2008)	0.35
" correlated with blood concentrations within 4 h after dosing, and maximal efficacy was obtained 2 h after dosing when the maximal blood concentration was achieved at either dose."	( Effect of a new alpha 2 delta ligand PD-217014 on visceral hypersensitivity induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats. Kawai, M; Kurebayashi, Y; Ninomiya, N; Ohashi, K; Taylor, C, 2008)	0.35
" However, patients on the same PGB dosage per body weight had rather different PGB trough concentrations, which could be explained only in part by age and comedication."	( Serum concentrations of pregabalin in patients with epilepsy: the influence of dose, age, and comedication. Jürgens, U; May, TW; Neb, R; Rambeck, B, 2007)	0.34
"We introduce a system for temperature control of a commercial microfluidic superfusion device that, in combination with patch-clamp, enables rapid acquisition of dose-response data at different temperatures."	( Ligand-specific temperature-dependent shifts in EC50 values for the GABAA receptor. Bridle, H; Jesorka, A; Lincoln, P; Millingen, M; Orwar, O, 2008)	0.35
" The most frequently used dosing regimen involved a starting dose of 150mg/d and dose escalation to 300mg/d after one week (mean: 301mg/d, administered in two doses)."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy or postherpetic neuralgia: Open-label, non-comparative, flexible-dose study. Baron, R; Binder, A; Brasser, M; Brunnmüller, U; May, M, 2008)	0.35
" Withdrawal of female rats from prolonged systemic dosing with progesterone leads to increased numbers of alpha4, beta1 and delta GABA(A) receptor subunit-immunoreactive neurones in the PAG."	( GABA in the female brain -- oestrous cycle-related changes in GABAergic function in the periaqueductal grey matter. Lovick, TA, 2008)	0.35
" Redox modulation of GABArho(1) receptors was strongly dependent on the GABA concentration; dose-response curves for GABA were shifted to the left in the presence of reducing agents, whereas oxidizing agents produced the opposite effect, without changes in the maximal response to GABA and in the Hill coefficient."	( Redox modulation of homomeric rho1 GABA receptors. Calero, CI; Calvo, DJ, 2008)	0.35
" It also significantly increased the falling asleep rate and duration of sleeping time at a sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg)."	( Cyclopeptide alkaloid fraction from Zizyphi Spinosi Semen enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors. Han, H; Hong, JT; Kim, YB; Ma, Y; Nam, SY; Oh, KW; Yun, YP, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin across the effective dosing range, to determine differences in the efficacy of three times daily (TID) versus twice daily (BID) dosage schedules, and to use time-to-event analysis to determine the time to onset of a sustained therapeutic effect using data from seven trials of pregabalin in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Durso-Decruz, E; Emir, B; Freeman, R, 2008)	0.35
" Only one trial included all three of these dosages, and TID dosing was used in four."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Durso-Decruz, E; Emir, B; Freeman, R, 2008)	0.35
"Treatment with pregabalin across its effective dosing range is associated with significant, dose-related improvement in pain in patients with DPN."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Durso-Decruz, E; Emir, B; Freeman, R, 2008)	0.35
" This was seen in the 150 mg/day, 300-450 mg/day and 600 mg/day dosing groups."	( Efficacy of pregabalin in depressive symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a pooled analysis of 6 studies. Baldinetti, F; Baldwin, DS; Mandel, F; Stein, DJ, 2008)	0.35
" Double-blind treatment was with placebo or the patient's optimal fixed dosage of pregabalin."	( Fibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with pregabalin. Crofford, LJ; Haig, GM; Martin, SA; Mease, PJ; Sharma, U; Simpson, SL; Young, JP, 2008)	0.35
" Pantogam was administered in dosage 750-3000 mg per day along with traditional and atypical neuroleptics."	( [Pantogam in daily psychiatric practice]. Bogdan, MN; Kontsevoĭ, VA; Riakhovskiĭ, VV; Rotshteĭn, VG, 2007)	0.34
" Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish the most appropriate dosing regimen in patients on HD."	( Role of gabapentin in the treatment of uremic pruritus. Gommer, J; Scates, AC; Vila, T, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, conventional sustained formulations would likely result in decreased bioavailability, as the dosage form would pass through the window of absorption before the drug could be completely released."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)	0.35
" Gabapentin plasma concentrations were measured in serial plasma samples collected >or=48 hours following dosing on days 1 and 8 using a validated high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system with a lowest limit of quantitation of 75 ng/mL."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)	0.35
" However, BID dosing resulted in apparently lower C(max) (mean ratio: 81%; CI 90%, 76%-86%) and greater C(min) values (mean ratio: 118%; CI 90%, 107%-130%), while G-ER QD dosing was associated with numerically greater C(max) (mean ratio: 116%; CI 90%, 109%-123%), and lower C(min) values (mean ratio: 52%; CI 90%, 48%-56%) compared with G-IR TID during a 24-hour dosing period."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)	0.35
"This exploratory study found that in these healthy subjects, the daily exposure provided by less frequent G-ER dosing was not significantly different from same daily dose with G-IR, administered more frequently."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)	0.35
" Recommendations for future research to inform clinical practice should include cost-effectiveness studies and dose-response analysis in order to determine the schema employed and the duration of treatment."	( Efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin for neuropathic pain in spinal-cord injury: an evidence-based evaluation of the literature. Amaniti, E; Kouvelas, D; Papazisis, G; Tzellos, TG, 2008)	0.35
"Time to onset of pain relief and improvement in allodynia in 269 patients with postherpetic neuralgia was examined in a 4-week randomized trial comparing flexibly dosed pregabalin (150-600 mg/d), fixed-dose pregabalin (300 mg/d), and placebo."	( Pregabalin for postherpetic neuralgia: placebo-controlled trial of fixed and flexible dosing regimens on allodynia and time to onset of pain relief. Barrett, JA; Phillips, KF; Rowbotham, MC; Stacey, BR; Whalen, E, 2008)	0.35
" Gabapentin and R-PIA were administered to obtain the dose-response curve and the 50% effective dose (ED(50))."	( The interaction of gabapentin and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine R-(-)isomer (R-PIA) on mechanical allodynia in rats with a spinal nerve ligation. Jun, IG; Park, JY, 2008)	0.35
" It is effective with two or three-times daily dosing in a dose range of 150 to 600 mg daily."	( Pregabalin for neuropathic pain based on recent clinical trials. Stacey, BR; Swift, JN, 2006)	0.33
"In this study, a straightforward and automated pulsed flow-based procedure was developed for the chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin [1-(aminomethyl)cyclo-hexaneacetic acid], a new generation antiepileptic drug, in different formulated dosage forms."	( Rapid chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations exploiting pulsed-flow analysis. Cerdà, V; Estela, JM; Lima, JL; Manera, M; Miró, M; Ribeiro, MF; Santos, JL, )	0.13
" We evaluated the efficacy of pregabalin 600 mg/d (300 mg dosed BID) versus placebo for relieving DPN-associated neuropathic pain, and assessed its safety using objective measures of nerve conduction (NC)."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arezzo, JC; Lamoreaux, L; Pauer, L; Rosenstock, J, 2008)	0.35
" After 1-weeks' dosage escalation, pregabalin-treated patients received 300 mg BID for 12 weeks."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin 600 mg/d for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arezzo, JC; Lamoreaux, L; Pauer, L; Rosenstock, J, 2008)	0.35
" Log-probit analysis was used to evaluate dose-response effects and calculate the ED(50) values for gabapentin, tiagabine, and their combination at the fixed-ratio of 1:1 in the phases I and II of the formalin test in mice."	( Synergistic interaction of gabapentin with tiagabine in the formalin test in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Czuczwar, M; Czuczwar, SJ; Kolacz, A; Luszczki, JJ; Przesmycki, K, 2009)	0.35
" XP13512 may therefore provide more predictable gabapentin exposure and decreased dosing frequency."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin. Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)	0.35
" The method was applied successfully to the determination of this drug in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of pregabalin in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. Onal, A; Sagirli, O, 2009)	0.35
" The most commonly reported AEs were dizziness and somnolence, however, they were most pronounced during the first week of treatment, followed by a sharp fall in incidences across all dosing groups to <5% from Week 2 and onwards."	( Add-on treatment with pregabalin for partial seizures with or without generalisation: pooled data analysis of four randomised placebo-controlled trials. Baldinetti, F; Gil-Nagel, A; Leon, T; Zaccara, G, 2009)	0.35
" However, the dose-response curve significantly shifted toward lower concentration values in G93A motor neurons and the extent of desensitization also increased in these neurons."	( GAB(A) receptors present higher affinity and modified subunit composition in spinal motor neurons from a genetic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Carunchio, I; Merlo, D; Mollinari, C; Pieri, M; Zona, C, 2008)	0.35
" Daily median dosage was 300 mg."	( Pregabalin in patients with primary brain tumors and seizures: a preliminary observation. Novy, J; Rossetti, AO; Stupp, R, 2009)	0.35
" Nine patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition criteria for PTSD who were on stable doses of antidepressants were treated open label with flexibly dosed pregabalin for 6 weeks."	( Pregabalin augmentation of antidepressants in patients with accident-related posttraumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study. Han, C; Marks, DM; Masand, PS; Pae, CU; Patkar, AA, 2009)	0.35
" Steady-state serum concentrations of gabapentin, distributed over a dosage interval, were obtained from 16 adult patients."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of gabapentin developed in nonparametric adaptive grid and nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Carlsson, KC; Eriksen, HO; Hoem, NO; Karlsson, MO; Moberg, ER; van de Schootbrugge, M, 2009)	0.35
" injection of aggregated Abeta25-35 in dosage 30nmol/rat resulted in impairment in spatial alternation behavior."	( Effects of beta-amyloid on behavioral and amino acids spectrum in rats' brain and their modulation by embryonic proteins. Aghajanov, M; Mkrtchyan, L; Navasardyan, G; Safaryan, K; Yenkoyan, K, )	0.13
" The GABA dose-response properties of alpha(1)-beta(3)-alpha(1)/beta(3)-delta and beta(3)-alpha(1)-delta/alpha(1)-beta(3) match most closely the properties of non-concatenated alpha(1)beta(3)delta receptors."	( Unanticipated structural and functional properties of delta-subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Baur, R; Kaur, KH; Sigel, E, 2009)	0.35
"Our findings show that, contrary to what would be expected on the basis of gene dosage criteria, the striatal regions in which rl/rl mice exhibited decreased density of PV+ interneurons were either unaltered (rostral striatum) or equally altered (dorsomedial and ventromedial intermediate striatum, caudal striatum) in rl/+ mice."	( Reelin haploinsufficiency reduces the density of PV+ neurons in circumscribed regions of the striatum and selectively alters striatal-based behaviors. Ammassari-Teule, M; Biamonte, F; Keller, F; Marrone, C; Mercuri, NB; Sgobio, C, 2009)	0.35
" However, the whole-cell GABA dose-response and the single-channel effective opening rate curves were shifted to higher GABA concentrations, suggesting that the concatemeric receptors have a lower affinity to GABA."	( Activation and modulation of concatemeric GABA-A receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Akk, G; Bracamontes, J; Li, P; Steinbach, JH, 2009)	0.35
" To be included in the meta-analysis, RCTs had to compare gabapentin with placebo in the treatment of hot flashes in women with natural or tamoxifen-induced menopause, regardless of the sample size, dosage used, duration of treatment, or frequency of the episodes."	( Gabapentin for the treatment of hot flashes in women with natural or tamoxifen-induced menopause: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Goulis, DG; Kouvelas, D; Toulis, KA; Tzellos, T, 2009)	0.35
" The dose-response curve was bell-shaped."	( Interactions between the anxiogenic effects of CB1 gene disruption and 5-HT3 neurotransmission. Aliczki, M; Halasz, J; Haller, J; Mikics, E; Vas, J, 2009)	0.35
" Patients in group B who were receiving gabapentin continued this treatment up to a maximum daily dosage of 2400 mg during the observation period."	( Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)	0.35
" In several pregabalin dosage groups the dosage was escalated during days 1-7, whereas in others pregabalin was initiated at a fixed dosage without escalation."	( Rapid onset of seizure suppression with pregabalin adjunctive treatment in patients with partial seizures. Barrett, JA; Perucca, E; Ramsay, RE; Robbins, J; Spiegel, K, 2009)	0.35
" At the dosing schemes most commonly used in placebo-controlled trials, significant seizure-suppressing activity was observed after only 2 days of treatment."	( Rapid onset of seizure suppression with pregabalin adjunctive treatment in patients with partial seizures. Barrett, JA; Perucca, E; Ramsay, RE; Robbins, J; Spiegel, K, 2009)	0.35
" The introduction of the compound in dosage according to the scheme of antioxidant therapy, inhibited the tumor growth by ca."	( Synthesis, characterization, in vivo antitumor properties of the cluster rhenium compound with GABA ligands and its synergism with cisplatin. Collery, P; Domasevitch, KV; Golichenko, AA; Shtemenko, AV; Shtemenko, NI; Zabitskaya, ED, 2009)	0.35
"The median dosage of gabapentin was 1800 mg/daily."	( The efficacy and safety of gabapentin in carpal tunnel patients: open label trial. Erdemoglu, AK, )	0.13
" Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the dose-response relationships between logarithms of antiepileptic drug doses and their resultant maximum possible antinociceptive effects in the mouse hot-plate test."	( Synergistic interaction of gabapentin with tiagabine in the hot-plate test in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Czuczwar, M; Czuczwar, SJ; Kołacz, A; Luszczki, JJ; Przesmycki, K; Wojda, E, )	0.13
" The infant continued to receive gabapentin; the dosage was increased to 10 mg/kg at bedtime after 6 days, then to 5 mg/kg in the morning and 10 mg/kg at bedtime 10 days later."	( Gabapentin therapy for pain and irritability in a neurologically impaired infant. Cox, TH; Garner, SS; Haney, AL, 2009)	0.35
" Up to estimated 336 patients (interim analyses) with acute herpes zoster pain (VAS > 30 mm) will be randomised to one of three groups (a) semi-standardised acupuncture (168 patients); (b) gabapentine with individualised dosage between 900-3600 mg/d (84 patients); (c) sham laser acupuncture."	( Acupuncture in acute herpes zoster pain therapy (ACUZoster) - design and protocol of a randomised controlled trial. Fleckenstein, J; Hoffrogge, P; Irnich, D; Kramer, S; Lang, PM; Lehmeyer, L; Mansmann, U; Pfab, F; Ring, J; Schober, GM; Schotten, KJ; Thoma, S; Weisenseel, P, 2009)	0.35
" The 32 mg dose of BL-1020 resulted in an average D(2) RO of 44% at 4-6 h post dosing (pd), which declined to 33% at 24 h pd."	( BL-1020, a novel antipsychotic candidate with GABA-enhancing effects: D2 receptor occupancy study in humans. Antoni, G; Appel, L; Eriksson, C; Geffen, Y; Heurling, K; Kapur, S, 2009)	0.35
" A dose-response effect was evident for PGB that reached a plateau at a dose of 300 mg/d."	( Comparative efficacy of pregabalin and benzodiazepines in treating the psychic and somatic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Feltner, DE; Herman, B; Lydiard, RB; Rickels, K, 2010)	0.36
" In the present retrospective study we evaluated the impact of these vendor changes on ketamine dosing to establish anaesthesia, on pilocarpine-induced seizure susceptibility, and on basal extracellular hippocampal noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-amino butyric acid, and glutamate levels of all pilocarpine-treated rats included in our studies."	( Intrastrain differences in seizure susceptibility, pharmacological response and basal neurochemistry of Wistar rats. Aourz, N; Clinckers, R; De Bundel, D; Meurs, A; Michotte, Y; Portelli, J; Smolders, I, 2009)	0.35
"Pregabalin 4 mg kg(-1) PO produces plasma concentrations within the extrapolated therapeutic range from humans for sufficient time to suggest that a twice daily dosing regime would be adequate."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral pregabalin administration in normal dogs. Badgley, BL; Dewey, CW; Gleed, RD; Horne, W; Ludders, JW; Salazar, V; Schwark, W, 2009)	0.35
" Gabapentin was rapidly absorbed and eliminated in dogs, indicating that frequent dosing is needed to maintain minimum targeted plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs. Cohen, RL; Kukanich, B, 2011)	0.37
" Its normal plasma half-life is 2 - 3 hours; dosage modifications are obligatory in renal insufficiency."	( Drug-induced encephalopathy secondary to non renal dosing of common medications in Two dialysis patients. Iloanya, PC; Nye, D; Onuigbo, MA, 2009)	0.35
" Analysis of the log dose-response curves for oxcarbazepine or gabapentin in a presence of amitriptyline and oxcarbazepine or gabapentin applied alone, revealed a synergism in oxcarbazepine-amitriptyline and additivity in gabapentin-amitriptyline combination."	( Analysis of the antinociceptive interactions in two-drug combinations of gabapentin, oxcarbazepine and amitriptyline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Bosković, B; Micov, AM; Prostran, MS; Stepanović-Petrović, RM; Tomić, MA; Ugresić, ND; Vucković, SM, 2010)	0.36
" The initial daily dosage was 75 mg, subsequently adjusted according to the drug's efficacy and the individual patients' tolerability at 2-week intervals."	( Pregabalin in the treatment of chronic migraine: an open-label study. Calandre, EP; Garcia-Leiva, JM; Rico-Villademoros, F; Rodriguez-Lopez, CM; Vilchez, JS, )	0.13
" Patients were then started on open-label pregabalin (75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/day) according to a forced titration dosing regimen, while continuing the same dosage of oxycodone or placebo for 4 weeks."	( A randomized, controlled trial of oxycodone versus placebo in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy treated with pregabalin. Duffull, SB; Moore, BJ; Nissen, LM; O'Callaghan, JP; Smith, MT; Zin, CS, 2010)	0.36
" A dose-response relationship was apparent for at least 50% pain relief and for adverse event outcomes."	( Pregabalin in fibromyalgia: meta-analysis of efficacy and safety from company clinical trial reports. Derry, S; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Straube, S, 2010)	0.36
" In both conditions, PGB was found efficacious with significant improvement in withdrawal symptoms at the dosage ranges of 150-450 mg/day (AD) and 225-900 mg/day (BD)."	( Pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol and benzodiazepines dependence. Konstantakopoulos, G; Oulis, P, 2010)	0.36
"Although not definitive, our findings suggest that gabapentin administered at these doses with this dosing regimen holds little promise for the treatment of tobacco dependence in a population of smokers seeking treatment."	( Gabapentin for smoking cessation. Croghan, IT; Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT; Schroeder, DR; Sood, A; Sood, R; Wyatt, KD, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to characterize the anticonvulsant effects of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (MeTHIQ--an endogenous parkinsonism-preventing substance) in combination with four second-generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs: lamotrigine [LTG], oxcarbazepine [OXC], pregabalin [PGB], and topiramate [TPM]) in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model by using the type I isobolographic analysis for parallel and non-parallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	( Interactions of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline with lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, and topiramate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model: a type I isobolographic analysis. Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L; Czuczwar, SJ; Luszczki, JJ; Raszewski, G, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin average daily dosage (SD) was 385."	( Pregabalin for painful HIV neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clifford, DB; Durso-De Cruz, E; Emir, B; Freeman, R; Glue, P; Murphy, TK; Schifitto, G; Scott, GN; Simpson, DM; Whalen, E, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin however, required a dosage adjustment in case of renal insufficiency."	( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of pregabaline]. Bentué-Ferrer, D; Tribut, O; Verdier, MC, )	0.13
" To further test the hypothesis that IL15 directly modulates GABA turnover by reuptake mechanisms, the dose-response relationship of IL15 on (3)H-GABA uptake was determined in two neuronal cell lines."	( Interleukin-15 receptor is essential to facilitate GABA transmission and hippocampal-dependent memory. Feng, J; Guo, X; He, Y; Hsuchou, H; Kastin, AJ; Khan, RS; Li, Z; Pan, W; Pistell, PJ; Wang, WH; Wu, X, 2010)	0.36
" Time to achieve effective dosing is relatively quick and there is a range of dosing available."	( Treatment of post-burn neuropathic pain: evaluation of pregablin. Turner, L; Wong, L, 2010)	0.36
" Patients with chronic kidney disease often receive inappropriately high gabapentin dosage for their kidney function, occasioning overt toxicity; advanced age and comorbidity predispose these patients for toxicity."	( Gabapentin toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preventable cause of morbidity. McKian, KP; Qian, Q; Zand, L, 2010)	0.36
" Other gabapentin doses or dosing regimens warrant further study."	( Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb. Hellyer, PW; Mich, PM; Uhrig, SR; Wagner, AE, 2010)	0.36
"To characterize the anticonvulsant effects of pregabalin (PGB - a third-generation antiepileptic drug) in combination with carbamazepine (CBZ - a classical antiepileptic drug) in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model by using the type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	( Interaction of pregabalin with carbamazepine in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model: a type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves. Luszczki, JJ, 2010)	0.36
" We argue that contradictions to these patterns are the result of variations in (a) the location of drug infusion, (b) the dosage of the drug and/or (c) the time point of drug administration."	( Behavioral and neural analysis of GABA in the acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of fear memory. Cranney, J; Makkar, SR; Zhang, SQ, 2010)	0.36
"4%) with gabapentin at a dosage of 900 mg/d and in 9 patients (20."	( Gabapentin in the treatment of hiccups in patients with advanced cancer: a 5-year experience. Aielli, F; Aloisi, P; Ficorella, C; Galletti, B; Porzio, G; Verna, L, 2010)	0.36
"This six-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study randomized patients (N=137) with moderate-to-severe idiopathic RLS in an equal ratio to placebo or pregabalin 50, 100, 150, 300, or 450 mg/day."	( A randomized, double-blind, 6-week, dose-ranging study of pregabalin in patients with restless legs syndrome. Allen, R; Chen, C; García-Borreguero, D; Knapp, L; Miceli, J; Peterson, BT; Soaita, A; Wohlberg, C, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin was safe and well tolerated across the entire dosing range."	( A randomized, double-blind, 6-week, dose-ranging study of pregabalin in patients with restless legs syndrome. Allen, R; Chen, C; García-Borreguero, D; Knapp, L; Miceli, J; Peterson, BT; Soaita, A; Wohlberg, C, 2010)	0.36
"The objectives of the 3 phase I studies described herein were (1) to compare the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from a novel gastric-retentive dosage form vs an immediate-release formulation, (2) to assess the dose proportionality of the gastric-retentive extended-release formulation, and (3) to determine the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)	0.37
" These findings indicate that preoperative use of gabapentin followed by postoperative dosing for two days did not significantly affect the postoperative pain, sleep, opioid consumption or patient-perceived quality of recovery for patients undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Effect of gabapentin on pain after cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cornelissen, HR; Fraser, JF; Liessmann, CD; O'Connell, L; Rapchuk, IL, 2010)	0.36
" Dropout is an important treatment failure endpoint, which can be analyzed using time-to-event models that incorporate daily dosing or other time-varying information."	( Modeling dropout from adverse event data: impact of dosing regimens across pregabalin trials in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Frame, B; Hutmacher, M; Lalovic, B; Miller, R, 2011)	0.37
" These results offer an explanation for the steep dose-response curve of GHB seen in vivo, and suggest potential target receptors for further investigation."	( γ-Hydroxybutyrate and the GABAergic footprint: a metabolomic approach to unpicking the actions of GHB. Balcar, VJ; Hanrahan, JR; Maher, AD; Nasrallah, FA; Rae, CD, 2010)	0.36
", lamotrigine [LTG], oxcarbazepine [OXC] and topiramate [TPM]) in the mouse maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model by using the type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."	( Additive interactions of pregabalin with lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and topiramate in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model: a type I isobolographic analysis for non-parallel dose-response relationship curves. Czuczwar, SJ; Filip, D; Luszczki, JJ, 2010)	0.36
" The maximum response of the GABA dose-response curve decreased to 71."	( Prokineticin 2 suppresses GABA-activated current in rat primary sensory neurons. Gan, YB; Hu, WP; Li, XM; Liu, YQ; Qiu, F; Wang, BH; Wang, XJ; Wu, D; Xiong, YC, 2010)	0.36
" The absolute bioavailability of gabapentin drops from 60% to 33% as the dosage increases from 900 to 3600 mg/day, while the absolute bioavailability of pregabalin remains at > or = 90% irrespective of the dosage."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)	0.36
" After confirmation of the established allodynia, gabapentin at 10, 30, 60 and 100μg or clonidine at 5, 15, 30 and 50μg was injected as a monotherapy in conscious rats through the intrathecal catheter to obtain the dose-response curve of %MPE (maximum possible effect) of the antiallodynic effect and its ED(50)."	( Intrathecal gabapentin and clonidine synergistically inhibit allodynia in spinal nerve-ligated rats. Asada, A; Funao, T; Mori, T; Nishikawa, K; Yamama, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Pregabalin dosage was increased from 150 to 600 mg/d during the first 4 weeks."	( Pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Alexander, RB; Anderson, RU; Cen, L; Chuai, S; Krieger, JN; Kusek, JW; Landis, JR; Litwin, MS; McNaughton-Collins, M; Nickel, JC; Nyberg, LM; O'Leary, M; Pontari, MA; Propert, KJ; Schaeffer, AJ; Shoskes, DA; White, PC; Zeitlin, S, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing started at 20 mg/d and increased over 7 days to 40 mg/d."	( An open-label tolerability study of BL-1020 antipsychotic: a novel gamma aminobutyric acid ester of perphenazine. Anand, R; Dan, I; Geffen, Y; Vasile, D, )	0.13
"A simple, fast, and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the evaluation of pregabalin in a pharmaceutical dosage form using fluorescamine as a derivatization agent for the first time."	( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of pregabalin in a pharmaceutical dosage form following derivatization with fluorescamine. Grabnar, I; Martinc, B; Mrhar, A; Vovk, T, )	0.13
"0009), except for the lowest dosage (150 mg/day) in the youngest age group."	( Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. Cheung, R; Emir, B; Murphy, TK; Semel, D; Zlateva, G, 2010)	0.36
" Reassessment and modulation of dosing and/or medications occurred at 3- and 6-month intervals."	( An open-label comparison of nabilone and gabapentin as adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the management of neuropathic pain in patients with peripheral neuropathy. Bestard, JA; Toth, CC, )	0.13
" Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate a dose-response relationship between logarithms of pregabalin doses and their resultant maximum possible antinociceptive effects (MPAE) using the hot-plate test in mice."	( Dose-response relationship analysis of pregabalin doses and their antinociceptive effects in hot-plate test in mice. Łuszczki, JJ, )	0.13
" The PWT in PSL mice was dose-dependently increased by intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin, but the anti-allodynic effects varied according to its dosing time."	( Molecular basis for the dosing time-dependency of anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Hamamura, K; Inoue, K; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Ohdo, S; Tsuda, M; Uchida, T; Yoshida, M, 2010)	0.36
"These findings suggest that the dosing time-dependent difference in the anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin is attributable to the circadian oscillation of α2δ-1 subunit expression in the DRG and indicate that the optimizing its dosing schedule helps to achieve rational pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain."	( Molecular basis for the dosing time-dependency of anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Hamamura, K; Inoue, K; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Ohdo, S; Tsuda, M; Uchida, T; Yoshida, M, 2010)	0.36
"This pharmacostatistical model showed that: (1) pregabalin oral clearance (CL/F) was directly proportional to creatinine clearance (CLcr), but was independent of gender, race, age, female hormonal status, daily dose, and dosing regimen; (2) apparent volume of distribution was dependent on body weight and gender; (3) absorption rate was decreased when given with food; and (4) coadministration with marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) had no significant effect on pregabalin CL/F."	( Population pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy subjects and patients with chronic pain or partial seizures. Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Corrigan, BW; Knapp, L, 2011)	0.37
" The most commonly used dosage was 450 mg/d."	( [Lyrica (pregabalin) in the treatment of focal refractory epilepsy in adults]. Andreeva, OV; Iakunina, AV; Kalinin, VA; Vlasov, PN, 2010)	0.36
" We also assessed the association between serious AEs and pregabalin, and investigated whether pregabalin AEs display a dose-response relationship."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gangemi, P; Perucca, P; Specchio, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
" We used relative risks (RRs) to assess the association of any [99% confidence intervals (CIs)] or serious AEs (95% CIs) with pregabalin, and risk differences (RDs, 95% CIs) to investigate dose-response relationships of pregabalin AEs."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gangemi, P; Perucca, P; Specchio, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
" There was a selective dose-response pattern in the onset of pregabalin AEs, with certain AEs appearing at lower doses than others."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gangemi, P; Perucca, P; Specchio, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
" Pregabalin AEs appear according to a selective dose-response pattern, possibly reflecting the severity of dysfunction of distinct anatomic structures."	( The adverse event profile of pregabalin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gangemi, P; Perucca, P; Specchio, L; Zaccara, G, 2011)	0.37
" There were no statistically significant differences found regarding sex, age or daily dosage between this latter group compared with the patients who registered for the study but did not fill in a questionnaire."	( Intensive monitoring of pregabalin: results from an observational, Web-based, prospective cohort study in the Netherlands using patients as a source of information. Härmark, L; Straus, S; van Grootheest, K; van Puijenbroek, E, 2011)	0.37
" No comprehensive data exist regarding the optimal dosage of pregabalin on reducing postoperative pain and opioid consumption in spinal surgery."	( Effective dose of peri-operative oral pregabalin as an adjunct to multimodal analgesic regimen in lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Choi, YS; Kim, JC; Kim, KN; Kwak, YL; Lee, JY; Shim, JK, 2011)	0.37
" In a long-term test, the antidepressant-like effect of MFP was better than that of GABA at the same dosage (2."	( Antidepressant effect of GABA-rich monascus-fermented product on forced swimming rat model. Chuang, CY; Lo, YH; Pan, TM; Shi, YC; You, HP, 2011)	0.37
" A greater frequency reduction was observed in those patients who increased the dosage within the first month of therapy."	( Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. Ciuffoli, A; Pizzolato, R; Prosperini, L; Sette, G; Villani, V, 2011)	0.37
" Trazodone, flexibly dosed (50-300 mg/day), was administered to 66 fibromyalgia patients during 12 weeks; 41 patients who completed the treatment accepted to receive pregabalin, also flexibly dosed (75-450 mg/day), added to trazodone treatment for an additional 12-week period."	( Trazodone plus pregabalin combination in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a two-phase, 24-week, open-label uncontrolled study. Calandre, EP; Molina-Barea, R; Morillas-Arques, P; Rico-Villademoros, F; Rodriguez-Lopez, CM, 2011)	0.37
" A therapeutic strategy and optimal dosage of medications including gabapentin should be established for the treatment of SUNCT."	( [Japanese SUNCT patient responsive to gabapentin]. Imai, K; Ito, Y; Kato, T; Nishida, S; Suzuki, J; Yasuda, T, 2011)	0.37
" This study assessed the efficacy of GEn vs placebo and compared the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral dosing of GEn or gabapentin in patients with PHN."	( Efficacy of gabapentin enacarbil vs placebo in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and a pharmacokinetic comparison with oral gabapentin. Backonja, MM; Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC, 2011)	0.37
" Gabapentin was restarted at the original dosage and the symptoms resolved within 8 hours."	( Akathisia induced by gabapentin withdrawal. Hendriks, E; Hsiung, L; See, S, 2011)	0.37
" The low pregabalin dosage and the short time to elevation of liver enzyme levels suggest an idiosyncratic reaction."	( Pregabalin-induced hepatotoxicity. Junyent, TT; Pellicer, MJ; Sendra, JM, 2011)	0.37
"In 32 PHN patients being administered gabapentin, without changing the frequency of dosing, the drug was substituted with pregabalin at one-sixth dosage of gabapentin."	( Replacement of gabapentin with pregabalin in postherpetic neuralgia therapy. Hidaka, I; Ifuku, M; Inada, E; Iseki, M; Komatus, S; Morita, Y, 2011)	0.37
"It was suggested that the analgesic action of pregabalin in PHN was six times that of gabapentin in terms of effectiveness in dosage conversion."	( Replacement of gabapentin with pregabalin in postherpetic neuralgia therapy. Hidaka, I; Ifuku, M; Inada, E; Iseki, M; Komatus, S; Morita, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The results indicate that pretreatment with Parawixin 10 prevents the onset of seizures induced with kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and pentylenetetrazole in a dose-response manner."	( Neurobiological activity of Parawixin 10, a novel anticonvulsant compound isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom (Araneidae: Araneae). Beleboni, RO; Coutinho-Netto, J; Cunha, AO; dos Santos, WF; Fachim, HA; Gobbo-Neto, L; Lopes, NP; Pereira, AC, 2011)	0.37
"Pregabalin was increased to ≤600 mg/day during a 9-week dose optimization period with dosage maintained for 12 additional weeks."	( An open-label, add-on study of pregabalin in patients with partial seizures: a multicenter trial in Greece. Emir, B; Garganis, K; Giannakodimos, S; Gkiatas, K; Karageorgiou, K; Kazis, D; Kimiskidis, VK; Lyras, L; Papadimitriou, A; Papathanasopoulos, P; Plaitakis, A; Tsounis, S, 2011)	0.37
"To examine medication dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia."	( Medication dosing patterns associated with duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia. Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2011)	0.37
"Among patients with fibromyalgia, duloxetine and pregabalin initiators had different dosing patterns."	( Medication dosing patterns associated with duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with fibromyalgia. Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2011)	0.37
" The new drug combines generic gabapentin with a polymeric delivery system allowing for extended release and is licensed to be given only as a once-daily dosing regimen."	( Extended-release gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia. Farquhar-Smith, P; Thomas, B, 2011)	0.37
"Although GpER has been approved by the FDA for once-daily use in PHN, there is a relative paucity of data for both its efficacy and the optimum dosing schedule (once or twice a day)."	( Extended-release gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia. Farquhar-Smith, P; Thomas, B, 2011)	0.37
" This allows for once-daily dosing and less variability in serum levels."	( Gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Burke, RA; Faulkner, MA, 2011)	0.37
"Study limitations include a short timeframe and using data from different dosage schemes for GBP and PGB."	( Economic evaluation of duloxetine as a first-line treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Mexico. Carlos, F; Dueñas, H; Galindo-Suárez, RM; Ramírez-Gámez, J; Ramos, E, 2012)	0.38
" The objective of the current study was to examine the dose-response relationship for treatment of GAD with pregabalin."	( Pregabalin: dose-response relationship in generalized anxiety disorder. Boschen, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"The current study pools results from previous fixed-dose treatment trials of GAD with pregabalin and uses curve-fitting statistical procedures to generate curvilinear regression lines as a synthesis of previous dose-response information."	( Pregabalin: dose-response relationship in generalized anxiety disorder. Boschen, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage was adjusted according to the level of pain control and side-effects."	( Use of single- and multi-drug regimens in the management of classic (idiopathic) trigeminal neuralgia: an 11-year experience at a single Sri Lankan institution. Ariyawardana, A; Pallegama, R; Ranasinghe, A; Sitheeque, M, 2012)	0.38
" protocol XP066), to determine whether dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
"The data suggest that dosage adjustment for gabapentin enacarbil is necessary in patients with impaired renal function."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil extended-release tablets in patients with varying degrees of renal function using data from an open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study. Blumenthal, R; Chen, D; Cundy, KC; Ho, J; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J, 2012)	0.38
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, precautions, dosing recommendations, and patient counseling for gabapentin enacarbil for the treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in adults."	( Gabapentin enacarbil for treatment of restless legs syndrome in adults. Farver, DK; Hayes, WJ; Lemon, MD, 2012)	0.38
" They have been shown to help in reaching the desired effect when administered at drug-specific modes and at proven effective dosing throughout the perioperative period."	( Non-opioid IV adjuvants in the perioperative period: pharmacological and clinical aspects of ketamine and gabapentinoids. Weinbroum, AA, 2012)	0.38
"To compare medication dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP)."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
" healthcare claims database, we examined the dosing patterns of duloxetine and pregabalin among commercially insured patients with DPNP aged 18 to 64 who initiated (a 90-day medication gap) duloxetine or pregabalin therapy in 2006."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
"The commercially insured patients with DPNP who initiated duloxetine or pregabalin therapy had different dosing patterns."	( Dosing pattern comparison between duloxetine and pregabalin among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Bernauer, M; Sun, P; Watson, P; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggest this dosing regimen of gabapentin is not efficacious in improving outcomes in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy under general anesthesia with an interscalene block."	( Perioperative administration of gabapentin for shoulder arthroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bowen, K; Goff, J; Maye, J; Mohan, E; Osborne, L; Spence, D, 2011)	0.37
" Sixty-nine healthy subjects (21-30 years) underwent a laboratory-based within-session cumulative oral alcohol dosing procedure, achieving a mean peak blood alcohol level of 100."	( GABRA2 markers moderate the subjective effects of alcohol. Guo, X; Kranzler, HR; Li, N; McCaul, ME; Uhart, M; Wand, GS; Weerts, EM; Yan, X, 2013)	0.39
" In APP/PS1 mice, a murine model of AD, at 8 months of age the cerebellum is devoid of fibrillar Aβ, but dosage of soluble Aβ(1-42), the form which is more prone to aggregation, showed higher levels in this structure than in the forebrain."	( Excitability and synaptic alterations in the cerebellum of APP/PS1 mice. Boda, E; Hoxha, E; Montarolo, F; Parolisi, R; Tempia, F, 2012)	0.38
" Study treatments were dosed incrementally over a three week period, to reach daily doses of 150 mg venlafaxine and 200mg pregabalin by the CO(2) challenge test day."	( Evaluation of the effects of venlafaxine and pregabalin on the carbon dioxide inhalation models of Generalised Anxiety Disorder and panic. Bailey, JE; Craig, K; Dawson, GR; Diaper, A; Dourish, CT; Nutt, DJ; Osman-Hicks, V; Rich, AS, 2013)	0.39
"Available evidence suggests that monotherapy with pregabalin, within the dosage range of 150 - 600 mg/d, is a promising "novel" option for the safe and efficacious relapse prevention of both AD and BD."	( Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of alcohol and benzodiazepine dependence. Konstantakopoulos, G; Oulis, P, 2012)	0.38
" After confirming hyperalgesia, pregabalin or saline (for control mice) in a volume of 10 mL/kg was administered orally at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, twice daily from day 2 after surgery."	( The immunomodulatory effect of pregabalin on spleen cells in neuropathic mice. Jang, Y; Jeong, DC; Song, HK; Yeom, MY, 2012)	0.38
" The objective of this paper is to report the steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of gabapentin with different dosing regimens of gabapentin-ER in postmenopausal women with hot flashes."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
" C(max) generally increased with increasing dose as did C(min) and C(avg) for the various treatments in a manner that was consistent with the dosing regimen."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)	0.38
" The gastroretentive once-daily formulation of gabapentin (G-GR) allows for less frequent dosing while maintaining efficacy and may also reduce adverse events (AEs) associated with high plasma concentration of gabapentin occurring during the waking hours."	( Clinical development of a once-daily gastroretentive formulation of gabapentin for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an overview. Argoff, CE; Chen, C; Cowles, VE, 2012)	0.38
" The GR technology used in G-GR resulted in a decreased dosing frequency from three times per day for the IR product to once daily in the treatment of PHN, while maintaining the same efficacy with an apparent reduced incidence of AEs common to G-IR therapy."	( Clinical development of a once-daily gastroretentive formulation of gabapentin for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an overview. Argoff, CE; Chen, C; Cowles, VE, 2012)	0.38
"Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the dose-response relationships between logarithms of drug doses and their resultant maximum possible antinociceptive effects in the mouse hot-plate test."	( Synergistic interaction of pregabalin with the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 mesylate in the hot-plate test in mice: an isobolographic analysis. Florek-Łuszczki, M; Luszczki, JJ, 2012)	0.38
" The AEs reported most frequently were somnolence and dizziness; there was a dose-response relationship to these AEs."	( Dose response of Gabapentin Enacarbil versus placebo in subjects with moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome: an integrated analysis of three 12-week studies. Barrett, RW; Kavanagh, ST; VanMeter, SA; Warren, S, 2012)	0.38
" Once-daily dosing has been shown to provide comparable drug exposure with an identical daily dose of the immediate-release formulation when administered three times daily."	( Gabapentin for once-daily treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a review. Beal, B; Moeller-Bertram, T; Schilling, JM; Wallace, MS, 2012)	0.38
" This review focuses on the ADME properties of gabapentin and illustrates how GR delivery enhances its absorption compared with IR formulations and allows once-daily dosing with the evening meal for the treatment of PHN."	( The intestinal absorption mechanism of gabapentin makes it appropriate for gastroretentive delivery. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
"For full compatibility groups (age, ASA status and anthropometric data, equal operation duration and the equipotential drug dosage adjustment is revealed, that in group of propofol-fentanyl TIVA in the early postoperative period in school age children postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is developing, which in case of absence of the corresponding correction is maintained after 1 month after operation (at least) in 80% of cases."	( [Correction of early cognitive disorders in school-age children operated under total intravenous anaesthesia]. Gus'kov, IE; Lobov, MA; Lugovoĭ, AV; Miatchin, PS; Ovezov, AM; Panteleeva, MV, )	0.13
"The objective of this modeling study was to assess different dosage regimens that might be used to guide clinicians in transitioning patients from gabapentin to pregabalin therapy when such a transition is clinically warranted."	( Gabapentin to pregabalin therapy transition: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Bockbrader, HN; Budhwani, MN; Wesche, DL, 2013)	0.39
" Based on initial dose-response experiment, DBAN (60 mg/kg) was administrated orally for 7 days."	( Potential protective effect of taurine against dibromoacetonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. El-Sayeh, BM; Salem, HA; Sayed, RH, 2012)	0.38
" Urine was collected from three male Wistar rats for 24 h after dosing with (14)C-labelled lesogaberan (170 mg/kg, 10 MBq/kg); plasma samples were taken 2 and 24 h after dosing."	( Identification of the metabolites of lesogaberan using linear trap quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Aurell-Holmberg, A; Castagnoli, N; Ekdahl, A, 2013)	0.39
" Drug dosage was determined by initial VAS (visual analog scale) scores."	( A four arm, double blind, randomized and placebo controlled study of pregabalin in the management of post-burn pruritus. Ahuja, RB; Gupta, GK, 2013)	0.39
" The effective doses, for 20%, 50%, and 80% response (ED(20), ED(50), and ED(80), respectively), of each drug were calculated using least squares linear regression analysis, and then dose-response curves were compared."	( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain. Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)	0.39
" No difference was observed between slopes of dose-response curves."	( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain. Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)	0.39
"In this animal model of visceral pain, all three drugs exhibited parallel dose-response curves."	( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain. Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)	0.39
"Pregabalin, within a dosage of 150-450 mg/day, showed beneficial effects for alcohol relapse prevention and contrasting results for the treatment of the withdrawal syndrome."	( Pregabalin for alcohol dependence: a critical review of the literature. Clerici, M; Guglielmo, R; Janiri, L; Martinotti, G, 2012)	0.38
"PHN pain reduction after G-GR treatment can be observed as early as the second day of dosing and continues for at least 10 weeks."	( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)	0.39
" It has also been reported that pregabalin used with oxycodine reveals analgesic effect with smaller dosage than pregabalin alone."	( [Case of acute exacerbation of neuropathic cancer pain rapidly relieved by simultaneous oral intake of immediate release oxycodone and pregabalin]. Baba, M; Gomwo, I, 2012)	0.38
" This study examines dosing patterns, therapy outcomes, healthcare utilization and costs of patients with PHN who initiate treatment with gabapentin or pregabalin."	( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin. Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" The mean daily dosage was 826 mg for gabapentin and 187 mg for pregabalin."	( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin. Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" Suboptimal dosing and discontinuation may be associated with supplementary use of other analgesics, especially opioids."	( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin. Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" Three dosage levels (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight) and non-administration were tested by an increase and decrease method."	( Calming effect of orally administered γ-aminobutyric acid in Shih Tzu dogs. Goto, A; Okumoto, A; Tanaka, T; Tani, N; Uetake, K, 2012)	0.38
" Mean PGB dosage was 279 mg/day."	( Effect of pregabalin add-on treatment on seizure control, quality of life, and anxiety in patients with brain tumour-related epilepsy: a pilot study. Carapella, CM; Dinapoli, L; Fabi, A; Maschio, M; Pace, A; Pompili, A; Sperati, F; Vidiri, A, 2012)	0.38
"Mean pre-withdrawal pregabalin dosage was 386 mg/day, decreasing to 70 mg/day at mean lowest dosage."	( Spasticity increases during pregabalin withdrawal. Baguley, IJ; Braid, JJ; Kirker, SG, 2013)	0.39
" Mean daily PRG dosage was 1424 mg."	( Pregabalin abuse and dependence in Germany: results from a database query. Freudenmann, RW; Gahr, M; Hiemke, C; Kölle, MA; Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C, 2013)	0.39
" Analyses were performed on safety data from patients who received G-GR for 10 weeks in the randomized controlled study and who then received an additional 14 weeks of G-GR, asymmetrically dosed in the current study."	( Long-term safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia patients. Irving, G; Jensen, MP; Rauck, R; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2013)	0.39
" The effective dosing regimen of gabapentin IR (G-IR) for PHN is 1800 mg/day in three divided doses."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of a once-daily gastroretentive dosage form of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Han, CH; Sweeney, M, 2013)	0.39
" The results also demonstrate the presence of interactions between allosteric activators and potentiators, raising a possibility of effects on dosage requirements or changes in side effects."	( The benzodiazepine diazepam potentiates responses of α1β2γ2L γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors activated by either γ-aminobutyric acid or allosteric agonists. Akk, G; Eaton, MM; Li, P; Steinbach, JH, 2013)	0.39
"67 days of study drug, with eight patients receiving a dosage of 300 mg thrice daily (TID), 24 receiving 600 mg TID, 14 receiving 800 mg TID, and seven receiving 1200 mg TID."	( Gabapentin is ineffective as an analgesic adjunct in the immediate postburn period. Eid, A; Heard, J; Horsfield, A; Kealey, P; Kral, L; Liao, J; Rosenquist, R; Wibbenmeyer, L, )	0.13
" In the further course, she increased the daily PRG dosage and consulted other physicians to receive additional PRG prescriptions."	( Concerns about pregabalin: further experience with its potential of causing addictive behaviors. Franke, B; Freudenmann, RW; Gahr, M; Kölle, MA; Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C, )	0.13
"To demonstrate the premise of individualized dosing charts (IDCs) as a clinical-bedside decision-support tool to individualize dosage regimens for drugs in which the interpatient variability is controlled by the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the patient, to calculate the optimal sampling schedule (OSS), which minimizes the number of blood samples per patient."	( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study. Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)	0.39
" The dose amount and dosing interval must be adjusted to maximize the probability of staying within the target concentration range."	( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study. Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)	0.39
"IDCs display the risk of a patient violating the target concentration range for any dosage regimen."	( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study. Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)	0.39
"A dosage of 600 mg of gabapentin plus 4 mg of dexamethasone significantly reduced the 24-hour incidence of nausea and PONV."	( The effect of gabapentin premedication on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients on preoperative dexamethasone undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors. Misra, S; Parthasarathi, G; Vilanilam, GC, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast to previous publications where exorbitant high concentrations were used, the effects of lavender oil in behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological experiments were investigated in physiological concentrations in the nanomolar range, which correlate to a single dosage of 80 mg/d in humans that was used in clinical trials."	( Lavender oil-potent anxiolytic properties via modulating voltage dependent calcium channels. Klugbauer, N; Leuner, K; Müller, WE; Nöldner, M; Schuwald, AM; Wilmes, T, 2013)	0.39
" Pathology did not indicate a difference in occurrence and types of lesions between control and dosed birds."	( Methylmercury egg injections: part 2--pathology, neurochemistry, and behavior in the avian embryo and hatchling. Basu, N; Bradley, M; Mittal, K; Rutkiewicz, J, 2013)	0.39
" Range of dosage may fluctuate considerably, from 75 mg to 600 mg per day."	( The potential of pregabalin in neurology, psychiatry and addiction: a qualitative overview. Aguglia, E; Cavuto, M; De Berardis, D; Di Giannantonio, M; Iasevoli, F; Lupi, M; Martinotti, G; Salone, A; Santacroce, R; Sarchione, F; Serroni, N; Signorelli, M; Valchera, A, 2013)	0.39
" We also summarised data on adverse events from all single dosage studies and calculated risk differences (RDs) and numbers needed to harm (NNHs)."	( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)	0.39
" One trial of gabapentin enacarbil (523 participants) failed to demonstrate a significant difference versus placebo or between doses for gabapentin enacarbil titrated to between 1200 mg and 3000 mg with regard to proportion of responders; there was also no evidence of a dose-response trend."	( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)	0.39
"At a simulated intragastric dosage of approximately 4 mg/kg every 8 hours, median pregabalin steady-state plasma concentration in healthy horses was within the therapeutic range reported for humans."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intragastric and intravenous pregabalin administration in clinically normal horses. Divers, TJ; Mullen, KR; Schwark, W, 2013)	0.39
" Multiple dosing regimens may be beneficial in reducing acute and chronic pain; however, more robust randomized control studies are needed."	( Is there a role for gabapentin in preventing or treating pain following thoracic surgery? Frazer, S; Hunt, I; Zakkar, M, 2013)	0.39
" The medicine dosage will be titrated up to the participant's optimal dose, to a maximum 600 mg per day."	( PRECISE - pregabalin in addition to usual care for sciatica: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Billot, L; Day, RO; Hancock, MJ; Harris, I; Jan, S; Koes, BW; Latimer, J; Lin, CW; Maher, CG; Mathieson, S; McLachlan, AJ; Pik, J, 2013)	0.39
" Several derivatization methods have been developed and used for their determination in bulk or pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( A simple high-throughput method for determination of antiepileptic analogues of γ-aminobutyric acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms using microplate fluorescence reader. Martinc, B; Vovk, T, 2013)	0.39
" We estimated summary risk ratios for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."	( Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Pulman, J, 2013)	0.39
" When NBI was administered prior to dosing with carb, the increase in DA, decrease in GABA, and biphasic effect on GLu was similar to that seen after dosing with carb only."	( S-(N, N-diethylcarbamoyl)glutathione (carbamathione), a disulfiram metabolite and its effect on nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex dopamine, GABA, and glutamate: a microdialysis study. Faiman, MD; Kaul, S; Latif, SA; Lunte, CE; Williams, TD, 2013)	0.39
" A dose-response curve was established for pregabalin at a fixed morphine dose and revealed that, at low doses, pregabalin dose-dependently enhanced the antinociceptive effects, while the opposite was true at high doses (17 and 25 mg/kg)."	( Assessment of the antinociceptive effects of pregabalin alone or in combination with morphine during acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular (CV) effects of 3 weeks of dosing with venlafaxine, pregabalin and placebo on young healthy adults."	( Changes in cardiovascular function after venlafaxine but not pregabalin in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of orthostatic challenge, blood pressure and heart rate. Bailey, JE; Craig, K; Dawson, GR; Diaper, A; Dourish, CT; Nutt, DJ; Rich, AS; Wilson, SJ, 2013)	0.39
"To compare the efficacy, discontinuation rates, and safety of once nightly versus twice daily dosing of pregabalin in a community-based trial."	( Twice daily versus once nightly dosing of pregabalin for fibromyalgia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Kivitz, AJ; Maricic, MJ; Nasser, K; Silver, DS; Silverman, SL, 2014)	0.4
"While a nightly dosing schedule of pregabalin has been used by clinicians hoping to improve treatment, this study showed no significant difference (either beneficial or detrimental) between either treatment option."	( Twice daily versus once nightly dosing of pregabalin for fibromyalgia: a double-blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Kivitz, AJ; Maricic, MJ; Nasser, K; Silver, DS; Silverman, SL, 2014)	0.4
" Advantage was taken of this to screen for genetic modifiers; Adar overexpression lethality is rescued by reduced dosage of the Rdl (Resistant to dieldrin), gene encoding a subunit of inhibitory GABA receptors."	( The ADAR RNA editing enzyme controls neuronal excitability in Drosophila melanogaster. Baines, RA; Keegan, LP; Li, X; O'Connell, MA; Overton, IM, 2014)	0.4
" GABA dose-response curves of cells co-expressing WT subunits with their respective L9'S mutants exhibited multiple components, with the number of discernible components enabling a subunit stoichiometry of 2α, 2β and 1δ to be deduced for α4β3δ receptors."	( Stoichiometry of δ subunit containing GABA(A) receptors. Mortensen, M; Patel, B; Smart, TG, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing was set by the Dixon sequential up-down method; that is, a greater or less than 30% reduction in capsaicin pain decreased or increased the dose, respectively, by a fixed interval for the next subject."	( Determination of the effective dose of pregabalin on human experimental pain using the sequential up-down method. Wallace, MS; Wong, W, 2014)	0.4
"Mean median daily dosage over 6 months was 53."	( Effectiveness of duloxetine compared with pregabalin and gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: results from a German observational study. Birklein, F; Boess, FG; Happich, M; Schacht, A; Schneider, E; Wilhelm, S; Ziegler, D, 2014)	0.4
" Here we describe a patient who displayed perverted head-shaking and positional downbeat nystagmus after prescription of a high dosage of pregabalin."	( Perverted head-shaking and positional downbeat nystagmus in pregabalin intoxication. Choi, JY; Jung, JM; Kim, SU; Kwon, DY; Park, YM; Woo, YS, 2014)	0.4
" The extent of liver damage at different dosage and long term treatment with GPN is not yet clear."	( Chronic effect of gabapentin on liver function in adult male rats. Abdollahi, A; Meshkibaf, MH; Miladpoor, B; Shole Var, F, 2013)	0.39
"Women in the study group received 75 mg pregabalin 2 hours before surgery and then every 12 hours for 2 doses, and women in the control group received an identical capsule and the same dosage of placebo."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral pregabalin for relief of shoulder pain after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Charuluxananan, S; Nutthachote, P; Sirayapiwat, P; Wisawasukmongchol, W, )	0.13
" Time-course data for the dose-response effects were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the posthoc Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison test."	( Antinociceptive effects of mirtazapine, pregabalin, and gabapentin after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats. Hashimoto, R; Hosokawa, K; Mashimo, T; Nakae, A; Nakai, K, 2014)	0.4
" Dosage and side effects were recorded at each visit."	( Long-term efficacy of OROS® hydromorphone combined with pregabalin for chronic non-cancer neuropathic pain. Casali, M; Dauri, M; Lazzari, M; Sabato, AF; Sabato, E; Tufaro, G, 2014)	0.4
" A dose-response analysis suggested increasing effect with increasing dose."	( Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Hemming, K; Marson, AG; Pulman, J, 2014)	0.4
" We tested phenotypic homogeneity and gene dosage effects in the mouse null alleles muted (Bloc1s5(mu/mu)) and dysbindin (Bloc1s8(sdy/sdy))."	( Mutations in the BLOC-1 subunits dysbindin and muted generate divergent and dosage-dependent phenotypes. Faundez, V; Gokhale, A; Larimore, J; Mullin, AP; Singleton, KS; Talbot, K; Tang, J; Tornieri, K; Zlatic, SA, 2014)	0.4
" The starting dosage of pregabalin was 75 mg/day and was increased up to as much as 300 mg/day, depending on the individual patient's condition, while tapering off hypnotics."	( Effects of pregabalin in patients with hypnotic-dependent insomnia. Cho, YW; Song, ML, 2014)	0.4
" However, cost-analysis is only part of the equation when treating chronic pain patients and undervalues the relationships of enhanced compliance due to single-daily dosing and stable and reliable pharmacokinetics associated with extended-duration preparations using either retentive technologies or delayed absorption strategies."	( Can Chronic Pain Patients Be Adequately Treated Using Generic Pain Medications to the Exclusion of Brand-Name Ones? Anantamongkol, U; Candido, KD; Chiweshe, J; Knezevic, NN, )	0.13
"4 mg/kg) produced a downward shift in the cocaine dose-response curve under a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement and decreased the cocaine breaking point."	( On the role of adenosine (A)₂A receptors in cocaine-induced reward: a pharmacological and neurochemical analysis in rats. Filip, M; Fuxe, K; Gołembiowska, K; Kamińska, K; Suder, A; Wydra, K, 2015)	0.42
" After surgical treatment, sham and ischemic hypoxia group were treat with normal saline; conventional treatment group was received TPM solution 100 mg/kg, 2 times/d; degradation therapy group received TPM solution 150 mg/kg, 2 times/d, per 3 d treatment each dosage was reduced 50 mg/kg, the lowest reduced to 50 mg/kg."	( Protective effect of topiramate on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rat. Jiang, H; Lei, JJ; Zhang, YH, 2014)	0.4
" All patients were titrated to 1800 mg G-GR/d over 2 weeks and maintained at that dosage for 6 weeks, for 8 weeks total treatment."	( Real-world experience with once-daily gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Dunteman, ED; Kareht, S; Markley, HG; Sweeney, M, 2015)	0.42
" Once daily (QD) dosing may be appropriate for ease of clinical use and patient convenience."	( Pregabalin controlled-release pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: analysis of four multiple-dose randomized clinical pharmacology studies. Alebic-Kolbah, T; Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Chew, ML; Pitman, VW; Plotka, A; Scavone, JM, 2014)	0.4
" It may be related with using a similar dosage of dopaminergic drugs."	( Augmentation in restless legs syndrome patients in Korea. Cho, YW; Jeon, JY; Lee, HB; Moon, HJ; Song, ML, 2015)	0.42
" There were no significant differences in acute pain outcomes with pregabalin 100-300 mg between single preoperative dosing regimens and those including additional doses repeated after surgery."	( Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Habib, AS; Mishriky, BM; Waldron, NH, 2015)	0.42
" We compared dosing and side effects in 34 CKD/ESKD patients with similar patients receiving HD (n = 15)."	( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin for uremic pruritus and restless legs syndrome in conservatively managed patients with chronic kidney disease. Brennan, F; Brown, MA; Cheikh Hassan, HI; Collett, G; Josland, EA, 2015)	0.42
" We conclude that endogenous N/OFQ functionally opposes DOP transmission in substantia nigra reticulata and that NOP receptor antagonists might be used in combination with DOP receptor agonists to reduce their dosage while maintaining their full therapeutic efficacy."	( Stimulation of δ opioid receptor and blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor synergistically attenuate parkinsonism. Ledonne, A; Mabrouk, OS; Mercuri, N; Morari, M; Viaro, R; Volta, M, 2014)	0.4
" The result showed that: visual analogue scale (VAS) and quality of sleep (QS) of three groups of patients after treatment all decreased obviously; group A had slow work, large amount of dosage and many adverse effects; group B had quick work, but the improvement on pain and sleep was not satisfactory; the curative effect of group C was higher than group A and B (p<0."	( Curative effect research on curing intercostal neuralgia through paravertebral nerve block combined with pregabalin. Wu, X; Xiao, P; Zhu, X, 2014)	0.4
" GBP dosing was rapidly escalated within days of SAH up to a median of 1,200 mg/day, with a range of 300 mg three times a day to 900 mg three times a day."	( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus. Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)	0.42
" Systemic nicotine given before the sample phase of the CMOR task reversed the ketamine-induced impairment, but this effect was blocked by co-administration of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline at a dosage that itself did not cause impairment."	( α₄β₂ Nicotinic receptor stimulation of the GABAergic system within the orbitofrontal cortex ameliorates the severe crossmodal object recognition impairment in ketamine-treated rats: implications for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Cloke, JM; Winters, BD, 2015)	0.42
" Indeed, we and others have previously reported that treatment of adolescent rats with olanzapine (OLA; a widely prescribed AAPD) on postnatal days 28-49, under dosing conditions that approximate those employed therapeutically in humans, causes long-term behavioral and neurobiological perturbations."	( Olanzapine antipsychotic treatment of adolescent rats causes long term changes in glutamate and GABA levels in the nucleus accumbens. Frost, DO; Gullapalli, RP; Xu, S, 2015)	0.42
" We compared the overall rate of CSEs and intolerable CSEs (ICSEs-CSEs that led to dosage reduction or discontinuation) between different AEDs in both monotherapy and polytherapy."	( Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Buchsbaum, R; Chen, B; Choi, H; Detyniecki, K; Hirsch, LJ; Javed, A; Kato, K; Legge, A; Moeller, J, 2015)	0.42
" Cosmetic side effects leading to dosage change or discontinuation occurred most frequently with pregabalin and valproic acid compared with all other AEDs (13."	( Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Buchsbaum, R; Chen, B; Choi, H; Detyniecki, K; Hirsch, LJ; Javed, A; Kato, K; Legge, A; Moeller, J, 2015)	0.42
"Weight gain and alopecia were the most common patient-reported CSEs in this study, and weight gain was the most likely cosmetic side effect to result in dosage adjustment or medication discontinuation."	( Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Buchsbaum, R; Chen, B; Choi, H; Detyniecki, K; Hirsch, LJ; Javed, A; Kato, K; Legge, A; Moeller, J, 2015)	0.42
" Participants were dosed with gabapentin alone (n = 39), zolpidem tartrate alone (n = 38), and the combination (gabapentin + zolpidem) (n = 38) over three treatment periods, which were separated by ≥7 days."	( Pharmacokinetic effects of simultaneous administration of single-dose gabapentin 500 mg and zolpidem tartrate 10 mg in healthy volunteers: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial. Furey, SA; Galitz, LA; Jayawardena, S, 2015)	0.42
" Before dosing and at 30, 60, 120, 240 min, general behaviors within 5 min were recorded."	( [Mechanism of Bailemian capsules in the treatment of insomnia in mice]. Bian, Y; Tang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing information can guide treatment trials and future prospective studies."	( Gabapentin for management of recurrent pain in 22 nonverbal children with severe neurological impairment: a retrospective analysis. Hauer, JM; Solodiuk, JC, 2015)	0.42
" Patients of the first group received adaptol in dosage 1000 mg daily and patients of the second group received noofen in dosage 500 mg daily."	( [Asthenic disorders in children and their differentiated treatment]. Anisimova, TI; Bondarchuk, IL; Chutko, LS; Iakovenko, EA; Nikishena, IS; Sergeev, AV; Surushkina, SI, 2014)	0.4
" Effects of orally dosed standard analgesics on CRANE were examined 48 h following bilateral CFA injection."	( Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub-acute inflammatory pain model in rats. Bannon, AW; Joshi, SK; Zhu, CZ, 2015)	0.42
" The physician must determine the best dosing strategy, consider the use of combination therapy, and decide how best to treat patients who have responded poorly to other treatment options in the past."	( Pregabalin for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: strategies for dosing, monotherapy vs. combination therapy, treatment-refractory patients, and adverse events. Juhn, MS; Parsons, B; Sadosky, A; Varvara, R, 2015)	0.42
" A discussion of pregabalin dosing and adverse events is also presented."	( Pregabalin for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: strategies for dosing, monotherapy vs. combination therapy, treatment-refractory patients, and adverse events. Juhn, MS; Parsons, B; Sadosky, A; Varvara, R, 2015)	0.42
" GBP has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."	( An acute gabapentin fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations. Cantrell, FL; Gary, RD; McIntyre, IM; Mena, O, 2015)	0.42
" Compounded dosage forms of gabapentin are commonly used for pain management, however, the penetration and efficacy of gabapentin in these compounded topical formulations has not been fully studied."	( Skin permeation and antinociception of topical gabapentin formulations. Asbill, S; Bryson, E; Sweitzer, S, )	0.13
" The intensity of tactile allodynia in STZ-induced diabetic mice was alleviated by the oral administration of PGN; however, the antiallodynic effect varied according to its dosing time."	( Dosing time-dependent changes in the analgesic effect of pregabalin on diabetic neuropathy in mice. Akamine, T; Hashimoto, H; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Ohdo, S; Taniguchi, M, 2015)	0.42
"Gabapentin may have a role in the treatment of mild alcohol withdrawal, but future studies should focus on adequate dosing strategies."	( The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence. Hall-Flavin, D; Leung, JG; Nelson, S; Schak, KM; Schmidt, KA, 2015)	0.42
" We demonstrated that histaminergic activity was regulated by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR 2 and 3) using systemic dosing with mGluR 2/3 agonist and antagonists and an mGluR 2 positive allosteric modulator."	( Glutamatergic regulation of brain histamine neurons: In vivo microdialysis and electrophysiology studies in the rat. Dijkman, U; Fell, MJ; Flik, G; Folgering, JH; Johnson, BJ; Perry, KW; Svensson, KA; Westerink, BH, 2015)	0.42
" The best compartmental, oral model was used to simulate the concentration-time profiles resulting from different dosing scenarios."	( Pharmacokinetics of Compounded Intravenous and Oral Gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis ). Baine, K; Cox, S; Jones, MP; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2015)	0.42
" Since, 5-HT6 antagonists improved the effectiveness of gabapentinoids, reduction in the dosage and frequency of gabapentinoids treatment may reduce the side effects."	( 5-HT6 receptor antagonist attenuates the memory deficits associated with neuropathic pain and improves the efficacy of gabapentinoids. Babu, VA; Bhyrapuneni, G; Goura, V; Jayarajan, P; Nirogi, R; Shinde, A; Yathavakilla, S, 2015)	0.42
" A different sensitivity of these neurons to MCH may explain the dose-response effect on 5-HT release."	( Melanin-concentrating hormone projections to the dorsal raphe nucleus: An immunofluorescence and in vivo microdialysis study. Abin-Carriquiry, JA; Lagos, P; Scorza, C; Torterolo, P; Urbanavicius, J, 2016)	0.43
" Most of the studies evaluating the efficacy of GHB in the treatment of AWS use a dosage of 50 mg/kg divided in three or four administrations per day."	( Clinical applications of sodium oxybate (GHB): from narcolepsy to alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Busardò, FP; Kyriakou, C; Marinelli, E; Napoletano, S; Zaami, S, 2015)	0.42
"Gabapentin displays non-linear drug disposition, which complicates dosing for optimal therapeutic effect."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Gabapentin in a CFA-induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia Rat Model. Holm, R; Keizer, R; Kreilgaard, M; Larsen, MS; Munro, G; Mørk, A; Savic, R, 2016)	0.43
" Antipsychotic dosage was negatively correlated with GABA+ levels, but the on-off medication studies indicated no difference in GABA+ levels on antipsychotics compared with off antipsychotics."	( Prefrontal GABA Levels Measured With Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients With Psychosis and Unaffected Siblings. Apud, JA; Barnett, AS; Berman, KF; DeJong, K; Dickinson, D; Kuo, S; Marenco, S; Meyer, C; Shen, J; van der Veen, JW; Weinberger, DR, 2016)	0.43
" Gabapentin has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."	( Gabapentin concentrations and postmortem distribution. Gary, RD; Hamm, CE; McIntyre, IM, 2016)	0.43
"To evaluate efficacy, appropriate dosing regimen and safety of gabapentin on UP in hemodialysis (HD) patients."	( Gabapentin: A promising therapy for uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: A randomized-controlled trial and review of literature. Abdelkhalik, Z; Alkot, R; Eldesouky, F; Farag, F; Nofal, A; Nofal, E, 2016)	0.43
" Our data demonstrate that the timing and dosing of antiandrogens are critical to maximizing the antitumor effects of combination therapy."	( Androgen receptor antagonists compromise T cell response against prostate cancer leading to early tumor relapse. Fu, YX; Guo, Y; Liang, Y; Pu, Y; Xu, M; Yang, K; Yang, X, 2016)	0.43
" Rodent models of CIPN have been developed using a range of dosing regimens to reproduce pain-like behaviours akin to patient-reported symptoms."	( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics. Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)	0.43
" We present an overview of dosing regimens to produce CIPN models and their phenotype of pain-like behaviours."	( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics. Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)	0.43
"The review outlines the latest description of the most-relevant rodent models of CIPN enabling comparison between chemotherapeutics, dosing regimen, rodent strain, and sex."	( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics. Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)	0.43
" One month later, she reported that she had self-reduced the gabapentin dosage to 300 mg once daily, after which she noticed improvement in her daytime sleepiness and fatigue and experienced one hallucination approximately one week after the dosage reduction."	( Visual hallucinations associated with gabapentin use. Derkits, ME; Parsons, KA, 2016)	0.43
" Intriguingly, this receptor is lacking canonical GABA binding sites but it can be activated by GABA and dose-response relationships for α1β2γ2L and α1γ2L receptors overlap."	( Comparison of kinetic and pharmacological profiles of recombinant α1γ2L and α1β2γ2L GABAA receptors - A clue to the role of intersubunit interactions. Brodzki, M; Czyzewska, MM; Jatczak, M; Kisiel, M; Mozrzymas, JW; Rutkowski, R, 2016)	0.43
"Databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers demonstrating gabapentin misuse, characterized by taking a larger dosage than prescribed or taking gabapentin without a prescription, and diversion."	( Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review. Havens, JR; Smith, RV; Walsh, SL, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-response curves (DRC) and isobolographic analysis were used to confirm their synergistic antihyperalgesic and anti-allodynic responses in a rat neuropathic pain model involving chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve and in von Frey and acetone tests."	( The Antinociceptive Effects of Tramadol and/or Gabapentin on Rat Neuropathic Pain Induced by a Chronic Constriction Injury. Corona-Ramos, JN; De la O-Arciniega, M; Déciga-Campos, M; Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; Espinosa-Juárez, JV; Jaramillo-Morales, OA; López-Muñoz, FJ; Medina-López, JR, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
"Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents."	( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)	0.43
" The animal model, using a sub-chronic dosing regimen (sc) with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist PCP (phencyclidine), evolved from previous work in rats (for PCP) and primates (for cognition)."	( Modelling the cognitive and neuropathological features of schizophrenia with phencyclidine. Neill, JC; Reynolds, GP, 2016)	0.43
" Previous studies showed that opioids combined with gabapentin for management of cancer pain reduced the dosage of opioids."	( The research on long-term clinical effects and patients' satisfaction of gabapentin combined with oxycontin in treatment of severe cancer pain. Chen, DL; Li, YH; Wang, ZJ; Zhu, YK, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, in women with a uterus, it is recommended that physicians prescribe combination therapy only to treat menopausal symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) and vaginal atrophy, using the smallest effective dosage for the shortest possible duration."	( Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments for Symptoms of Menopause. Crider, M; Hill, DA; Hill, SR, 2016)	0.43
" Although there was no difference in kainate dosing or seizure count between them, the metabolic pattern of injury was different."	( Metabolic injury in a variable rat model of post-status epilepticus. de Lanerolle, N; Kelly, KM; Pan, JW; Pearce, PS; Rapuano, A; Wu, Y, 2016)	0.43
"To study impulsivity in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and evaluate the efficacy of noophen in dosage 500 mg daily for 45 days in the treatment of this disorder."	( [Impulsivity in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Anisimova, TI; Chutko, LS; Kropotov, YD; Sergeev, AV; Surushkina, EY; Yakovenko, EA, )	0.13
" Cyclobenzaprine specimens were equally likely to be positive whether the dose was oral or topical, although mean levels after topical dosing were approximately 13-21% those after oral dosing."	( Urinary Concentrations of Topically Administered Pain Medications. Bell, P; Glinn, MA; Harvey, A; Lickteig, AJ; Rappold, B; Recer, S; Salske, M; Stensland, J; Weber, L, 2017)	0.46
"In this study, we evaluated the dose-response efficacy of levetiracetam (12."	( Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury. Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Lu, XM; Mountney, A; Shear, DA; Tortella, FC, 2017)	0.46
" However, the two drugs manifested different dose-response profiles."	( Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury. Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Lu, XM; Mountney, A; Shear, DA; Tortella, FC, 2017)	0.46
" We report on a case of a 31 year old female who presented to the emergency department with unilateral leg pain, weakness, and swelling after increasingly titrating her Gabapentin dosage over three weeks."	( Radiologic Findings in Gabapentin-Induced Myositis. Chang, DR; Coupal, TM; Munk, PL; Ouellette, HA; Pennycooke, K, 2017)	0.46
" In addition, there was a negative correlation between the gabapentin dosage and the occurrence of nausea and vomiting."	( The efficacy of gabapentin in reducing pain intensity and postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis. Dong, Y; Tan, H; Wang, L; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
"The present work aims to investigate the anxiolytic activity of 6-styryl-2-pyrone (STY), obtained from Aniba panurensis, in behavioral tests and amino acids dosage on male Swiss mice."	( The anxiolytic-like effect of 6-styryl-2-pyrone in mice involves GABAergic mechanism of action. Barbosa-Filho, JM; Chaves, EMC; Dantas, LP; Honório-Júnior, JER; Lúcio, ASSC; Monteiro, VS; Nonato, DTT; Patrocínio, MCA; Sousa, CNS; Vasconcelos, SMM; Viana, GSB, 2018)	0.48
" However, 50% of these oocytes were usable for full dose-response experiments."	( Evaluating the longevity of surgically extracted Xenopus laevis oocytes for the study of nematode ligand-gated ion channels. Abdelmassih, SA; Cochrane, E; Forrester, SG, 2017)	0.46
" The goal of this study was to assess the association between gabapentin dosing and adverse outcomes by obtaining estimates of the 30-day risk of hospitalization with altered mental status and mortality in older adults (mean age 76 years) in Ontario, Canada initiated on high dose (>600 mg/day; n = 34,159) compared to low dose (≤600 mg/day; n = 76,025) oral gabapentin in routine outpatient care."	( Gabapentin dose and the 30-day risk of altered mental status in older adults: A retrospective population-based study. Burneo, J; Dev, VK; Dixon, SN; Fleet, JL; Garg, AX; Kuwornu, PJ; Montero-Odasso, M, 2018)	0.48
"GEn requires less frequent dosing compared with GBP-IR and fluctuates less with sustained gabapentin exposure throughout the day."	( Pharmacokinetics of immediate release, extended release, and gastric retentive gabapentin formulations in healthy adults . Aronoff, GM; Ciric, S; Lal, R; Swearingen, D, 2018)	0.48
" No information is available on dose-response effects of Mn on putrescine abundance and related polyamine metabolism."	( Putrescine as indicator of manganese neurotoxicity: Dose-response study in human SH-SY5Y cells. Chandler, JD; Fernandes, J; Go, YM; Jones, DP; Liu, KH; Uppal, K, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, GBP is a freely water-soluble drug, thus it is considered a challenging candidate to be formulated as extended release dosage form."	( Gastroretentive raft liquid delivery system as a new approach to release extension for carrier-mediated drug. Aboelwafa, AA; Abouelatta, SM; El-Gazayerly, ON, 2018)	0.48
" We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."	( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M; Weston, J, 2018)	0.48
" We develop a system in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 and SMASh technology, with which we can target endogenous proteins for precise dosage control in hPSCs and at multiple stages of neural differentiation."	( Precisely controlling endogenous protein dosage in hPSCs and derivatives to model FOXG1 syndrome. Hu, B; Li, M; Li, W; Mi, T; Mo, F; Teng, Z; Wu, Y; Zhang, B; Zhou, Q; Zhu, W, 2019)	0.51
" Vinpocetine was administered as a dietary supplement over 6 months, reaching a dosage of 20 mg three times per day, and resulted in a sustained, dose-dependent reduction in spike-wave discharge frequency on electroencephalograms."	( Personalized medicine: Vinpocetine to reverse effects of GABRB3 mutation. Andresen, JM; Billakota, S; Devinsky, O; Fedorov, NB; Gay, BC; Gerlach, AC; Stewart, GR, 2019)	0.51
" Pantogam (syrup 100 mg/ml) or placebo were prescribed orally 15-30 minutes after feeding, twice a day, in a daily dosage of 30-50 mg/kg body weight."	( [Pharmacotherapy of psychomotor developmental delay in 6-12 months preterm infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (the double-blind comparative multicenter placebo-controlled study)]. Davydova, LA; Gaynetdinova, DD; Guzeva, VI; Romanova, TA; Zavadenko, AN; Zavadenko, NN, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, BGT-1 deficiency or dosing with NNC 05-2090 stimulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene, c-Met in the liver, suggesting the involvement of c-Met in the function on hepatocytes of BGT-1 apoptosis."	( Betaine/GABA transporter-1 (BGT-1) deficiency in mouse prevents acute liver failure in vivo and hepatocytes apoptosis in vitro. Ci, L; Fei, J; Huang, F; Huang, Q; Li, Q; Liu, Z; Lu, T; Shen, R; Shi, J; Sun, R; Wan, Z; Wang, Z; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhang, M, 2020)	0.56
" Finally, in vitro results demonstrated that GABA (ranging from 10 to 50 μg/μL) markedly inhibited preimplantation embryo development in a dose-response manner."	( GABA consumption during early pregnancy impairs endometrial receptivity and embryo development in mice. Cao, K; Liang, H; Luo, W; Tan, D; Tan, Y; Tian, N; Wang, X; Zhang, Q, 2020)	0.56
" The highest dosage of GABA yogurt had a greater beneficial effect with respect to insulin resistance than the lower dosages."	( Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid-rich yogurt on insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, L; Li, X; Lu, Y; Lu, Z; Zhu, X, 2020)	0.56
" Consistent with this observation, VU0360172 could also enhance thalamic GAT-1 protein expression, depending on the dosing regimen."	( Pharmacological activation of mGlu5 receptors with the positive allosteric modulator VU0360172, modulates thalamic GABAergic transmission. Bruno, V; Cannella, M; Celli, R; Ciruela, F; Di Menna, L; Mascio, G; Ngomba, RT; Nicoletti, F; Pittaluga, A; Santolini, I; van Luijtelaar, G; Vergassola, M; Wall, MJ, 2020)	0.56
" We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."	( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M, 2021)	0.62
" This dosage of CPF does not inhibit brain cholinesterase activity but inhibits FAAH activity."	( Persistent proteomic changes in glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in the amygdala of adolescent rats exposed to chlorpyrifos as juveniles. Alugubelly, N; Carr, RL; Mohammed, AN, 2021)	0.62
" This specialized assessment may require dosing neonatal rats at postnatal day 7 at the peak of the brain growth spurt and evaluating brain tissue 24 to 48 hours following dosing."	( Use of Both Fluoro-Jade B and Hematoxylin and Eosin to Detect Cell Death in the Juvenile Rat Brain Exposed to NMDA-Receptor Antagonists or GABA-Receptor Agonists in Safety Assessment. Davis, S; Mendes, OR; Picut, CA; Swanson, C; Weil, DS, 2021)	0.62
" Pregnant C57BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with a dosage of 500 mg/kg valproic acid (VPA) on embryonic day 10."	( Size anomaly and alteration of GABAergic enzymes expressions in cerebellum of a valproic acid mouse model of autism. Kwan, KM; Ma, SY, 2022)	0.72
"1 nM at equilibrium with this diazepam dosing schedule."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Diazepam: Unbound Interstitial Brain Concentrations Correspond to Clinical End Points. Burkat, PM, 2022)	0.72
" Gabapentenoid dosing varied among studies."	( Gabapentinoids and Acetaminophen as Adjuvants for Managing Postoperative Pain. Gill, C; Giuliano, K, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, the voluntary oral administration is suitable for repeated dosing of DREADDs ligands."	( Validation of DREADD agonists and administration route in a murine model of sleep enhancement. Anaclet, C; Ferrari, LL; Gompf, HS; Ogbeide-Latario, OE, 2022)	0.72
" These findings strongly support individualised dosing of tDCS, at least in M1."	( tDCS induced GABA change is associated with the simulated electric field in M1, an effect mediated by grey matter volume in the MRS voxel. Bachtiar, V; Barron, HC; Berrington, A; Clarke, WT; Hanayik, T; Hinson, EL; Johansen-Berg, H; Johnstone, A; Kolasinski, J; Nandi, T; Nettekoven, C; Puonti, O; Stagg, CJ; Thielscher, A; Winkler, AM, )	0.13
" Besides pregabalin (150 mg/day), the patients, upon their group assignment, received CoQ10 at a dosage of 100 mg every 8 h or matched placebo for 8 consecutive weeks."	( Coenzyme Q10 as a potential add-on treatment for patients suffering from painful diabetic neuropathy: results of a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Amini, P; Mehrpooya, M; Mirjalili, M; Mohammadi, Y; Sajedi, F, 2022)	0.72
" Male offsprings were injected with EPO and NEPO in a clinically proper postnatal dosing regimen on postnatal days (PND) 1-5, and autistic-like behaviors were tested at the end of the first month."	( The effects of postnatal erythropoietin and nano-erythropoietin on behavioral alterations by mediating K-Cl co-transporter 2 in the valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. Basiri, M; Darvishzadeh-Mahani, F; Haratizadeh, S; Nozari, M; Ranjbar, M, 2023)	0.91
"Participants were randomly assigned (2:1) to daily dosing with ASP8062 25 mg or placebo on days 1-10."	( A phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled study to investigate potential interactions between ASP8062, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA Alsharif, MN; Blahunka, P; Blauwet, MB; Erdman, J; Heo, N; Ito, M; Kelsh, D; Marek, GJ; Spence, A; Walzer, M, 2023)	0.91
" They were also excluded if they lacked sufficient information about how long or at what dosage they had been using the drug."	( Abuse and addiction in gabapentinoid drug users for neuropathic pain. Aydin Özaslan, E; Kiliç, Z, 2023)	0.91
" We are most familiar with the incremental dosing strategy where a ceiling dose is eventually attained guided by efficacy and patient tolerance, after which a fixed dosing regimen is prescribed."	( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report. Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)	0.91
" Of the patients still taking gabapentin, 73% were on a fixed schedule, while 27% were on a variable dosing schedule."	( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report. Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)	0.91
" None of the patients we surveyed had been given the autonomy to adjust gabapentin doses by their providers and this could significantly reduce the proportion of patients who would be encouraged to run a variable dosing regimen."	( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report. Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)	0.91
" Based upon this pilot study, the variable dosing option may be an option for improved therapeutic efficacy or as an alternative to those whose lifestyles do not allow for fixed dosing regimens."	( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report. Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)	0.91
" The ameliorative effect of FDH-GABA on premature aging showed a clear dose-response relationship, and at the same time, the changes of intestinal microorganisms showed a certain correlation with the relevant indexes of nervous system."	( Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk whey on nervous system and intestinal microenvironment of aging mice induced by D-galactose. He, W; Jiang, Y; Min, J; Song, H; Yang, Z; Zhao, S, 2024)	1.44

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Products

Product Category	Products
Professional Supplements	9
Active Lifestyle & Fitness	6
Vitamins & Supplements	32
Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	5
Pet Supplies	1
Weight Management	2
Beauty & Personal Care	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Allergy Research Group 200 Mg of Zen -- 120 Vegetarian Capsules	Allergy Research Group	Professional Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Allergy Research Group Zen -- 200 mg - 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Allergy Research Group	Professional Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amy Myers MD Rest and Restore -- 60 Capsules	Amy Myers MD	Professional Supplements	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amy Myers MD Rest and Restore Max -- 60 Capsules	Amy Myers MD	Professional Supplements	5-Hydroxytryptophan, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PM Sleep & Nighttime Recovery Pill Pack -- 30 Packs	Animal	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Phosphorus, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Aurora NutraScience Ultra Liposomal Sleep Support -- 10 fl oz	Aurora NutraScience	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Aurora NutraScience Ultra-Liposomal Sleep Support -- 30 Packets	Aurora NutraScience	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bach Rescue Plus Mood & Stress Support Gummies Orange -- 60 Gummies	Bach	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	Vitamin D3, GABA, Saffron	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Stress Support Powder for Dogs & Cats -- 1.29 oz	Bark & Whiskers	Pet Supplies	5-HTP, GABA, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bio Nutrition Sleep Wellness with Wild Lettuce Extract -- 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Bio Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, GABA, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designs for Sport Sleep Complex - NSF Certified for Sport -- 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Designs for Sport	Professional Supplements	5-HTP, Chamomile, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Melatonin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Douglas Laboratories GABA -- 500 mg - 60 Capsules	Douglas Laboratories	Professional Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition NiteLean - Nighttime Weight Loss Support -- 30 Veggie Capsules	Evlution Nutrition	Weight Management	5-HTP, Chromium, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition SleepMode -- 60 Veggie Capsules	Evlution Nutrition	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Force Factor Ultimate Magnesium Orange Creamsicle -- 330 mg - 60 Soft Chews	Force Factor	Vitamins & Supplements	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Power to Sleep PM 6 mg Melatonin -- 60 Liquid Softgels	Irwin Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	annatto, GABA, glycerin, maltodextrin, Melatonin, titanium dioxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Power to Sleep PM® -- 120 Liquid Softgels	Irwin Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, glycerin, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Power to Sleep PM® Melatonin-Free -- 50 Liquid Softgels	Irwin Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, leaf, GABA, glycerin, maltodextrin, Vitamin B6, titanium dioxide, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Stress-Defy™ -- 84 Liquid Softgels	Irwin Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, glycerin, maltodextrin, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Thiamin, titanium dioxide, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kal GABA L-Thenine Stress B Lozenge Natural Mango Tangerine -- 100 Lozenges	KAL	Vitamins & Supplements	Vitamin C, cellulose, fructose, Folate, GABA, Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, stearic acid, Thiamine, Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B6, Xylitol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract Stress and Fatigue Relief Formula 101 -- 300 Capsules	Kyolic	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	GABA, Microcrystalline cellulose, Vitamin B6, Thiamine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract™ Stress and Fatigue Relief Formula 101 -- 200 Capsules	Kyolic	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	Cellulose, GABA, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Luminite Natural Sleep Support -- 30 Capsules	Luminite	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, L-Glycine, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
MenoLabs Well Rested™ Sleep Support For Women -- 60 Capsules	MenoLabs	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, GABA, L-Glycine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Factors Stress-Relax Pharma GABA -- 100 mg - 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Natural Factors	Vitamins & Supplements	Gamma-Amino butyric Acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Vitality Calm Sleep Capsules -- 60 Capsules	Natural Vitality	Vitamins & Supplements	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, microcrystalline cellulose, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Vitality Calm Sleep Drink Mix Mixed Berry -- 6 oz	Natural Vitality	Vitamins & Supplements	Citric acid, Citric acid, leaf, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, magnesium carbonate, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Vitality Calm Sleep Supplement Drink Mixed Berry -- 4 oz	Natural Vitality	Vitamins & Supplements	Citric acid, Citric acid, leaf, GABA, Magnesium Carbonate, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nature Made Wellblends Sleep Longer Melatonin (10mg) L Theanine GABA -- 35 Tri-Layer Tablets	Nature Made	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriBiotic Ultra-Hydrating Peptide Face Creme -- 2 fl oz	NutriBiotic	Beauty & Personal Care	allantoin, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glyceryl stearate, dimethicone, phenoxyethanol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology ZenMind -- 120 Vegetarian Capsules	NutriCology	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olly Goodbye Stress Berry Verbena -- 42 Gummies	Olly	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, citric acid, GABA, beet sugar	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olly Goodbye Stress® -- 60 Softgels	Olly	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	GABA, glycerin, titanium dioxide, Withania somnifera	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olly Mellow Menopause Relief For Hot Flashes with EstroG-100 & Gaba -- 30 Capsules	Olly	Herbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy	GABA, microcrystalline cellulose	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Orgain SleepDeep Supplement - 3mg Melatonin - L-Theanine & Magnesium -- 60 Capsules (30-Day Supply)	Orgain	Vitamins & Supplements	Chamomile, GABA, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Orgain StressLess Supplement - Vegan Ashwagandha GABA Magnesium -- 90 Capsules	Orgain	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, Chamomile, GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SFI Health Sleep Support Complex -- 180 Capsules	SFI Health	Professional Supplements	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Snap Supplements Sleep Complex with Melatonin -- 60 Capsules	Snap Supplements	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, GABA, Melatonin	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals HGH Surge -- 150 Tablets	Source Naturals	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	5-HTP, Acetyl L-Carnitine, Chromium, DMAE, GABA, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Huperzine A, microcrystalline cellulose, Niacin, Ornithine Ketoglutarate, stearic acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals NightRest with Melatonin -- 100 Tablets	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	dibasic calcium phosphate, GABA, Glycine, Melatonin, Stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Serene Science™ GABA Calm™ Orange -- 120 Lozenges	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Glycine, mannitol, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Sorbitol, stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Serene Science™ Theanine Serene™ with Relora® -- 120 Tablets	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Sorbitol, stearic acid, Taurine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SUKU Vitamins Buh Bye Stress™ Gummy Vitamins -- 50 Gummies	SUKU Vitamins	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, citric acid, GABA, sodium citrate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SUKU Vitamins Restful Sleep Gummy Vitamins Blackberry Hibiscus -- 50 Gummies	SUKU Vitamins	Vitamins & Supplements	citric acid, agar, citric acid, GABA, Melatonin, sodium citrate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thorne Research PharmaGABA-100 -- 60 Capsules	Thorne Research	Professional Supplements	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium citrate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thorne Research PharmaGABA-250 -- 60 Capsules	Thorne Research	Professional Supplements	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium citrate	2024-11-29 10:47:42
TransformHQ Nighttime Shake - 28 Servings Chocolate Mousse -- 1.65 lbs	TransformHQ	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
TransformHQ Nighttime Shake - 28 Servings Pineapple Upside Down Cake -- 1.4 lbs	TransformHQ	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	GABA	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tropical Oasis Sleep-A-Weigh Plus -- 32 fl oz	Tropical Oasis	Weight Management	citric acid, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Vitamin C, citric acid, GABA, L-Lysine, Melatonin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6, xylitol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
TruLabs Sleep Nighttime Drink Mix Honey Lemon -- 6 Packets	TruLabs	Vitamins & Supplements	5-HTP, health, Chloride, Folate, GABA, Melatonin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, stevia, sucralose, Vitamin B6, Ashwagandha	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Type Zero Clean Pre Workout Cherry Limeade -- 21 Servings	Type Zero	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Chromium, citric acid, GABA, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Type Zero Clean Pre Workout Fruit Punch -- 21 Servings	Type Zero	Active Lifestyle & Fitness	citric acid, Vitamin C, Beta-Alanine, Betaine Anhydrous, Chromium, citric acid, GABA, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Vitamin B12	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vena Spa Water Radiance Renewal Drink Powder Strawberry Kiwi -- 20 Stick Packets	Vena	Vitamins & Supplements	Citric acid, Vitamin C, Citric acid, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, L-Glycine, L-Lysine, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitanica GABA Ease™ -- 60 Vegetarian Capsules	Vitanica	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Relax Magnesium Powder Stress Formula + L-Theanine Berry -- 4.4 oz	Youtheory	Vitamins & Supplements	leaf, GABA, L-glycine, stevia, xylitol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zhou Driftoff™ -- 60 Veggie Capsules	Zhou	Vitamins & Supplements	GABA, Melatonin, Tryptophan	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
neurotransmitter	An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
signalling molecule	A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite	Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
gamma-amino acid	A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
monocarboxylic acid	An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
amino acid zwitterion	The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Glutamate Metabolism	22	44
4-Hydroxybutyric Aciduria/Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	22	44
Homocarnosinosis	22	44
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome	22	44
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D and L Form)	22	44
Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency	22	44
Arginine Metabolism	28	48
Ornithine Metabolism	16	31
Putrescine Degradation II	8	15
4-Aminobutanoate Degradation I	3	9
4-Aminobutanoate Degradation	2	9
Glutamic Acid Metabolism	13	17
Butanoate Metabolism	9	22
2-Oxo-glutaric acid + 4-Amino-butanoic acid = L-Glutamic acid + Succinate semialdehyde ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )	1	4
Arginine and Proline metabolism ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )	42	55
Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )	19	26
Fragile X syndrome	2	3
7q11.23 copy number variation syndrome	2	13
Dravet syndrome	28	4
Dravet syndrome: Scn1a-A1783V point mutation model	78	9
polyamine degradation (N-acetyl pathway)	0	12
GABA degradation	0	9
AtMetExpress overview	0	109
Biosynthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by polyamine oxidation	0	5
Neurotransmitter release in cholinergic motor neurons	0	4
Iron uptake and transport	0	30
MECP2 and associated Rett syndrome	0	11
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Cannabinoid receptor signaling	0	20
Valproic acid pathway	0	22
Biogenic amine synthesis	0	3
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) susceptibility pathways	0	7

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Potency	0.3162	5.6234	17.2929	31.6228	AID485281
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	19.9526	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
ATAD5 protein, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4575	0.0041	10.8903	31.5287	AID493106
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1916	0.5318	15.4358	37.6858	AID504845
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6310	0.7079	36.9043	89.1251	AID504333
arylsulfatase A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4921	1.0691	13.9551	37.9330	AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.1267	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0035	0.5406	17.6392	96.1227	AID2364; AID2528
D(1A) dopamine receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.1092	0.0224	5.9449	22.3872	AID488982
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.9526	0.0100	39.5371	1,122.0200	AID1479
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.1220	0.7943	21.2757	50.1187	AID624246
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0794	0.0103	23.8567	63.0957	AID2662
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.1220	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	0.0573	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624032
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.8157	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0158	12.3113	615.5000	AID1461
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	0.4237	8.1900	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0292	0.0000	1.0101	6.8100	AID71390; AID71392; AID71399; AID71401
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0000	0.2108	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8398	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0000	0.1881	9.0000	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5057	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.5614	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.4973	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6352	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6217	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0332	0.0001	0.4988	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71435; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6758	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0323	0.0001	0.5046	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6469	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	2.1520	0.0013	2.2206	8.3000	AID242571; AID242581; AID242582; AID242583; AID71429
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0001	0.2076	9.0000	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6712	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.2623	0.0101	3.0903	10.0000	AID1476513; AID1599050; AID1602654; AID205303
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	354.0000	10.0000	182.0000	354.0000	AID1794824
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0001	0.2442	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	2.5100	0.0032	1.7900	8.3000	AID205447; AID71429
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0200	0.0032	1.5431	8.3000	AID71429
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	10.3241	0.0371	2.1922	8.5114	AID1544944; AID1736174; AID595473; AID722623; AID749115
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	20.7214	1.4125	5.2683	8.1283	AID1736176; AID595474; AID749114
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	17.5743	1.5488	3.6761	8.1283	AID1736177; AID595475; AID749113
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0001	0.2515	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0001	0.2401	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0000	0.2832	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0200	0.0032	1.5431	8.3000	AID71429
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	15.8771	0.8511	6.0521	36.0000	AID1476514; AID1476529; AID1476530; AID1476531; AID1476532; AID1476533; AID1476534; AID1476535; AID1476536; AID1476537; AID1476538; AID1476539; AID1476540; AID1476541; AID1476542; AID1476543; AID1476544; AID1476545; AID1476546; AID1476547; AID1476548; AID1476549; AID1476550; AID1476551; AID1476553; AID1476554; AID1476555; AID1599053; AID1794822; AID205304
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.3962	1.0000	4.1331	8.9200	AID1476507; AID1476552; AID1599052; AID72446
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0002	0.3709	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	1.6255	9.1242	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5065	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.5577	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5057	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6403	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.5708	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0000	0.4988	8.1900	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0002	0.4119	9.0000	AID1184359; AID71287
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	2.0005	9.5000	AID447579
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0000	0.4709	8.1900	AID447579
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0000	0.7687	8.1900	AID447579
Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0001	1.2147	8.1900	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	0.7525	8.1900	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0333	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID270052; AID71429; AID71431; AID71436; AID71443; AID71448; AID71830; AID71837; AID72296
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	700.0247	0.0002	0.6561	10.0000	AID1638732; AID1638733; AID71568
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	26.0000	6.2000	6.2000	6.2000	AID1599051
Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0001	0.4156	8.1900	AID447579
Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	1.8520	9.0000	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1165	0.0009	0.8954	5.6234	AID1184359; AID71287
Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	8.1900	0.0002	1.2993	9.5000	AID447579
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0292	0.0000	1.0532	6.8100	AID71390; AID71392; AID71399; AID71401
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.7000	0.6000	1.1500	1.7000	AID71408
Hsf1 protein	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	195.0000	0.1600	24.4900	236.5000	AID2382
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5300	0.5300	1.8736	5.3700	AID729173
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	20.7620	0.0011	2.0009	10.0000	AID1184360; AID1248432; AID1599027; AID296924; AID406576; AID697071; AID724586; AID72923; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	24.8496	0.0755	2.1245	8.0000	AID296924; AID406576; AID697071; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	13.6289	0.0014	1.9578	10.0000	AID1184360; AID1184366; AID1184368; AID1248432; AID1599027; AID1599031; AID1599033; AID296924; AID724586; AID724594; AID724595; AID72923; AID73084; AID73239; AID73365; AID73519; AID73542
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	2.3000	0.0190	1.7367	7.0000	AID729172
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5275	0.2691	1.0921	4.6000	AID1184362; AID1599026; AID321738; AID406570; AID724585; AID733885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.7000	0.6000	1.5333	2.3000	AID71408
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	26.7878	0.0030	1.6532	9.8000	AID406576; AID697071; AID72923; AID73084; AID73239; AID73365; AID733887; AID73519; AID73542
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.7000	0.6000	1.2333	1.7000	AID71408
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	7.0091	0.0030	1.5821	9.8000	AID1599033; AID406576; AID697071; AID733887; AID73519
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	8.7818	0.0100	1.2009	5.6234	AID1184368; AID406576; AID697071; AID724595; AID73239; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	10.1514	0.0120	1.1751	5.2000	AID1184366; AID406576; AID697071; AID724594; AID73084; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	5.3824	0.0014	1.7768	10.0000	AID1184360; AID1184366; AID1184368; AID1248432; AID1599027; AID1599031; AID1599033; AID406576; AID697071; AID724586; AID724594; AID724595; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	16.0009	0.0755	1.5958	5.2000	AID1599031; AID406576; AID697071; AID73365; AID733887
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	6.1500	0.0190	2.1499	10.0000	AID366055; AID729172
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	2.3000	0.0190	1.7367	7.0000	AID729172
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	10.0225	0.0755	1.1959	5.2000	AID406576; AID697071; AID733887; AID73542
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0411	0.0411	0.0411	0.0411	AID1692270
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	14.3000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	1.1150	0.0794	1.6276	5.3700	AID406573; AID729173
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of myotube differentiation	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organization	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growth	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of JNK cascade	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
spindle assembly	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of skin barrier	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fluid shear stress	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cornified envelope assembly	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signaling	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system neuron development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to progesterone	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
ovulation cycle	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
adult behavior	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
roof of mouth development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual perception	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse organization	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to sucrose	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lead ion	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to purine-containing compound	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiol	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to calcium ion	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid import	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell differentiation	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
nitrogen compound transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid import	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
inner ear receptor cell development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
innervation	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
cochlea development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inner ear receptor cell development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
innervation	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cochlea development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine betaine transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of myotube differentiation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein sumoylation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein sumoylation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-lysine deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glycolytic process	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of chloride transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
copulation	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heat generation	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prolactin secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of aspartate secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of myotube differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organization	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoderm development	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampus development	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell fate specification	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic digit morphogenesis	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hair follicle placode formation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
eyelid development in camera-type eye	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
fungiform papilla formation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of stem cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heterochromatin formation	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transport	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
vasculogenesis	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junction assembly	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein sumoylation	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-2 production	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mRNA processing	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamine	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron projection development	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite development	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migration	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to caffeine	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
heterochromatin formation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to heat	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification process	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell fate specification	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic digit morphogenesis	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of proteolysis	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanol	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hyperoxia	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
hair follicle placode formation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dendritic spine development	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
eyelid development in camera-type eye	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
fungiform papilla formation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acid	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of male mating behavior	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dopamine	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-beta	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of stem cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organization	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
macroautophagy	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mismatch repair	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
homologous recombination	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
polyamine deacetylation	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine deacetylation	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organization	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte development	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin organization	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic sister chromatid cohesion	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein ubiquitination	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of telomere maintenance	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of platelet aggregation	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activation	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen-activated signaling pathway	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregation	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response-regulating signaling pathway	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
nitrogen compound transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
creatine transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid reuptake	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid import	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nitrogen compound transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transport	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
polyamine deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein polyubiquitination	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamine	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular protein transport	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
actin filament organization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagy	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell migration	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of macroautophagy	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
axonal transport of mitochondrion	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein destabilization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome localization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex disassembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to heat	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-lysine deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to immobilization stress	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to topologically incorrect protein	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
erythrocyte enucleation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
collateral sprouting	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to corticosterone	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to misfolded protein	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of microtubule-based movement	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine morphogenesis	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium disassembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of establishment of protein localization	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxide	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
aggresome assembly	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
polyubiquitinated misfolded protein transport	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to growth factor	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to misfolded protein	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to dexamethasone	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
tubulin deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tubulin deacetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein acetylation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of aggrephagy	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
epigenetic regulation of gene expression	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast differentiation	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glutamate secretion	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretion	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretion	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cyclin binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein decrotonylase activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
histone decrotonylase activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein de-2-hydroxyisobutyrylase activity	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid binding	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
histone binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
SUMO transferase activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activity	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
iron-sulfur cluster binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleosomal DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
Krueppel-associated box domain binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
E-box binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
histone decrotonylase activity	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:proton symporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proline:proton symporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-proline transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transmembrane transporter activity	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
SUMO transferase activity	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleosomal DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
heat shock protein binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
histone binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
NF-kappaB binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
histone decrotonylase activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein de-2-hydroxyisobutyrylase activity	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylputrescine deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylspermidine deacetylase activity	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp70 protein binding	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp90 protein binding	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
histone decrotonylase activity	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen binding	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activity	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
collagen receptor activity	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase binding	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
creatine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
taurine:sodium symporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid transmembrane transporter activity	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylspermidine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
actin binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
beta-catenin binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
tubulin deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
tau protein binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
misfolded protein binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp90 protein binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
dynein complex binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K14 deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K9 deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H4K16 deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein lysine deacetylase activity	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cellular_component	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic spindle	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled GABA receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor heterodimeric complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane protein complex	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
presynapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Histone deacetylase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate transaminase complex	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
NuRD complex	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
Sin3-type complex	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heterochromatin	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellar Golgi cell to granule cell synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
vacuolar membrane	Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric region	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
NuRD complex	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
Sin3-type complex	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
ESC/E(Z) complex	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 11	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeleton	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear chromosome	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 8	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raft	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
tetraspanin-enriched microdomain	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Platelet glycoprotein VI	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynapse	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection	Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
multivesicular body	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
caveola	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
inclusion body	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
aggresome	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cell leading edge	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
ciliary basal body	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
axon cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
microtubule associated complex	Histone deacetylase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
axolemma	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled GABA receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor heterodimeric complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
histone methyltransferase complex	Histone deacetylase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase complex	Histone deacetylase 5	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID366056	Activity at rat GABAA alpha-1F64C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60 mV by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID1599052	Inhibition of human GAT3 expressed in Flp-In CHO cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake incubated for 3 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID1164681	Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam form benzodiazepine receptor in rat cerebral cortex assessed as specific radio-ligand binding level at 1 uM incubated for 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86	Studies on the anticonvulsant activity of 4-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and their effect on GABAergic system.
AID71720	Binding affinity towards [3H]GHB binding site at 10 uM	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 31, Issue:5	Analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Synthesis and binding studies.
AID497827	Protection against fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C assessed as embryo viability at 40 uM at 25 degC by flow cytometry relative to untreated homozygous embryos	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID296921	Agonist activity at human GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID1736176	Inhibition of mouse GTA 3 receptor	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice.
AID724596	Agonist activity at human GABAA alpha5beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID739648	Cytotoxicity against triple-negative human Hs578T cells assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	A novel metformin derivative, HL010183, inhibits proliferation and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1476550	Inhibition of human BGT1 Y453A mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID366040	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABAA alpha-3-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID297971	Antagonist activity at human glycine alpha-1 receptor in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19	Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID1476544	Inhibition of human BGT1 Q378P mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID134937	Evaluation of General motor activity in mouse at dose 200 mg/kg	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID711587	Lipophilicity, log P of the compound	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 54, Issue:8	Synopsis of some recent tactical application of bioisosteres in drug design.
AID227718	Binding energy by using the equation deltaG obsd = -RT ln KD	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Functional group contributions to drug-receptor interactions.
AID595509	Selectivity ratio of pIC50 for mouse GAT3 topIC50 for mouse GAT1	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID447579	Inhibition of HDAC in human Hela cells nuclear extracts by fluorimetric assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14	Molecular modifications on carboxylic acid derivatives as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors: Activity and docking studies.
AID71435	In vitro inhibition of [3H]GABA binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor of rat brain synaptic membranes	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 28, Issue:11	GABA agonists. Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-dihydromuscimol.
AID1476536	Inhibition of human BGT1 A328G mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID179766	In vitro inhibition of GABA uptake in rat brain synaptic membranes	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 28, Issue:11	GABA agonists. Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-dihydromuscimol.
AID296916	Agonist activity at GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in tsA-201 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID1137326	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	1979	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 22, Issue:1	Kojic amine--a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue.
AID21243	Partition coefficient of the compound	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2	Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AID366360	Agonist activity at rat GABAA alpha-1R66C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as inhibition of induction of current at -60 mV at 35 mM by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method in presence of 2 mM 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethiosu	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID1476513	Inhibition of human GAT1 expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID681145	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Genomics, Jan, Volume: 79, Issue:1	The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location.
AID139780	Onset for sleeping time after administration in mice induced by sodium pentobarbital	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID338176	Displacement of [3H]GABA from GABAB receptor in presence of isoguvacine assessed as specific binding relative to total binding	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID1184366	Agonist activity at human GABAAalpha2beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in tsA-201cells by FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID111648	Percentage decrease in general motor activity with respect to vehicle-injected control in mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg after ip administration	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID724585	Agonist activity at human GABAA rho1 receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID296914	Agonist activity at human GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID73068	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID128118	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after ip administration of 160 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1476537	Inhibition of human BGT1 V336A mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID296925	Agonist activity at GABA alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID1476543	Inhibition of human BGT1 F367Y mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID722623	Inhibition of [3H]GABA uptake at mouse GAT1 expressed in HEK293 cells after 25 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Focused pseudostatic hydrazone libraries screened by mass spectrometry binding assay: optimizing affinities toward γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1.
AID1476514	Inhibition of human BGT1 expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID366038	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABAA alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID71399	Displacement of [3H]baclofen from Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor of rat brain membranes	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 30, Issue:4	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of gamma-aminobutyric acid analogues. New ligand for GABAB sites.
AID128121	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after iv administration of 30 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71448	Inhibition of [3H]GABA binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor of rat brain synaptosomal membranes	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Hydroxy- and amino-substituted piperidinecarboxylic acids as gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists and uptake inhibitors.
AID1476535	Inhibition of human BGT1 F324C mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID1476552	Inhibition of human GAT3 S468Y mutant expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID128111	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after ip administration of 160 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71391	In vitro binding affinity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes at pH 7.4	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1	GABA agonists and uptake inhibitors. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-homo-beta-proline.
AID1638732	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from orthosteric binding site of GABA(A) receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cortical synaptic membranes by liquid scintillation counting	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5	Discovery of 2-(Imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazin-2-yl)acetic Acid as a New Class of Ligands Selective for the γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) High-Affinity Binding Sites.
AID1638733	Displacement of [3H]NCS-382 from high-affinity GHB binding site of GABA(A) receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cortical synaptic membranes by liquid scintillation counting	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5	Discovery of 2-(Imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazin-2-yl)acetic Acid as a New Class of Ligands Selective for the γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) High-Affinity Binding Sites.
AID462613	Permeability across artificial membrane assessed as membrane retention at 200 uM by PAMPA using HPLC/MS method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	N-methyl phenylalanine-rich peptides as highly versatile blood-brain barrier shuttles.
AID752245	Binding affinity to GABA receptor (unknown origin) by radioligand displacement assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(5-methyl-4-phenyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-acetamide stereoisomers as novel positive allosteric modulators of sigma-1 receptor.
AID136515	Latency to the onset of generalized clonic epileptic seizures by picrotoxin was measured and evaluated as a percent of the control in mice.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID129381	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after ip administration of 210 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1599026	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A rho-1 receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID724594	Agonist activity at human GABAA alpha2beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID296915	Agonist activity at human GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID72446	Inhibitory activity against human sodium and chloride dependent GABA transporter 3	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Design, synthesis and evaluation of substituted triarylnipecotic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors: identification of a ligand with moderate affinity and selectivity for the cloned human GABA transporter GAT-3.
AID1476548	Inhibition of human BGT1 I386F mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID366359	Agonist activity at rat GABAA alpha-1S68C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as reduction of induction of current at -60 mV at 65 uM by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method in presence of 450 uM 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethios	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID129380	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after ip administration of 160 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1599050	Inhibition of human GAT1 expressed in Flp-In CHO cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake incubated for 3 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID71433	In vitro effect on GABA uptake in a crude preparation of synaptosomes from rat brain.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID71443	Inhibitory effect was measured for [3H]GABA-uptake from rat synaptosomal membrane	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Synthesis of alkyl-substituted arecoline derivatives as gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors.
AID1476533	Inhibition of human BGT1 K317R mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID242571	H-bonding interaction between amino acid residue (Thr-89) of Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1TM2 and compound	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23	Novel secoergoline derivatives inhibit both GABA and glutamate uptake in rat brain homogenates: synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and modeling.
AID227716	Brain-uptake index (BUI) was determined for the compound in rat	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID366041	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABAA alpha-4-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID205303	Inhibitory activity against human GABA transporter-1 (hGAT1)	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Design, synthesis and evaluation of substituted triarylnipecotic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors: identification of a ligand with moderate affinity and selectivity for the cloned human GABA transporter GAT-3.
AID1184368	Agonist activity at human GABAAalpha3beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in tsA-201cells by FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID1599028	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A alpha1beta2gamma2S receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells assessed as GABA-induced maximum response incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID73502	Compound was tested for the inhibitory effect against Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase from pig brain, activity expressed as Km	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 29, Issue:5	4-Amino-2-(substituted methyl)-2-butenoic acids: substrates and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.
AID205304	Inhibition of human GABA transporter (hBGT-1) activity.	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Design, synthesis and evaluation of substituted triarylnipecotic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors: identification of a ligand with moderate affinity and selectivity for the cloned human GABA transporter GAT-3.
AID71442	Inhibition of 2 nM [3H]muscimol binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptor in rat brain crude synaptic membranes	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 25, Issue:2	Aminomethyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazines as potential analogues of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Unexpected discovery of a taurine antagonist.
AID296923	Agonist activity at rat GABA alpha-1-T129S-beta-2-gamma-2 receptor mutant expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID71421	Displacement of [3H]- muscimol from GABA-A receptor from rat cerebellum membrane at 0.022-0.039 uM	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Orally active and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.
AID1599053	Inhibition of human BGT1 expressed in Flp-In CHO cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake incubated for 3 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID296918	Agonist activity at GABAC rho 1 receptor S168T mutant expressed in tsA-201 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID20536	Solubility in pH 5.0 phosphate buffer (0.1 M) at 37 degrees Centigrade.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID729172	Agonist activity at rat GABA-A alpha1beta2gamma2 receptor expressed in human TSA201 cells by whole cell voltage-clamp method	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6	Evaluation of difluoromethyl ketones as agonists of the γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor.
AID129382	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after ip administration of 60 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID72923	Effective agonist dose for human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-1-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID733885	Agonist activity at GABAC rho1 receptor (unknown origin)	2013	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorescent and Biotinylated Antagonists of ρ1 GABAC Receptors.
AID724595	Agonist activity at human GABAA alpha3beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID595482	Selectivity ratio of pIC50 for mouse GAT3 to pIC50 for mouse GAT2	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID296917	Agonist activity at GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in tsA-201 cells by FMP assay relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID73084	Agonist activity on human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-2-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID25082	pKA value was determined; Experiment 2	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Hydroxy- and amino-substituted piperidinecarboxylic acids as gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists and uptake inhibitors.
AID71436	In vitro inhibition of [3H]P4S binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor of rat brain synaptic membranes	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 28, Issue:11	GABA agonists. Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-dihydromuscimol.
AID227711	Brain penetration index calculated as ([Brain]/[Liver])x100 @ 5 min after sc administration in mice at 3-39 mg/kg	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2	Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AID1476541	Inhibition of human BGT1 Q346Y mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID366058	Activity at rat GABAA alpha-1S68C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60 mV by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID40838	Percent inhibition of [3H]- Diazepam binding to GABA-A Benzodiazepine receptor of rat frontal cortex membranes (ND = no data)	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Orally active and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.
AID1184359	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in SPRD rat brain synaptic membranes by scintillation counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID497836	Suppression of glutamate-induced Futsch protein overexpression in head lysates of laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model at 40 uM by Western blot	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID181196	In vivo pentobarbital (30 mg/kg ip)-induced hypnosis in rats after intracerebroventricular administration at a dose of 3.90 uL	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21	Synthesis and biological evaluation of GABA derivatives able to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats.
AID128117	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after ip administration of 120 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID111695	BPI index was determined at 5 min after subcutaneous administration	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 2. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of lipid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1476538	Inhibition of human BGT1 V337I mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID1476549	Inhibition of human BGT1 Y453S mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID751884	Binding affinity to GABA receptor (unknown origin) by radioligand displacement assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies in serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists based on fused pyrrolidone scaffolds.
AID595473	Inhibition of mouse GAT1-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID267284	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 49, Issue:14	Hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazolyl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and pharmacological characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related compounds.
AID111523	Tested for the quanitity of [14C]-labeled (radioactivity) compound taken up into the brain following subcutaneous injection	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID296924	Agonist activity at GABA alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID1476534	Inhibition of human BGT1 A321M mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID1599031	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A alpha4beta2gamma2S receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID1476555	Inhibition of human BGT1/human GAT3 chimera D expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID191876	Vmax was measured for [3H]GABA-uptake from rat synaptosomal membrane.	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Synthesis of alkyl-substituted arecoline derivatives as gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors.
AID366055	Activity at rat wild type GABAA alpha-1-beta-2 receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60 mV by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID366358	Agonist activity at rat GABAA alpha-1F64C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as reduction of induction of current at -60 mV at 3.6 mM by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method in presence of 10 uM 2-sulfonatoethyl methanethios	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID71408	Agonist activity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid type C (GABA-C) receptor derived from bovine retinal RNA expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-20, Volume: 43, Issue:8	GABA-Activated ligand gated ion channels: medicinal chemistry and molecular biology.
AID196024	Concentration inhibiting GABA uptake rat brain synaptosomes.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID286351	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex membranes	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-03, Volume: 50, Issue:9	Novel 3-O-glycosyl-3-demethylthiocolchicines as ligands for glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
AID366039	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABA alpha-2-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID129390	Evaluation of Brain Penetration Index in mouse	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1544944	Inhibition of mouse GAT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake preincubated for 25 mins followed by [3H]GABA addition and measured after 4 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	Application of the concept of oxime library screening by mass spectrometry (MS) binding assays to pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potential inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (GAT1).
AID733887	Agonist activity at GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	2013	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorescent and Biotinylated Antagonists of ρ1 GABAC Receptors.
AID129383	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after iv administration of 30 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1602654	Inhibition of human GAT1 expressed in COS cells assessed as decrease in [3H]GABA uptake after 10 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Screening oxime libraries by means of mass spectrometry (MS) binding assays: Identification of new highly potent inhibitors to optimized inhibitors γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1.
AID595483	Selectivity ratio of pIC50 for mouse GAT3 to pIC50 for mouse GAT4	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID26352	Dissociation constant (pKa)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID406576	Agonist activity at human alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2L GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of current production by two electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13	Novel gamma-aminobutyric acid rho1 receptor antagonists; synthesis, pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationships.
AID16862	Partition coefficient in 1-octanol/water system measured using radio active compounds	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID385594	Activity at human GABAA alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 LS327A,S343A receptor in HEK293 cells expressing as-PKCepsilon assessed as evoked current response by whole cell patch clamp method	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 282, Issue:45	Protein kinase C epsilon regulates gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of gamma2 subunits.
AID25820	PKa values of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID346419	Displacement of radiolabeled GABA from GABA receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	cis-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-5,6,7a,8,9,10,11,11a-octahydrobenzofuro[2,3-h]quinazolin-2-amine (A-987306), a new histamine H4R antagonist that blocks pain responses against carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.
AID73490	Compound was tested for the inhibition of Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase (GABA-AT)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 42, Issue:22	Inhibition and substrate activity of conformationally rigid vigabatrin analogues with gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.
AID73519	Effective agonist dose for human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-5-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID297970	Antagonist activity at human rho1 GABAc receptor in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19	Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID73362	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-3-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID1476553	Inhibition of human BGT1/human GAT3 chimera B expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID1285631	Displacement of [3H]GABA from rat cerebral cortex GABA receptor	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8	Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents.
AID71396	Displacement of [3H]-GABA from Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor in rat brain membranes	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Stereoselective syntheses of the trans-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid epimers. Diastereomeric zwitterionic probes of gamma-aminobutyric acid related biological properties in vitro and in vivo.
AID630741	Inhibition of human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in human Caco2 cells after 10 mins by liquid scintillation counting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of substrates of the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (hPAT1).
AID749115	Inhibition of mouse GAT1 expressed in HEK cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-GABA uptake after 25 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11	Synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to a vinyl ether spacer as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID1476530	Inhibition of human BGT1 Q299L mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID749112	Inhibition of mouse GAT4 expressed in HEK cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-GABA uptake after 25 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11	Synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to a vinyl ether spacer as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID198301	Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 2 mM, in presence of 0.5 uM magnesium ions	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23	Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID1476507	Inhibition of human GAT3 L314Q mutant expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID52376	Ability to inhibit potassium induced transmitter release in cerebellar granule cells expressing high affinity GABA receptors at 55 mM KCl	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 37, Issue:16	GABAA receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Design and therapeutic prospects.
AID71275	In vitro effect on Gamma-aminobutyric acid agonism on single neurons of cat spinal cord (--- is similar activity to GABA)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID71431	In vitro affinity for GABA binding sites on purified synaptic membranes from rat brain.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID242581	H-bonding interaction between amino acid residue (Asn-137) of Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1TM3 and compound	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23	Novel secoergoline derivatives inhibit both GABA and glutamate uptake in rat brain homogenates: synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and modeling.
AID406570	Agonist activity at human GABAc Rho1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as whole cell current production by two electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13	Novel gamma-aminobutyric acid rho1 receptor antagonists; synthesis, pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationships.
AID1184725	Displacement of [3H]CGP54626 from recombinant HA-tagged GB1 subunit/Flag-tagged GB2 subunit receptor (unknown origin) expressed in CHO cells by scintillation proximity assay	2014	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-10, Volume: 5, Issue:7	Discovery of a Negative Allosteric Modulator of GABAB Receptors.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID180670	Inhibition of high affinity neuronal GABA uptake by synaptosomes of rat brain membrane	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Hydroxy- and amino-substituted piperidinecarboxylic acids as gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists and uptake inhibitors.
AID242583	H-bonding interaction between amino acid residue (Tyr-140) of Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1TM3 and compound was determined	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23	Novel secoergoline derivatives inhibit both GABA and glutamate uptake in rat brain homogenates: synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and modeling.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1638747	Displacement of [3H]NCS382 from high-affinity GHB binding site of alpha4betadelta receptor in mouse brain membranes	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-14, Volume: 62, Issue:5	Discovery of 2-(Imidazo[1,2- b]pyridazin-2-yl)acetic Acid as a New Class of Ligands Selective for the γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) High-Affinity Binding Sites.
AID140740	Sleeping time in mice after administration in mice induced by sodium pentobarbital	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID71437	In vitro inhibition of [3H]THIP binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 28, Issue:11	GABA agonists. Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-dihydromuscimol.
AID71549	Agonistic activity Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor chloride uptake, full agonist	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Discovery of non-zwitterionic GABA(A) receptor full agonists and a superagonist.
AID1476554	Inhibition of human BGT1/human GAT3 chimera C expresses in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID1476547	Inhibition of human BGT1 I386M mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID296919	Agonist activity at GABAC rho 1 receptor S168T mutant expressed in tsA-201 cells by FMP assay relative to GABA	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID205447	Inhibitory activity against rat GABA transporter-2 (rGAT2)	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Design, synthesis and evaluation of substituted triarylnipecotic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors: identification of a ligand with moderate affinity and selectivity for the cloned human GABA transporter GAT-3.
AID72156	In vitro binding affinity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes at pH 7.1	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1	GABA agonists and uptake inhibitors. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-homo-beta-proline.
AID1476542	Inhibition of human BGT1 S353A mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID16864	Partition coefficient in octanol/water system was determined using [14C]-labeled compounds.	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID724586	Agonist activity at human GABAA alpha1beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID71998	Inhibition of [3H]muscimol binding to GABA-A receptor from rat cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Phosphinic acid analogues of GABA. 1. New potent and selective GABAB agonists.
AID73512	Percent of enzyme inhibition by Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase assay method; ND means no data	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Orally active and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.
AID1476551	Inhibition of human BGT1 Y453S/Y454A double mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID179593	In vitro inhibition of [3H]GABA uptake in rat Hippocampal slices.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22	Structure-activity studies on benzhydrol-containing nipecotic acid and guvacine derivatives as potent, orally-active inhibitors of GABA uptake.
AID739647	Cytotoxicity against triple-negative human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	A novel metformin derivative, HL010183, inhibits proliferation and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells.
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID689059	Activity of pig GABA aminotransferase using alpha-ketoglutarate as substrate after 16 hrs by Hanes-Woolf plot analysis	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19	Synthesis and evaluation of novel heteroaromatic substrates of GABA aminotransferase.
AID128119	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after ip administration of 210 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71401	Inhibition of [3H]CGP-27492 binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor of rat cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Phosphinic acid analogues of GABA. 1. New potent and selective GABAB agonists.
AID1476532	Inhibition of human BGT1 H312N mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID227951	Compound was evaluated for kinetic constant Kcat/Km	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 42, Issue:22	Inhibition and substrate activity of conformationally rigid vigabatrin analogues with gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.
AID52378	Ability to inhibit potassium induced transmitter release in cerebellar granule cells expressing high and low affinity GABA receptors at 55 mM KCl	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 37, Issue:16	GABAA receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Design and therapeutic prospects.
AID73474	Compound was tested for the inhibitory effect against Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase from bacteria, activity expressed as Km	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 29, Issue:5	4-Amino-2-(substituted methyl)-2-butenoic acids: substrates and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.
AID48904	BMC-sensitive inhibitory effect on cat spinal neurons relative to that of GABA was expressed in vivo as relative potency; Equal activity	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 28, Issue:11	GABA agonists. Resolution, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-dihydromuscimol.
AID1476545	Inhibition of human BGT1 S381A mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID297969	Antagonist activity at human 5HT3A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19	Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID1692270	Binding affinity to human platelet lysate GP6 at 0.1 uM by surface plasmon resonance analysis	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-12, Volume: 63, Issue:21	Progress toward a Glycoprotein VI Modulator for the Treatment of Thrombosis.
AID1476539	Inhibition of human BGT1 I340V mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID72153	Affinity for gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor measured by its ability to displace [3H]gabazine antagonist from rat brain preparations.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22	Condensation of muscimol or thiomuscimol with aminopyridazines yields GABA-A antagonists.
AID128114	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after iv administration of 30 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1476546	Inhibition of human BGT1 C382T mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID229945	I/U ratio for neutral amino acids.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID184436	Km was measured for [3H]GABA-uptake from rat synaptosomal membrane.	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Synthesis of alkyl-substituted arecoline derivatives as gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitors.
AID521220	Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay	2007	Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5	Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID73542	Effective agonist dose for human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-6-beta-3-gamma-2	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID1476531	Inhibition of human BGT1 K310N mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID447578	Inhibition of HDAC in human Hela cells nuclear extracts assessed as residual activity at 500 uM by fluorimetric assay	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 17, Issue:14	Molecular modifications on carboxylic acid derivatives as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors: Activity and docking studies.
AID198302	Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 5 mM with 0.5 uM magnesium ions	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23	Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID497839	Suppression of glutamate-induced beta-lobe midline crossing deffect in mushroom bodies of laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model at 40 uM by Fas2 staining based confocal microscopy	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID751744	Displacement of [3H]Muscimol from central-type GABAA receptor muscimol binding site in Wistar rat brain at 10 uM after 10 mins relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Cinnamides as selective small-molecule inhibitors of a cellular model of breast cancer stem cells.
AID270052	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABA-A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18	3-demethoxy-3-glycosylaminothiocolchicines: Synthesis of a new class of putative muscle relaxant compounds.
AID1736175	Inhibition of mouse GTA 2 receptor	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice.
AID497840	Suppression of glutamate-induced beta-lobe midline crossing deffect in mushroom bodies of laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model assessed as incidence of severe deffects at 40 uM by Fas2 staining b	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID1476529	Inhibition of human BGT1 F295Y mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID72296	Inhibition of [3H]GABA binding to gamma-aminobutyric-acid A (GABA-A) receptor	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of baclofen analogues locked in the baclofen solid-state conformation.
AID25081	pKA value was determined; Experiment 1	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Hydroxy- and amino-substituted piperidinecarboxylic acids as gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists and uptake inhibitors.
AID689060	Ratio of Kcat to Km for pig GABA aminotransferase	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 20, Issue:19	Synthesis and evaluation of novel heteroaromatic substrates of GABA aminotransferase.
AID733886	Agonist activity at GABAB receptor (unknown origin)	2013	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Fluorescent and Biotinylated Antagonists of ρ1 GABAC Receptors.
AID711528	Activity of GABA aminotransferase	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 54, Issue:8	Synopsis of some recent tactical application of bioisosteres in drug design.
AID1184370	Agonist activity at human GABAAalpha5beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in tsA-201cells by FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID234828	Survival ratio was calculated for determination of dose dependency.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID71562	Displacement of [3H]-GABA from Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor in rat brain membranes	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Stereoselective syntheses of the trans-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid epimers. Diastereomeric zwitterionic probes of gamma-aminobutyric acid related biological properties in vitro and in vivo.
AID1184362	Agonist activity at human GABAA rho1 expressed in tsA-201cells by FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID144355	In vitro inhibition of N8-Acetylspermidine deacetylase from rat liver cytosol(apparent Ki)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-26, Volume: 35, Issue:13	Inhibition of N8-acetylspermidine deacetylase by active-site-directed metal coordinating inhibitors.
AID1599029	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A alpha3beta2gamma2S receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID242582	H-bonding interaction between amino acid residue (Ser-133) of Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1TM3 and compound was determined	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 47, Issue:23	Novel secoergoline derivatives inhibit both GABA and glutamate uptake in rat brain homogenates: synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and modeling.
AID71837	Inhibition of [3H]muscimol binding to gamma-aminobutyric-acid A (GABA-A) receptor	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	3-Thienyl- and 3-furylaminobutyric acids. Synthesis and binding GABAB receptor studies.
AID385593	Activity at human GABAA alpha1beta2 S410A-gamma-2-LS327A,S343A receptor in HEK293 cells expressing as-PKCepsilon assessed as evoked current response by whole cell patch clamp method	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 282, Issue:45	Protein kinase C epsilon regulates gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of gamma2 subunits.
AID71571	Relative binding affinity for sodium-independent Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor synaptic membrane binding site in rat brain tissue	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	(+/-)-trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride: a rigid analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID73365	Effective agonist dose for human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-4-beta-3-gamma-2	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID406573	Agonist activity at human GABAb 1A/2 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as whole cell current production by two electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13	Novel gamma-aminobutyric acid rho1 receptor antagonists; synthesis, pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationships.
AID296922	Agonist activity at rat GABA alpha-1-T129S-beta-2-gamma-2 receptor mutant expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID128120	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after ip administration of 60 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID22614	Maximal rate constant was determined	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10	Inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (S,E)-4-amino-5-fluoropent-2-enoic acid and effect on the enzyme of (E)-3-(1-aminocyclopropyl)-2-propenoic acid.
AID233587	Ratio of IC50 for GABA-B and GABA-A receptors	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Phosphinic acid analogues of GABA. 1. New potent and selective GABAB agonists.
AID128122	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after sc administration of 270 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID385592	Activity at human GABAA alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2L receptor in HEK293 cells expressing as-PKCepsilon assessed as evoked current response by whole cell patch clamp method	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 282, Issue:45	Protein kinase C epsilon regulates gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of gamma2 subunits.
AID286350	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord brainstem membranes	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-03, Volume: 50, Issue:9	Novel 3-O-glycosyl-3-demethylthiocolchicines as ligands for glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
AID751679	Displacement of [3H]Muscimol from central-type GABAA receptor muscimol binding site in Wistar rat brain after 10 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6	Cinnamides as selective small-molecule inhibitors of a cellular model of breast cancer stem cells.
AID71297	Percent displacement of [3H]GABA at Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor of rat brain membranes at 0.01 uM	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7	Epimeric cis-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acids: effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake and receptor binding in vitro.
AID181332	In vivo pentobarbital (30 mg/kg ip)-induced hypnosis in rats after iv administration at a dose of 92 umol	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21	Synthesis and biological evaluation of GABA derivatives able to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats.
AID337892	Displacement of [3H]GABA from GABAB receptor in presence of isoguvacine	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID366060	Ratio of EC50 for rat wild type GABAA alpha-1-beta-2 receptor over EC50 for rat GABAA alpha-1F64C-beta-2 receptor mutant by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID180320	Inhibitory concentration that suppress the CA1 population spike in rat hippocampus slices	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2	Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AID74657	Percent of enzyme inhibition by Glutamate decarboxylase assay method; ND means no data	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Orally active and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID52375	Ability to inhibit potassium induced transmitter release in cerebellar granule cells expressing high affinity GABA receptors at 30 mM KCl	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 37, Issue:16	GABAA receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Design and therapeutic prospects.
AID16860	Octanol:water partition coefficient is evaluated	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 2. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of lipid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID73483	Compound was tested for the inhibition of Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase (GABA-AT)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 42, Issue:22	Inhibition and substrate activity of conformationally rigid vigabatrin analogues with gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase.
AID1687096	Activation of human GABAB1/GABAB2 expressed in HEK293 cells co-transfected with rat CaV2.2 channel assessed as reduction in CaV2.2-mediated peak-current amplitude in response to depolarizing pulse at 10 uM by whole cell patch clamp assay relative to contr	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22	Targeting of N-Type Calcium Channels via GABA
AID73492	Michaelis-Menten constant of the compound.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 42, Issue:2	2,6-Difluorophenol as a bioisostere of a carboxylic acid: bioisosteric analogues of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID340244	Inhibition of GABA receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-24, Volume: 51, Issue:14	Identification of a potent, selective, and orally active leukotriene a4 hydrolase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity.
AID1336324	Displacement of [3H]GABA from rat cerebral cortex GABA receptor at 100 uM	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2	Structure-anticonvulsant activity studies in the group of (E)-N-cinnamoyl aminoalkanols derivatives monosubstituted in phenyl ring with 4-Cl, 4-CH
AID23728	Apparent partition coefficient between 1-octanol and pH 5.0 phosphate buffer (0.1 M) at 37 degrees Centigrade.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID383684	Effect on D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in Wistar rat at 1 mg/kg, po	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 51, Issue:9	A mutual prodrug ester of GABA and perphenazine exhibits antischizophrenic efficacy with diminished extrapyramidal effects.
AID1736174	Inhibition of mouse GTA 1 receptor	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice.
AID296920	Agonist activity at human GABAC rho 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by Whole-cell patch-clamp technique	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID366043	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABAA alpha-6-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID595476	Inhibition of mouse GAT4-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID73368	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-4-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID71392	Inhibition of Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor of rat cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID184167	Percent inhibition of high affinity [3H]GABA uptake into rat brain synaptosomes at 10 uM	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 24, Issue:7	Epimeric cis-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acids: effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake and receptor binding in vitro.
AID128113	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after ip administration of 60 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1736177	Inhibition of mouse GTA4 receptor	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188	Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice.
AID462611	Effective permeability across artificial membrane at 200 uM by PAMPA using HPLC/MS method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	N-methyl phenylalanine-rich peptides as highly versatile blood-brain barrier shuttles.
AID73218	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-2-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID366062	Ratio of EC50 for rat wild type GABAA alpha-1-beta-2 receptor over EC50 for rat GABAA alpha-1S68C-beta-2 receptor mutant by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID179937	Inhibition of GABA uptake from rat diencephalon-midbrain,	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Orally active and potent inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake.
AID595475	Inhibition of mouse GAT3-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID52377	Ability to inhibit potassium induced transmitter release in cerebellar granule cells expressing high and low affinity GABA receptors at 30 mM KCl	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 37, Issue:16	GABAA receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. Design and therapeutic prospects.
AID128112	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after ip administration of 210 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1476540	Inhibition of human BGT1 S345A mutant expressed in tsA201 cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake after 3 mins by scintillation counting method	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-09, Volume: 60, Issue:21	Structure-Activity Relationship, Pharmacological Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of Noncompetitive Inhibitors of the Betaine/γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (BGT1).
AID72436	In vitro GABA uptake was determined in synaptosome suspensions	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1	GABA agonists and uptake inhibitors. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-homo-beta-proline.
AID497833	Cytoprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity in laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model assessed as genetic segregation ratio at 40 uM by flow cytometry relative to untreated embryos	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID497828	Protection against fragile X syndrome phenotypes in laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C assessed as homozygous Fmr1-/- embryo viability at 40 uM at 25 degC by flow cytometry relative to untreated homozygous embryos fed	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID697071	Agonist activity at human alpha1beta2gamma2L GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as potentiation of channel current response by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-08, Volume: 54, Issue:23	p-(4-Azipentyl)propofol: a potent photoreactive general anesthetic derivative of propofol.
AID977599	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID136516	Latency to the protection against lethality by picrotoxin was measured and evaluated as a percent of the control in mice.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1-acyl-2-pyrrolidinone derivatives.
AID595474	Inhibition of mouse GAT2-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5	Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID1599033	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A alpha5beta2gamma2S receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID497835	Cytoprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity in laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model assessed as embryo viability at 40 uM in presence of GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-54626 by flow cytometr	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID128110	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after ip administration of 120 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID462612	Permeability across artificial membrane assessed as compound transport at 200 uM after 4 hrs by PAMPA using HPLC/MS method	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-25, Volume: 53, Issue:6	N-methyl phenylalanine-rich peptides as highly versatile blood-brain barrier shuttles.
AID128116	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after sc administration of 380 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID73239	Agonist activity on human Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor alpha-3-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID72155	Binding affinity in vivo for gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor measured by its ability to displace [3H]-GABA agonist from rat brain preparations after iv injection.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22	Condensation of muscimol or thiomuscimol with aminopyridazines yields GABA-A antagonists.
AID72002	Inhibition of [3H]GABA uptake in rat brain membranes	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Stereoselective syntheses of the trans-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid epimers. Diastereomeric zwitterionic probes of gamma-aminobutyric acid related biological properties in vitro and in vivo.
AID129385	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after sc administration of 270 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID124607	Ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier of mice was evaluated by measuring the brain penetration index (BPI) at dose 3-39 mg/Kg, administered subcutaneously; range is 0.04-1.81	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 2. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of lipid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID1184360	Agonist activity at human GABAAalpha1beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in tsA-201cells by FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 6-aminonicotinic acid analogues as novel GABA(A) receptor agonists.
AID366042	Agonist activity at rat recombinant GABAA alpha-5-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of current by whole cell patch-clamp technique	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID181328	In vivo pentobarbital (30 mg/kg ip)-induced hypnosis in rats after iv administration at a dose of 184 umol	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21	Synthesis and biological evaluation of GABA derivatives able to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats.
AID1599027	Agonist activity at recombinant human GABA-A alpha1beta2gamma2S receptor transiently expressed in human tsA201 cells incubated for 30 mins and measured up to 90 secs by FMP dye based FLIPR membrane potential blue assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID124612	Percent amount of compound was determined in liver per gram of tissue after 5 min of administration at a dose of 3-39 mg/Kg; range is 4.2-165	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 28, Issue:1	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 2. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of lipid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71429	Displacement of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from sodium-independent Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptor synaptic membrane binding sites from rat brain tissue	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	(+/-)-trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride: a rigid analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID127636	Activation of chloride ion uptake into mouse brain synaptoneurosomes	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Discovery of non-zwitterionic GABA(A) receptor full agonists and a superagonist.
AID71822	Binding affinity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor in rat cerebral cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID71830	Displacement of [3H]GABA from Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor ofrat brain membranes	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 30, Issue:4	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of gamma-aminobutyric acid analogues. New ligand for GABAB sites.
AID1248432	Partial agonist activity at GABAAalpha1beta2gamma2s receptor (unknown origin) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as induction of chloride current by two-microelectrode voltage-clamp method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20	Nitrogenated honokiol derivatives allosterically modulate GABAA receptors and act as strong partial agonists.
AID1164680	Displacement of [3H]muscimol form GABAA receptor in rat cerebral cortex assessed as specific radio-ligand binding level at 1 uM incubated for 10 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86	Studies on the anticonvulsant activity of 4-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and their effect on GABAergic system.
AID127923	Concentration of liver in mice after sc administration at 3-39 mg/kg; 4.17-65.05 nM/g	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2	Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AID127921	Concentration of brain in mice after sc administration at 3-39 mg/kg; 0.04-0.17 nM/g	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2	Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of a glyceryl lipid containing GABA and the GABA-T inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA.
AID18280	Michaelis-Menten constant was determined	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10	Inactivation of gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (S,E)-4-amino-5-fluoropent-2-enoic acid and effect on the enzyme of (E)-3-(1-aminocyclopropyl)-2-propenoic acid.
AID366061	Ratio of EC50 for rat wild type GABAA alpha-1-beta-2 receptor over EC50 for rat GABAAalpha1F66Cbeta2 receptor mutant by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID297967	Antagonist activity at human alpha-7 nAChR in tsA201 cells coexpressed with Ric3 by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19	Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID566253	Inhibition of rat GABA receptor	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21	Discovery of {1-[4-(2-{hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]cyclooctyl}methanol, systemically potent novel non-peptide agonist of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor as analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain: de
AID128115	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse brain 5 minutes after sc administration of 270 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71287	Displacement of [3H]gamma-amino butyric acid from Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptor of human cerebellar cortex preparation	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	New anticonvulsants: Schiff bases of gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-aminobutyramide.
AID71258	Inhibition of [3H]-baclofen binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor of cat cerebellum	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Phosphinic acid analogues of GABA. 1. New potent and selective GABAB agonists.
AID1599051	Inhibition of human GAT2 expressed in Flp-In CHO cells assessed as reduction in [3H]GABA uptake incubated for 3 mins by liquid scintillation counting method	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-27, Volume: 62, Issue:12	Five-Membered N-Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Novel Amino Bioisosteres at γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Type A Receptors and GABA Transporters.
AID749113	Inhibition of mouse GAT3 expressed in HEK cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-GABA uptake after 25 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11	Synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to a vinyl ether spacer as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID497843	Suppression of glutamate-induced courtship behavior deffect in laboratory prepared food feeded male Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model assessed as courtship behavior towards female flies at 40 uM for 10 mins by courtship inde	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID497834	Cytoprotection against glutamate-induced toxicity in laboratory prepared food feeded Fmr1 null mutant Drosophila Fmr1'3/TM6C fragile X syndrome model assessed as embryo viability at 40 uM by flow cytometry relative to untreated embryos	2008	Nature chemical biology, Apr, Volume: 4, Issue:4	Identification of small molecules rescuing fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Drosophila.
AID729173	Agonist activity at human GABA-B B1/B2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation after 3 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-28, Volume: 56, Issue:6	Evaluation of difluoromethyl ketones as agonists of the γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor.
AID111657	Tested for the quanitity of [14C]-labeled (radioactivity) compound taken up into the liver following subcutaneous injection	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID129379	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after ip administration of 120 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID71390	Inhibition of [3H]baclofen binding to rat gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8	3-Thienyl- and 3-furylaminobutyric acids. Synthesis and binding GABAB receptor studies.
AID227713	Ratio of the amount in brain as a percent of that present in liver at 5 min is expressed as Brain penetration index (BPI)	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	gamma-Aminobutyric acid esters. 3. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological properties of C-18 glyceryl lipid esters of GABA with varying degree of unsaturation.
AID366057	Activity at rat GABAA alpha-1R66C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60 mV by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID749114	Inhibition of mouse GAT2 expressed in HEK cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-GABA uptake after 25 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11	Synthesis and evaluation of N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to a vinyl ether spacer as potential GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID366059	Activity at rat GABAA alpha-1T129C-beta-2 receptor mutant expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60 mV by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID733540	Displacement of [125I]-N-(p-I-Bn)-THAZ from 5HT2C in rat cerebral cortex membrane at 300 uM after 1 hr by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of N- and O-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo[4,5-d]azepin-3-ol analogues: novel 5-HT(2A)/5-HT(2C) receptor agonists with pro-cognitive properties.
AID71270	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-6-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID781327	pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Morgenthaler ref: ChemMedChem 2007	2014	Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID129386	Brain penetration index is the ratio of the uptake in brain/liver X 100, 5 min after sc administration of 380 umol/kg of the [14C]-compound.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID179951	Inhibition of [3H]GABA Binding to synaptic membranes from rat cerebellum in receptor binding assay	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID385595	Activity at human GABAA alpha-1-beta-2-gamma-2 LS327A receptor in HEK293 cells expressing as-PKCepsilon assessed as evoked current response by whole cell patch clamp method	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 282, Issue:45	Protein kinase C epsilon regulates gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of gamma2 subunits.
AID366063	Ratio of EC50 for rat wild type GABAA alpha-1-beta-2 receptor over EC50 for rat GABAA alpha-1T129C-beta-2 receptor mutant by Two-Electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-14, Volume: 51, Issue:15	Synthesis of GABAA receptor agonists and evaluation of their alpha-subunit selectivity and orientation in the GABA binding site.
AID71554	Displacement of GABA activated [3H]diazepam binding in rat brain membranes	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 29, Issue:1	Stereoselective syntheses of the trans-decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid epimers. Diastereomeric zwitterionic probes of gamma-aminobutyric acid related biological properties in vitro and in vivo.
AID297968	Antagonist activity at rat alpha3beta4 nAChR expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19	Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID73533	Maximal response relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid A against human Gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor alpha-5-beta-3-gamma-2 expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-18, Volume: 11, Issue:12	Bioisosteric determinants for subtype selectivity of ligands for heteromeric GABA(A) receptors.
AID385596	Activity at human GABAA alpha-1-beta-2-S410A-gamma-2L receptor in HEK293 cells expressing as-PKCepsilon assessed as evoked current response by whole cell patch clamp method	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-09, Volume: 282, Issue:45	Protein kinase C epsilon regulates gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor sensitivity to ethanol and benzodiazepines through phosphorylation of gamma2 subunits.
AID128123	Uptake of the [14C]-compound in mouse liver 5 minutes after sc administration of 380 umol/kg.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Gamma-aminobutyric acid esters. 1. Synthesis, brain uptake, and pharmacological studies of aliphatic and steroid esters of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
AID321738	Agonist activity at human recombinant GABAc rho1 receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at -60mV by two-electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 18, Issue:1	Enantioselective actions of 4-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and (3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)methylphosphinic acid at recombinant GABA(C) receptors.
AID267285	Inhibition of [3H]GABA binding in GABAA receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 49, Issue:14	Hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazolyl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and pharmacological characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related compounds.
AID71568	Displacement of [3H]gamma-amino butyric acid from Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA-A) receptor of rat ganglion neurons	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6	New anticonvulsants: Schiff bases of gamma-aminobutyric acid and gamma-aminobutyramide.
AID773896	Displacement of [3H]-3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid from GHB binding site in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex at 1 mM after 1 hr by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20	New synthesis and tritium labeling of a selective ligand for studying high-affinity γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) binding sites.
AID24201	Partition coefficient (logD)	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 9, Issue:21	Aminomethyl-2,6-difluorophenols as a novel class of increased lipophilicity GABA(C) receptor antagonists.
AID270053	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABA-A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18	3-demethoxy-3-glycosylaminothiocolchicines: Synthesis of a new class of putative muscle relaxant compounds.
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID540299	A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21	Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519	A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities	2011	Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3	High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).	2014	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808	Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1224864	HCS microscopy assay (F508del-CFTR)	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:10	Increasing the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pool of the F508del Allele of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Leads to Greater Folding Correction by Small Molecule Therapeutics.
AID1346001	Rat GABAB1 (GABAB receptors)	1997	Nature, Mar-20, Volume: 386, Issue:6622	Expression cloning of GABA(B) receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9524 (24.89)	18.7374
1990's	8075 (21.10)	18.2507
2000's	9916 (25.91)	29.6817
2010's	8508 (22.23)	24.3611
2020's	2245 (5.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,423 (3.54%)	5.53%
Reviews	4,199 (10.44%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,128 (2.80%)	4.05%
Observational	28 (0.07%)	0.25%
Other	33,437 (83.15%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Use of Gabapentin as Preanesthetic Medication in Oncologic Children Undergoing in Fast Procedures With Sevofluran [NCT03681574]	Phase 4	135 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-01	Completed
Double Blind Evaluation of Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Tartarate 100 mg, Glutamic Acid 100 mg, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate 50 mg, Thiamine Nitrate 25 mg, Pyridoxine Chloride 10 mg and Cyanocobalamin 5 mcg Versus Ginger for Vertigo-kinetosis [NCT05221892]	Phase 4	334 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-11-22	Completed
Plasmakinetics of GABA From Tomatoes as Compared to GABA From a Supplement, After a Single Oral Administration in Healthy Young Men [NCT04086108]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-11-04	Completed
Vurdering af Perifere GABAA-receptorer Med Henblik på Lokal Smertelindring [NCT02928328]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Recruiting
A Phase I/II, 3-Arm, Open Label, Single Centre Study to Investigate the Safety and Effect of Oral GABA Therapy on Beta-Cell Regeneration in Type 1-diabetes Patients [NCT03635437]	Phase 1/Phase 2	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-05	Completed
An Open-label, Multi-center, 6-week, Sequential Cohort Study Designed to Determine the Safety and Tolerability of Two Dose Ranges of BL-1020 in Hospitalized Subjects With Chronic Schizophrenia or Schizo-affective Disorder [NCT00480571]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Effects Of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid On The Progression Of New Onset Juvenile [NCT01781884]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Recruiting
The Use of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)and Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid(GABA)in the Treatment of Type I Diabetes. [NCT02002130]	Phase 1	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Sleep, Pain and Aging: Potential Underlying Mechanisms [NCT04683640]	Phase 2	254 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-02	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	5.6	14	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.51	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.7	3	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	2.39	2	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate 2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.37	6	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-oxo-3-methylvalerate alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).	2.02	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	human metabolite
alpha-ketoisovalerate alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid.	2.02	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	2.69	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
3-aminopropionaldehyde 3-aminopropionaldehyde: structure given in first source. 3-aminopropanal : A propanal having an amino substituent at the 3-position	2.11	1	0	omega-aminoaldehyde; propanals
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	1.97	1	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.43	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.64	9	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	4.78	10	0
4-aminobutyraldehyde 4-aminobutanal : An omega-aminoaldehyde that is butanal in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	3.85	12	0	aminobutanal; omega-aminoaldehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	2.25	1	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	3	4	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	7.38	48	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	11.02	37	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	9.3	50	1	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	5.52	21	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	10.29	17	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.79	3	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetoin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	methyl ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	metabolite
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.38	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.87	8	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
9-xylosyladenine 9-xylosyladenine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	purine nucleoside
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.4	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	9.05	14	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.67	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	13.73	127	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	2.67	3	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.26	6	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	10.26	178	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	6.95	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	8.02	4	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.08	42	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	7.41	22	1	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
2,3-butylene glycol 2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.	2.11	1	0	butanediol; glycol; secondary alcohol
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.69	10	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	4.58	8	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	3.69	10	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	17.83	99	35	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	5	7	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.12	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	9.47	281	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	6.69	43	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.3	5	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	7.37	2	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	16.76	301	12	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.53	23	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	16.46	1,076	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	4.29	4	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.48	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.16	15	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.25	6	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde 2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	amino aldehyde; omega-aminoaldehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	2.48	2	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.49	7	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.92	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.72	3	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	2.21	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	6.66	26	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	6.68	9	2	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
caprylic aldehyde caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).	2.13	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.	2.25	1	0	pyridinium ion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.05	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	5.01	13	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	4.94	38	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
taxifolin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; pentahydroxyflavanone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	3.77	3	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(1)-acetylspermidine N(1)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine having the acetyl group at the N1-position.	1.98	1	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid gamma-guanidinobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-guanidinobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a guanidino group at position 4.. 4-guanidinobutanoate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-guanidinobutanoic acid.. 4-guanidinobutanoic acid : The 4-guanidino derivative of butanoic acid.	7.88	4	0	guanidines; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	4.1	14	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	2.37	2	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.7	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
4-nitrobenzaldehyde 4-nitrobenzaldehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzaldehyde : A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group.	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	6.01	111	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 2-oxopentanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carbamimidamido group.	2.38	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.2	17	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	16.18	162	15	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.81	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	14.85	126	7	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	2.69	3	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.07	15	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	6.28	55	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gamma-butyrobetaine 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate : An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	7.91	4	0	amino-acid betaine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.68	3	0	chlorocyclohexane
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	8.62	9	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	20.18	1,915	8	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.61	17	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	8.07	5	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.	4.53	5	1	guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.99	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.37	52	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	12.48	240	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
toxopyrimidine 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by methyl, amino, and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively.	3.73	3	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	1.96	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	8.7	30	2	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.68	3	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.7	3	0	imidazole
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.47	7	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.42	2	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.51	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	8.46	29	1	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	4.14	16	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	12.93	154	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	11.9	19	2	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	3.94	13	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malonic semialdehyde malonic semialdehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	aldehydic acid
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.41	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.26	19	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.41	6	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	18.08	82	5	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	13.61	106	3	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	2.9	4	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
n'-acetylspermine N(1)-acetylspermine : An acetylspermine carrying an acetyl group at position N(1).	1.98	1	0	acetamides; acetylspermine	human metabolite
naphthalene [no description available]	2.59	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
naringenin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	5.07	42	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	7.83	24	1	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.69	9	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.63	28	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	3.99	1	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.54	23	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	12.4	21	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	3.1	5	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	5.38	7	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.69	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.4	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.1	5	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.7	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	7.31	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	5.14	5	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	4.35	6	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	1.96	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.86	6	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	4.52	24	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.48	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	3.97	4	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	1.97	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.67	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.63	8	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	3.98	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.1	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	8.73	96	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.47	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.13	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyridoxal [no description available]	8.57	9	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	10.15	116	1	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.	2.9	4	0	aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	11.25	92	3	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	5.85	30	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	12.66	45	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.97	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	5.84	8	1	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.7	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	5.87	31	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	12.98	44	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	6.62	37	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
succinic semialdehyde succinic semialdehyde: structure	13.71	82	1	aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.08	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	16.16	848	3	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.11	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	8.84	14	3	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.87	2	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	9.73	9	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	3.79	3	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; aminoalkylindole; aromatic amino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	4.15	5	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.65	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.89	4	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	6.1	39	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.21	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.88	4	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
delta(1)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid delta(1)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid: proposed intermediate in pathway of lysine metabolism. 1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid zwitterion : A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the nitrogen of 1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid	1.98	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; zwitterion
epibatidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alkaloid
2,4-methanoglutamate 2,4-methanoglutamate: structure given in first source; selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist; inhibits high affinity L-glutamic acid uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes; RN given for (trans)-isomer	1.98	1	0
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	9.81	299	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	3.51	8	0	benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	6.76	45	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	9.63	179	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	3.51	8	0	benzazepine
2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid 2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid: effective antagonist at all three types of excitatory amino acid receptors; does not depress responses to acetylcholine or substance P	3.09	5	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	4.6	26	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	3.98	13	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	3.07	5	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	8.84	67	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	4.29	19	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	2.89	4	0	catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	5.14	45	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl- 1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-: stereoselective antagonist of dopamine receptor	2.69	3	0	benzazepine
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.51	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	1.99	1	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	4.55	5	1	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; glutamate receptor agonist	3.27	6	0	alpha-amino acid
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.05	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-diaminodecane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.42	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source	3.49	2	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	5.18	46	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	5.7	19	1	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2.94	4	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	6.7	10	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse	2.7	3	0	imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.42	2	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.35	6	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	5.55	27	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.42	2	0	imidazoles
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.44	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.53	8	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.13	5	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.41	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	3.07	5	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	5.15	46	0	organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	8.6	9	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	3.24	6	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.73	3	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	2.44	2	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	7.75	16	1	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	6.93	92	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	6.6	67	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.49	8	0	phenols
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	4.35	6	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	7.65	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2.03	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	4.68	28	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	5.96	35	0
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.36	22	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.03	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminobutylphosphonic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	14.87	144	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.38	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.42	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	14.05	148	5	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.	2.03	1	0	carbohydrazide; phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; benzenes; N-oxide; nitrile	geroprotector; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.03	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	20.83	185	12	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	3.1	5	0	quinolines
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.44	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	tryptamines
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid 5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	18.87	131	4	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	3.97	4	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.03	1	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
6-fluoronorepinephrine 6-fluoronorepinephrine: agonist for activation of alpha & beta adrenergic-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.42	2	0	catechols
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	3.5	8	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
etofylline etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)	2.13	1	0	oxopurine
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	3.99	13	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.03	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	4.48	5	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.89	4	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	11.29	20	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.01	1	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	19.69	111	43	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetarsol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	acetamides; anilide
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	5.98	20	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.49	2	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.	2.21	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; tryptophan derivative	metabolite
afloqualone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
ag 127 tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon	2.03	1	0	nitrophenol
rtki cpd [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; geroprotector
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	catechols
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes	geroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.68	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	1.97	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.76	3	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	5	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.9	4	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	12.78	43	14	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	3.35	7	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	2.47	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	6.13	46	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	9.32	25	2	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.85	2	0	aromatic amine
amfonelic acid amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant	2.03	1	0
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.03	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	3.87	12	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	1.96	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	8.38	61	1	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.25	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	10.52	37	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	17.72	146	22	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.49	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.35	7	0	barbiturates
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	2.94	4	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	1.99	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
aniracetam [no description available]	3.5	8	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
anisindione anisindione: structure. anisindione : A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant; vitamin K antagonist
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	2.41	2	0	anthroic acid
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	5.98	4	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	9.74	30	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.17	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.4	2	0	guanidines
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	10.5	22	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.02	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	6.75	18	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	3.31	6	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	6.61	15	1	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist	3.11	5	0	alpha-amino acid
atrazine [no description available]	2.59	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.41	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.13	5	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.47	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.52	2	0	azobenzenes
baclofen [no description available]	20.43	1,136	14	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	5.01	13	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	4.39	21	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	3.33	7	0	piperidones
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benphothiamine benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.	5.98	4	1	aminopyrimidine; formamides; organic phosphate; thioester	antioxidant; immunological adjuvant; nutraceutical; protective agent; provitamin B1
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	4.39	2	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.46	2	0	benzamides
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.82	3	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.03	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.13	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: from maize extracts; structure given in first source. DIMBOA : A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; lactol	allelochemical; plant metabolite
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	5.27	3	1	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
betaxolol [no description available]	3.12	5	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	4.57	8	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	2.88	4	0	diarylmethane
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.13	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	3.06	1	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.68	3	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.27	6	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.1	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bml 190 indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor	2.03	1	0	N-acylindole
brimonidine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.9	4	0	organic molecular entity
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
bufexamac Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buformin Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.	2.13	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; radiosensitizing agent
bumetanide [no description available]	10.64	86	2	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	10.4	20	5	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	6.12	17	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
butacaine butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92	2.13	1	0	benzoate ester
butamben butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.	2.13	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	local anaesthetic
caffeine [no description available]	10.71	79	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	8.33	56	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.31	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer	12.06	107	11
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.92	4	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.92	4	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.48	2	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	20.22	330	48	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.38	2	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	benzenes
carbidopa [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
2-carboxyethyl gamma-aminobutyric acid 2-carboxyethyl gamma-aminobutyric acid: has growth effect on hybridomas; found in mammalian brain	3.06	5	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	5.06	7	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.72	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.51	2	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carpronium carpronium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. carpronium : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid with methanol.	3.6	9	0	methyl ester; quaternary ammonium ion
carvedilol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.38	7	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	14.17	41	14	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	4.93	4	2	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.17	1	0	pyridinium ion
cgp 37157 CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange	2.01	1	0	benzothiazepine
cgs 12066 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; pyrroloquinoxaline	serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	2.72	3	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.3	6	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.88	4	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.82	3	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	14.58	107	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	8.11	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.03	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.4	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	15.37	68	3	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.47	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	3.34	5	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.13	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.47	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.03	1	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	2.47	2	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.37	20	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.77	3	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	3.1	5	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.7	3	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	9.67	25	2	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clemizole clemizole: was heading 1966-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1966-90); use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search CLEMIZOLE 1966-94; a histamine H1- blocker used to treat allergies. clemizole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolidines	histamine antagonist
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	9.26	18	3	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	3.27	6	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	4.87	11	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	18.94	123	5	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	15.73	149	4	clonidine; imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
cloperastine cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	diarylmethane
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.42	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	3.13	5	0
cx546 1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.52	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	4.82	33	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	9.42	21	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.53	8	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	10.67	15	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	2.88	4	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	7.81	17	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	4.08	15	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.73	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	1.97	1	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.47	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.13	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.42	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	11.72	45	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.68	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
nonivamide nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid; phenols	lachrymator
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	11.91	96	2	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	3.08	5	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	19.06	903	15	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4.21	17	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	10.09	23	4	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	5.36	11	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.13	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.85	3	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.67	3	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	4.5	4	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.03	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.96	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.69	3	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimefline dimefline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	ether; flavonoids
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.03	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dm-nitrophen DM-nitrophen: photolabile chelator for the rapid photorelease of divalent cations; also called caged calcium (liberates Ca2+ photolytically)	2.46	2	0
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	9.15	22	7	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.03	1	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.79	11	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	6.2	11	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	20.64	562	51	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.06	15	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.85	12	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	8.23	6	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.69	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	10.38	14	1	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	9.08	17	2	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.65	3	0
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	3.8	3	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	4.72	9	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.89	4	0
dyclonine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines	topical anaesthetic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	2.13	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.79	3	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.37	2	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.47	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	7.52	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.71	3	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	4.18	17	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.89	4	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.41	21	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	1.96	1	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	6.04	16	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
myambutol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amino alcohol
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.36	7	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	13.43	32	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	2.21	1	0
ethyl loflazepate ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	3.91	13	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.98	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	5.07	5	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.41	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	3.36	7	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	18.9	85	2	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.	2.13	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.73	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.91	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.1	1	0	diarylmethane
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.79	12	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	20.64	60	31	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	1.98	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	7	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	10.83	28	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	1.95	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2.41	2	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.13	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	4.27	5	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	4.21	18	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	16.83	319	14	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.93	4	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	10.39	400	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.91	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	11.8	60	4	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	1.98	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	7.34	85	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.53	5	1	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	3.08	5	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.26	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
formoterol fumarate N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides; phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	2.73	3	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
furafylline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.37	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	6.75	77	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.49	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	30.99	3,363	663	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	12.65	214	5	oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	8.43	60	2
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	3.26	6	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.08	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	1.96	1	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	1.98	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.46	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.93	4	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.35	7	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.38	20	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.52	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gö6983 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	indoles; maleimides
fluorometholone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	5.03	12	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	3.23	6	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.42	2	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.12	5	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	5.43	20	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.8	11	0	benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	4.52	24	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	14.29	276	2	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	5.25	51	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	7.04	28	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride AM 374: a palmitylsulfonyl fluoride; inhibits anandamide amidase; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	acyl fluoride
hemicholinium 3 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	2.9	4	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.73	3	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	5.37	23	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.34	7	0	barbiturates
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	2.01	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.48	2	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.07	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	2.13	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.4	7	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.47	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	2.13	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.5	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	5.13	5	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	7.33	7	1	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2	1	0
ibudilast [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	12.89	28	12	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
ic 261 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	5.35	18	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	17.73	134	13	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.	2.1	1	0	amphetamines
ici 118551 [no description available]	3.17	5	0	indanes
idebenone [no description available]	3.06	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	4.13	16	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	15.39	54	4	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.13	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	3.58	2	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indeloxazine indeloxazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0	indene
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.03	1	0
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	10.68	45	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.13	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
iproniazid [no description available]	2.37	2	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	2.78	3	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.43	22	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	7.23	72	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.93	84	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	11.42	128	7	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	4.36	6	0
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.35	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	13.13	58	1	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.09	5	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration	2.03	1	0
jl 18 JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine	2.03	1	0
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	4.9	13	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.5	2	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	18.54	173	11	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	5.55	22	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.71	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.68	6	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	11.25	15	8	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.13	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2.69	3	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kojic amine kojic amine: author refers to above as GABA analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.57	9	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	7.79	92	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	3.24	6	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	4.26	18	0
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.74	3	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	20.43	298	25	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.47	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.03	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	aromatic amine
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.47	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	3.05	4	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	4.27	4	0	catecholamine
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	3.87	12	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	3.27	6	0	indoles
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.1	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.57	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	5.06	3	1	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	13.85	54	15	benzodiazepine
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2.11	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.94	12	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.1	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.13	1	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	2.41	2	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.89	4	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	4.86	34	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.73	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
medazepam Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.42	7	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	9.56	33	3	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.13	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	6.84	5	3	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.51	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	4.15	5	0	organic molecular entity
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	2.35	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	2.1	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	3.34	6	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	11.5	21	6	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.71	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	1.95	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
metharbital metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	3.59	9	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methoctramine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	1.95	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.	2.1	1	0	amphetamines	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
nocodazole [no description available]	3.26	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.63	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	7.04	17	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	10.87	7	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	10.22	9	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexazolam [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hemiaminal ether; oxazolobenzodiazepine
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	9.52	17	2	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	5.17	15	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	13.32	109	7	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.72	3	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.98	4	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.56	7	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.55	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.71	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	7.99	21	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.27	6	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	1.96	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	18.22	1,573	7	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.47	2	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.67	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	9.73	30	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	7.92	37	0	beta-carbolines
n-methyl-dl-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	aspartic acid derivative
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	3.5	8	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	6.61	15	0	purine nucleoside
n 0840 N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.13	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	1.97	1	0	naphthalenes
naftopidil [no description available]	2.1	1	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.52	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	3.25	6	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	3.31	6	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	3.46	2	0	naphthalenes
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	4.14	3	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	6.03	22	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ubiquinone q1 Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.	1.96	1	0	ubiquinones
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.54	2	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	3.23	6	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.37	7	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	6.37	52	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.22	17	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.54	5	1	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.42	21	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	8.54	201	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitr 5 nitr 5: photosensitive Ca++ chelator; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	3.67	10	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	10.86	18	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	4.68	6	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
no 711 [no description available]	3.24	5	0	diarylmethane
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	5.16	15	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.03	1	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	8.26	6	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cm 7116 norflutoprazepam: structure	2.41	2	0	benzodiazepine
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.53	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	18.26	26	6	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	3.72	10	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028 NS 2028: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.46	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	2.03	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	6.72	32	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	3.29	6	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.29	6	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	12.29	27	8	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	3.14	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	8.64	12	3	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	11.04	151	1	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2.39	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	11.12	41	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	3.5	2	0	aromatic ether
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	9.09	9	3	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	1.96	1	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.81	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.7	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	6.75	33	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	4.58	5	1	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	8.22	6	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2.03	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	9.21	18	0	aromatic amine
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.73	3	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.15	5	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	11.22	469	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.22	5	0	oxopurine
periciazine periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.	2.1	1	0	hydroxypiperidine; nitrile; phenothiazines	adrenergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; sedative
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	7.67	10	2	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	3.47	1	1	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	14.62	170	5	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.13	1	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.02	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	4.04	15	0	aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.7	3	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.27	6	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.93	4	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.01	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	9.74	30	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.76	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	2.03	1	0	benzamides
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	3.41	7	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.73	3	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.13	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	8.09	5	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	5.64	25	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	20.68	123	6	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenperone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ketone
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	8.21	35	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	2.88	4	0	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	4.56	8	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	8.55	188	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.07	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-NA-PP1 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	3.64	9	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazepam Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	7.8	3	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	4.94	37	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	4.74	2	1	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.1	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	8.47	18	1	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.05	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	5.27	17	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.13	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.42	2	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	7.16	29	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	3.5	8	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.1	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.7	3	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propentofylline [no description available]	2.44	2	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.4	7	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	14.71	162	10	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	13.08	88	7	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	1.97	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.21	1	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.55	8	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
proxyphylline [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oxopurine
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	4.3	19	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.69	3	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0	benzodiazepine
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	2.08	1	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	4.86	11	0	piperazines; pyridines
qx-222 QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid ((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid: an anion channel blocker	3.01	4	0
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol [no description available]	2.54	2	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
ranitidine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aralkylamine
resmethrin resmethrin: synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used against a variety of insects; online & Index Medicus search PYRETHRUMS (75-76), PYRETHRINS (77-82); Scourge is tradename	1.96	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; furans	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.47	2	0	quinolines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	9.88	29	3	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	9.96	21	2	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.72	10	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	9.59	49	1	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.06	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.39	2	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	6.81	5	3	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	8.76	10	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
ropinirole [no description available]	9.62	15	1	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
4-carboxyphenylglycine 4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol 3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol: RN given refers to (+/-)-isomer; RN, RRs & structure given in first source	2.75	3	0
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.11	5	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.	2.03	1	0	ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	1.99	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	pyrroloindole
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.06	1	0	imidazoles
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.42	2	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.06	5	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.35	18	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	8.81	31	2	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.93	4	0	morpholines
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	4.45	22	0
sobuzoxane sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.9	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	2.76	3	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	1.97	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	4.74	7	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	6.04	38	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
aldactazide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid lactone
spiroxatrine spiroxatrine: structure	2.03	1	0	imidazolidines
sq 22536 9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.	2.44	2	0	nucleoside analogue; oxolanes	EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.35	6	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	2.38	2	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	4.96	3	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.13	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.13	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.13	1	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.36	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.03	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.1	1	0
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.63	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	8.19	82	1	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94	4.64	3	0	organic molecular entity
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	7.06	10	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.53	8	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.68	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
t0156 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	naphthyridine derivative
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.1	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
tegafur [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.19	1	0	benzodiazepine
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.13	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.52	2	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.99	4	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.95	4	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	6.52	36	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	2.03	1	0	phosphoramide
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.37	7	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.03	7	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	3.4	7	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiomuscimol thiomuscimol: used as GABA analog; structure	2.66	3	0
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	3.05	5	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	2.13	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	7.05	12	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	1.95	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tofisopam tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal	2.38	2	0	organic molecular entity
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.47	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	2.37	2	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	3.14	5	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	3.54	2	0	aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.41	2	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.8	31	0
ici 136,753 [no description available]	4.59	8	0	pyrazolopyridine
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	3.02	4	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.13	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	7.69	10	2	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.03	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	5.62	18	1	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.13	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	5.71	20	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	2.4	2	0	aromatic ketone
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	4.16	5	0	amine
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	2.1	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	3.08	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	3.08	5	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	2.39	2	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	2.03	1	0	acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	1.96	1	0
tyramine [no description available]	10.88	19	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	2.04	1	0
urethane [no description available]	5.88	32	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	2.48	2	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	piperidines
vigabatrin [no description available]	21.2	667	78	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	7.88	4	0	aromatic ether
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	3.24	6	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	3.1	5	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	3.32	6	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.6	9	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	10.03	92	4	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	12.64	43	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	4.88	11	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
zotepine zotepine: structure	2.05	1	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.96	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium bromide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
corticosterone [no description available]	8.07	121	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.09	10	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	5.3	18	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	14.46	81	1	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	6.2	45	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
hexobendine Hexobendine: A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.	1.95	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.42	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.23	18	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	3.08	5	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
procaine hydrochloride Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	1.96	1	0
isoproterenol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.09	4	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.03	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	5.36	18	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	1.97	1	0
neostigmine methylsulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	arylammonium sulfate salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	7.23	54	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	8.34	164	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aldosterone [no description available]	2.91	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.54	25	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.13	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.95	1	0	steroid
cysteine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	6.91	20	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.29	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	3.11	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	5.24	16	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
methoxyflurane angiotensin II amide: a diuretic peptide; from the central nervous system of the leech Erpobdella octoculata	2	1	0
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.13	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	4.67	29	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	3.11	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	2.46	2	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	14.15	124	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	4.37	21	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	14.41	301	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	5.26	3	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	5.19	15	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.47	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isonicotinic acid isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.	2.1	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	3.39	7	0
pheniprazine pheniprazine: was heading 1963-94; use HYDRAZINES to search PHENIPRAZINE 1966-94	2.02	1	0	amphetamines
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.35	7	0	dialkyl phosphate
hexamethonium bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	3.95	13	0	guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	1.97	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.42	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	potassium channel blocker
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	10.87	345	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	8.9	104	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.64	3	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	21.04	1,232	22	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	20.88	836	21	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	12.96	154	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.31	18	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.13	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
vincristine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	14.61	69	1	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.59	64	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	6.53	8	2	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.68	3	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	3.04	4	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	11.13	42	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	1.96	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	11.1	184	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.7	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	5.45	12	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.46	23	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.37	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.35	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.9	4	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	5.73	80	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.94	4	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.71	10	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	4.26	4	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.91	46	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	20.08	159	7	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tolazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenes
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.94	12	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.91	4	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.89	58	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	8.35	7	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	2.13	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.01	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.56	28	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	1.95	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
4-deoxypyridoxine 4-deoxypyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; pyridoxine antagonist. 4-deoxypyridoxine : A pyridine ring substituted with methyl groups at positions 2 and 4, a hydroxyl at position 3, and a hydroxymethyl group at position 5.	3.06	5	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine	metabolite
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.29	6	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.47	2	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.55	81	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	3.52	8	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.66	9	0	quaternary ammonium salt
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	3.49	8	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	4.33	7	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.56	8	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	11.62	40	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.97	4	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	7.04	43	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-tolylcarbamide 3-tolylcarbamide: derivative of anticonvulsant phenylcarbamide; structure	1.98	1	0
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	5.36	56	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.05	42	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
etimizol Etimizol: A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.	1.99	1	0
yohimbine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	3.76	11	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.98	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.13	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	2.37	2	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
1-naphthaldehyde 1-naphthaldehyde: structure. naphthaldehyde : An aldehyde in which the organyl group is a naphthyl group.. 1-naphthaldehyde : A naphthaldehyde with a formyl group at position 1.	2.61	2	0	naphthaldehyde	mouse metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.07	15	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
2-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde: structure. 2-naphthaldehyde : A naphthaldehyde that is naphthalene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	2.61	2	0	naphthaldehyde	mouse metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	7.99	106	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.92	4	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.5	8	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.38	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.7	3	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	10.32	18	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.47	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	3.07	5	0	isoindoles
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.52	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	5.7	19	1	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
cytarabine [no description available]	3.86	12	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.08	5	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	2.13	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	13.41	43	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	3.1	5	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	5.85	31	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	acetophenones
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.58	44	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.66	3	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.05	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	4.54	7	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
veratridine [no description available]	3.32	6	0	steroid	sodium channel modulator
isopropamide iodide isopropamide iodide: was heading 1965-94; use AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS to search ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE 1966-94	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	16.16	97	2	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.61	29	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.37	2	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	12.05	80	2	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.46	22	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic
nifenalol nifenalol: adrenergic beta-blocker with good antiarrhythmic properties; also tends to lower blood pressure & provide protection against angina; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.13	1	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.18	136	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	8.86	11	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.89	4	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.93	4	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.45	2	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	1.98	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.4	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.13	5	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.03	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.72	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylthiol tert-butylthiol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.02	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
tribromoethanol tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)	2	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.4	2	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	1.94	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.42	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	4.2	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	12.95	58	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
caramiphen caramiphen: structure	1.97	1	0	benzenes
tabun tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure	2.37	2	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.9	4	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.48	2	0
tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl Lead: A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.. tetraethyllead : An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.	1.96	1	0	organolead compound
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.88	99	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	1.98	1	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.47	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.11	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.4	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	2.4	2	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	2.66	3	0	piperidines
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	17.09	111	11	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.47	7	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.6	1	0	bisphenol; sulfone	endocrine disruptor; metabolite
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	imidazolidinone
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	3.62	3	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.37	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
pyridoxic acid Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.55	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	15.15	26	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.7	10	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure	2.13	1	0	phenanthrenes
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	2.1	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.4	2	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2.1	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	5.77	3	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
2,6-xylidine 2,6-xylidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dimethylaniline : A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).	1.99	1	0	dimethylaniline; primary arylamine	carcinogenic agent; drug metabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.43	7	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
2-chlorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.85	3	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	7.7	239	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	3.06	1	0	isoquinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.4	2	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.95	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	3.38	7	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	3.09	5	0
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.27	18	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	2.13	1	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-naphthoic acid 2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	naphthoic acid	mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
hydratropic aldehyde 2-phenylpropanal : A member of the class of phenylacetaldehydes that is phenylacetaldehyde in which a hydrogen alpha to the aldehyde carbonyl group has been replaced by a methyl group. The major species at pH 7.3.	2.21	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
synephrine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.27	43	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
n-methylpyrrole [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrroles
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	9.18	17	0	phosphonic ester
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	2.37	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.21	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. formylthiophene : An aldehyde that is thiophene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	aldehyde; thiophenes	metabolite
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.13	1	0	organoarsonic acid
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	5.74	16	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.15	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.71	3	0	aminobenzoic acid
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.03	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.37	2	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
3-nitrobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2	1	0
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.13	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.	2.21	1	0	benzaldehydes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	chromogenic compound
ethylbenzene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.48	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	1.99	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	1.98	1	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	5.03	13	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	3.61	9	0	pyridinium salt
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	1.97	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
4-methylbenzaldehyde p-tolualdehyde : A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.21	1	0	tolualdehyde	plant metabolite
4-chlorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0
betazole Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.	2.35	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug; histamine agonist
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
1-bromopropane 1-bromopropane: used as a solvent. 1-bromopropane : A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.	2.43	2	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	neurotoxin; solvent
acrolein [no description available]	3.24	5	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	1.98	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	3.21	6	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	3.08	5	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.49	2	0	alkane
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	3.78	2	1	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
1-nitropropane 1-nitropropane : A nitroalkane that is propane substituted at C-1 by a nitro group.	1.98	1	0	primary nitroalkane
3,5-xylenol 3,5-xylenol: RN given refers to 3,5-isomer. 3,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2	1	0	phenols	xenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	14.1	53	13	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
4-methylmorpholine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.41	2	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.1	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
allyl cyanide TL 350: structure given in first source. allyl cyanide : An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.	2.43	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; olefinic compound	antifeedant; neurotoxin; plant metabolite
diethylamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2.08	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.36	50	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.43	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.41	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	17.66	126	11	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
butylxanthate butylxanthate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.01	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	9.51	7	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.03	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
thiodipropionic acid thiodipropionic acid: structure	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.8	3	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	2.72	3	0
undecanoic acid undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.	2.08	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	4.08	3	1	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.97	4	0	bromide salt
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	3.35	7	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.47	2	0	chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.19	5	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.13	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.49	8	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.21	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.52	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	tertiary amine
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.08	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
suramin sodium suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.03	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	4.7	9	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
dipicrylamine dipicrylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	2.13	1	0	quinolines
chloroprocaine chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.	5.06	10	1	benzoate ester; monochlorobenzenes	central nervous system depressant; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
methyl anthranilate methyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.	2.38	2	0	benzoate ester	flavouring agent; metabolite
amprotropine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
syringaldehyde syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.21	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; hydroxybenzaldehyde	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
2-Methoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0	carbonyl compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.69	3	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
oxythiamine Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazolium cation	antimetabolite; vitamin B1 antagonist
phenazopyridine hydrochloride phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride	2.47	2	0	benzoate ester
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.63	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chelidamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	1.97	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.13	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
ethylxanthate ethylxanthate: structure in first source	1.95	1	0
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	8.24	6	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	7.11	46	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	3.12	5	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	6.48	58	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.66	3	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	5.54	13	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	5.66	14	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.36	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
D-proline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid; proline	mouse metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.57	9	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.47	8	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.13	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
hydroxytryptophol Hydroxytryptophol: 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.	2.66	3	0	indoles
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.16	15	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	2.88	4	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
cysteamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	3.81	3	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	7.52	15	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.09	15	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.58	8	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	4.83	10	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.09	38	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	16.9	333	7	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	14.02	220	6	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	10.79	45	5	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.46	2	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	5.09	13	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.69	3	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.7	3	0	organic cation
indopan indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	1.96	1	0	tryptamines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.69	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	6.34	30	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	5.19	49	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	3.07	5	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	3.21	6	0	diarylmethane
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	3.86	2	1	nitrile
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.	2.37	2	0
hydralazine hydrochloride hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
ethamivan ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.	2.47	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pargyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
paraoxon [no description available]	3.7	10	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	4.76	10	0
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.83	4	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.5	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
dibenzepin dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine	2.1	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.48	8	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.03	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	2.87	4	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	10.53	22	0	ether
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.44	2	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
orphenadrine hydrochloride orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
1,2-dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane [no description available]	2.95	4	0
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.39	7	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.04	1	0	steroid ester
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	7.1	26	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	1.97	1	0
cuprizone [no description available]	2.57	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
mipafox mipafox: structure	1.96	1	0	phosphoramide
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	11.15	24	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants	2.1	1	0
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.69	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.73	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	2.13	1	0
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	5.07	5	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
2-fluoroethylamine 2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.87	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	4.93	11	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	2.47	2	0	allenes
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	4.33	4	1	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	4.69	2	1	piperidines
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.06	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.78	3	0
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.01	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.67	3	0	phthalazines
cytisine [no description available]	3.09	5	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	3.48	8	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	16.63	2,367	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	7.02	1	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	13.7	543	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	1.96	1	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
fructose-1,6-diphosphate beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.96	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate	mouse metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.06	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.21	3	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.03	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	1.97	1	0	butenolide
arecaidine [no description available]	2.9	4	0	citraconoyl group
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.49	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.61	2	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.4	2	0	quinone imine	dye
carbobenzoxy chloride carbobenzoxy chloride: amino group reagent; structure	2.21	1	0
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.7	38	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
azetidine [no description available]	7.48	2	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	6.79	34	0
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	2.13	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.27	6	0	thiazolidine
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.17	5	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	2.36	2	0	organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	2.65	3	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	1.99	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
myrtenol myrtenol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.83	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.8	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	2.41	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	3.56	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	5.29	17	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid: a nonpermeable electron acceptor. 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is 1,2-naphthoquinone substituted at position 4 with a sulfonic acid group. Used principally as a reagent in colorimetric determinations.	2.06	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; naphthalenone	colorimetric reagent
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
1,2-naphthoquinone naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.	2.13	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	7.02	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.98	4	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.1	5	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.	1.96	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
2-methylbenzaldehyde 2-methylbenzaldehyde: structure in first source. o-tolualdehyde : A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.21	1	0	tolualdehyde	plant metabolite
thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	7.73	21	1	thiazoles
cesium carbonate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	7.89	4	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	10.78	49	4	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	10.07	71	2	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	2.06	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.66	3	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
Ethyl pentanoate ethyl valerate: a green apple flavoring agent	2.13	1	0	fatty acid ester
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.53	2	0
decamethonium dibromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ethyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	3.67	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	6.21	40	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.91	8	1	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.82	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.41	1	0
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic tricyclic compound
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.1	1	0	phenoxazine
naphazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
2-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes; C-nitro compound
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.13	1	0	bipyridine
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	13.97	14	5	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	3.76	11	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycyl-glycyl-glycine glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.	2.1	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
glycylglycine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
doxylamine succinate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.7	3	0	glycerophosphocholine
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
monoacetyldapsone monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; anilide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	2.05	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
isoserine isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.48	2	0
formestane [no description available]	2.75	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
chlorotrianisene Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.	2.13	1	0	chloroalkene	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator; xenoestrogen
2,6-xylenol [no description available]	2	1	0	hydroxytoluene
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.97	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.73	2	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
aminacrine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
isoxsuprine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
debrisoquin sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bethanechol chloride bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.47	2	0	carbamate ester; chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscarinic agonist
3-methoxybenzaldehyde 3-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes in which the hydrogen at position 3 of benzaldehyde has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.21	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene	Brassica napus metabolite
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	2.6	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-chloropropionic acid 2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure	4.48	5	0
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.25	6	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
1-aminoanthracene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracenamine
2-hydroxyacetanilide 2-acetamidophenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 2-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. A positional isomer of paracetamol which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet aggregation properties.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
diethylmethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	8.68	10	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	13.88	14	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
3,5-diaminobenzoic acid 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
3-methylbenzaldehyde 3-methylbenzaldehyde: structure in first source. m-tolualdehyde : A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.21	1	0	tolualdehyde	plant metabolite
glycine ethyl ester glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	1.98	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.98	1	0
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
triphenyltin chloride triphenyltin chloride: see also triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide. fentin chloride : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	1.96	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical; immunosuppressive agent
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.48	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	9.2	17	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	2.42	2	0	D-manno-heptulose
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.28	6	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	1.99	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.01	1	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	indoles
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.13	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
benzobarbital benzobarbital: for drug therapy of epilepsy	1.98	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.39	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
ameltolide ameltolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	benzamides
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	3.82	2	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
methylphosphate methylphosphate: specifically and irreversibly inactivates inorganic pyrophosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl dihydrogen phosphate : A monoalkyl phosphate having methyl as the alkyl group.	2.02	1	0	monoalkyl phosphate; one-carbon compound	algal metabolite; epitope; phosphoantigen
4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles	carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate
tempidon 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	piperidones
Mecamylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	monoterpenoid
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	2.66	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
vinblastine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
malononitrile dimer Malononitrile dimer: has antithyroid activity; inhibits conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine	2.13	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.15	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
diphenyl disulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenes
3-cyanoalanine 3-cyanoalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-cyanoalanine : An alanine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens in alanine with a cyano group	2.08	1	0	alanine derivative; aliphatic nitrile; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	2.41	1	0	nitroso compound
omega-aminoenantic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	1.96	1	0	pyrrolidines
2-cyclohexen-1-one 2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	cyclohexenone
salicyl hydrazide 2-hydroxybenzohydrazide: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
alpha-methylepinephrine alpha-methylepinephrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #1401	1.96	1	0
phosfolan phosfolan: structure	1.96	1	0	phosphoric ester
diphenylacetaldehyde diphenylacetaldehyde: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	1.97	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.8	3	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylphosphonic acid methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.	3.1	1	0	one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids
pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source. pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde : A pyrrole carrying a formyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazole-2-carbaldehyde; pyrroles
4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7 trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-1-oxide [no description available]	2	1	0
heptachlor epoxide Heptachlor Epoxide: An oxidation product of HEPTACHLOR formed by many plants and animals, including humans, after exposure to HEPTACHLOR. It has been shown to remain in soil treated with HEPTACHLOR for over fifteen years and is toxic to animals and humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)	1.96	1	0	oxanes
trimethyltin chloride trimethyltin chloride: induces atrophy of thymus, spleen & lymph nodes but causes no change in bone marrow	2.43	2	0
allylglycine Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.	6.7	29	0
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	11.67	124	6	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
1,1'-methylenedi-2-naphthol 1,1'-methylenedi-2-naphthol: piscicide	2.05	1	0
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	5.05	10	1	methylpyridines
metformin hydrochloride metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.61	2	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.52	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2,2'-dipyridylamine dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	2.69	3	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	1.99	1	0
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.07	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.47	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.21	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	8.69	20	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.08	1	0
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.13	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	2.13	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
diethylcarbamazine citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazinecarboxamide
metaxalone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	3.01	4	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	3.09	5	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
laudanosine laudanosine: opium alkaloid	2.69	3	0	isoquinolines
clopyralid clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.	2.1	1	0	organochlorine pesticide; pyridines	herbicide
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.13	1	0	alkane
dimethylaminopropionitrile [no description available]	2.1	1	0
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent	2	1	0
azacyclonol azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
4-octylphenol 4-octylphenol: xenoestrogen. 4-octylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.	2.01	1	0	phenols	metabolite; surfactant; xenoestrogen
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	2.47	2	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
guaiacoxyacetic acid guaiacoxyacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.92	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.06	1	0	2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	13.39	124	2	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
5-hydroxyindole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxyindoles	human metabolite
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	12.16	55	3	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	3.94	13	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
methylene diphosphonate medronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.	2.13	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	bone density conservation agent; chelator
amiloride hydrochloride, anhydrous amiloride hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining amiloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	8.95	13	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	5.67	26	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.94	4	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.13	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate hydrocortisone succinate : A derivative of succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups is esterified by the C-21 hydroxy group of cortisol (hydrocortisone).	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.08	1	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.41	1	0
5-phenylvaleric acid 5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
muscarine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.41	7	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
mirex Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.	6.97	1	0	chlorocarbon; organochlorine insecticide	persistent organic pollutant
2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants	2.1	1	0
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	4.05	15	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.43	2	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-chloro-4-aminobenzoic acid 2-chloro-4-aminobenzoic acid: urinary metabolite of chloroprocaine. 4-amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid : 4-Aminobenzoic acid in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine.	5.21	12	1	aminobenzoic acid; monochlorobenzenes
n-acetylimidazole [no description available]	2.36	2	0	N-acylimidazole
acetosyringone acetosyringone: plant inducer which induces expression of VirE & VirG in A. tumefaciens. acetosyringone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-asthmatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
antazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
formothion formothion: was MH 1976-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE 1976-90)	1.98	1	0	dicarboximide
c.i. direct blue 1 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	7.13	1	0
octogen octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.	2.04	1	0	N-nitro compound; tetrazocane	explosive
mebeverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
lorazepam acetate lorazepam acetate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	2.07	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.13	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
6-aminonicotinic acid 6-aminonicotinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 6-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 6 of the pyridine ring.	2.1	1	0	aminonicotinic acid; aminopyridine; aromatic amine	metabolite
4-aminobutyric acid methyl ester bradykinin, Met-Ile-Ser-: released from T-kininogen by an acid proteinase of granulomatous tissues in rats. methyl 4-aminobutanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of gamma-aminobutyric acid with methanol.	2.66	3	0	amino acid ester; methyl ester; primary amino compound
dibromoacetonitrile dibromoacetonitrile: by-product of water chlorination; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.7	10	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	2.39	2	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.94	11	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.73	3	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.02	14	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	2.1	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
clidinium bromide clidinium bromide : The bromide salt of clinidium. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.	2.13	1	0
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	2.05	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	2.66	3	0
meclofenoxate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	3.75	11	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	2.13	1	0	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
streptomycin [no description available]	2.65	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.93	4	0	carbon oxoanion
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.41	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
2-octanol 2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	octanol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
valnoctamide [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty amide
clonidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
cladribine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	1.95	1	0
butyrylthiocholine Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.	1.95	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.42	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	2.41	2	0
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.39	2	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.	2.01	1	0	anilide fungicide; anilide; enamide; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mexiletine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	2.45	2	0	cinnamate ester
alverine citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	citrate salt; organoammonium salt	antispasmodic drug; cholinergic antagonist
benzetimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	piperidines
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.08	1	0	dioxolane
acetylpyruvic acid acetylpyruvic acid: structure. acetylpyruvic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid carrying two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.96	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
cyclogyl cyclopentolate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclopentolate. It is used to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.13	1	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.96	4	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; immunosuppressive agent
pipazethate pipazethate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide
suxamethonium chloride succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt	muscle relaxant
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	3.06	1	0
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; muscle relaxant
trimethylaminobutyrate trimethylaminobutyrate: RN given refers to chloride	4.45	7	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	16.74	518	1	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.03	1	0
metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.	2.47	2	0
isoetharine mesylate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
hepes [no description available]	3.13	5	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	2.37	2	0	indoles
lanthanum [no description available]	5.89	32	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	8.67	47	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	4.76	7	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.53	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	1.98	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.24	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.69	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.05	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.44	2	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.08	5	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.99	14	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.11	1	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.39	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.05	1	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.41	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.46	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.61	73	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	4.37	4	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.75	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	9.42	22	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.35	7	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.94	4	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	8.8	3	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.09	5	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.17	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.74	3	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	5.77	11	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	3.61	9	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	9.77	12	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
6-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	1.97	1	0	sodium phosphate
perchloric acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.43	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	3.6	9	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
propionylpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.67	3	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.91	4	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	1.97	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	3.81	3	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	4.21	2	1	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	iron coordination entity
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.7	3	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.96	1	0
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
potassium sulfate potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4	2.41	2	0	inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	8.58	9	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.97	4	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	10.75	78	2	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.11	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	1.97	1	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	4.6	8	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.61	2	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	3.8	1	1	aluminium sulfate
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.43	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	4.51	23	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.52	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	4.35	4	1	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
nsc-145,668 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.9	4	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.85	10	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.4	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.03	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
suritozole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	triazoles
coformycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	4.32	20	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	6.99	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	3.99	4	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
cesium fluoride cesium fluoride: RN given refers to above cpd	2.07	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.99	1	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; cortisol ester; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	dermatologic drug; drug allergen
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.02	1	0	anthraquinone
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2.05	1	0	menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.4	2	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	2.66	3	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	6.09	16	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.94	4	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
thiamphenicol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.03	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	4.07	3	1	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.1	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	6.57	5	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
pentamethylmelamine pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.71	3	0
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	1.97	1	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.89	35	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.79	3	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	3.79	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.46	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
tetridamin tetridamin: do not confuse with tetrodamine; structure	2.13	1	0
didesethylflurazepam didesethylflurazepam: major metbolite of flurazepam; RN given refers to parent cpd. didesethylflurazepam : A primary amino compound resulting from the dealkylation of both ethyl groups of the anti-insomnia drug flurazepam. It is the major metabolite of flurazepam.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; drug metabolite; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	5.08	10	1	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	4.15	3	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	6.35	7	1	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	2.39	2	0
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.02	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
daba [no description available]	3.24	6	0
n-n-propylnorapomorphine N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.08	1	0
iodine [no description available]	3.57	9	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
capobenic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	3.5	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.41	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
disopyramide phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organoammonium phosphate
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate 5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.21	6	0
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.1	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	11.31	21	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	25.6	1,233	204	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.11	4	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.61	2	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
2,5-dimethylpyrazine [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrazines
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.03	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isopentyl alcohol isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
pyrrolidine [no description available]	4.49	7	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	1.98	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
thymolphthalein Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.	2.13	1	0	terpene lactone
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	1.96	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.63	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	18.65	193	3	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.43	2	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.39	2	0
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.93	4	0
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	4.26	18	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	4.76	31	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.38	7	0
propamocarb propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group. N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.42	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
clobetasol propionate Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid	anti-inflammatory drug
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	3.11	5	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	3.86	11	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	27.09	4,886	63	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.05	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.01	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.35	7	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.	2.65	3	0
frentizole frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	5.11	14	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.7	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	9.86	65	1	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.23	6	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.1	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	3.38	7	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.96	1	0	tryptamines
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	21.89	72	12	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
eterobarb [no description available]	3.53	2	0	barbiturates
trimethylethylammonium trimethylethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethyltrimethylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation having one ethyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.01	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
emepronium Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9 tetrahydrocannabivarin 9: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	3.36	7	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	15.32	92	5	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2.42	2	0
moricizine hydrochloride moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.86	3	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.47	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
clanobutin clanobutin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.04	15	0	benzamides
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	3.07	5	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	4.33	20	0
proroxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	10.06	27	3	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etomidate ethnor: an adsorbable haemostatic bone sealant	2.13	1	0	imidazoles
buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
etoposide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	15.51	344	3	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.11	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	3.13	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.15	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.35	7	0
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
cartazolate cartazolate: structure	4.67	9	0
2,2',3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.05	1	0	polychlorobiphenyl
pcb 180 PCB 180: C12-H3-Cl7	2.05	1	0	polychlorobiphenyl
2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
etazolate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
butaclamol (+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.	2.13	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
butaclamol [no description available]	3.31	6	0	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	1.97	1	0	ethanolamines
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.43	2	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.	1.97	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; sedative
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	5.29	17	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.69	3	0
zinterol [no description available]	1.96	1	0
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	3.87	2	1	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbidopa [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	2.03	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
3-phenoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.15	6	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.16	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.52	2	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.5	7	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.05	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	4.07	15	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
supidimide supidimide: non-teratogenic analog of thalidomide; has mild tranquilizing action; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2.4	2	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	5.24	49	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
4-isopropylbicyclophosphate 4-isopropylbicyclophosphate: highly toxic cpd used in spectroscopic studies, potential flame retardants, vinyl resin stabilizers, & antioxidants; are not cholinesterase inhibitors; structure	2.66	3	0
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiamenidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.55	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
phenazepam [no description available]	3.57	9	0
picobenzide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.17	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	7.36	86	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	6	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.03	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
rp 31264 suriclone: recognizes receptors labeled by benzodiazepines	2.65	3	0
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
a(2)c [no description available]	1.97	1	0
flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.47	2	0	acetate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	dihydropyridine	geroprotector
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.9	4	0
triadimenol triadimenol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; triazole fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	1.96	1	0
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	1.99	1	0	dichlorobenzene
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.1	3	1	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
flumecinol flumecinol: liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme inducer	3.7	1	0	diarylmethane
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.15	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	9.86	107	0
Flamprop [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzamides
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.03	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	3.75	11	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.14	5	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	9.72	17	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.71	10	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide acid progabide acid: RN given refers to NA salt; structure	5.42	20	0
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	14.77	159	22	diarylmethane
staurosporine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available]	2.47	2	0
brofaromine brofaromine: short-acting specific type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	1	0
Arbaclofen [no description available]	2.7	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
indalpine indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	indoles
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	8.68	10	0
5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid 5,5-diphenylbarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.74	3	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	1.99	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
gabapentin-lactam gabapentin-lactam: structure in first source	3.27	6	0	azaspiro compound
12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	9.95	12	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.47	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.	2.03	1	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	6.82	82	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
agreal veralipride: used in treatment of menopausal disorders; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.11	1	0	sulfonamide
cerm-1978 bepridil hydrochloride : The hydrochloride of bepridil.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.39	2	0	oligopeptide
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	thiazoles
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	7.39	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
daurisoline daurisoline: antiarrhythmic from Menispermun dahuricum; structure in first source	2.38	2	0	isoquinolines
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	13.25	192	4	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
alo 2145 apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	2.93	1	0	organic molecular entity
dazoxiben hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	5.51	8	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.35	6	0	aminopyridine
milacemide milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source	8.22	6	0
denzimol denzimol: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.47	1	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	5.69	19	1	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
fengabine [no description available]	2.37	2	0
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.1	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	5.1	43	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazethapyr imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr	2.06	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.53	2	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.31	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpidem [no description available]	2.9	4	0	imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.52	2	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	5.59	16	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil 5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV	4.03	2	0
quinpirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	2.03	1	0
antineoplaston a10 antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine	2.41	1	0
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	5.95	7	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ipsapirone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	5.04	41	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	2.42	2	0	quinazolines
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.63	9	0	salicylamides
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.42	7	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.25	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.95	8	0	tetralins
pazinaclone pazinaclone: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.41	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	5.04	5	0	stilbenoid
nicotinoyl-gaba nicotinoyl-GABA: used in treatment of migraine	10.01	9	1
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	17.47	213	20	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.97	4	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	2.39	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.45	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
enadoline enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer	1.99	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	3.08	4	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
sipatrigine sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage	1.98	1	0	pyrimidines
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	6.36	5	3	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.27	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	18	115	15	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.52	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.03	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	3.53	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	3.11	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	14.63	211	2	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
metaldehyde metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.	1.96	1	0	tetroxocane	fuel; molluscicide
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	2.07	1	0	monoterpenoid
phenelzine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
verbenol verbenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	1.95	1	0	pentenoic acid
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	benzofurans
d-lactic acid (R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.	2.44	2	0	2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.09	5	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.13	1	0
tobramycin sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.96	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	2.31	1	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.7	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.41	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
1-lauryl-2-pyrrolidone 1-dodecylpyrrolidin-2-one : Pyrrolidin-2-one substituted at nitrogen by an n-dodecyl group.	1.97	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	epitope
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
rubidium chloride rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.36	2	0	inorganic chloride; rubidium molecular entity	antidepressant; biomarker
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	2.89	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.68	3	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
fluoxetine hydrochloride fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride; N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
propranolol hydrochloride Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	14.48	41	13	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.89	32	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2.1	1	0
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.47	2	0
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.47	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
terfenadine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.58	2	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	3.25	6	0
amantadine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.72	25	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.95	4	0
beta-hydroxy-beta-ethyl-phenylpropionamide beta-hydroxy-beta-ethyl-phenylpropionamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-aminoisobutyric acid 3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.	6.31	6	2	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.61	9	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.51	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.1	1	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	7	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.49	2	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
isocytidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.41	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.69	3	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.96	8	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	17.04	184	17	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
2-phenyloxazolone 2-phenyloxazolone: RN given refers to 2-phenyl-5-oxazolone. 2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one : A 1,3-oxazole having a phenyl substituent at the 2-position and an oxo group at the 5-position. Note that phenyloxazolone is commonly used as a synonym for 4-(ethoxymethylene)-2-phenyloxazol-5-one (PhOx).	2.4	2	0	1,3-oxazoles
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.25	1	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	1.97	1	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.21	1	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.06	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
norvaline norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.	2.39	2	0	2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
squaric acid dibutyl ester squaric acid dibutyl ester : A cyclic ketone and diether that is a dibutyl ether derivative of squaric acid.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone; diether	allergen; immunological adjuvant
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	deoxyribonucleoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.44	2	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.39	2	0	iodine oxoacid
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.08	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	1.97	1	0
dobutamine hydrochloride dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498	2.75	3	0	catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.68	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.86	3	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.43	2	0	purine nucleoside
halopemide halopemide: structure	2.36	2	0
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.13	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt
4-aminomethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	7.03	1	0	benzoic acids
acetylcholine bromide acetylcholine bromide : The bromide salt of acetylcholine.	2.13	1	0	bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
tetrahydrocorticosterone tetrahydrocorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	2.68	3	0	21-hydroxy steroid
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.13	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
caroverine caroverine: structure	1.98	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
metrifudil [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.03	1	0	beta-carbolines
flutonidine flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
tryptamide tryptamide: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
divaplon divaplon: structure given in UD	1.98	1	0
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	7.48	13	0	acetamides
cm 40907 CM 40907: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
eltoprazine eltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus	2.11	1	0
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	3.11	1	0	aryl sulfide
nerisopam Nerisopam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
abecarnil [no description available]	8.08	5	0
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	1.99	1	0
nebracetam nebracetam: RN given refers to parent cpd; agonist for muscarinic receptors	1.97	1	0
lubeluzole lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer	3.1	1	0	benzothiazoles
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.54	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aralkylamine
4-cyanobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzaldehydes
oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines
thioridazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	first generation antipsychotic; geroprotector
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride diphenylpyraline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenylpyraline. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist
procainamide hydrochloride procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
siquil [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent
mepivacaine hydrochloride mepivacaine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mepivacaine. It is used as a local anaesthetic.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; piperidinecarboxamide	local anaesthetic
omega-aminocaprylic acid 8-aminooctanoic acid : An omega-amino fatty acid that is octanoic acid which carries an amino group at position 8.	7.38	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
bisphenol b [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bisphenol
sotalol hydrochloride sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
diphenidol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
dioxadrol dioxadrol: See also records for d- and l-forms which are referred to as dexoxadrol and levoxadrol, respectfully	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
alprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
edoxudin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.47	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoestradiol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
amizyl [no description available]	2.13	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.1	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	1.98	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
fluphenazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent
4-chlorophenethylamine 4-chlorophenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
4,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenanthroline
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.92	4	0	phenanthroline
bicyclo(3.1.0)hexane [no description available]	2.06	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	10.17	75	2	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.43	2	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; triazine
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.88	4	0
tryptamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
guanidinopropionic acid guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels	3.38	7	0	guanidines; zwitterion	hypoglycemic agent
4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzaldehydes
3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-fluorobenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.21	1	0
azauracil azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.	1.96	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydracrylic acid 3-hydroxypropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
1-piperideine 1-piperideine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	7.37	2	0	piperideine
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.96	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.	2.06	1	0	tetralins
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole [no description available]	2.01	1	0
azure b Azure B: RN given refers to chloride. azure B : An organic chloride salt having 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and is an active metabolite of methylene blue.	1.98	1	0
dyclonine hydrochloride dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	topical anaesthetic
n-acetyltyrosine N-acetyl-L-tyrosine : An N-acetyltyrosine in which the chiral centre has L configuration.	2.01	1	0	N-acetyltyrosine; N-acyl-L-tyrosine	biomarker; EC 2.1.1.4 (acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite
guanidinoethane sulfonate [no description available]	5.08	14	0	guanidines; organosulfonic acid; zwitterion
clomipramine hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.13	1	0
econazole nitrate econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.	2.13	1	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.9	4	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.9	11	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	5.19	10	1	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nilverm [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
oxiperomide oxiperomide: dopamine-blocking agent	1.95	1	0
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
befuraline befuraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
metralindole metralindole: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; inkasan refers to mono-HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source & in UD references	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
ropinirole hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	3.37	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.08	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
glutaurine glutaurine: recently deteccted hormone of parathyroid gland; structure; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. glutaurine : A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of taurine with the gamma-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid. It was initially found in the parathyroid in 1980 and later in the brain of mammals.	2.37	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; L-glutamine derivative; sulfonic acid	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; hormone; human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite
talinolol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ureas
budipine budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	3.77	3	0	carbazoles
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	5.85	7	1
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.41	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
plasmenylserine plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.	2.03	1	0	O-phosphoserine	EC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nanofin nanofin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	2.95	4	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
pivagabine [no description available]	8.19	14	7	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.15	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
trimegestone trimegestone: ligand for progesterone receptor	3.13	1	0	20-oxo steroid
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.13	1	0
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
9-anthraldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0
3-methylhistamine 3-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
cyclopropylamine cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.	2.06	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
ethanolamine o-sulfate [no description available]	6.18	44	0
biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
n-acetyltryptamine N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.	2.03	1	0	acetamides; indoles
5-imidazolepropionic acid 5-imidazolepropionic acid: competitive inhibitor of urocanase reaction which catalyzes conversion of urocanate into imidazolone propionate; structure. dihydrourocanic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	2.06	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid
tyrosine methyl ester tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.	2.01	1	0	L-tyrosyl ester; methyl ester
glutarimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones
1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid: inducer of neuroblastoma morphological differentiation; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.99	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
etidin etidin: structure; geroprotective agent	1.98	1	0
n-acetylglutamic acid N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	2.37	2	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-glutamic acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
D-serine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	D-alpha-amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine [no description available]	3.51	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; D-alpha-amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
copper histidine [no description available]	2	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid; histidine; polar amino acid zwitterion	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	3.22	6	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
nefiracetam [no description available]	3.37	7	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	8.18	15	1	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
dihydroergotamine mesylate dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	2.03	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	3.82	4	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.13	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.91	4	0
pipequaline pipequaline: anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative; structure given in first source	4.56	8	0
emopamil emopamil: prevents renal injury after warm & cold ischemia; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
sarmazenil [no description available]	1.99	1	0
taltrimide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
girisopam [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ranolazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	2.1	1	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
atipamezole [no description available]	2.68	3	0
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	1.98	1	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
clobetasone butyrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.08	5	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	acetamides	geroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	salicylamides
diflorasone diacetate diflorasone diacetate : The 17,21-diacetate derivative of diflorasone. It is used topically for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties in the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
acecainide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
maprotiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
D-valine D-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine.	2.06	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid; valine
phenylalanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine
hydroxyzine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.01	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
betamipron [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
naftazone naftazone: RN given refers to 1,2-naphthoquinone monosemicarbazone cpd	2.17	1	0
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.1	1	0	carbazoles
mdl 11939 alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	primary amine
secnidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
menbutone menbutone: structure	1.96	1	0	butanone
thiocolchicoside [no description available]	2.44	2	0	glycoside
siguazodan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyridazinone
tiemonium iodide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aralkylamine
zetidoline zetidoline: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	1.98	1	0
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine 3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.4	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.68	3	0
phorbol-12,13-diacetate phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2.41	2	0
magnolol [no description available]	2	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.76	3	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.21	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	7.04	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
dmp 323 (4R,5S,6S,7R)-4,7-dibenzyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-bis[4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]-1,3-diazepan-2-one : A 1,3-diazepanone ring with two 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl groups as substituents at positions N-1 and N-4, two benzyl groups at C-4 and C-7, and two hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-6 respectively.	2.06	1	0	diazepanone; ureas	anti-HIV agent; metabolite
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.96	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	2.31	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oleandomycin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	oleandomycins
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
centazolone centazolone: tranquillosedative drug with action similar to that of chlordiazepoxide; structure in UD 30;55a	1.96	1	0
indole-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
2-aminonicotinic acid 2-aminonicotinic acid: structure in first source. 2-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 2 of the pyridine ring.. aminonicotinic acid : An aromatic amino acid that is nicotinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the pyridine ring is replaced by an amino group. A 'closed class'.	2.1	1	0	aminonicotinic acid; aminopyridine	metabolite
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	2.11	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter	2.03	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calpeptin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	3.23	1	0
ergocornine ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.13	1	0	ergot alkaloid
agroclavine agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.	2.03	1	0	ergot alkaloid
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	2.25	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
bilobalide [no description available]	3.26	6	0	sesquiterpene lactone
taxodione taxodione: structure	1.98	1	0	diterpenoid
maslinic acid (2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria	2.08	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.59	8	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
pramoxine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
glutamic acid diethyl ester glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.37	2	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.87	3	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	1.97	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
s-methylisothiourea sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-acetylhistidine N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.	2.37	2	0	L-histidine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylhistidine	animal metabolite
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	3.12	5	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
tutin tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure	1.96	1	0	gamma-lactone
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.17	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
2-chlorodiazepam [no description available]	3.99	1	1
butyrylcholine chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine 4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.5	8	0	pyridines
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor	2.1	1	0
dimethylaminopropanol dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor	2.1	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.14	1	0
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.51	2	0
methyl tryptophan, (l-trp)-isomer [no description available]	2.01	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.47	7	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
quinoline-4-carbaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0
1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane 1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluorocyclobutane: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
delta(1)-pyrroline [no description available]	2.65	3	0	imine; pyrroline
benzamidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chloropyramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
2-bromobenzaldehyde 2-bromobenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
6-aminoindazole 6-aminoindazole: depresses gastric acid secretion; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	indazoles
s20098 [no description available]	3.18	5	0	acetamides
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	imidazoles
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	6.97	93	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
biotinamide biotin amide : A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from biotin.	2.73	3	0	biotins; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	4.74	9	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	4.14	3	1	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.81	2	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
hydrazinoacetic acid hydrazinoacetic acid: structure given in first source	1.94	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	1.96	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
4-methoxy-1-naphthalaldehyde 4-methoxy-1-naphthalaldehyde: used for fluorometric assays for isozymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase; structure given in first source	2.61	2	0
nicotone nicotone: conversion product of nicotine N-oxide	2.03	1	0
cp094 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	4.61	8	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycinexylidide glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.	2.1	1	0	amino acid amide	drug metabolite
5-aminoindazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
valproic acid glucuronide valproic acid glucuronide: major metabolite of valproic acid	2.58	2	0	glucosiduronic acid
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	2.71	3	0
Trp-Trp tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0	N-arylpiperazine
methionine sulfoximine L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine derivative; methionine sulfoximine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.03	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	5.74	10	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	13.59	197	3	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
n-desmethylclobazam desmethylclobazam: major pharmacologically active metabolite of clobazam; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
carbetapentane citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.72	11	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	8.51	2	0	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
phentolamine mesylate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
beta-thujone [no description available]	2.43	2	0	beta-thujone
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	3.25	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
mephentermine sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
goethite [no description available]	3.99	1	1
oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	5.57	22	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	1.99	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	6.83	50	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.04	14	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	3.81	3	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	catechols
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.67	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
2-methylhippuric acid 2-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of o-xylene. o-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the ortho-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.	2.13	1	0	N-acylglycine	metabolite
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
nimustine nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
4-n,n-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride 4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride: chromophoric labelling reagent for amino acids, peptides, proteins; structure	2.39	2	0
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2.11	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cordium bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrochloride
1-methylhistidine 1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1.. N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.	2.21	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite
succinyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	omega-carboxyacyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; inhibitor; mouse metabolite
L-2-aminoadipic acid L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.	2.03	1	0	2-aminoadipic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	hydroxy-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
n-desmethylmethsuximide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
prilocaine hydrochloride prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	local anaesthetic
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: endogenous amine from rat brain	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
meclizine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mor-14 N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	hydroxypiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	5.68	79	0	diarylmethane
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.51	2	0	organic molecular entity
4-azidophenacyl bromide 4-azidophenacyl bromide: photolabile bifunctional reagent; bromide is an integral part of cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.	2.13	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	3.87	3	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.	2.94	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; C21-steroid hormone	human metabolite; progestogen
malic acid, (r)-isomer (R)-malic acid : An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	malic acid
21-deoxycortisol 21-deoxycortisol: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure. 21-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is 17xi-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 11 and an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17. It is a marker of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; deoxycortisol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-epsilon-acetyllysine N(6)-acetyl-L-lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine where the N(6)-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.95	1	0	acetyl-L-lysine; amino acid zwitterion; N(6)-acyl-L-lysine	human metabolite
2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy fatty acid comprising a C16 straight chain carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy fatty acid; hydroxypalmitic acid	human metabolite
androstan-3-ol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
estrone 3-methyl ether estrone 3-methyl ether: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.49	2	0
indole-3-lactic acid indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	human metabolite
e-250 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.	2.13	1	0	rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.78	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
nipecotic acid amide nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.	2.67	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide
isopelletierine isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer	2.1	1	0	citraconoyl group
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.17	1	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.74	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source. L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.06	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid; thioproline	geroprotector; metabolite
phenylisopropyladenosine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; benzenes; hydrocarbyladenosine; purine nucleoside; secondary amino compound	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
2-oxoquazepam 2-oxoquazepam: quazepam metabolite; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
levcromakalim [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tachistin tachistin: a synthetic analog of dihydrotachysterol	2.13	1	0
5,6-dihydrouridine dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.	1.96	1	0	uridines	biomarker
cortisol octanoate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	2.07	1	0	pyrroline
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone	2.1	1	0
diprotin a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	peptide
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.72	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
isovaline isovaline: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer	2.49	2	0
2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid: an ascorbate peroxidase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid : A member of the class of pyridines that is isonicotinic acid which is substituted by chlorine at positions 2 and 6.	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; pyridines	EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
benzhydrylurea [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-methylglutamic acid 2-methylglutamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.31	1	0
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine [no description available]	2.91	4	0
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine 6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport	2.03	1	0
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	11.04	22	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM	2.94	4	0
hippuryl-glycyl-glycine hippuryl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 from 9th CI Form Index	1.96	1	0
n-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-aminobutyric acid [no description available]	2.37	2	0
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.	4.88	11	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	GABAB receptor agonist
3,4-dehydroproline 3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation	2.02	1	0
6-methoxyflavanone 6-methoxyflavanone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
adenylyl cytidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
armepavine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.5	2	0
nipecotic acid ethyl ester nipecotic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.9	4	0
n-glycylglutamic acid N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.03	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
diosgenin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
isosteviol isosteviol: an antihyperglycemic agent; obtained by acid hydrolysis of stevioside; was indexed to steviol 1985-2007	2.6	1	0	diterpenoid
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	2.02	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	3.13	5	0
zpck ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin	2.03	1	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
gamma-glutamylglycine gamma-glutamylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; note that tau here is used by some publishers in place of gamma and so does not mean position 20 on the carbon skeleton	2.68	3	0
enkephalinamide-leu enkephalinamide-Leu: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	3.91	13	0
2,5-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3-one [no description available]	2.4	2	0
alpha-aminopimelic acid alpha-aminopimelic acid: antagonizes glutamate-induced inhibitions of Helix neurones. 2-aminopimelic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group. It is a component of the cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria.	1.96	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
taurineamide taurineamide: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
n(6)-phenyladenosine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	purine nucleoside
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	5.19	47	0	21-hydroxy steroid
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	methyladenosine
glycylleucine glycylleucine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.41	1	0
4-fluoroglutamic acid 4-fluoroglutamic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	6.69	74	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.91	4	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.93	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	5	39	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	4.67	28	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.11	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	3.5	1	1
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	10	162	0	organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	4.07	15	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.82	11	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.49	2	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	5.15	15	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	4.34	6	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.38	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	5.21	49	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	5.96	40	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.97	4	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	7.39	147	0
cp-55,940 [no description available]	3.33	6	0
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	6.31	21	0
vanoxerine vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	3.25	6	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	7.77	72	0	beta-carbolines
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.76	3	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.01	1	0
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether: structure CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F; a vinyl ether	2.6	1	0	organofluorine compound
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.58	2	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.38	2	0
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	2.41	2	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	4.61	26	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	7.33	38	0	beta-carbolines
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	4.63	8	0
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	2.94	4	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.97	1	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	3.41	7	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	3.81	11	0
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	4.79	10	0	carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oligopeptide
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	3.47	8	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	2.41	2	0
l-lactic acid (S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine [no description available]	2.91	4	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	7.11	110	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	6.19	17	0	beta-carbolines
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.01	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	4.8	10	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
18,19-dihydroetorphine 18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.04	1	0
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	4.55	9	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.77	3	0
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	3.14	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	4.27	19	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
nantradol nantradol: cannabinoid-related analgetic with greater potency than morphine in some tests; 4 stereoisomers are mentioned in the literature: (+)-2'(S),6(R),6a(S),9(S)10a(S) [CP-53,870-1]; (-)-2'(R),6(S),6a(R),9(R)10a(R) [CP-50,556-1]; (+)-2'(R),6(R),6a(S),9(S),10a(S); (-)-2'(S),6(S),6a(R),9(R)10a(R); RN given is from CA 1977-79 Index Guide; structure in first source; use STEREOISOMERS if levonantradol is used	1.96	1	0
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.03	4	0	beta-carbolines
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	3.07	1	0	oligopeptide
geniposide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	terpene glycoside
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	benzodiazepine
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.98	3	0	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	3.61	9	0	dicarboxylic acid
gabazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	9.67	208	0	methoxybenzenes
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.01	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
bretazenil bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer	8.86	12	0
4-desmethoxyverapamil [no description available]	1.96	1	0
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.71	3	0
gamma-fagarine gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
1,9-dideoxyforskolin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	acetate ester; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound	plant metabolite
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	6.1	24	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin (+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.	2.03	1	0	hydrate	geroprotector
u 74500a U 74500A: potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental CNS trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; RN given is for 3,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd; Cancer Lett 1992;64(1):61-6 uses 5,6-bis(diethylamino) cpd for U 74500A	1.98	1	0
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	serotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.	2.43	2	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.06	4	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
ramosetron [no description available]	4.45	1	1	indoles
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	3.89	12	0	alpha-amino acid
Zearalanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.69	3	0	indoles
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain	5.37	11	0
rh 3421 RH 3421: structure given in first source with one nitrogen missing a hydrogen atom	1.98	1	0
ml 9 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	germacranolide
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2.4	2	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
benzamil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.17	1	0
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	3.07	5	0
senktide [no description available]	2.72	3	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.72	3	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.25	6	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
zacopride [no description available]	2.44	2	0	benzamides
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	4.18	5	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.24	51	0
beta-lumicolchicine Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.	1.98	1	0
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	2.36	2	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxyvaleric acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydroxy fatty acid
10-hydroxycarbamazepine 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.	3.09	1	0	carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker
territrem b territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer	1.98	1	0
metaphit metaphit: site-directed acylating agent of phencyclidine receptors in rat brain; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
ta 0910 TA 0910: structure given in first source; has central nervous system actions; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/90	2	1	0	oligopeptide	analgesic; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	2.03	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	catecholamine
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	8.42	32	4	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2.69	3	0
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	2.21	1	0	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.74	3	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	4.48	5	0
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ibuprofen
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	1.97	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.03	1	0	straight-chain fatty acid
tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate tert-butylbicyclo-2-benzoate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tritium-labeled cpd	5.61	24	0
s-sulphocysteine S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.	2.04	1	0	organic thiosulfate; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; plant metabolite
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	8.3	6	0	glycoside
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide: found in rat brain	2.66	3	0
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	piperazines
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	3.89	12	0
megestrol acetate anisatin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; also see 2-oxo-6-deoxyneoanisatin. anisatin : A sesquiterpene lactone with formula C15H20O8. It is a neurotoxic natural product found in plants of the family Illiciaceae.	2.66	3	0	bridged compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone; spiro compound; tertiary alcohol; tetrol	GABA antagonist; neurotoxin; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
dihydro-dids [no description available]	1.98	1	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.77	3	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
zk 93426 ZK 93426: GABA-A receptor antag	2.66	3	0	beta-carbolines
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.69	2	0	diterpene lactone
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	4.2	17	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	2.41	1	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.06	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.95	4	0	monoterpenoid
2-iodomelatonin [no description available]	2.69	3	0	acetamides
thiamphenicol glycinate thiamphenicol glycinate: RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
butethamate citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
centpropazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
arcaine, sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ruthenium tetraoxide ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4	2.04	1	0
n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3h)-furanone N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone: cpd synthesized by luminous bacteria excreted into medium that induces luciferase synthesis at threshold concentration; structure in first source. N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.	2.07	1	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone; secondary carboxamide
1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	3.62	9	0	N-acyl-amino acid
imidazenil imidazenil: partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid action at GABA(A) receptors; structure given in first source	7.9	4	0
u 99194a (5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors	2.06	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde : A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.	1.98	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; catechols; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	piperidines
1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid 1-methyl-5-phenyl-5-propylbarbituric acid: barbiturate deriv whose activities are related to the optical properties; the (-)-deriv depresses CNS activities, while the (+)-deriv induces convulsion; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.04	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.	3.01	4	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor antagonist
5-fluoromethylornithine 5-fluoromethylornithine : An ornithine derivative in which one of the hydrogens at position 5 is replaced by a fluoromethyl group. It is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase.	2.38	2	0	organofluorine compound; ornithine derivative	EC 2.6.1.13 (ornithine aminotransferase) inhibitor
sch 23982 8-iodo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol: labeled with 125I; D-1 dopamine receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.9	12	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	thiadiazole
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.11	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
gallopamil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2.48	2	0	xanthones
s-methyl diethylthiocarbamate S-methyl diethylthiocarbamate: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid [no description available]	2.7	3	0
buthionine sulfoximine L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.	2.03	1	0	2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	10.73	16	4	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
deramciclane deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer	2.7	3	0
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.46	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	4.75	2	1	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
histamine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-phenylpyrrolidone-2 [no description available]	1.95	1	0
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	3.03	4	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
brl 44408 BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer	2.04	1	0
sb 204070a SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	6.56	14	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
egta acetoxymethyl ester EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA	4.64	10	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-arginyl phenylalaninamide: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 11/90; involved in transmitter release	2.69	3	0
zk 93423 [no description available]	2.37	2	0	beta-carbolines
6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; taurine antagonist	3.07	5	0
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	geroprotector; serotonergic agonist
ly 134046 LY 134046: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
dansyllysine dansyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N(6)-dansyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a dansyl group at the N(6)-position.	1.96	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; sulfonamide	epitope
3-hydroxypregn-4-en-20-one 3-hydroxypregn-4-en-20-one: from Sertoli cells	2.4	2	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bw a868c BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dihydropicrotoxinin [no description available]	10.76	9	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	2.03	1	0	peptide
l 655240 L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd	2.03	1	0	methylindole
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity	2	1	0
pn 202-791 PN 202-791: (+)-isomer is calcium channel agonist; (-)-isomer is calcium channel blocker; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.97	1	0	benzoxadiazole; isopropyl ester
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [no description available]	3.86	2	1
rc 3095 bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin	2.05	1	0
ym 022 YM 022: a potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
dopamine 3-o-sulfate dopamine 3-O-sulfate: end product of L-Dopa metabolism in Parkinson patients; see also record for dopamine 4-O-sulfate. dopamine 3-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
saclofen saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist	5.03	40	0	organochlorine compound
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.73	3	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
sulforhodamine 101 [no description available]	2.5	2	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
arginylphenylalaninamide arginylphenylalaninamide: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer; fragment of FMRamide; may be used as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator by optic lobe neurons of different types	2.42	2	0
ru 24926 RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source	3.22	6	0
san 58035 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alanyl-prolyl-glycyl-tryptophanamide alanyl-prolyl-glycyl-tryptophanamide: molluscan neuropeptide related to the N-terminal tetrapeptide of the crustacean hormone, RPCH	1.98	1	0
kallidin, des-arg(10)- kallidin, des-Arg(10)-: includes both L and D isomers of Phe(8)	2.08	1	0
iodosulpride iodosulpride: 125I labeled; selective ligand for brain dopamine receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
mebikar mebikar: structure	4.65	3	2	imidazolidinone
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	2.79	3	0
n-acetylputrescine N-acetylputrescine : An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.	2.38	2	0	N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine; N-substituted putrescine	metabolite; mouse metabolite
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.41	1	0
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	2.13	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
cyclopropene cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
diazene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	nitrogen hydride
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.96	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.45	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.74	3	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	4.77	2	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
des-enkephalin-gamma-endorphin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: binds specifically to brain benzodiazepine receptors	5.58	14	0	beta-carbolines
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.13	1	0	leucine derivative
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	3.47	7	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
n(8)-acetylspermidine N(8)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine that is 1,8-diamino-4-azaoctane in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group attached to C-8 is replaced by an acetyl group.	1.98	1	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.	3.33	6	0	1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
zk 91296 ZK 91296: structure in first source	2.88	4	0
met-enkephalinamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	1.97	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide	metabolite
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	7.21	71	0
kf 17837s KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers	2.39	2	0
substance p, methyl ester- substance P, methyl ester-: COOH-terminal amide of substance P replaced with methyl ester	1.99	1	0
norketamine norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3	1	0	organochlorine compound
neurotensin (8-13) neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity	2.42	2	0
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	8.79	11	0
acth (4-10) ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd	1.96	1	0
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-gly(7)-leu(8)- enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-Gly(7)-Leu(8)-: from bovine adrenal medulla; has 35% the opiate receptor binding activity of Met-enkephalin	2.37	2	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.03	1	0
kyotorphin kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.48	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	3.1	5	0
ro 8-0576 benserazide, levodopa drug combination: combination of L-Dopa and seryltrihydroxybenzylhydrazine; used in treatment of parkinsonism	2.92	1	0
heliox heliox: mixture of above cpds	1.97	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.11	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dihydrotetrabenazine dihydrotetrabenazine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines
small cardioactive peptide b small cardioactive peptide B: neuropeptide from Aplysia	2.67	3	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.42	2	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.97	4	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.31	1	0	carbonyl compound
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.13	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.98	4	0	diarylmethane
dopamine 4-o-sulfate dopamine 4-O-sulfate: possible precursor of free norepinephrin; see also record for dopamine 3-O-sulfate. dopamine 4-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.08	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	4.47	22	0
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	2.05	1	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
substance p (5-11), pglu(5)-mephe(8)-megly(9)- [no description available]	3.06	1	0
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	3.64	9	0	pyrrolopyridine
glabridin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	4.8	2	1	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
copper bleomycin copper bleomycin: Merck reference is for bleomycins	1.97	1	0
cyclocholine cyclocholine: structure	1.97	1	0
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93	2.42	2	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
4,5-diaminopentanoic acid 4,5-diaminopentanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.69	3	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.11	5	0
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	benzoic acids; quinolines	fluorochrome
5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol: structure given in first source; a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor on cultured hippocampal neurones; antagonizes muscimol-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cortical membranes	8.27	6	0	piperidines
l 687414 L 687414: RN given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer	2	1	0
blonanserin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity
pyrrolidin-3-yl-methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
3-hydroxyphenazepam 3-hydroxyphenazepam: phenazepam active metabolite in rat & mouse urine	2.31	1	0
4-amino-3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)butyric acid 4-amino-3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)butyric acid: binds GABA receptors; RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ectoine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; monocarboxylic acid; zwitterion	osmolyte
6-methoxy-n-ethylquinolinium 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium: fluorescent indicator for cytosolic chloride; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
glicentin Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.	1.97	1	0
(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine (tetrazol-5-yl)glycine: potent NMDA receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	morpholines
2-bromomelatonin 2-bromomelatonin: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	3.51	8	0
sb 200646 N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt	2.05	1	0	indoles
1-(7-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecahydro-3a-methyl-1h-benz(e)inden-3-yl)ethanone 1-(7-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecahydro-3a-methyl-1H-benz(e)inden-3-yl)ethanone: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
cgs 26129 CGS 26129: inhibits endothelin-converting enzyme; Sch-42354 is the S-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.89	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol 1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	7.72	3	0	aromatic ether
n-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone N-(beta-oxooctan-1-oyl)homoserine lactone: involved in conjugation and tra gene regulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
bipinnatin b bipinnatin B: nicotinic receptor antagonist related to lophotoxin; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
ro 19-4603 [no description available]	2.39	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; tert-butyl ester
cgp 361a isamoltane: structure given in first source	2	1	0
agrocinopine agrocinopine: opine phosphorylated sugar synthesized by crown gall tumors & utilized as nutrient source by bacteria responsible for infection. agrocinopine : A subclass of opines, which are low molecular weight compounds found in plant crown gall tumours or hairy root tumours produced by parasitic bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium. Agrocinopines are set of sugar phosphodiester opines known to induce transfer of another Ti plasmid, pTiBo542.. agrocinopine A : A member of the class of agrocinopines that consists of sucrose and L-arabinose units joined via a phosphodiester linkage between position 4(F) of sucrose and position 2 of arabinose.	2.05	1	0
ro 14-7437 Ro 14-7437: benzodiazepine antag; no other info available 8/16/83	2.65	3	0
rhodamine 800 rhodamine 800: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ro 32-0432 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
bmy 45778 BMY 45778: structure given in first source; partial prostacyclin agonist	2.06	1	0	bisoxazole	partial prostacyclin agonist
fpl 67047xx FPL 67047XX: inhibits phospholipase A2; structure in first source	4.2	5	0
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
rs 45041-190 4-chloro-2-(imidazolin-2-yl)isoindoline: a selective high-affinity radioligand for I2 imidazoline receptors; structure given in first source	2	1	0	isoindoles
sdz 220-581 alpha-amino-2'-chloro-5-(phosphonomethyl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-propanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.06	1	0
sr 2640 SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
alpha-ethyl, alpha-methyl-thiobutyrolactone [no description available]	3.48	8	0	tetrahydrothiophenes
beta-ethyl, beta-methyl-thiobutyrolactone [no description available]	2.37	2	0
n-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate N-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from bovine cerebral cortex	2.68	3	0	beta-carbolines
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2	1	0
ro 11-6893 Ro 11-6893: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	1.97	1	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.07	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.53	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
gamma-hydroxy-gamma-ethyl-gamma-phenylbutyramide [no description available]	2.36	2	0
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	5.1	5	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
ici 204448 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-acetylphenelzine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	benzenes
1-naphthylacetylspermine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	naphthalenes
cgp 36742 (3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)	3.79	11	0
cgp 46381 3-aminopropyl-cyclohexylmethylphosphinic acid: GABA-B receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0
4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid 4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.37	2	0
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide [no description available]	2	1	0
tyrosyl-seryl(o-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine tyrosyl-seryl(O-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine: has good selectivity & high affinity for delta opioid receptors	1.98	1	0
sdrnflrfamide SDRNFLRFamide: isolated from the nervous system of the lobster Homarus americanus; exhibits FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity	2.01	1	0
1-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)-1-naphthoxy)-2,3-propanediol 1-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)-1-naphthoxy)-2,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
exp7711 EXP7711: to search, use E#P7711(nm); angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
5,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione [no description available]	1.97	1	0
agatoxin-489 agatoxin-489: structure given in first source; anhydrous MW 489 Da; isolated from Agelenopsis aperta	2.05	1	0
kn 04 KN 04: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
alpha-isopropyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone alpha-isopropyl-alpha-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone: structure given in first source; picrotoxin receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	amino acid amide
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride 4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
bmy 42393 BMY 42393: partial prostacyclin agonist	2.06	1	0
n-methyl-n-2-(methylsulfinyl)ethylpropionic acid amide N-methyl-N-2-(methylsulfinyl)ethylpropionic acid amide: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
cgp 52432 [no description available]	5.69	25	0	dichlorobenzene
4-phenylpiracetam 4-phenylpiracetam: for the rehabilitation of stroke patients	3.87	2	1
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis	2.03	1	0	phenylindole
l 703606 L 703606: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ethane sulfonate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
cs 722 CS 722: has spinal reflex depressant effects; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
rb 104 RB 104: potent inhibitor of EC 3.4.24.11; used to detect nanogram quantities of the enzyme by inhibitor gel electrophoresis; structure given in first source	3.37	7	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	5.18	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
(3-(1-((3-(cyclohexylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)benzoic acid (3-(1-((3-(cyclohexylmethyl)hydroxyphosphinyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethyl)benzoic acid: RN given for (mono-Li salt,(S-(R,S)))-isomer	2.73	3	0
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
mk 996 MK 996: an AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
pd 142505-0028 [no description available]	3.13	1	0
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	piperidines
beta-casomorphin, des-tyr- beta-casomorphin, des-Tyr-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate 8-chloroadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: inhibits growth of human cancer cells; the Rp-isomer is more potent than the Sp-isomer; RN given refers to the (S)- isomer	2.01	1	0
bp 554 BP 554: structure given in first source	2	1	0	piperazines
3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2,2-dicarbonitrile 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2,2-dicarbonitrile: a bicyclic dinitrile compound	2.41	2	0
lac dye lac dye: possible food coloring agent which is completely nontoxic at low doses; lac dye is water soluble constituent of stick lac (commercial lac resin); lac resin is hardened secretion of insect Laccifer lacca (lac insect). 4-{[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}phenyl-beta-lactoside : A glycoside comprising beta-lactose having a p-(p-dimethylaminophenylazo)phenyl group at the 1-position.. LAC dye : A four-component mixture of dyes obtained from the secretions of the insect species Laccifer lacca. The four components of LAC are laccaic acids A, B, C and D of which laccaic acid A is the most abundant.	2.01	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside; monoazo compound	dye
nisoxetine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	1.96	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	2.72	3	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
cm 57493 CM 57493: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol 17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol: metabolite of norethynodrel	2.02	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid
sk&f 100330-a SK&F 100330-A: structure given in first source	4.05	15	0
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	2.66	3	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.06	4	0	D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.47	2	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	3.99	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
phytol [no description available]	2.17	1	0
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	9.77	250	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	3.62	8	0
3-methoxy-11-methyldibenz(b,f)oxazepine-8-carboxylate 3-methoxy-11-methyldibenz(b,f)oxazepine-8-carboxylate: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
pitrazepin pitrazepin: effects are not tissue specific; induced a bursting discharge pattern in cultures derived from hippocampus & hypothalamus; structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	N-arylpiperazine
tamolarizine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	2.6	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
6-methoxyflavone 6-methoxyflavone: suppresses NFAT-mediated T cell activation; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	ether; flavonoids
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.63	3	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
nsc-141549 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.02	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.73	3	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase.	2.04	1	0	EHNA	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.06	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
columbianetin columbianetin: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. columbianetin : The angular furanocoumarin analogue of the linear furanocoumarin marmesin.	1.98	1	0	furanocoumarin; tertiary alcohol
3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid: endogenous sugar acid from serum of fasted rates acting as satiety factor in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid : A omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is butyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	2.15	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid	human metabolite
3-methyleneoxindole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oxindoles
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation 7/29/83	2.38	2	0
5-methoxytryptophan 5-methoxytryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5-methoxytryptophan : An L-tryptophan derivative that is L-tryptophan with a methoxy substituent at position 5.	2.17	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tryptophan derivative	metabolite
nepafenac nepafenac: amide analog of amfenac; structure in first source. nepafenac : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is amfenac in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding carboxamide. It is a prodrug for amfenac, used in eye drops to treat pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
1-methylcyclopropene 1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.	2.21	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes	agrochemical; plant growth regulator
n-methylglucosamine N-methylglucosamine: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.97	1	0
quebrachitol quebrachitol: RN given refers to (D-chiro)-isomer	2.13	1	0	cyclohexanols
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	2.31	1	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
dichloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum complex [no description available]	2.13	1	0
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione 1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
phosphorodithioic acid dithiophosphoric acid : A phosphorothioic acid that is the phosphoric acid having two of its oxygen atoms replaced by sulfur atoms.	2.08	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.8	2	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
bazedoxifene [no description available]	4.14	1	0	phenylindole
idazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.38	2	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
isoguvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	2	1	0	indoles
loflazepic acid loflazepic acid: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	1.98	1	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	8.84	14	3	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
alpha-methylhistamine (R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).	2.47	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	H3-receptor agonist
dn 1417 DN 1417: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.22	6	0
pk 9084 PK 9084: anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative; structure given in first source	3.35	7	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.8	11	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
gemcabene [no description available]	3.13	1	0
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; prodrug
gelsenicine gelsenicine: an analgesic isolated from Gelsemium elegans; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid [no description available]	3.08	1	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.07	1	0	organic sulfate salt
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.25	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
antazoline phosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	1.96	1	0	camphor
desmethylcyproheptadine desmethylcyproheptadine: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.96	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.06	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
baldrinal baldrinal: from Valerianaceae roots	2.21	1	0	arenecarbaldehyde
azaphen azaphen: antidepressant with a tricyclic structure may affect the autonomic nervous system; minor descriptor (77-85); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZINES (77-85); RN given refers to (di-HCl); don't confuse with AZOPHEN, a brand name for ANTIPYRINE	2.37	2	0
miltirone miltirone: from Salvis miltiorrhiza Bunge; central benzodiazepine receptor ligand; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
sulfoacetaldehyde [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; organosulfonic acid
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.44	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
argininic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
n-phthaloylglutamic acid N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.	2.03	1	0	L-glutamic acid derivative; phthalimides
delta-guanidinovaleric acid delta-guanidinovaleric acid: isolated from human urine	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
guvacoline guvacoline: nootropic agent from areca nut (Areca catechu L.); structure in first source. guvacoline : The methyl ester of guvacine.	1.96	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; beta-amino acid ester; enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	muscarinic agonist; plant metabolite
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	2.1	1	0	triterpene
cortolone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
abrine abrine: from seeds of Abrus precatorius; structure in first source. N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan : A N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid that is the N(alpha)-methyl derivative of L-tryptophan.	2.01	1	0	L-tryptophan derivative; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
vanillactic acid vanillactic acid: metabolite of catecholamines	2.06	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid
testololactone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; seco-androstane; steroid lactone
prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.	1.96	1	0
gamma-glu-asp gamma-glutamylaspartic acid: found in pig brain	2.11	1	0	dipeptide
leonurine leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure	2.11	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.6	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
fluoracizine fluoracizine: Russian drug; 2-trifluoromethyl analog of chloracizine; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	phenothiazines
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine 1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound
cyclodrine cyclodrine: structure	2.41	1	0	benzenes
8-o-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester 8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester: an iridoid glucoside; from Phlomis mongolica Turcz; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,5alpha,7alpha,7aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	2.04	1	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.6	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
mdl 19660 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)- [no description available]	2.79	3	0
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	3.32	6	0
cgs 20625 CGS 20625: benzodiazepine receptor agonists; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4h-1,2,4-triazole 4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole: structure given in first source; selectively reverses strychnine-induced seizures	1.98	1	0
1-methyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine monohydrochloride FPL 12495: ARL-12495AA is the (S,R)-isomer, monohydrochloride; a remacemide metabolite; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	3.49	2	0
tinuvin 770 Tinuvin 770: used as a light stabilizer for polyolefins; an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ly 300164 talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist	3.52	2	0	benzodioxoles
chlorocarbonic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organooxygen compound
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.99	4	0
gamma-aminobutyrylcholine [no description available]	2.35	2	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	4.17	5	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
n-phthaloyl-4-aminobutyric acid [no description available]	3.69	10	0
allopregnane-3,20-diol allopregnane-3,20-diol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.91	4	0
diadenosine triphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	diadenosyl triphosphate	mouse metabolite
pridinol mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.06	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.	4.17	5	0	potassium salt	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
n-n-propylnorapomorphine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-ethyl-2-methyl-4-butyrolactone 2-ethyl-2-methyl-4-butyrolactone: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	gamma-lactone
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
pregnane-20-one pregnane-20-one: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; progesterone metabolite	2.94	4	0
azepexole, dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aminochrome 1 dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.	2.13	1	0	indoledione; orthoquinones	neurotoxin
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.03	4	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isopulegol isopulegol: isolated from Mentha cardiaca structure in first source	2.05	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid	metabolite
3-hydroxy-5-androstane-17-carbonitrile 3-hydroxy-5-androstane-17-carbonitrile: RN refers to (3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol: glycine antagonist; see also record for (4,5-c) cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)piperidine 4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)piperidine: selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake in rat brain; NM refers to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	7.72	118	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 12/6/82	2.05	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	9.6	66	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
abt 980 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-hydroxynipecotic acid 4-hydroxynipecotic acid: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	3.06	5	0
n(6)-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)bicyclo(2.2.2.)-octyl)(3)-adenosine N(6)-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)bicyclo(2.2.2.)-octyl)(3)-adenosine: enhances diazepam binding to brain benzodiazepine receptors	4.26	3	0
4-chlorokynurenine 4-chlorokynurenine: about 80x sweeter than sucrose; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
enkephalin, alanh2(5)- enkephalin, AlaNH2(5)-: has long-lasting analgesic effect; RN given refers to (D)-AlaNH2-L-Tyr-L-GLy-LPhe isomer	1.96	1	0
gabaculine gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.	7.91	62	1	5-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
sk&f 75670 SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393	2.03	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	13.64	174	0
esatenolol esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol	beta-adrenergic antagonist
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.78	3	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	7.32	7	6	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles; maleimides
gacyclidine gacyclidine: non-competitive NMDA antagonist	2.4	2	0
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	3.53	8	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
bifenazate bifenazate: an acaricide. bifenazate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.	2.07	1	0	carboxylic ester	acaricide
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	6.2	26	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	6.01	21	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.01	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
manzacidin a manzacidin A: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
(R)-atenolol (R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.	2.03	1	0	atenolol
memantine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	2.46	2	0
2-nitrophenyl-egta 2-nitrophenyl-EGTA: a photolabile chelator that selectively binds Ca(2+) with high affinity & releases it rapidly upon photolysis; structure given in first source; azid-1 is a caged calcium in which a fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2, has been modified with an azide substituent on the benzofuran 3-position	2.25	1	0
pefabloc [no description available]	2.03	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	1.99	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.25	6	0
7-aminoclonazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzodiazepine
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	9.2	30	2	dipeptide	human metabolite
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2	1	0	primary amine
o-acetyl-5-methoxytryptophenol O-acetyl-5-methoxytryptophenol: synthesized in the pineal gland; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pongidae [no description available]	2.03	1	0
5-(hydroxy-3-indolyl)lactic acid 5-(hydroxy-3-indolyl)lactic acid: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
zg 63 ZG 63: structure given in first source; a high affinity ligand for diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors	1.98	1	0
3-isoxazolidone 3-isoxazolidone: structure. isoxazolidinone : An oxazolidinone in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	1.95	1	0	oxazolidinone
2,4-dihydroxybutyrate 2,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid : A omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is butyric acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	3.23	1	0	2-hydroxy fatty acid; hydroxybutyric acid; omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid
n(delta)-acetylornithine N(delta)-acetylornithine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N(5)-acetyl-L-ornithine : An N(5)-acyl-L-ornithine in which the the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.97	2	1	acetyl-L-ornithine; N(5)-acetylornithine; N(5)-acyl-L-ornithine
succinylproline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
isonicotinylamide gaba [no description available]	2.36	2	0
y 23684 Y 23684: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	pyridazinone
locustatachykinin i protein, locusta migratoria locustatachykinin I protein, Locusta migratoria: amino acid sequence given in first source; from extracts of brain complexes of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria; exhibits sequence homologies with the vertebrate tachykinins	2	1	0
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.	3	4	0
tcp (antiseptic) TCP (antiseptic): contains solution of 0.4% chlorine, 0.11% iodine, 0.63% phenol & 0.045% of salicylic acid in water	2.02	1	0
cgp 54626 CGP 54626: RN given for (S-(R,R))-isomer	4.38	20	0
3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile 3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile: RN refers to (3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
u 93631 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sb 205384 SB 205384: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	thienopyridine
5-fluorotryptamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
hydrastine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
piribedil mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
gabaculine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ci 966 CI 966: GABA uptake blocker; RN from Toxlit	2.9	4	0	diarylmethane
osemozotan osemozotan: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist	2.13	1	0
etiron monohydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
serc [no description available]	2.13	1	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	2.44	2	0	anabasine
procyclidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.72	3	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	3.14	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.4	2	0
vesamicol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
cp 424391 CP 424391: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
(7R)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(14),15,17-trien-13-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	5.88	2	1	isoquinolines
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	8.37	11	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.41	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.25	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sandaracopimaric acid sandaracopimaric acid: a terpenoid from Sagittaria sanittifolia L.. sandaracopimaric acid : A pimarane diterpenoid that is (1S,4aS,4bS,7R,10aS)-1,4a,7-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,9,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthrene carrying a carboxy group at position 1 and a vinyl group at position 7. It is a natural product found in several plant species.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pimarane diterpenoid; tricyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
l-glutamic acid-gamma-hydrazide L-glutamic acid-gamma-hydrazide: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.36	2	0
erythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	4.14	6	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	3.63	9	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	3.26	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
adrenosterone adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.	2.13	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; marine metabolite
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
lilial [no description available]	2.21	1	0
mezlocillin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	indolamine
eudesmin eudesmin: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source; very similar to pinoresinol	2.11	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benzatropine methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone 4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	2.7	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
medrysone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
artisone acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.21	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.69	3	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.58	25	0
chondocurine (1beta)-(+-)-isomer curine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.19	3	1	potassium salt
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	3.07	5	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
lupeol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nsc 95397 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	4	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.1	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
1-aminoproline 1-aminoproline: constituent of linatine; thought to be responsible for in vivo toxicity of linseed meal for turkey poults; RN given refers to(D)-isomer; pyridoxine antag	2.13	1	0	proline derivative
acivicin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
4-methoxyxanthone 4-methoxyxanthone: a vasodilator; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	ureas
wortmannin [no description available]	7.71	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-methyl-N-[4-(propan-2-ylamino)phenyl]-2-propenamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amine
2-benzyloxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.61	2	0
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.05	1	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
arphamenine b arphamenine B: from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in second source	1.98	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.99	1	0
bortezomib [no description available]	2.99	4	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	4.88	11	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	3.56	9	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	3.1	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid 3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; a selective GABA-A agonist; a cyclopentane analog of GABA; RN given for (trans)-isomer	4.18	5	0
4-aminopiperidine 4-aminopiperidine: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.13	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	5.49	4	0
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.69	3	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	4.49	23	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
2-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid 2-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	3.77	3	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.98	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.22	33	0
arabinose [no description available]	1.99	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.7	3	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bradykinin [no description available]	5.73	16	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.94	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.91	4	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	12.75	80	4	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	1.97	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.71	3	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	4.22	4	0
5-hydroxytryptophan hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.	2.03	1	0	5-hydroxytryptophan; amino acid zwitterion; hydroxy-L-tryptophan; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	12.47	122	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	1.95	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	15.86	19	3	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	3.81	11	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	13.32	104	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	2.25	1	0
mandelic acid, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.13	1	0	(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; mandelic acid
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.47	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.05	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	3.47	8	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	1.97	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	9.48	23	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose 1-phosphate xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	xylose phosphate
trimethyllysine trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.65	3	0	alpha-amino-acid cation	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.45	2	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.72	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.25	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.47	2	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
elymoclavine elymoclavine: ergot alkaloid isolated from cultures of fungi parasitic on Elymis mollis Trin; toxic alkaloid produced by Claviceps purpurea; structure	1.96	1	0	alkaloid
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.31	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.52	2	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	10.85	441	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.22	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	1.98	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.58	9	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	4.05	3	1	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.95	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	5.43	2	2	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	8.25	6	0
acebutolol hydrochloride acebutolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of acebutolol, prepared using equimolar amounts of acebutolol and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
amiodarone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	2.03	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic tricyclic compound	geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.03	1	0
linezolid [no description available]	2.46	2	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline canaline: structure	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.75	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	4.32	19	0
furostanol i furostanol I: from Dioscorea deltoidea; intermediate in in vivo diosgenin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. protodioscin : A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of 26-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3beta,22-dihydroxyfurost-5-ene via a glycosidic linkage. Found in several plant species including yams, asparagus and funugreek.	2.17	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclic hemiketal; pentacyclic triterpenoid; steroid saponin; trisaccharide derivative	metabolite
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	6.94	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	2.38	2	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	3.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
picrotoxinin [no description available]	3.64	9	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
genipin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.17	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	2.38	2	0	indolizines
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	2.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
Dubinidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
alpha bitter acid humulon: antibiotic from hops; structure	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone; diketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	antibacterial drug; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	4.54	7	0
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)	2.03	1	0	peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.41	2	0	tripeptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	3.25	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
sb 228357 SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; resorcinols
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.41	2	0
tolterodine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.64	3	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
difluprednate difluprednate: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; corticosteroid hormone
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	1.96	1	0	amino sugar
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.3	6	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
amcinonide amcinonide: structure	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; spiroketal	anti-inflammatory drug
flumethasone pivalate flumethasone pivalate: structure	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; pivalate ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	3.82	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.	2.47	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.58	8	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.31	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.17	6	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.98	4	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	3.31	6	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.86	30	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	7.16	38	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.46	2	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.6	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2.69	3	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
1-(5'-phospho-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)barbituric acid 6-oxouridine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the 6-oxo derivative of UMP.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.73	9	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.69	3	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.75	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.44	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.09	5	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.79	11	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	4.78	5	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.96	3	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	12.84	166	5	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	5.29	6	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	3.62	9	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	4.31	19	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.08	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	5.88	7	1	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.05	1	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.03	1	0
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol 5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.	2.03	1	0	carbotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent
lycopene [no description available]	2.88	3	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cefoxitin Tn antigen: immediate precursor in biosynthesis of Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen; present in about 90% of human carcinoma tissue; proposed as universal carcinoma marker. O-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-L-serine : A non-proteinogenic L-amino acid that is N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine linked via an alpha glycosidic bond to the O at position 3 of L-serine.	2.02	1	0	L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	tumour antigen
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.25	1	0	diarylmethane
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.25	1	0
hts 466284 HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; quinolines	TGFbeta receptor antagonist
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	4.22	17	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mln 4760 2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid: MLN-4760 is the (S,S)-isomer; an ACE2 inhibitor; structure in first source. MLN-4760 : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which a hydrogen of the primary amino group is substituted by a (1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl group and the ring NH group is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorobenzyl group. It is a potent and selective human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) which was in clinical development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.	2.41	1	0	dichlorobenzene; L-histidine derivative; L-leucine derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.17.23 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	4.21	5	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.4	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
histidyl-proline diketopiperazine cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide resulting from the formal condensation of both the amino and acid groups of L-histidine with the acid and amino groups of L-proline. It is a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	2.13	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; imidazoles; pyrrolopyrazine	anti-inflammatory agent; dopamine uptake inhibitor; human blood serum metabolite
L-cycloserine L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.	2.45	2	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one	anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.42	21	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.13	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
5-bromo-2',3'-dideoxyuridine 5-bromo-2',3'-dideoxyuridine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2.9	4	0
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.78	3	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.73	3	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.48	2	0
ketoconazole (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.03	1	0	purvalanol
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	2.1	1	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.24	6	0	actinomycin	mutagen
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.13	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid 5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.44	2	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.75	3	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	11.21	265	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
6-bromoflavone 6-bromoflavone: a high affinity ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.01	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.42	2	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	2.13	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	1.97	1	0	potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	1.97	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	3.84	3	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	4.17	5	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
tetronic acid tetronic acid: structure; in fifth source	1.98	1	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.16	5	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: volatile component of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline : A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions.	3.44	6	0	acylimine; methyl ketone; pyrroline	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.4	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: GABA analog; RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer; structure	5.2	16	0
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	2.67	3	0	aminoquinoline
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	4.84	10	0	triterpenoid
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.6	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
deformylflustrabromine deformylflustrabromine: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Flustra folicea; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	tryptamines
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.08	4	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
3-coumaric acid 3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.. 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	3-coumaric acid
geraniol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	3.14	5	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.61	2	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.03	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.78	17	0	isomethyleugenol
s18986-1 S18986-1: a positive AMPA receptor modulator	2.02	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.58	2	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.74	3	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	8.03	4	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.41	1	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.14	5	0	stilbene
thermospine thermospine: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.72	3	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.82	2	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
prolinol prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.	2.06	1	0
dibenzylidene acetone dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.47	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	2.03	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	8.17	12	1	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	9	15	3	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	3.76	3	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	9.34	59	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
etorphine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	alcohol; morphinane alkaloid	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; sedative
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.78	3	0	benzamides
calmidazolium calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-6-thiophen-2-yl-8-cyclohepta[c]furanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cycloheptafuran
5-[(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3-furanyl)methoxy]-2-methyl-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid 2-methoxyethyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; benzofurans
5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-methyl-2-indolecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
haplamine haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
imidazol-1-ylacetic acid imidazol-1-ylacetic acid : An imidazolyl carboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an imidazol-1-yl group.	2.06	1	0	imidazolyl carboxylic acid	metabolite
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	3.49	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	3.5	8	0
iothalamate meglumine Iothalamate Meglumine: A radiopaque medium used for urography, angiography, venography, and myelography. It is highly viscous and binds to plasma proteins.	1.95	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
tropisetron hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	3.7	10	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
ly382884 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids
Reactive blue 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anthraquinone
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	anthracenes
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	4.46	23	0	11-oxo steroid
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
quinidine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.01	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.13	1	0
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate diethylstilbestrol dipropionate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
glycerylphosphorylcholine choline alfoscerate : A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.. glycerophosphocholine : The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.	2.13	1	0	phosphocholines; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; parasympatholytic; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylscopolamine nitrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.49	2	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
phenytoin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.47	2	0
4-methoxy-N1,N3-bis(3-pyridinyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
methamilane methiodide [no description available]	2.47	2	0
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	2.91	4	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
pilocarpine nitrate [no description available]	2.75	3	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	3.62	9	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
1-[1-oxo-2-[(4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]ethyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.13	1	0	pyridines
2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzoxazine
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.31	17	0
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	2.48	2	0
doxepin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	6.68	70	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	1.96	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidone
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.99	4	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	2.03	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.03	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	4.04	14	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.01	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.99	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
4-methoxy-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)benzamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
(S)-(-)-pindolol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pindolol
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.03	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
6-methylflavone 6-methylflavone: structure in first source	7.42	2	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.75	3	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyl-L-tryptophan : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan.	2.01	1	0	L-tryptophan derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	metabolite
5-methyl-4-[(2-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	1.96	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
2-(1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phthalimides
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine 4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	2.03	1	0	4-fluorophenylalanine; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid with three methoxy substituents at the 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	2.08	1	0
phenylalanine methyl ester phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.	2.43	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-phenylalanine derivative
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	3.11	5	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	4.33	4	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
vu 0155041 VU 0155041: an mGluR4 agonist	2.07	1	0
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
3-(3,5-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyranyl)propanoic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	psoralens
1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidotriazine
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	4.98	7	0	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	2.13	1	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.08	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	2.42	2	0
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	10.5	21	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.84	10	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
9-hydroxy-4-[1-oxo-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyridochromene
n-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide N-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide: inhibits the betaine-GABA transporter 1; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.08	1	0
5-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid [3-(3-methylphenoxy)-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl] ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	chromones
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	1.99	1	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	4.51	9	0	diarylmethane
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.41	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
5-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-6-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1]benzopyran-1-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
4-methyl-3-(phenylmethyl)-7-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1-benzopyran-2-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-quinolinyl]-(4-morpholinyl)methanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutoxy)-3,4,7-trimethyl-1-benzopyran-2-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	3.27	6	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; furans
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.45	7	0	biphenyls
2-(8-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-quinolinyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
N-[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-quinolin-3-yl)methyl]-N-propan-2-yl-2-furancarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
snap 37889 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.7	3	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	20.85	102	9	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	3.05	5	0	imidazoles
terbinafine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid 3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.	2.03	1	0	organosulfinic acid; S-substituted L-cysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; mouse metabolite
d-ap7 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.7	3	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.21	5	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
longifolene longifolene: from plant products; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	longifolene
nipecotic acid (R)-nipecotic acid : The (R)-enantiopmer of nipecotic acid.	3.09	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; nipecotic acid
2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
1-cyclohexyl-3-(6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)urea [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzothiazoles
N-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methanamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
2-[[5-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethoxy]-4-oxo-2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	flavones; tert-butyl ester
phenacylamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.68	3	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	2.13	1	0	imidazolidines
mucochloric acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	9.27	19	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4	14	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	18.7	214	15	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	8.85	12	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.45	2	0
n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
p-aminosalicylic acid monosodium salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.91	4	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.44	2	0
guanylthiourea Guanylthiourea: May protect against hypoxic damage; proposed for treatment of shock due to trauma or blood loss; also stimulates paretic gastrointestinal system.	1.95	1	0
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
mecysteine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.93	4	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.41	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
diphenyleneiodium chloride dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.77	3	0
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tamoxifen citrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	citrate salt	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	9.27	19	2	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
nadp [no description available]	6.57	38	0
pimagedine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.11	4	0
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
horminone horminone: RN refers to (4bS-(4balpha,8abeta,10beta))-isomer; from root of Salvia officinalis; structure given in second source. horminone : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,12-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 12 and oxo groups at positions 11 and 14 (the 7alpha stereoisomer) .	1.98	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.13	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanoic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	imidazolyl carboxylic acid	human urinary metabolite
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
2-(2-furanyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
dihydrosamidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
N-(2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methylbenzene
eskazine [no description available]	2.47	2	0
2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methylbenzene
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
2-[3-oxo-1-[[[oxo(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino]-sulfanylidenemethyl]-2-piperazinyl]acetic acid propan-2-yl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	isopropyl ester; piperazines
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.13	1	0	macrolide
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.43	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.76	11	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.93	37	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	6.24	4	2	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	3	1	0
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
telaprevir [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	3.68	9	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	3.73	10	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	12.93	105	10	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.43	2	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.37	7	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.43	2	0
dimethyl-heptyl tetrahydrocannabinol dimethyl-heptyl tetrahydrocannabinol: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.11	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
altanserin altanserin: structure given in first source; a radioligand for PET studies of serotonin S2 receptors	1.98	1	0	quinazolines
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	5.89	23	1	salicylamides
dolasetron [no description available]	4.13	3	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.13	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.77	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
loreclezole loreclezole: RN given for Z-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90	4.56	25	0
quinine [no description available]	9.98	12	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
mitragynine [no description available]	2.69	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
surugatoxin surugatoxin: marine toxin isolated from japanese ivory shell, Babylonia japonica; structure	1.95	1	0	pteridines
beta-proline beta-proline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	5.02	15	0
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrrolidines
mdl 72527 MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor	2	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.11	1	0
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87	2.03	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2	1	0
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.94	4	0	piperidines
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	3.27	6	0	primary aliphatic amine
cystine [no description available]	3.62	9	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	3.74	10	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ospemifene Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.	4.14	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	4.02	13	0	benzazepine
beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.06	1	0
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	2.88	4	0
rasagiline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	1.96	1	0
9,10-dihydroergosine 9,10-dihydroergosine: deriv of peptide ergot alkaloids; RN given refers to (5' alpha,10 alpha)-isomer	2.67	3	0
trequinsin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ly 303070 GYKI 53784: a 2,3-benzodiazepine cpd	2.92	4	0
neboglamine neboglamine: potential memory enhancer	2.03	1	0
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid: N-terminal cleavage product of IGF-1; has neuroprotective activity	2	1	0	oligopeptide
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.93	4	0
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.03	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
cholecystokinin (26-33) cholecystokinin (26-33): cholecystokinin receptor antagonists	2.41	2	0
tnrnflrfamide TNRNFLRFamide: SCP (small cardioactive peptide)-like peptide found in lobster neurons; exhibits FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity	2.01	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.48	2	0
ly 368975 thionisoxetine: norepinephrine inhibitor; an analog of nisoxetine; (R)-enantionmer is significantly more potent than (S)-enantiomer	2.02	1	0
succinyl phosphate succinyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.59	2	0
oxytocin, tri-gly- [no description available]	2.02	1	0
18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid 18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source; RN given for (2R,3R,11,12)-isomer	2.04	1	0
allatostatin 1 allatostatin 1: inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis; from reproductively active females	2.94	4	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.42	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	1.98	1	0
trimethoprim [no description available]	2.13	1	0
quisqualamine quisqualamine: decarboxylated analog of quisqualic acid; structure	6.95	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	6.03	8	1
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	4.75	30	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
4-hydroxy-1-[1-oxo-2-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-ylmethyl)-2-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
3-acetyl-6-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
benzatropine methanesulfonate benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.03	1	0
sb 258585 SB 258585: is a high affinity ligand at 5-HT(6) receptors; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	piperazines
sb 203186 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	5.72	80	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.44	2	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.74	10	0
3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine 3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine: structure in first source	3.14	5	0
3-(phenylthio)-1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfide
4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid 4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: an antinociceptive agent and metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.4	7	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
ro 41-0960 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.07	1	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	3.99	1	1	oligosaccharide
cgp 13501 CGP 13501: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
ncs 382 NCS 382: structure given in first source	3.4	7	0
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.03	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.95	4	0
pd 168,077 N-((4-(2-cyanophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)methyl)-3-methylbenzamide: a D4 dopamine receptor agonist	2.05	1	0	piperazines
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source	3.28	6	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.41	2	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; secondary alcohol	geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0
rs 102221 [no description available]	3.19	5	0	aromatic ketone
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	3.58	2	0	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	9.51	303	0	quinoxaline derivative
N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-9b-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoindole-1-carboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	imidazolidines
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid 6-hydrazinonicotinic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
Anthraniloyllycoctonine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	diterpene alkaloid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.1	1	0
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.47	2	0	nitrophenol
or486 OR486: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	6.69	86	0	quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
cp 94253 [no description available]	3.52	2	0	pyrrolopyridine
a 61603 A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	tetralins
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.65	3	0
fura-pe3 fura-PE3: a zwitterionic fluorescent calcium indicator; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
iik7 IIK7: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
n-biotinylaminoethyl methanethiosulfonate [no description available]	2	1	0
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dm 235 DM 235: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	1.97	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.51	2	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
gr 103691 GR 103691: dopamine D3 receptor antagonist	2.98	4	0	aromatic ketone
am 281 AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source	2.97	4	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
N-[4-[(cyclohexylamino)-oxomethyl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide
sb 408124 SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonist	2.11	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
(r,s)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-3h-benzofuran-2-one (R,S)-5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-3H-benzofuran-2-one: a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptors; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
sc-19220 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
le 300 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist	2.97	4	0	quinazolines
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	4.22	17	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.48	2	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.47	2	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
1-[3-[[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	harmala alkaloid
ly 367265 LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine; fluoroindole; tertiary amino compound; thiadiazoloquinoline	antidepressant; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	8.75	10	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt
cgp 7930 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source	3.42	7	0	alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole 4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	phenols; pyrazoles	estrogen receptor agonist
pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.4	2	0
ro 60-0175 Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.	2.46	2	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound
sib 1757 SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sodium butyrate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
methanethiosulfonate methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.12	5	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.26	6	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.58	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	8.56	8	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	7.13	46	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.22	6	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.13	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prostaglandin b1 prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).	2.4	2	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
tylosin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; enone; leucomycin; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	allergen; bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
vitexin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.88	4	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.9	2	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.3	6	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.1	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.98	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.05	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	3.65	9	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.08	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.71	3	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
daphnetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.07	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	5.27	6	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.17	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.09	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.17	5	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	3.82	3	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	4.13	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.05	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.13	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	4.95	12	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	5.98	13	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.91	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.47	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.7	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	1.98	1	0
timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.	2.47	2	0	maleate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.47	2	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	2.03	1	0	fumarate salt	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ergoline alkaloid	geroprotector
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	3.21	5	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.74	3	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.5	2	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	3.48	8	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	7.62	10	1	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.13	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	1.98	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
fisetin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
gossypin gossypin: do not confuse with gossypin(e) which is synonym for choline. gossypin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is gossypetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	3.83	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
epsilon-viniferin epsilon-viniferin: stilbene dimer; isolated from the Oriental medicinal plant Vitis coignetiae; structure given in first source. (-)-trans-epsilon-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	2.11	1	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid	metabolite
diferulic acid diferulic acid: structure of 8-5'-diferulic acid in first source	2.05	1	0
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.03	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	7.25	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.39	2	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	1.99	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
estriol 17-glucuronide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid saponin
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	4.11	3	1	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	13.47	43	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
arachidonyl dopamine arachidonyl dopamine: a ligand for the vanilloid receptor VR1	2.44	2	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide
n-oleoyldopamine N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.	2.03	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	TRPV1 agonist
lafutidine lafutidine: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
cilnidipine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug
pheniramine maleate Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.47	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
iobenguane (131i) 3-((aminoiminomethyl)thio)-2-propenoic acid: potent agonist at GABA-receptors; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89	4.48	7	0
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	3.92	13	0	stilbenoid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	4.08	15	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	7.64	41	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
trimipramine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	maleate salt	antidepressant
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	2.13	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.25	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.13	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.46	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.03	1	0
xylometazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
flunarizine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.47	2	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	4.21	5	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
cinepazide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	olefinic compound
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
hydrocortisone valerate hydrocortisone valerate: used in treatment of atopic dermatitis; RN given refers to 11beta-isomer	2.13	1	0	cortisol ester; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; valerate ester
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.13	1	0	prostanoid
8-isoprostaglandin e2 8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; diol; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; rat metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	fatty aldehyde
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	2.01	1	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.23	5	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	4.53	4	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.95	4	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.03	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.42	2	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.17	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
codeine [no description available]	6.2	12	3	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.03	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
perhexiline maleate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	3.1	5	0	hydrochloride
mepyramine maleate histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent	2.47	2	0
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	7.36	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.49	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.66	3	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	4.53	5	1	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	7.85	7	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	15.05	85	5	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	11.25	4	2
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.74	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	12.21	203	4	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	15.35	52	25	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.54	7	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	18.64	202	15	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol 6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.	2.13	1	0	6alpha-hydroxy steroid
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.05	1	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.97	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
ophiocordin azepinostatin: isolated from Fusarium merismoides; structure in first source; RN assigned by CAS - 63590-19-2 (ophiocordin; azepinostatin is not the same as ophiocordin)	2.06	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	2.42	2	0
n-methylalanine N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer. methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; methyl-L-alanine
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	22.21	496	88	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oregon green 488 carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	xanthene dye	epitope; fluorochrome
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	2.5	2	0
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.03	1	0
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
cgp 62349 [no description available]	2.93	4	0
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
trans-metanicotine metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.42	2	0
a 85380 A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer	2.06	1	0
ar-r 17779 AR-R 17779: structure in first source	2	1	0
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist	2.02	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	11.21	26	0
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	2.11	1	0
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	1.96	1	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.98	4	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
arachidonylcyclopropylamide arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
atosiban [no description available]	2.45	2	0	oligopeptide
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	2.13	1	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.4	2	0
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
istradefylline [no description available]	4.38	6	0	oxopurine
upf 596 UPF 596: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cgp 64213 CGP 64213: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.7	3	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	6.36	12	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	3.54	8	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	3.13	5	0
olvanil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	1.96	1	0	peptide
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.55	2	0	organic molecular entity
gv 150013x GV 150013X: CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	benzodiazepine
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.46	7	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	2	1	0
j 113397 J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	piperazines
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	8.17	9	0	benzodiazepine
l 655,708 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ly 320135 LY 320135: cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.74	3	0	benzofurans
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.07	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.66	3	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	3.98	13	0
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.08	5	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	3.27	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049 Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	3.69	10	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	5.07	7	0	polypeptide
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.37	2	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
n-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide N-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide: a nociceptin antagonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	aminoquinoline
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.96	4	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
piflutixol piflutixol: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym piflutixol refers to (Z)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.4	2	0
sb 200646a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
sib 1893 SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	6.42	10	0
u-44619 thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.	3.52	2	0
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.	2.47	2	0	morpholines; naphthyl ketone; organic heterotricyclic compound; synthetic cannabinoid	analgesic; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.73	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	3.24	6	0	piperazines
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.03	1	0
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.04	1	0	prostanoid
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid 7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89	2	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
isochlorogenic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	quinic acid
dehydroeffusol dehydroeffusol: has anxiolytic and sedative effects, from Juncus effusus; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.41	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
koumine koumine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	indoles
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
shihulimonin a shihulimonin A: isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	limonoid
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
furazolidone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	3.68	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.47	2	0
tyrphostin ag-494 AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin b44 tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)	2.03	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.77	3	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ag 183 AG 183: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.03	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	4.39	4	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
4',5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone viscosine: a GABA-A receptor agonist with anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activities; isolated from Dodonaea viscosa; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	7.1	36	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline 3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline: antagonizes anticonvulsant & anxiolytic actions of diazepam at doses which do not elicit overt behavioral effects in mice	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.13	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.1	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.93	4	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
rg 13022 RG 13022: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.04	1	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	6.95	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	4.63	27	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	6.48	44	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
styrylquinoline styrylquinoline: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	2-styrylquinoline
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	4.04	15	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	3.48	8	0
nomifensine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
codeine phosphate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.24	18	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	2.65	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	8.92	13	0	alkaline earth metal atom
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.36	2	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.53	8	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	12.51	52	6	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.48	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	9.76	16	4	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.88	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalbuphine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.36	2	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	1.99	1	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.36	2	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.52	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	3.39	7	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	4.05	15	0	azoxy compound
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	2.66	3	0	styrenes
kavain [no description available]	2.13	1	0	racemate	glycine receptor antagonist
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.36	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.03	1	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.96	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
cpp 199 norzimelidine: pharmacologically active N-demethylated metabolite of zimelidine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
corymine corymine: RN given refers to (3beta,16R,17R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	10.1	45	0	alkaloid
pleiocarpamine pleiocarpamine: corymine compound is the main indole alkaloid; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.	2.13	1	0	maleate salt	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.49	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
trimebutine maleate salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
calycanthine calycanthine: the principal alkaloid of the plant family Calycanthaceae; RN given refers to (4bS)-(4balpha,5alpha,10balpha,11alpha)-isomer. calycanthine : The principal alkaloid of the plant family Calycanthaceae.	2.01	1	0	aminal; calycanthaceous alkaloid; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-yl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	isoflavones
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid 1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: metabolite from cows fed with corn silage; structure in first source	3.67	10	0
salutaridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	anti-HBV agent; metabolite
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.37	2	0
(2R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-oxolanyl]acetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	2.47	2	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.06	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.39	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	1.98	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.1	5	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.63	78	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	3.34	6	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.4	7	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	7.16	16	1	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.	2.03	1	0	hydrate; hydrobromide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- [no description available]	3.46	7	0	peptide
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2.5	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	2.4	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
naloxone hydrochloride naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	2.6	1	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	2.4	2	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.04	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	3.12	5	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.42	7	0	isoquinolines
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	7.73	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
ay 25,205 surfagon: potent LHRH agonist; RN given refers to (D-Ala-L-Pro)-isomer	1.97	1	0
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	2.41	2	0	oligopeptide
naltrexone hydrochloride naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	5.54	67	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	2.04	1	0
achatin i achatin I: neuroexcitatory tetrapeptide from Achatina fulica Ferussac (African giant snail); achatin-I has D-Phe residue; achatin-II has L-Phe	2.38	2	0
enkephalin-met, ala(2)- enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin	3.46	2	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	28.47	1,439	375	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
salmfamide 1 SALMFamide 1: from radial nerve cords of the starfishes Asterias rubens & Asteria forbesi; also from brittle star, Amphipholis squmata	2.04	1	0
somatostatin 28-(1-12) [no description available]	1.96	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	1.99	1	0
delta sleep-inducing peptide, n-tyr- [no description available]	1.97	1	0
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	3.29	6	0	isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.37	2	0	dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	H1-receptor antagonist
phentolamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
famotidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenoterol fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
fendiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.	2.47	2	0	benzamides
quipazine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
nab-365 clenbuterol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of clenbuterol.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
tulobuterol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
hp 029 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bafilomycin a [no description available]	1.98	1	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.93	4	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	5.59	12	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
dithiazanine iodide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzothiazoles; organic iodide salt	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	3.26	6	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
true blue true blue: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	4.31	19	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
3,4-dichlorophenyl propenylisobutylamide 3,4-dichlorophenyl propenylisobutylamide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
nw 1029 Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cyprodime cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.1	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.03	1	0	naphthalenes
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	3.24	6	0
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	2.41	1	0
nf023 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nf 449 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.44	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.03	1	0	magnesium salt	laxative
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid 2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer	1.96	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	4.56	25	0
gr 46611 GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs	2.03	1	0
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	2.71	3	0	fatty amide
cgp 71872 CGP 71872: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	2.03	1	0
mastoparan [no description available]	2	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
naloxone benzoylhydrazone naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	4.74	9	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	10.95	688	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.96	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.11	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
triphenyltin hydroxide fentin hydroxide : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.	1.96	1	0
triethyllead triethyllead: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
trimethyltin hydroxide trimethyltin hydroxide: neurotoxic cpd	1.96	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	1.98	1	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.94	4	0	organic anion
3-aminopropylphosphinic acid 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid: structure given in first source; selective GABA receptor agonist	3.78	11	0
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0
sinequan [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer) [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	3.47	8	0
buflomedil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
vancomycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
moxisylyte hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	9.13	207	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.37	7	0	amidobenzoic acid
ciproxifan [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aromatic ketone
cyclo(gln-trp-phe-gly-leu-met) cyclo(Gln-Trp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met): tachykinin and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
pregnanediol [no description available]	8.7	10	0
neramexane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate	2.03	1	0
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	3.24	6	0	azoxy compound
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	1.97	1	0	polyterpene
glycine linoleamide [no description available]	2.37	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
flupenthixol decanoate flupenthixol decanoate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
pyrantel tartrate Pyrantel Tartrate: Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.	1.96	1	0
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.96	1	0
avermectin b(1)a avermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectins	4.1	16	0	avermectin
flupirtine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
citreoviridin citreoviridin: formed from Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium citeoviride; Penicillium ochrosalmoneum on rice during storage	2.17	1	0	2-pyranones
furazlocillin furazlocillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*(E))))-isomer; structure	2	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	3.11	5	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
falcarindiol falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	2.44	2	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
oxotremorine sesquifumarate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	1,2-diglyceride
ergonovine maleate ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2.04	1	0	maleate salt	diagnostic agent; oxytocic
trans-2-en-valproate 2-propyl-2-pentenoic acid: valproate metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.17	5	0	methyl-branched fatty acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	1.96	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
sufoxazine [no description available]	2.88	4	0
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.54	2	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
gabalid [no description available]	5.2	16	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
volkensin volkensin: a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein; 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp; from roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant); contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence	1.98	1	0
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2	1	0
limaprost limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer	4.07	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-fluoroallylamine: structure & RN from first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	1.98	1	0
1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-(4-aminobutyryl)propane-1,2,3-triol: RN refers to the (all-Z)-isomer	6.44	54	0
carbocyanine dye diic12(3) carbocyanine dye DiIC12(3): used for long-term labeling of rat motoneurons in mixed-population spinal cord cultures	1.99	1	0
ditetradecylindocarbocyanine ditetradecylindocarbocyanine: synthetic lipid analogue	2.03	1	0
sanshool sanshool: isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum; RN given for (E,E,Z,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	fatty amide
valerenic acid valerenic acid: a saturated oplopanone type indene from Valeriana officinalis. valerenic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.	7.92	4	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; sesquiterpenoid	GABA modulator; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine: used for premature induction of labor in rabbits; RN given refers to (all Z)-isomer	2.06	1	0
2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid 2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z-(+-))-isomer	2.93	4	0
everolimus [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.41	1	0
4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid dopamine conjugate NMI 8739: structure given in first source; RN given refers to all-cis isomer	2.07	1	0
trk 820 TRK 820: structure in first source	6.59	5	0	phenanthrenes
arvanil arvanil: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	2	1	0
ganglioside, gd2 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
indiplon indiplon: structure in first source	2.74	3	0	pyrimidines
su 4312 SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.	2.03	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.92	4	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.02	1	0
alpha-cyperone alpha-cyperone: isolated from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	2.5	2	0
dirithromycin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	prodrug
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
noladin ether noladin ether: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist; structure in first source. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether : A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	2-alkylglycerol; endocannabinoid; monoalkylglycerol
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	4.83	10	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
rosaramicin rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	3.47	2	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin [no description available]	4.34	19	0
nipecotic acid, (s)-isomer (S)-nipecotic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of nipecotic acid.	3.09	5	0	nipecotic acid
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
homochlorocyclizine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
butoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous) : A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.	2.13	1	0
protriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
emetine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	4.04	4	0
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cb 34 CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
b 43 RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; cyclopentanes; primary amino compound; pyrrolopyrimidine	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane 3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide 4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	2.03	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
l 162313 L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95	2.03	1	0
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone
mdl 105519 MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
mrs 1754 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	3.88	12	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pd 404182 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sb 222200 [no description available]	3.33	6	0	quinolines
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.03	1	0
cr 2945 CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	2.07	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3,4-tricarboxylic acid: metabolic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
am 404 [no description available]	3.53	8	0	anilide
sb 218795 SB 218795: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	quinolines
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.74	3	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.79	3	0	sulfonamide
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	3.33	6	0	naphthyridine derivative
n,n'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine: structure in first source	8.3	6	0	aryl sulfide
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
dihydroceramide N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphinganine
lactacystin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
epinephrine bitartrate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	3.38	7	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.47	2	0
androst-16-en-3-one androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mammalian metabolite; pheromone
butaclamol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
dihydroouabain [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
LSM-6455 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid
estradiol 17-acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid ester
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	6.54	8	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	8.26	29	1	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
thiotaurine thiotaurine: structure in first source	1.96	1	0
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	4.09	15	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	4.62	10	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	2.17	1	0	lipid As
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.1	1	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
17-n,n-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one: inhibitor of testosterone 5-alpha reductase, receptor binding & nuclear uptake of androgens in the prostate	2.03	1	0
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	3.68	10	0
etonogestrel [no description available]	2.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
a 38503 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	5.2	3	1
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 89976-a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	1.98	1	0
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	3.12	1	0
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	4.4	6	0	corticosteroid hormone
lergotrile lergotrile: RN given refers to parent cpd(8beta)-isomer	6.96	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.05	1	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
sb 399885 SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.76	3	0	borneol
phenylalanylphenylalanine Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
5-ht-moduline 5-HT-moduline: isolated from rat brain; interacts specifically with HT 1B/1D receptors	2.02	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.25	18	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	8.85	12	0
sun [no description available]	2.08	1	0
n-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide N-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide: a KCC2 cotransporter antagonist	3.02	4	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
(3aR,6aR)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[oxo(2-pyrazinyl)methyl]-3a,6a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-dione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrrolidines
prolyl-serine Pro-Ser : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-serine residues.	2.41	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea 1-isoquinolin-5-yl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-urea: structure in first source	2.5	2	0
2-ethoxy-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]benzamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	piperidines
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.94	4	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	9.78	39	2	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bis(7)-tacrine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	secondary amino compound	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sl 327 SL 327: a MEK inhibitor. SL-327 : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen attached to the same carbon as the cyano group has been replaced by an o-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, while the remaining hydrogens of the ethenyl group have been replaced by amino and (4-aminophenyl)sulfanyl groups. The configuration of the double bond is not specified. It is an inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2.	2.53	2	0
sidnocarb sidnocarb: Russian drug; structure	1.99	1	0
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.66	3	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	3.43	7	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	7	1	0
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
cefoselis cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	2.02	1	0
naloxone benzoylhydrazone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	3.99	1	1
3,3-diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone 3,3-diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone: structure in first source. 3,3-diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone : A pyrrolidin-2-one substituted by two ethyl groups at position 3.	1.99	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.44	2	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
ssr180711 SSR180711: a selective alpha7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (n-AChRs) partial agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
amiprilose [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	3.17	1	0
cgp 56999a CGP 56999A: structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
exp-3179 [no description available]	2.25	1	0
l-826266 L-826266: a prostanoid EP3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
sr 142801 SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
acth (4-7), pro-gly-pro- [no description available]	2.49	2	0
s 22153 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
bemethyl bemethyl: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole deriv.; alkylating agent and mutagen antagonist	3.38	1	1
dihydrohonokiol [no description available]	2	1	0
r 121919 [no description available]	2.53	2	0
gzr 123 GZR 123: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
zd 7155 [no description available]	2.44	2	0
omacor Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic	2.03	1	0
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	2	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	7.36	47	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	4.37	6	0
uk-432097 UK-432097: a highly potent and selective agonist and drug candidate for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
lesogaberan lesogaberan: a gastrointestinal system agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	3.58	2	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	6.01	4	0	alkylbenzene
qh-ii-66 QH-II-66: a alpha5-GABAA receptor agonist	2.1	1	0
reparixin reparixin: inhibits CXCR1 to prevent polymorphonuclear cell recruitment	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
etomoxir [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	2.72	3	0
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
ro 64-6198 Ro 64-6198: an orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
gm 109 GM 109: acts as motilin receptor antagonist in rabbit small intestine smooth muscle; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
ginsenoside m1 ginsenoside M1: structure in first source. ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
ym 26734 YM 26734: inhibits group II phospholipase A2; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.7	3	0	organic molecular entity
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.02	1	0	peptide
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
gc 1 compound GC 1 compound: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
sm 346 SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative	2.48	2	0
f 13640 befiradol: a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist	2.45	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.78	10	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
jte 907 JTE 907: a cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligand; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; quinolines
remimazolam remimazolam: sedative; structure in first source	4.52	2	0
t 1032 T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
eslicarbazepine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol 4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol: structure in first source	2	1	0
way 133537 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
qx-314 bromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
a 134974 A 134974: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
nnc 05-2090 NNC 05-2090: structure given in first source	3.14	5	0	carbazoles
sr 59230a 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge	2.03	1	0
am 36 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dpc 423 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
u 74389g [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
tert-butyldimethylsilane [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-(3-chlorobenzyloxy)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyrazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
piperacillin 5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
l 838,417 L 838,417: structure in first source	2.75	3	0
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	2.38	2	0	glycoside
3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-k-252a 3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-K-252a: RN given for (9S-(9alpha,10beta,12alpha))-isomer; mixed lineage kinase inhibitor, neuroprotective agent, and neurotrophic agent derived from K-252a; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
norcodeine norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
ry 024 RY 024: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.08	1	0	diterpenoid
noscapine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sr 142948a SR 142948A: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0
a 77636 (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.73	3	0	xanthene dye
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	6.92	66	0
z 338 Z 338: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
l-161982 L-161982: A prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	biphenyls
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	4.68	9	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
vortioxetine Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.	6.1	5	0	aryl sulfide; N-arylpiperazine	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
azietomidate azietomidate: a photolabel for gated ion channels; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.77	3	0
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.03	1	0
1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene 1-phenyl-3-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene: a 5-HT2C agonist and 5-HT2A,2B antagonist; RN refers to (trans)-isomer; a phenylaminotetralin; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	9.57	26	0
deltorphin i, ala(2)- deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	2.41	2	0	peptide
n-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine N-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener	2.03	1	0
bolinaquinone bolinaquinone: a marine sesquiterpenoid from sponge Dysidea sp. with anti-inflammatory activity; structure in first source	3.16	1	0
n-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.07	1	0
snap 6201 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	6.17	25	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	4.31	6	0	cysteine derivative
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
am 1241 AM 1241: a CB(2) receptor-selective agonist; no further information available 11/2001	2.15	1	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	3.23	1	0
indantadol indantadol: NMDA antagonist and nonselective MAO inhibitor for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain; structure in first source	4.1	3	1
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	2.97	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
a-317567 A-317567: acid sensing ion channel blocker; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
benalfocin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-propanoylmannosamine N-propanoylmannosamine: synthetic precursor of neuraminic acid	2	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.31	1	0
homocarnosine homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.	11.64	56	4	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; homocarnosine; L-histidine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
decanoylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.	2.1	1	0	decanoate ester; O-acylcarnitine	human urinary metabolite
ro 16-0154 iomazenil: potential benzodiazepine receptor imaging tracer for SPECT; structure given in first source; RN given refers to 123I-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd not avail 10/90	6.34	14	3
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	4.88	10	0
lu 19005 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	2.65	3	0	peptide
jwh 018 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	indolecarboxamide
benoxathian hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
snap 5114 [no description available]	2.73	3	0
glaucocalyxin a glaucocalyxin A: chemical constituent of Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx	2.25	1	0
isotocin isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure	3.14	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	6.45	57	0
n-arachidonoyl l-serine N-arachidonoyl L-serine: an endocannabinoid-like brain constituent with vasodilatory properties; structure in first source. N-arachidonoyl-L-serine : An N-acyl-amino acid resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of L-serine. It is an endocannabinoid-like lipid isolated from bovine brains.	2.05	1	0	N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid	cannabinoid receptor agonist; mammalian metabolite; neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent; vasodilator agent
unguisin a unguisin A: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	3.54	8	0
nodulisporic acid a nodulisporic acid A: a novel indole diterpene insecticide; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
mumefural mumefural: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.7	3	0
urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source	2.06	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.99	4	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	7.66	3	0
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	1.99	1	0	polyol	toxin
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	2.17	1	0
ly3201 LY3201: estrogen receptor beta agonist	2.07	1	0
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.03	1	0
(+)-erythravine (+)-erythravine: erythrinian alkaloid derivative from the flowers of Erythrina mulungu; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.93	4	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.77	3	0
rh 414 RH 414: voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye	2.69	3	0
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	3.8	1	1
gb-115 [no description available]	2.6	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.91	4	0	nystatins
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	2.05	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
a 784168 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide: a TRPV1 antagonist	2.08	1	0
l-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
GR 127935 hydrochloride GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	serotonergic antagonist
ly2183240 LY2183240: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
snap7941 SNAP7941: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
quisinostat [no description available]	2.11	1	0	indoles
mrs 1845 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.58	2	0	emamectins
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
vialinin a vialinin A: free radical scavenger from an edible mushroom in China; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	4.24	4	0
cannabidivarin cannabidivarin: from Cannabis sativa	3.59	1	1	monoterpenoid
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	7.82	138	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	3.14	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	3.3	6	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.88	11	0
gentamicin b gentamicin B: RN given refers to gentamicin B; see also records for gentamicin A and gentamicin C	1.96	1	0
tp 7 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	2.38	2	0
doramectin [no description available]	2	1	0	macrolide
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	1.99	1	0
boldenone undecylenate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alaproclate hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
brl 15572 BRL 15572: specific for h5-HT(1D) receptors; structure in first source. 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.71	3	0	hydrochloride	prodrug; serotonergic antagonist
ubenimex [no description available]	2.03	1	0	peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dsp 4 hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	6.71	45	0	benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cirazoline monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dihydroouabain dihydroouabain: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,5beta,11alpha,20xi)-isomer. dihydroouabain : A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.	2.39	2	0
adtn [no description available]	2.03	1	0
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	indoles
lilly 78335 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
efaroxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fenoldopam hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	dopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer, [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	6.52	61	0
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tele-methylhistamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
octoclothepine maleate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
du 24565 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro 25-6981 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sk&f 77434 N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.	2.03	1	0	hydrobromide	dopamine agonist; prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide 2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide: neuroprotective agent isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.41	2	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
4-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme a 4-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA : An acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybutyric acid.	2	1	0	hydroxyacyl-CoA
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.09	5	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.05	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	8.09	74	1
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	9.81	97	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	4.03	2	0
demethylcantharidin demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.6	1	0
glycoursodeoxycholic acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; neuroprotective agent
atropine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.05	1	0
1,4-dihydroquinoline 1,4-dihydroquinoline: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.37	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.35	7	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2.39	2	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.43	7	0
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.1	1	0
m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
verruculogen verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; diol; indole alkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organic peroxide	Aspergillus metabolite; GABA modulator; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
maltoheptaose maltoheptaose: consists of seven glucose residues in a linear 1,4-alpha-linkage; substrate for determining alpha-amylase in serum; RN given refers to (D-glucopyranose)-isomer. maltoheptaose : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.. alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1->4)-D-Glcp : A maltoheptaose heptasaccharide consisting of six alpha-D-glucose residues and a D-glucose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.03	1	0	maltoheptaose heptasaccharide
levoxadrol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
curcumol [no description available]	2.52	2	0	sesquiterpenoid
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	1.98	1	0
glyx-13 peptide GLYX-13 peptide: a monoclonal antibody-derived peptide that acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulator	2.04	1	0
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	2.38	2	0
jaw [no description available]	9.82	10	0	indolecarboxamide
win 62577 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyrazole-5-carboxamide pyrazole-5-carboxamide: structure in first source	2.6	1	0
jujubogenin jujubogenin: dammarane type triterpene	2.04	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.25	1	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.. thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-) : Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.	1.97	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion; vitamin B1	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	6.7	44	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
imidazoleacetic acid ribotide imidazoleacetic acid ribotide: metabolite of imidazole acetic acid	2.07	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid; N-glycosyl compound; ribose monophosphate
a 803467 A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.15	5	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	2.37	2	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.42	2	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	11.37	157	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.66	3	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	8.99	4	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	8.53	48	0
somatostatin [no description available]	3.33	6	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	5.54	13	0	polypeptide
gr 82334 GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.42	2	0
gala peptide GALA peptide: synthetic 30 amino acid peptide; its association with membrane vesicles has been studied; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.05	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	6.69	29	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
protein kinase inhibitor peptide protein kinase inhibitor peptide: 18 amino acid residues given in first source; corresponds to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor	2.38	2	0
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.98	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	2.38	2	0
anantin anantin: atrial natriuretic factor antagonist; from Streptomyces coerulescens; consists of 17 natural amino acids which form a ring system; MF C90-H111-N21-O24; binds to receptor of atrial natriuretic factor; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
orcokinin orcokinin: amino acid sequence given in first source; a myotropic peptide isolated from the crayfish Orconectes limosus	2.1	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	5.72	16	0
urotensin i urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II	3.48	2	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	6.77	46	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	2.41	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	14.62	44	4	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	8.43	34	1
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	11.66	225	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	1.96	1	0
pancreastatin pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin	1.99	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.15	5	0
corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide: A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39.	2.4	2	0
ac 187 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.42	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.93	4	0
liraglutide [no description available]	2.88	3	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	6.34	11	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	6.25	16	0
th9507 tesamorelin: a peptide; a stabilized analogue of the growth hormone releasing factor; aimed at reducing excess abdominal fat or VAT in lipodystrophy and HIV patients. tesamorelin : A polypeptide that is a synthetic analogue of human GRF (Growth Releasing Factor) comprised of the 44 amino-acid sequence of human GRF with a hex-3-enoyl moiety attached to the tyrosine residue at the N-terminal part of the molecule. It is used to stimulate human GRF receptors.	4.39	1	1
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.13	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28) vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28): inhibits VIP stimulation of adenylate cyclase	1.99	1	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	3.19	5	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	6.4	8	2
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.03	1	0
calcium crimson calcium crimson: a fluorescent calcium indicator	2	1	0	ammonium betaine; sulfonamide	fluorochrome
N-[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyrazolyl]methyl]-2-(2-pyridinyl)ethanamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.03	1	0
bombesin [no description available]	3	4	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.35	6	0	glycoside
quinine sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	hydrate
quercetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	8.15	5	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.01	13	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
4-aminobenzoyl-glycyl-prolyl-leucyl-alanine hydroxamic acid 4-aminobenzoyl-glycyl-prolyl-leucyl-alanine hydroxamic acid: inhibits collagenase; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.13	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
rv 538, (r-(r,r))-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.99	12	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.11	1	0	organotin acaricide
triethyltin sulfate Triethyltin sulfate: not the sulfate salt of triethyltin	1.96	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.05	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
ns 11394 3'-(5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzoimidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile: an anxiolytic agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
nocistatin nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source	2.7	3	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.51	8	0	organic molecular entity
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.39	2	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.98	9	1
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	1.97	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.56	8	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	9.99	39	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
aflatrem aflatrem: tremorgenic toxin isolated from Aspergillus flavus; structure	7.37	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.04	1	0
pseudoginsenoside f11 pseudoginsenoside F11: isolated from Panax quinquefolium L.	2.13	1	0
3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid 3-hydroxycyclopent-1-enecarboxylic acid: binds gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptors; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	4.06	13	0
2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine 2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
septide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.93	4	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2.39	2	0
enzacamene enzacamene: structure in first source; 4-MBC for short;	2.05	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	3.41	7	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	13.92	121	5
u 63557a [no description available]	2.03	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.12	46	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
penicillin g potassium benzylpenicillin potassium : Organic potassium salt of benzylpenicillin.	2.13	1	0	organic potassium salt
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0	bile salt
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.31	6	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
cefmetazole sodium cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	antimicrobial agent
piperacillin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
cefoxitin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
nafcillin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
cefamandole nafate cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	1.96	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	1.97	1	0
estrone sulfate, potassium salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin; organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	12.79	50	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.47	2	0
phenytoin sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0
naproxen sodium naproxen sodium : An organic sodium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of naproxen(1-) anions and sodium anions.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cr 1409 lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.	2.03	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	2.02	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
nk 2761 NK 2761: merocyanine-rhodanine dye	1.99	1	0
almorexant almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia	2.54	2	0	isoquinolines
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	6.29	49	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.21	4	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	5.52	9	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	12.25	1,233	0
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; spiroketal	antagonist
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	2.25	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.49	2	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	2.08	1	0	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	8.66	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.74	3	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	8.1	18	1	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	7.21	11	1
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	3.24	6	0
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	1.96	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	9.13	80	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
substance p, phe(5)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)- substance P, Phe(5)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: substance P antagonist; bombesin antagonist	1.98	1	0
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)- substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist	2.37	2	0
1-ac-trp-2-(4-cl-phe)-3-trp-6-lys-10-alanh2-lhrh MI 1544: LHRH antagonist	2.08	1	0
cerebellin cerebellin: cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide marker for Purkinje cells	2.05	1	0
substance p, pro(2)-phe(7)-trp(9)- substance P, Pro(2)-Phe(7)-Trp(9)-: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
corazonin protein, insect corazonin protein, insect: cardioactive peptide; isolated from a variety of insects	2.31	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor (4-23)nh2, de-gln(18)-de-ser(19)-de-gly(20,22)-de-leu(21)- [no description available]	2.03	1	0
protein kinase c [no description available]	2.01	1	0
dora-22 DORA-22: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	4.93	2	1	tartrate salt
pexidartinib pexidartinib: inhibits both CSF1R and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase; structure in first source. pexidartinib : A pyrrolopyridine that is 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted by a [6-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}amino)pyridin-3-yl]methyl group at position 3. It is a potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R, KIT, and FLT3 (IC50 of 20 nM, 10 nM and 160 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).	2.82	2	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pf 3845 PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase	2.52	2	0	piperidines
alexa fluor 546 Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye	2.06	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	fluorochrome
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.05	1	0
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.38	2	0	organic anion
n-arachidonoylalanine N-arachidonoylalanine: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase; structure in first source. N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-alanine with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.02	1	0	N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid; N-acyl-L-alanine	mammalian metabolite
lysophosphatidylserine lysophosphatidylserine: stimulates histamine secretion from isolated mast cells in mouse plasma. lysophosphatidylserine : An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.. 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerophosphoserine in which the acyl group is specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).	2.36	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
sanggenon g sanggenon G: from Morus alba root bark (Sang bai pi); structure in first source	2.07	1	0	flavanones
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	1.97	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
enanthotoxin enanthotoxin: poisonous principle of Oenanthe crocata (Water Dropwort); RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer	2.07	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
gw 1000 nabiximols: a combination of the above cpds for treatment of multiple sclerosis pain	5.34	3	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.28	6	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	14.59	248	5
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	sulfonamide
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.1	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	2.1	1	0
endothelins [no description available]	3.16	5	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.48	2	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
sec-butyl-propylacetamide sec-butyl-propylacetamide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 [no description available]	3	4	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	2	1	0
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.	2.68	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	3.7	9	0
neosurugatoxin neosurugatoxin: from Japanese Ivory Shell, Babylonia japonica; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2.38	2	0
pf 3084014 nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.	2.1	1	0
adhyperforin adhyperforin: isolated from Hypericum perforatum; structure in first source	2	1	0
AZD1979 AZD1979: an antagonist of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1; structure in first source. AZD1979 : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-phenoxyazetidine and in which the phenoxy group has been substituted at the para- position by a 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-ylmethyl group. It is a melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; azaspiro compound; carboxamide; N-acylazetidine; oxadiazole; oxaspiro compound; oxetanes	melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonist
pf-670462 PF-670462: inhibitor of casein kinase I epsilon; structure in first source. PF-670462 : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the formal reaction of 3-[(3-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. It is a selective inhibitor of the delta- and epsilon-isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1delta and CK1epsilon).	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.43	2	0
jujuboside a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	10.01	154	0
n-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide: an mGlu5 agonist; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.45	2	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.79	10	0
sr 8278 SR 8278: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	2.02	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.99	1	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	1.99	1	0
putreanine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carboxylic acid anion; N-substituted putrescine; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	6.95	55	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.94	4	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.43	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.13	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	6.09	10	1
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.01	14	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.96	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5.29	6	2	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
lfm a13 LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.49	2	0	aromatic amide; dibromobenzene; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	6.36	10	4	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.52	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.73	10	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	10.14	5	0
l 701324 L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0	quinolines
teriflunomide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	2.03	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.47	2	0
tigecycline [no description available]	2.43	2	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	4.45	2	2	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.69	3	0
hexaminecobalt (iii) trichloride hexaminecobalt (III) trichloride: structure	2	1	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	9.4	21	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.53	9	0
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata) toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II	1.97	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	5.55	22	0
bellergal [no description available]	4.44	2	0
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	2.1	1	0
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	2.02	1	0	peptide
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	9.15	16	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	3.1	5	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.11	1	0
brevetoxin brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis	2.01	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	3.4	7	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.27	16	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	7.17	8	0
semaglutide [no description available]	3.52	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
antimony potassium tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.	1.95	1	0
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	1.99	1	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	4.08	15	0	ketal
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.13	1	0
fk1706 FK1706: non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand	2.04	1	0
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.25	1	0
mirogabalin mirogabalin: for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain	7	4	2
pyrethrins [no description available]	6.17	25	0
siroheme [no description available]	2.15	1	0
acp-196 acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; imidazopyrazine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; ynone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
dcg 04 DCG 04: E-64 analog; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
coriaria lactone coriaria lactone: induces convulsions in rats	2.67	3	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	7.39	29	0
araldite araldite: induces experimental asthma in immunized guinea pigs; RN given refers to araldite; see also record for araldite B	1.98	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	7.37	2	0
glutaminase [no description available]	6.79	47	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.53	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.59	8	0
gamma2-msh gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.	2	1	0
vasotocin, desgly(nh2)(9)d(ch2)5-tyr(me)(2)-thr(4)-orn(8)- vasotocin, desGly(NH2)(9)d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)(2)-Thr(4)-Orn(8)-: amino acid sequence given in first source; implicated in the control of seasonal changes in singing behavior of male canaries	2.42	2	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.06	5	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.94	1	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.26	6	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.93	4	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	1.99	1	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.02	1	0
snx 482 SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source	2.45	2	0
conantokin r conantokin R: isolated from Conus radiatus; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
alpha-conotoxin vc1.1 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.48	2	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
alpha-cobratoxin alpha-cobratoxin: fron Naja nigricollis	2.41	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	9.07	4	0
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid: inhibits glyoxalase II; RN given refers to (?,Z)-isomer	1.99	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
bacoside a bacoside A: from Bacopa monnieri; structure in first source	3.18	5	0	triterpenoid saponin
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.06	1	0
chrodrimanin b chrodrimanin B: an insecticidal meroterpene that blocks GABA-gated chloride channels; isolated from Talaromyces; structure in first source	2.59	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
allatotropin allatotropin: from cerebral or corpora cardiaca of locusts & moths	2.76	3	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	3.21	6	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.44	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.13	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	2	1	0
sanggenone c sanggenone C: inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated adhesion between polymorphonuclear lymphocytes and synovial cells; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.48	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	6.81	4	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	4.02	14	0
butirosin sulfate Butirosin Sulfate: A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.	2.41	2	0
humulin s Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.	2.6	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.37	2	0
s 8932 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
5-oxo-pro-his-trp-ser-tyr-gly-trp-leu-pro-glynh2 5-oxo-pro-his-trp-ser-tyr-gly-trp-leu-pro-glynh2: sGnRHa derivative from salmon	2	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	4.36	6	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	3.11	5	0
calciseptine calciseptine: amino acid sequence given in first source; specific blocker of the L-type calcium channel; from black mamba venom	2.05	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	5.35	13	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.44	1	1
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.69	3	0
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	2.13	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.78	3	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.08	1	0
aeron Aeron: contains scopolamine camphorate mixture with (-)-atropine camphorate	1.99	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.98	1	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.04	1	0
2-hydroxyputrescine 2-hydroxyputrescine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxyputrescine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is putrescine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.. 2-hydroxyputrescine(2+) : An alkane-alpha,omega-diammonium(2+) that is the dication of 2-hydroxyputrescine arising from protonation of both primary amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.	2.38	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diammonium(2+)
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	1.97	1	0
carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid: a competitive NMDA receptor (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) antagonist	2.05	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.1	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.98	13	0
n-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)hexatrienyl)pyridinium N-(3-trimethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)hexatrienyl)pyridinium: a red fluorescent dye	2.03	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.96	4	0
noxiustoxin noxiustoxin: fraction of venom of scorpion Centruroides noxius	1.97	1	0
exendin 3 exendin 3: from the gila monster lizard (Heloderma horridum); amino acid sequence given in first source	2.17	1	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	2	1	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	2.41	2	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	9.41	19	2	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	4.45	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	15.82	141	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	2.42	2	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.45	22	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	4.32	6	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	5.64	25	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	4.35	4	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.7	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	4.85	6	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	4.77	10	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	3.44	1	1	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	4.87	6	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	11.39	17	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	10.07	42	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydroxypteridine
neopterin [no description available]	4.02	2	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	4.24	2	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	12.68	81	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.47	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	8.46	9	2	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	8.31	21	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	1.96	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.41	2	0	triazolopyrimidines
kf38789 KF38789: a non-carbohydrate low MW cpd that Inhibits P-selectin specific cell adhesion; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.5	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
9-methylguanine 9-methylguanine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	3.07	5	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phenylamil phenylamil: irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder	2.13	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.42	2	0	hydroxypyrimidine
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.1	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid 4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid: a neuroprotective agent that has been shown to improve memory; induces NGF-dependent nociceptive nerve sprouting	2.92	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
pralidoxime iodide pralidoxime iodide : An organic iodide salt that has pralidoxime as the cation.	2.13	1	0	organic iodide salt; pyridinium salt	cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
buciclovir buciclovir: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	4.11	15	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.17	5	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	5.87	2	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
spd 502 SPD 502: structure in first source	2	1	0
da 8159 udenafil: a pyrazolo-pyrimidinone similar to sildenafil; phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor;	3.14	1	0	sulfonamide
etifoxine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	benzoxazine
vicine vicine: pyrimidine glycoside found in fava bean; structure	2.11	1	0	glycoside
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.96	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
quazinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
ac 3933 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridine: a cognitive enhancer; structure in first source does not agree with name	2.1	1	0
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	3.24	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
ag-879 AG-879: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.89	4	0
ro 5-3663 Ro 5-3663: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	4.56	8	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.97	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.5	2	0	guanosines	biomarker
asoxime chloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
arsenazo iii Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.	1.96	1	0
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	3.54	7	0	dibenzodiazepine
pralidoxime chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; pyridinium salt	cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
methylaplysinopsin methylaplysinopsin: isolated from Dictyoceratid sponge Aplysinopsis reticulata; affects serotogenic neurotransmission; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
inosine pranobex Inosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.	2.03	1	0
diguanosine pentaphosphate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
8-bromoguanosine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	purine nucleoside
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.87	4	0
papa nonoate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkylamine
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.46	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
guanosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.31	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
heme arginate heme arginate: used for treatment of porphyria; induces heme oxygenase	1.99	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2.88	4	0
hb 7 [no description available]	2.38	2	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	2.38	2	0
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate [no description available]	2.43	2	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.04	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	4.95	12	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.56	2	0
eye [no description available]	5.34	18	0
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	2.1	1	0
colibactin colibactin: a hybrid peptide-polyketide secreted by E coli. colibactin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles that comprises of two units of 2-[(2-{6-[(2S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl]-5-oxo-4-azaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl}acetamido)methyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid linked together via the formal condensation of the carboxy groups. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of bacteria found in the human gut such as Escherichia coli. It has the ability to bind covalently to DNA and is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; azaspiro compound; polyketide; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.6	1	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	12.1	15	2
pd 135158 PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
chiisanoside chiisanoside: isolated from the leaves of Acanthopanax chiisanensis; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ego [no description available]	2.03	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.77	10	0
technetium tc 99m bicisate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.5	2	0
biphenylylacetic acid biphenylylacetic acid: metabolite of BHD 7538; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants for acetic acid moities	2.91	4	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	1.99	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.64	3	0
octaarginine octaarginine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	4.45	22	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	8.95	37	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.59	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.26	6	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	21.63	1,290	22
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	21.63	1,290	22
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	20.53	163	17
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	20.53	163	17
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	16.65	184	15
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	21.84	1,656	4
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.66	30	1
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	0	8.66	30	1
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	7.67	69	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	15.41	142	17
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	21.32	566	20
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	15.41	142	17
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	21.32	566	20
Allodynia [description not available]	0	17.17	321	16
Ache [description not available]	0	25.31	895	110
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	25.31	895	110
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	2.04	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	30.77	1,861	1,128
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	30.77	1,861	1,128
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	14.88	148	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	14.88	148	2
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	9.13	27	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	11.23	21	5
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	9.13	27	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	11.23	21	5
Aura [description not available]	0	25.1	1,351	75
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1	27.1	1,351	75
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	16.9	74	29
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	16.9	74	29
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	10.02	15	4
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.08	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	2.1	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	3.66	3	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	16.84	84	18
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.21	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	16.84	84	18
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	7.43	108	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	3.76	3	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	8.67	26	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	11.87	127	1
Encephalitis, Limbic [description not available]	0	5.12	9	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	8.67	26	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	11.87	127	1
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	0	6.26	13	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	18.09	153	13
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	18.09	153	13
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	20.34	757	16
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	0	6.26	13	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	3.11	5	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	8.68	52	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	10.85	51	3
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	10.85	51	3
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.46	26	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	0	7.46	26	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	6.47	19	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	0	6.47	19	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	6.55	43	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	6.27	54	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	6.27	54	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	6.55	43	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	18.48	135	2
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	9.03	42	1
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	0	9.03	42	1
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.5	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	2.57	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	6.36	14	3
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	2.48	2	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	0	3.46	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	21.34	293	59
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	21.28	356	68
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	21.34	293	59
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	21.28	356	68
Hydrosyringomyelia [description not available]	0	4.94	8	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	28.78	1,366	1,097
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	28.78	1,366	1,097
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	18.22	243	15
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	0	12.74	110	2
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	0	12.74	110	2
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	18.39	102	37
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	18.29	700	9
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	18.39	102	37
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	16.7	170	6
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	17.48	143	9
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	17.48	143	9
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	16.7	170	6
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	20.77	429	57
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	12.32	55	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	12.32	55	3
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	6.94	14	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	13.17	86	7
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	0	14.07	72	11
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	11.94	14	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	15.24	75	6
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	9.79	56	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1	17.24	75	6
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	9.79	56	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	16.4	222	3
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	16.4	222	3
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	16.03	209	17
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	7.49	24	2
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	7.49	24	2
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	12.02	56	5
Dissociation [description not available]	0	13.61	13	2
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	13.1	57	4
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	13.1	57	4
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	13.44	107	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	19.26	238	30
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	19.26	238	30
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	0	7.3	8	1
Dysthymia [description not available]	0	3.88	2	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	16.91	138	9
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	21.91	138	9
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	0	3.88	2	1
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	0	5.37	6	2
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	0	5.37	6	2
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	18.03	288	10
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	18.03	288	10
ADDH [description not available]	0	11.23	40	3
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	11.23	40	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	11.93	145	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	11.93	145	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	7.5	38	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	7.5	38	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	8.59	48	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	13.32	227	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	8.59	48	1
Diathesis [description not available]	0	7.54	49	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	10.98	51	6
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	10.98	51	6
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	16.75	107	22
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	22.99	113	29
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	17.99	113	29
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	4.82	7	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	4.82	7	1
Habit Chorea [description not available]	0	7.7	7	2
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	0	12.19	40	1
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	0	12.19	40	1
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	0	7.7	7	2
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	12.7	202	9
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	8.8	41	1
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	0	7.05	10	2
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	5.69	30	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	5.69	30	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	4.49	8	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	2.72	3	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	0	2.69	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.41	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	14.33	78	10
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	14.33	78	10
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	14.97	88	7
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	7.08	11	2
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	0	7.08	11	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	14.97	88	7
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	11.54	66	3
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	14.17	46	17
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	11.54	66	3
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	14.17	46	17
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	16.78	99	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	11.78	99	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	14.44	71	15
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	8.09	39	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	8.09	39	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	9.39	13	3
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	11.17	86	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	11.17	86	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	7.94	10	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	7.94	10	1
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	21.23	191	44
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	0	10.67	20	4
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	26.23	191	44
Devic Disease [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	0	2.66	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	0	9.51	31	3
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	0	14.51	31	3
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	0	13.06	83	4
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	0	13.06	83	4
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.71	58	0
Stiff-Person Syndrome A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)	0	9.71	58	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	14.57	67	7
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	14.57	67	7
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	15.14	131	11
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	15.14	131	11
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	0	8.39	6	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	0	8.53	23	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	0	8.53	23	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	28.97	1,004	545
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	28.97	1,004	545
Autism [description not available]	0	14.64	105	3
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	14.64	105	3
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	13.81	93	7
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	18.81	93	7
Common Migraine [description not available]	0	4.2	3	1
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	4.2	3	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	3.43	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	3.43	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	9.79	22	1
Cramp [description not available]	0	8.23	9	3
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	14.79	22	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	0	8.23	9	3
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	19.09	189	27
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	19.09	189	27
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.93	7	1
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	0	4.93	7	1
Psychoses [description not available]	0	16.08	109	8
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	16.08	109	8
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	0	4.11	3	1
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	13.32	69	10
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	4.96	14	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	13.32	69	10
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	4.96	14	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	20.47	267	78
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	20.47	267	78
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	0	12.97	36	7
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	0	12.97	36	7
Histomoniasis [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	9.67	141	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.27	11	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	6.27	11	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	4.41	6	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	4.41	6	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	5.32	21	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	5.32	21	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	6.04	10	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	6.04	10	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	15.52	128	6
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	15.52	128	6
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	12.26	140	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	12.26	140	0
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	0	6.43	17	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	3.12	4	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	3.12	4	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	9.59	37	1
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	6.96	52	0
Back Ache [description not available]	0	6.65	19	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	26.23	1,063	1,036
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	6.65	19	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	26.23	1,063	1,036
Epilepsy Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	0	12.31	54	8
Epileptic Syndromes EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).	0	2.76	2	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	0	12.31	54	8
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	7.58	2	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	2.58	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	10.1	21	4
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	4.89	4	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	11.65	92	3
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	0	7.54	30	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	11.65	92	3
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	0	7.54	30	1
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	0	12.28	41	8
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	0	12.28	41	8
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	5.17	10	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	3.39	6	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	10.45	23	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	3.87	4	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	0	11.57	35	5
Shingles [description not available]	0	16.87	78	19
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.75	3	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	0	11.57	35	5
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	16.87	78	19
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	25.01	1,035	1,025
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	25.01	1,035	1,025
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	10.6	39	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	13.62	207	3
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	10.6	39	2
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	13.62	207	3
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	10.48	21	3
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	0	7.37	13	2
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	10.48	21	3
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	0	11.31	38	5
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	0	11.31	38	5
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	13.84	78	13
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	13.84	78	13
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	0	3.41	6	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	3.2	5	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	4.12	5	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	4.12	5	0
Adenomyosis The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.	0	2.41	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	6.34	13	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	6.34	13	1
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	5.2	10	1
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	28.74	1,248	1,069
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	0	28.74	1,248	1,069
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	5.34	3	1
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	12.24	57	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	8.75	23	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	8.75	23	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	3.61	8	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	3.61	8	0
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	6.18	6	2
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	5.38	57	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	5.38	57	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	6.32	6	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	6.32	6	2
Dysautonomia [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	6.88	10	5
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	0	10.05	17	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	15.83	185	6
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	15.83	185	6
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	3.17	5	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	3.17	5	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	10.91	12	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	5.91	12	0
Post-Concussion Symptoms [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	5.18	9	1
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	5.18	9	1
Post-Concussion Syndrome The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.	0	2.41	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	22.22	288	60
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	22.22	288	60
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	6.64	20	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	6.64	20	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	13.39	54	1
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.	0	2.85	3	0
DDPAC [description not available]	0	4.39	3	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	0	4.39	3	1
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	4.19	3	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	10.78	24	4
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	0	2.41	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	4.19	3	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	10.78	24	4
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	0	2.71	3	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	6.01	18	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	3.9	12	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	4.61	3	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	6.01	18	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	3.9	12	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	4.61	3	0
Medically Unexplained Symptoms Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).	0	2.72	2	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	6.29	8	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	6.29	8	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	9.41	36	5
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	0	5.24	19	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	0	4.92	13	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	4.63	10	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	4.85	7	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	4.85	7	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	4.45	8	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	7.36	14	2
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	12.43	69	4
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	17.27	60	19
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	0	13.5	65	11
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	0	13.5	65	11
Lassitude [description not available]	0	15.63	43	19
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	15.63	43	19
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	7.35	24	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	13.84	71	11
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	13.84	71	11
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	7.56	11	1
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	7.56	11	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	9.99	24	2
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	9.99	24	2
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	5.83	34	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	0	2.6	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	2.41	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.63	2	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	15.62	38	3
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	2.41	1	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	20.03	147	44
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	0	20.03	147	44
Parodontosis [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	3.53	2	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	0	3.55	2	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	3.53	2	0
Ganglioglioma Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.52	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	4.64	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	5.82	13	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	5.82	13	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	0	2.74	3	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	6.9	11	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	6.9	11	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	21.48	82	14
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	21.48	82	14
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	4.15	13	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	4.15	13	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	5.59	14	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	5.59	14	1
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	0	9.31	24	0
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder A condition in which a woman suffers from severe depression, irritability, and tension before MENSTRUATION. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) may involve a wide range of physical or emotional symptoms, which are more severe and debilitating than those seen with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and which include at least one mood-related symptom. Symptoms usually stop when, or shortly after, menstruation begins.	0	7.15	11	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	0	9.31	24	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	0	6.41	14	1
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	0	8.89	39	2
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	0	6.41	14	1
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	0	6.08	4	4
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	11.03	58	6
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	16.03	58	6
Harelip [description not available]	0	3.31	5	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	0	6	16	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	0	3.31	5	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	0	6	16	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.25	11	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.25	11	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	5.23	6	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	12.38	34	7
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	12.38	34	7
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	12.7	75	4
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	12.7	75	4
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	6.65	20	1
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	6.65	20	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	4.39	4	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	0	3.16	5	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	0	4.03	4	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	5.15	6	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	5.99	16	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	15.42	45	2
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	4.34	7	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	0	4.13	4	0
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	0	4.13	4	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	11.83	16	2
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	11.83	16	2
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	4.21	6	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	6.9	10	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	6.9	10	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	6.93	27	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	11.93	27	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	0	24.17	120	43
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	0	24.17	120	43
Anasarca [description not available]	0	10.4	29	3
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	10.4	29	3
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	5.11	17	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	10.11	17	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	6.11	11	1
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	6.11	11	1
Bradykinesia [description not available]	0	4.72	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	2.85	3	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	2.85	3	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	4.28	4	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	14.47	124	13
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	3.96	4	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	3.96	4	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.97	4	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.54	8	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	3.99	1	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	3.97	2	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	5.3	6	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	3.95	2	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	4.52	5	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	7.13	7	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	4.15	3	1
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	0	3.99	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.99	1	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	0	3.99	1	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	3.97	2	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	5.3	6	2
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	3.95	2	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	4.52	5	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	7.13	7	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	4.15	3	1
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	0	3.99	1	1
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	4.98	14	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	2.52	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	6.94	5	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	6.94	5	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.99	4	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	3.99	4	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	0	4.45	8	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	0	4.45	8	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	0	8.01	10	2
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	0	8.01	10	2
Nearsightedness [description not available]	0	4.84	7	1
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	0	9.84	7	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	10.71	33	5
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	2.6	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	0	2.6	1	0
CADASILM A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.	0	2.6	1	0
CADASIL A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)	0	2.6	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	0	2.6	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	3.54	8	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	0	3.48	2	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	3.54	8	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	4.21	6	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	3.95	4	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	0	3.95	4	0
Generalized Vulvodynia [description not available]	0	6.52	9	1
Pemphigoid [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	0	2.79	3	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	10.78	47	4
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	10.78	47	4
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	0	12.85	53	5
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	0	12.85	53	5
Muscle Pain [description not available]	0	5.14	3	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	0	5.14	3	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	3.74	10	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	4.76	3	2
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	0	6.34	38	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	0	11.34	38	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	3.02	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	8.2	16	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	8.2	16	1
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	6.05	15	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	8.38	24	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	4.89	13	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	2.72	3	0
Adipocere [description not available]	0	7.62	66	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	6.1	20	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	6.1	20	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	6.35	21	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.55	2	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	7.42	17	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	3.75	10	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	3.75	10	0
Incipient Schizophrenia [description not available]	0	4.97	8	0
Schizotypal Personality Disorder A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.	0	4.97	8	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	11.54	19	6
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	4.53	8	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	9.53	8	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	0	8.55	21	1
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	0	8.55	21	1
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	22.55	281	60
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	22.55	281	60
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.98	4	0
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.	0	3.98	4	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	0	5.59	9	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	5.63	17	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	5.63	17	1
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	0	5.39	7	2
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	5.39	7	2
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	17.14	132	5
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	3.86	4	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	17.14	132	5
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	3.86	4	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	4.43	4	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	4.43	4	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	0	4.84	7	1
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	0	4.84	7	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.68	6	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	4.68	6	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	0	3.17	1	0
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	0	8.44	7	2
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	0	8.44	7	2
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	2.69	3	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Accessory Nerve Avulsion [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	0	3.17	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	5.57	6	1
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	7.77	39	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	5.68	11	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	10.68	11	0
Dystonia, Nocturnal, Paroxysmal [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.95	4	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	3.95	4	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	4.54	5	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	4.54	5	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	10.76	13	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	20.74	209	61
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	10.76	13	2
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	0	2.74	3	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	6.2	14	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	4.51	8	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	3.12	5	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.69	3	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	0	14.56	35	4
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	21.88	182	40
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	21.88	182	40
Labor Pain Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.	0	4.2	3	1
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	0	3.42	2	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	6.57	18	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	3.18	4	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	2.94	4	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	2.94	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	2.83	3	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	3.18	4	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	0	15.1	39	12
Akinetic Autism [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	0	20.1	39	12
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	16.92	217	9
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	16.92	217	9
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	0	2.31	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	3.04	4	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	8.04	4	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	2.25	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	5.32	4	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	2.25	1	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	5.32	4	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	2.25	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	4.05	5	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	5.31	12	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	5.31	12	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	6.23	19	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	6.23	19	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	0	6.29	7	2
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	0	6.29	7	2
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic [description not available]	0	9.53	7	5
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	0	2.53	2	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	0	2.25	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	2.25	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	4.18	6	0
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	2.31	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	4.37	20	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	4.37	20	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	4.45	8	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	4.45	8	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	2.9	4	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	12.35	36	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	5.27	7	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	5.27	7	0
Disorders, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
XYY Karyotype Abnormal genetic constitution in males characterized by an extra Y chromosome.	0	2.31	1	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	0	2.31	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.84	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	2.84	3	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	5.37	8	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	0	2.53	2	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	0	2.31	1	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	0	2.72	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	15.57	53	11
Injuries, Whiplash [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	20.57	53	11
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	0	5.25	4	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.83	8	1
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	0	9.2	6	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.98	4	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	5.29	21	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	17.56	134	14
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	4.79	12	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	4.79	12	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	0	2.6	1	0
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia [description not available]	0	4.16	15	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	15.9	80	26
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	2.7	3	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	15.9	80	26
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	0	6.75	11	2
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	0	6.75	11	2
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	0	9.96	12	3
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	0	9.96	12	3
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	0	6.01	14	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.63	16	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	0	6.63	16	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	0	8.77	25	3
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	0	8.77	25	3
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	2.15	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	4.37	2	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	4.37	2	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.45	2	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	0	9.78	41	1
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	0	6.07	20	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	22.39	202	165
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	22.39	202	165
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	9.04	24	5
Arachnoid Cysts Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)	0	3.13	5	0
Anesthesia Awareness [description not available]	0	8.36	25	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	0	8.43	27	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	4.39	4	1
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	4.39	4	1
Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	0	11.77	25	9
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	0	11.77	25	9
Brain Injuries, Penetrating [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	6.51	9	2
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	6.51	9	2
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.15	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	4.88	5	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	4.88	5	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	9.57	12	4
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	9.57	12	4
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	4.81	4	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	10.93	16	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	10.93	16	1
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2.81	3	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	0	5.69	8	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	0	4.33	4	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.86	5	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	0	4.33	4	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	5.24	11	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	5.24	11	1
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	0	9.97	12	9
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	0	9.97	12	9
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	0	6.08	6	1
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	0	19.63	111	49
Acanthocytosis with Neurologic Disorder [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.78	3	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	0	2.15	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	5.03	15	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	5.03	15	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	4.58	9	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	7.39	26	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	12.87	41	7
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	10.48	67	2
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	4.58	9	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	7.39	26	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	12.87	41	7
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	0	2.15	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	13.47	34	8
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania [description not available]	0	3.87	2	0
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.	0	5.27	6	0
SUNCT Syndrome A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.	0	8.15	14	2
Erythermalgia [description not available]	0	3.84	11	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.15	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	0	3.84	11	0
Bleeding [description not available]	0	5.13	11	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	5.13	11	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	3.06	1	0
Hiccough [description not available]	0	8.58	19	2
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	0	5.11	10	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.22	14	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	10.51	19	5
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	3.69	3	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	10.51	19	5
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	6.22	14	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	5.08	10	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	5.08	10	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	10.22	25	5
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	10.22	25	5
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	0	2.52	2	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	5.98	5	2
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	0	6.04	12	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	0	6.04	12	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	4.46	8	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	4.87	4	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	4.46	8	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.74	10	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	6.36	15	0
Bruxism, Nocturnal [description not available]	0	6.42	5	1
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.	0	2.15	1	0
Small Fiber Neuropathy Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).	0	2.54	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	8.55	28	1
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	0	5.23	11	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	10.15	22	3
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	10.15	22	3
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	0	5.01	4	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	11.45	43	2
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	11.45	43	2
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	0	9.04	39	1
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	0	9.04	39	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.68	10	0
Adverse Effects, Long Term [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	0	12.85	42	6
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	0	8.99	10	1
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	0	12.85	42	6
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	4.66	10	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	4.66	10	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	0	3.93	2	1
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	0	3.91	2	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3.38	2	0
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	0	2.7	3	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	11.37	31	3
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	0	5.83	4	2
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	0	5.83	4	2
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	3.02	4	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	2.17	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	12.54	68	5
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	17.54	68	5
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	4.8	12	0
Demyelinative Myelitis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	4.8	12	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	0	2.4	2	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	0	3.06	4	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	0	3.06	4	0
Gulf War Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Persian Gulf Syndrome Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)	0	2.17	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	0	3.5	2	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	0	3.5	2	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	0	2.17	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	3.09	5	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	6.65	6	2
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	6.65	6	2
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	6.39	15	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	5.35	22	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	0	5.39	7	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	0	4.32	7	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	0	5.39	7	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	8.5	13	2
Hypophosphatasia A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.72	3	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	8.5	13	2
Pain, Procedural Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.	0	3.56	1	1
Isolated Clinic Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	0	4.35	2	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.72	7	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	11.34	15	10
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	0	5.44	5	1
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	0	5.44	5	1
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	4.71	6	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	6.7	25	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	6.7	25	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	4.71	6	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.81	18	1
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	0	12.81	18	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	0	2.17	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	4.04	5	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Anal Fissure [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Anal Fistula [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	0	4.48	1	1
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	0	4.48	1	1
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	0	4.48	1	1
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	0	5.07	3	1
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	0	3.39	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	6.58	18	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	11.58	18	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	2.46	2	0
Apraxia, Ideokinetic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	3.95	2	1
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	5.02	9	1
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	5.19	11	1
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	0	2.52	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	5.19	11	1
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	0	2.47	2	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	0	9.22	15	6
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	0	5.89	9	1
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	2.5	2	0
Travel Sickness [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	0	5.38	7	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	0	4.74	11	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	0	4.74	11	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	2.5	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	4.01	5	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	4.01	5	0
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	14.68	62	1
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	0	6.7	11	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	0	4.11	3	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	5.22	11	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	2.21	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	2.52	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.69	11	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	9.69	11	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	6.83	29	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	8.4	26	2
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	8.4	26	2
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	4.18	3	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	4.18	3	1
Alexia [description not available]	0	2.8	3	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	2.21	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	3.09	5	0
Aphasia, Primary Progressive A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)	0	2.21	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	8.42	16	2
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	8.42	16	2
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	0	2.48	2	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	2.47	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	3.41	7	0
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	0	6.93	8	0
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	0	6.93	8	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	0	3.84	2	1
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	7.74	35	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	7.74	35	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	4.82	7	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	4.82	7	1
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	8.9	25	1
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	0	7.48	13	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	0	7.48	13	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	0	8.13	12	2
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	0	13.13	12	2
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	5.73	7	1
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	0	14.82	38	26
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	3	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	3	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	9.29	10	8
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	9.29	10	8
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	2.49	2	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.08	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	7.96	4	0
Uterine Rupture A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.	0	2.08	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	9.75	27	5
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	3.33	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	8.74	19	1
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	0	13.8	32	26
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	4.64	4	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	0	9.47	19	3
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	0	9.47	19	3
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	6.08	16	2
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.46	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	6.08	16	2
Alarm Clock Headache [description not available]	0	4.69	6	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	0	6.43	9	1
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	0	7.13	4	3
Fibroid [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	2.47	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	4.19	17	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	3.88	4	0
Ganglion Cysts Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	0	2.08	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	4.21	6	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	0	4.56	9	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	0	5.74	11	0
Periapical Cyst [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	0	3.52	8	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	0	3.52	8	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	0	4.63	3	2
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	0	4.63	3	2
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	0	4.12	3	1
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.29	4	1
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	0	5.12	5	0
As If Personality [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	0	6.7	4	1
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	12.44	32	9
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.75	3	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	3.65	3	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.65	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.75	3	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	5.45	5	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	5.45	5	1
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	3.47	1	1
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.1	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	0	3.83	2	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	0	3.83	2	0
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Glue Abuse [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	0	2.46	2	0
Causalgia Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.23	8	0
Causalgia A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)	0	5.23	8	0
Frigidity [description not available]	0	3.52	8	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	0	3.52	8	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	7.7	8	2
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	7.7	8	2
Catatonic Schizophrenia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	0	6.41	9	1
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	0	6.41	9	1
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.84	2	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	0	2.46	2	0
Macroglossia The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)	0	2.1	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	9.5	36	2
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	14.5	36	2
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.98	4	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	2.08	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	2.97	4	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	0	10.34	21	4
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	2.73	3	0
Brachial Plexopathy [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	0	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	0	3.84	4	0
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)	0	3.14	5	0
Adult Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	0	2.45	2	0
Angioedema, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Angioedemas, Hereditary Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.1	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	2.08	1	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	0	2.08	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	7.43	2	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	7.21	8	2
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	7.21	8	2
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	0	8.01	16	2
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	0	8.01	16	2
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	0	5.85	8	1
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	0	7.94	14	2
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	0	7.94	14	2
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	0	8.18	12	2
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	12.71	18	9
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	0	8.18	12	2
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Minimally Conscious State [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	3.17	5	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	3.42	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	7.58	12	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	0	3	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	7.04	8	4
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.08	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	7.04	8	4
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	0	4.3	2	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	0	7.33	9	3
Abscess, Psoas [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
TDP-43 Proteinopathies Diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved DNA-binding protein TDP-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. Inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of AMYLOID, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. Both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease.	0	2.1	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	6.06	10	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	0	3.01	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Acne Inversa [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	0	3	1	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	0	2.48	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	2.5	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2.5	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	4.63	3	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	7.94	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	4.63	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.5	2	0
Pain, Breakthrough [description not available]	0	5.72	2	1
Breakthrough Pain Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication.	0	5.72	2	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.81	11	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	0	5.14	6	0
Cranial Nerve Injuries Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.	0	3.67	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	8.42	30	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	13.42	30	1
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	6.97	43	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	0	8.06	8	4
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	0	8.06	8	4
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.43	2	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	0	3.6	3	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.1	1	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	0	3.01	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	5.35	7	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	5.35	7	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	0	9.04	13	1
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.	0	2.11	1	0
Cranial Nerve V Diseases [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	7.11	6	2
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.11	6	2
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	0	2.52	2	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	0	2.76	3	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	9.19	6	2
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	11.82	17	6
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome An occupational disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to vibration, affecting the fingers, hands, and forearms. It occurs in workers who regularly use vibrating tools such as jackhammers, power chain saws, riveters, etc. Symptoms include episodic finger blanching, NUMBNESS, tingling, and loss of nerve sensitivity.	0	4.43	2	2
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)	0	2.1	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	11.52	16	7
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	11.52	16	7
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.	0	2.1	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	2.1	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	0	3.68	3	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.78	8	1
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	0	7.78	8	1
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	6.86	14	2
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	6.86	14	2
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	8.48	82	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	8.48	82	1
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	0	4.7	11	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	2.4	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	0	2.1	1	0
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	0	4.12	3	0
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	0	3.4	2	0
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	5.03	9	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	2.1	1	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	0	3.48	1	1
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.	0	4.79	2	1
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	3.37	2	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	0	2.1	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	2.46	2	0
Belching [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	2.48	2	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	0	6.37	5	1
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	0	2.7	3	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	2.73	3	0
Post-Dural Puncture Headache A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.	0	8.65	8	3
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	7.24	44	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	4.3	2	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.78	2	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	0	4.78	2	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	9.35	7	4
Facial Pain, Referred [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	0	2.1	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	2.1	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	14.36	46	45
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	0	2.11	1	0
Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available]	0	4.3	4	0
Glycine Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	0	6.6	10	0
Acidemia Propionic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Propionic Acidemia Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.	0	2.11	1	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	0	2.1	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	0	2.1	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	2.96	4	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	0	9.57	23	3
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	0	9.57	23	3
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	6.46	10	1
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	6.46	10	1
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	4.37	4	1
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	0	2.47	2	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Dupre Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	3.85	2	1
Cortical Malformations, Group II [description not available]	0	3.87	2	0
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	0	4.78	2	1
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	0	2.77	3	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	0	3.3	2	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	4.81	2	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	4.81	2	0
Adjustment Sleep Disorder [description not available]	0	5.73	2	1
Acne [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Epulides [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	0	2.11	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	2.49	2	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	0	2.11	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	0	2.79	3	0
Pilonidal Cyst [description not available]	0	4.41	1	1
Pilonidal Sinus A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.	0	4.41	1	1
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	3.58	9	0
Stammering [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	4.12	3	1
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	0	8.05	19	5
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	0	8.05	19	5
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Amyoplasia Congenita [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	2.11	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	0	4.69	6	1
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	0	4.69	6	1
Chromesthesia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	0	5.03	3	3
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	6.83	5	5
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.73	3	0
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	2.11	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	2.11	1	0
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	0	2.11	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.5	8	0
Bites [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	0	3.48	1	1
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	0	4.31	4	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Acquired Facial Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	2.48	2	0
Costen's Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.05	5	5
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.11	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	4.66	10	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	4.66	6	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	4.66	10	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	0	2.69	3	0
Ciguatera [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Ciguatera Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.	0	2.44	2	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	0	3.03	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	7.6	55	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	0	3.83	11	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	0	3.83	11	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	4.3	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	4.3	2	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	4.79	12	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	4.79	12	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	2.93	4	0
Arnold-Chiari Deformity [description not available]	0	4.56	5	1
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal [description not available]	0	3.74	3	0
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.	0	3.74	3	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	3.28	6	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	2.41	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	3.28	6	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	2.41	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.49	2	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	0	8.24	6	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	2.98	4	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	0	2.11	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	0	2.11	1	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	0	3.88	4	0
Body Rocking [description not available]	0	3.88	4	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	3.09	5	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.67	3	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	3.62	3	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	3.62	3	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.11	1	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	0	2.11	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	0	3.6	3	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.13	1	0
Acquired Aphasia with Convulsive Disorder [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum with Chorioretinal Abnormality [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Seizures, including atypical absence (EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), complex partial (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL), and other types may occur. The electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. The language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including APHASIA and auditory AGNOSIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; J Child Neurol 1997 Nov;12(8):489-495).	0	3.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	3.16	5	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	0	9.25	21	4
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	0	5.12	7	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	0	3.04	1	0
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Myofascial Pain Syndromes Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.	0	3.82	2	1
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	3.6	3	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	0	5.63	13	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	0	5.63	13	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	5.14	18	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	0	4.76	2	1
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	0	4.76	2	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	3.14	5	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	4.98	6	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	4.98	6	0
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	0	2.94	4	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	0	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	5.94	5	2
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	0	6.56	3	2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	3.51	1	1
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	0	6.56	3	2
Headache, Tension [description not available]	0	4.33	4	1
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	9.33	4	1
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	3.67	3	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	3.67	3	0
Funnel Chest A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.	0	2.13	1	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	0	2.13	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	0	2.13	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	4.59	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	4.59	3	0
Bleb [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctionalis, Disentis Type [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	0	2.49	2	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.	0	2.13	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	4.34	4	1
Polyploid [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	0	2.13	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	4.5	24	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	4.5	24	0
Fibrillary Chorea [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	0	4.37	4	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	0	2.13	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	7.55	8	1
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	0	3.33	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	7.55	8	1
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	0	2.79	3	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	0	5.16	11	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	0	6.2	12	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	4.19	6	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	4.19	6	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	0	2.13	1	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	0	2.15	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	6.12	6	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	6.12	6	2
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	0	2.45	2	0
Cervical Fusion Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	0	2.13	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	3.42	2	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	2.15	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.76	3	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	0	3.96	1	0
Alternariosis Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus.	0	2.15	1	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.15	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	6.39	5	3
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	6.39	5	3
Jactatio Capitis Nocturna [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	0	2.15	1	0
Autonomic Hyperreflexia [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Autonomic Dysreflexia A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)	0	2.46	2	0
Cervicogenic Headache [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	0	7.32	7	2
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	0	7.32	7	2
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	10.07	39	2
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	0	2.04	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	2.04	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.46	2	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	0	2.92	4	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	6.14	22	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Adiposalgia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	2.04	1	0
Glossalgia Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.	0	2.43	2	0
Rida [description not available]	0	3.6	9	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	5.95	3	1
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.03	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.03	1	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.04	1	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	0	4.66	6	1
Hansen Disease [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	0	2.96	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	9.27	12	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	9.27	12	0
Fisher Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	4.99	3	1
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	4.99	3	1
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	2.41	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	2.04	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	2.86	1	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.28	18	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.04	3	1
Chronic Progressive Epilepsia Partialis Continua [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Epilepsia Partialis Continua A variant of EPILEPSY characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the CEREBRAL CORTEX or from subcortical structures (e.g., BRAIN STEM; BASAL GANGLIA). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see ENCEPHALITIS, TICK BORNE); Rasmussen syndrome (see ENCEPHALITIS); MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)	0	2.44	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.04	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	4.67	6	1
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	4.67	6	1
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.4	2	0
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Internal Popliteal Neuropathy [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	4.45	8	0
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy [description not available]	0	4.67	6	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	4.46	5	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	4.46	5	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.18	4	1
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	0	6.18	4	1
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	6.1	11	0
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	9.03	5	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	4.03	5	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	0	2.04	1	0
Multiple Neurofibromas [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Neurofibromatoses A group of disorders characterized by an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with high rates of spontaneous mutation and multiple neurofibromas or neurilemmomas. NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 (generalized neurofibromatosis) accounts for approximately 95% of cases, although multiple additional subtypes (e.g., NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2, neurofibromatosis 3, etc.) have been described. (From Neurochirurgie 1998 Nov;44(4):267-72)	0	2.05	1	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	0	2.44	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	0	2.43	2	0
Chondrosteoma [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	0	2.04	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	4.5	5	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	4.5	5	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.46	2	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	2.95	4	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Korsakoff Psychosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	0	3.38	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	3.35	2	0
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	0	2.05	1	0
Deafness-Retinitis Pigmentosa Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	0	3.82	4	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	0	3.82	4	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	0	2.04	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.63	3	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Agyria-Pachygyria-Band Spectrum [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Childhood Eating and Feeding Disorders [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	0	2.05	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.76	3	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	3.85	4	0
Acquired Neuromyotonia [description not available]	0	3.13	5	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	0	2.05	1	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Bone Stress Reaction [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Female Athlete Triad [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	0	2.46	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	3.87	12	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	3.87	12	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.43	5	1
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	0	5.43	5	1
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.81	4	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	0	8.81	4	0
Epilepsy, Partial, Sensory A disorder characterized by recurrent focal onset seizures which have sensory (i.e., olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory, or auditory) manifestations. Partial seizures that feature alterations of consciousness are referred to as complex partial seizures (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL).	0	5.5	3	1
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	4	5	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	4	5	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	0	6.3	8	1
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	6.3	8	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Gangliocytoma [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	3.35	2	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	0	13.19	62	19
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	2.96	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	0	13.19	62	19
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Sturge-Weber Syndrome A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.	0	7.05	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	2.05	1	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	0	2.05	1	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	3.61	3	0
Cranial Nerve X Diseases [description not available]	0	3.65	3	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	0	4.78	5	0
Cervical Spondylosis [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Spondylosis A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.	0	3.44	1	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.05	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	2.44	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.31	2	0
Atrial Ectopic Beats [description not available]	0	4.35	1	1
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	0	4.35	1	1
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	0	4.35	1	1
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	0	6.42	3	3
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	0	2.88	4	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	0	2.05	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	4.16	6	0
Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.	0	3.3	6	0
Vulvar Vestibulitis Inflammation of the vulvar vestibular region at the entrance of the VAGINA, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. It is characterized by ERYTHEMA and chronic recurrent pain in this area.	0	2.03	1	0
Electron Transfer Flavoprotein Alpha Subunit Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Lightning [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Amaurosis Fugax Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)	0	2.05	1	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	0	2.05	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	0	7.31	5	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	0	7.31	5	1
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	0	2.42	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	0	4.26	4	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	0	4.26	4	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	7.63	5	4
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	7.63	5	4
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)	0	2.47	2	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	0	4.67	3	2
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	0	4.67	3	2
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	2.91	4	0
Deafness Unilateral [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	2.06	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	6.02	6	1
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	6.02	6	1
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	0	3.36	2	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	3.11	5	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	2.94	4	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	0	4.02	5	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	0	2.05	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2.05	1	0
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.	0	2.43	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	3.6	3	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	2.05	1	0
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	3.6	3	0
Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy A chronic, acquired, idiopathic, progressive eruption of the skin that occurs in the context of RENAL FAILURE. It is sometimes accompanied by systemic fibrosis. The pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, with postulated involvement of circulating fibrocytes. There is a strong association between this disorder and the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.	0	2.05	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	2.97	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	2.97	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.85	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.85	4	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	0	2.05	1	0
Hallux Abductovalgus [description not available]	0	4.36	1	1
Hallux Valgus Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.	0	4.36	1	1
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	3.31	2	0
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases [description not available]	0	3.53	8	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	3.3	2	0
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)	0	3.53	8	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.06	7	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	0	2.05	1	0
Adenolymphoma A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.	0	2.06	1	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	0	2.06	1	0
Neuropathy, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.45	1	1
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.03	10	1
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	0	6.03	10	1
Cranial Nerve I Injury [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Bilateral Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	0	2.05	1	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	0	2.41	2	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	0	3.83	4	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	2.98	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.93	4	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	0	2.06	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	2.06	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	2.91	4	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	0	3.58	3	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	0	8.58	3	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	2.71	3	0
Chromosomal Duplication [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	8.52	10	2
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	8.52	10	2
Cot Death [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	0	4.78	2	1
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	0	4.78	2	1
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	0	4.07	3	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	0	4.07	3	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	0	2.98	1	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.98	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	0	2.06	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Cretinism [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	0	2.06	1	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	0	2.06	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Cerebellar Dyssynergia [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	0	2.06	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	3.63	9	0
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	0	7.67	5	4
Spondylolysis Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.	0	2.06	1	0
Anhidrosis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	0	2.47	2	0
Auditory Hyperesthesia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Conductive Hearing Loss [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	0	2.06	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	0	2.07	1	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	0	2.07	1	0
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	2.07	1	0
Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.	0	2.07	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.67	3	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.06	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.45	2	0
Lumbar Osteoarthritis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Spine A degenerative joint disease involving the SPINE. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE).	0	2.06	1	0
Locomotor Ataxia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	3.86	2	1
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	0	2.07	1	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	0	2.07	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	0	2.07	1	0
Medial Neuropathy, Distal [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	6.25	7	2
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	6.25	7	2
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	5.56	3	2
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	5.56	3	2
Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal Subdural hematoma of the SPINAL CANAL.	0	2.07	1	0
Cranial Nerve XII Diseases [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	0	2.07	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	0	3.6	3	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	0	2.07	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	2.07	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	3.87	2	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	3.87	2	1
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	2.07	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	3.64	3	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	3.64	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	4.18	6	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	2.07	1	0
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Neurofibroma, Plexiform A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)	0	2.08	1	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Daytime Urinary Incontinence [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	2.99	1	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	0	2.99	1	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.77	3	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	2.07	1	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	0	2.07	1	0
Asperger Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)	0	2.08	1	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	0	4.07	3	1
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	0	4.07	3	1
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	0	3.27	6	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.46	1	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.08	1	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	0	2.99	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	0	9.45	5	1
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	0	4.45	5	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	2.44	2	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	0	2.07	1	0
Abnormal Proliferation Cortical Malformations [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	2.43	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	4.37	1	1
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	5.02	3	1
Asialia [description not available]	0	6.73	4	2
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	0	6.73	4	2
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	0	2.49	2	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	0	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	0	2.08	1	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	3.46	1	1
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	0	2.01	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	0	7.62	5	4
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	0	2.01	1	0
Vulvitis Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.	0	3.39	1	1
Marasmus [description not available]	0	4.06	3	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	4.06	3	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	0	2.92	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	3.39	1	1
Anophthalmia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	0	4.16	6	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	0	4.16	6	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	0	2.01	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	0	2.01	1	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	0	2.01	1	0
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)	0	2.01	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	3.8	2	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	5.64	2	1
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	0	5.64	2	1
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	0	2.41	2	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	0	2.71	3	0
Benign Familial Infantile Convulsions [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	0	2	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	3.48	8	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	8.48	8	0
Microglossia [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	8.11	7	1
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	2.01	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	0	2.93	4	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	0	2.01	1	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.3	2	0
Brown-Sequard Disease [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	0	2.43	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	0	2.01	1	0
Striatonigral Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	3.82	4	0
ACY2 Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Canavan Disease A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)	0	3.34	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	0	2.01	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	2.69	3	0
Central Cord Injury Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	0	2.33	2	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	0	2.33	2	0
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.02	1	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	0	1.93	1	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	0	7.63	3	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	0	2.89	4	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	3.26	2	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	3.26	2	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	0	1.93	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	0	1.93	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Acoustic Perceptual Disorder [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	2.01	1	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	0	2.02	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	3.1	5	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	2.93	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Infection [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	2.7	3	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	2.38	2	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	0	3.4	1	1
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)	0	3.8	2	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.81	4	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	3.81	4	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	2.02	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	4.31	4	1
Ametropia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	0	2.02	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	2.42	2	0
Earache Pain in the ear.	0	3.33	2	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	0	2.94	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	2.4	2	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	0	4.02	5	0
Mental Retardation, X-Linked A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).	0	2.02	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	0	2.7	3	0
Facial Spasm, Unilateral [description not available]	0	4.5	5	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	3.6	3	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.02	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	3.77	2	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	2.43	2	0
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes [description not available]	0	4.03	5	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	3.98	5	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	0	4.78	5	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	3.3	2	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	2.69	3	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis 2 [description not available]	0	5.05	5	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	0	2.02	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.02	1	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Laryngeal Nerve Avulsion [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	0	2.02	1	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	0	2.02	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	0	2.02	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	2.02	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	2.4	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	0	5.79	12	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.4	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	0	5.79	12	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	2.02	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	4.03	5	0
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Kussmaul Aphasia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.29	4	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	5.97	10	1
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	5.97	10	1
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	0	2.03	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	7.67	3	0
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Agrammatic Broca Aphasia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Paralysis, Sleep [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).	0	2.03	1	0
Cyclothymia [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	0	2.41	2	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	0	2.67	3	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Acute Stress Disorders [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute A class of traumatic stress disorders that is characterized by the significant dissociative states seen immediately after overwhelming trauma. By definition it cannot last longer than 1 month, if it persists, a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC) is more appropriate.	0	2.03	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	0	2.42	2	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	0	2.03	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	0	2.94	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.87	4	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	0	2.03	1	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	0	2.89	4	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	0	2.69	3	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Bilateral Deafness [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	0	4.56	3	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	3.36	7	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.03	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	3.09	5	0
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.	0	3.42	1	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	0	2.03	1	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	0	2.03	1	0
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.41	1	1
Auditory Cortex Disorder [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	0	2.41	2	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	0	3.41	1	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	0	2.03	1	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	2.68	3	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	2.03	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	0	2.03	1	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	0	2.39	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	3.87	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	4.25	2	0
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	0	3.87	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	3.87	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	3.87	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	4.25	2	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.03	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)	0	3.42	1	1
Ape Diseases Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.	0	2.03	1	0
BCECTS [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	0	3.32	2	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	2.95	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	0	2.04	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	0	2.03	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	2.03	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	0	2.95	1	0
Vestibular Neuronitis Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)	0	2.95	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	0	8.6	10	3
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	0	3.36	2	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	0	2.03	1	0
MELAS [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	0	2.04	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	0	3.42	1	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	0	2.03	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	0	2.03	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	2.04	1	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	0	2.39	2	0
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that are malignant. It does not include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. However, there is a minority of authors that consider the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia synonymous with gestational trophoblastic disease.	0	2.04	1	0
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.	0	2.04	1	0
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	0	2.95	1	0
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	0	2.95	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.9	4	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	0	2.93	4	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.43	1	1
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	0	2.04	1	0
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	0	4.28	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.68	3	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	2.04	1	0
Agyria [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Depth Intoxication [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	0	2.04	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	0	2.42	2	0
Dysarthosis [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	0	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	0	3.1	5	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	4.14	6	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	4.14	6	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	4.9	14	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	2.36	2	0
Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.	0	4.26	4	1
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.14	6	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	0	4.14	6	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	0	3.57	3	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	2.66	3	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	2.66	3	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	1.96	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	2.65	3	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.	0	3.28	2	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	3.79	4	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	0	3.3	2	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	8.79	4	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	0	3.06	5	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	4.27	7	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	4.27	7	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	0	5.92	5	2
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	2.66	3	0
Porphyria [description not available]	0	4.85	8	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	0	4.85	8	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	3.3	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	2.87	4	0
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	2.36	2	0
Childhood Torsion Disease [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	2.38	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	2.36	2	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	0	1.96	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	0	2.36	2	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	2.37	2	0
Bilirubin Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Kernicterus A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)	0	1.96	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	0	1.96	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	1.96	1	0
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Encephalitis, Equine [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Dandy-Walker Complex [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation.	0	1.98	1	0
Abnormalities, Teeth [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	0	1.98	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	3.31	2	0
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	0	1.98	1	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Aphasia, Fluent [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.	0	2.4	2	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	0	1.98	1	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	0	2.38	2	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	2.9	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	0	2.37	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	0	1.98	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	1.98	1	0
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	0	1.98	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	2.89	4	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	0	2.89	4	0
Androgenization [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hepatic Porphyria [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Porphyrias, Hepatic A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.	0	2.4	2	0
Muscular Atrophy, Postpoliomyelitis [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)	0	3.31	2	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	0	1.99	1	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	0	2.37	2	0
Varices [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	0	1.99	1	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	0	1.99	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	0	1.99	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	0	1.99	1	0
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.4	2	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	0	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	0	1.99	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	0	1.99	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.99	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	0	3.38	1	1
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	0	2.39	2	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	0	1.99	1	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	2.91	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	1.99	1	0
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	0	1.99	1	0
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	0	1.99	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Astroblastoma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	0	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)	0	1.99	1	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	0	2.38	2	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	2	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	0	2	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	0	2	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	3.32	2	0
Cheilitis Granulomatosa [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lingua Plicata [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	0	2.41	2	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	0	2.4	2	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	0	2	1	0
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	0	2	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	0	4.68	2	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	0	4.68	2	1
Calcinosis-Raynaud Phenomenon-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasia [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2.92	1	0
Dicrocoeliasis Infection with flukes of the genus Dicrocoelium.	0	2	1	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	0	2	1	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2	1	0
Epiphora [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	0	2	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	2	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	2	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	2	1	0
Neurocytoma A benign brain tumor composed of neural elements which most often arise from the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the walls of the lateral ventricles. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations may reveal expression of neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin and cells containing microtubuli, neurosecretory granules, and presynaptic vesicles. (From Acta Med Port 1994 Feb;7(2):113-9)	0	2	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	2.39	2	0
G(M2) Gangliosidoses [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Adult Sandhoff Disease [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sandhoff Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.	0	2	1	0
Gangliosidoses, GM2 A group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in the neuronal cells. Subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES system or G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN leading to disruption of normal degradation of GANGLIOSIDES, a subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS.	0	2.41	2	0
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia [description not available]	0	4.05	3	1
Paraparesis Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.	0	2	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	2	1	0
Bernhardt-Roth Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	2	1	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.92	1	0
Benedict Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	2.01	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	0	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.92	1	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	0	2.01	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	1.95	1	0
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	0	3.75	2	0
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	0	3.75	2	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	1.95	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	0	2.64	3	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	0	1.95	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	2.36	2	0
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.	0	1.95	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	2.36	2	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	2.36	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	2.36	2	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	1.95	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	1.95	1	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	2.38	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	1.98	1	0
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	2.38	2	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	0	1.98	1	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	0	1.98	1	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	0	1.98	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	1.97	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	1.97	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	1.97	1	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
alpha Mannosidase B Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Adult GM1 Gangliosidosis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	0	1.97	1	0
alpha-Mannosidosis An inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in the lysosomal isoform of ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich intermediate metabolites. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder.	0	1.97	1	0
Gangliosidosis, GM1 An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the absence or deficiency of BETA-GALACTOSIDASE. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE and oligosaccharides, primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. The infantile form is characterized by MUSCLE HYPOTONIA, poor psychomotor development, HIRSUTISM, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. The juvenile form features HYPERACUSIS; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. The adult form features progressive DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)	0	1.97	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	0	2.89	1	0
Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	0	1.97	1	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	0	2.37	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	0	1.97	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	0	1.97	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	0	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	1.96	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	1.97	1	0
Somatostatinoma A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.	0	3.35	1	1
Autokinetic Effect [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	0	1.97	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	0	2.88	1	0
Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	0	1.97	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	1.96	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	0	1.96	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (246)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (56 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (32)

Protein Targets (102)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (294)

Molecular Functions (109)

Ceullar Components (91)

Bioassays (383)

Research

Studies (38,268)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 61.78

Study Types

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (246)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (56 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (3)

Pathways (32)

Protein Targets (102)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (294)

Molecular Functions (109)

Ceullar Components (91)

Bioassays (383)

Research

Studies (38,268)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 61.78

Study Types

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (4,769)

Related Conditions (2,322)