Compounds > pirfenidone
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pirfenidone

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Description

Pirfenidone is a small-molecule antifibrotic drug used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive and fatal lung disease. It is a synthetic compound with a complex chemical structure. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it is believed to inhibit the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a key cytokine involved in fibrosis. Pirfenidone has also been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects. Pirfenidone is studied for its potential to slow the progression of IPF and improve patient outcomes. It is the subject of ongoing research to better understand its mechanism of action, explore its efficacy in other fibrotic diseases, and optimize its therapeutic use. '

pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID40632
CHEMBL ID1256391
CHEBI ID32016
SCHEMBL ID4708
MeSH IDM0247347

Synonyms (134)

Synonym
5-methyl-1-phenylpyridin-2(1h)-one
AC-6797
pirfenidona [inn-spanish]
amr 69
5-methyl-1-phenyl-2(1h)-pyridone
brn 1526549
pirfenidonum [inn-latin]
5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-(1h)-pyridone
2(1h)-pyridinone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-
2(1h)-pyridone, 5-methyl-1-phenyl-
pirfenidone [usan:inn]
HMS3267I06
BRD-K96862998-001-03-1
pirfenidone
esbriet
deskar
amr-69
pirespa
f-647
s-7701 ,
EU-0100907
pirfenidone, >=97% (hplc)
BIO1_000397
BIO1_001375
NCGC00024992-01
BIO1_000886
NCGC00015806-01
lopac-p-2116
tocris-1093
LOPAC0_000907
smr000326900
MLS000860042
53179-13-8
D01583
pirfenidone (jan/usan/inn)
esbriet (tn)
NCGC00024992-02
NCGC00024992-03
NCGC00015806-03
P 2116 ,
NCGC00015806-05
5-methyl-1-phenylpyridin-2-one
nsc748456
5-methyl-1-phenyl-2(1h)-pyridinone
HMS3262F16
AKOS006273697
5-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyridin-2-one
nsc-748456
chebi:32016 ,
CHEMBL1256391
5-methyl-1-phenyl-pyridin-2-one
A829431
5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyridinone
P1871
5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyridone
cas-53179-13-8
tox21_110225
dtxcid2025183
dtxsid4045183 ,
CCG-204989
HMS2234G24
NCGC00015806-04
NCGC00015806-02
nsc 748456
d7nld2jx7u ,
pirfenidonum
unii-d7nld2jx7u
hsdb 8340
pirfenidona
5-21-07-00197 (beilstein handbook reference)
FT-0602686
LP00907
AB07515
AM84939
S2907
HMS3372A08
pirfenidone [orange book]
pirfenidone [mart.]
pirfenidone [who-dd]
pirfenidone [vandf]
pirfenidone [usan]
pirfenidone [ema epar]
pirfenidone [ep monograph]
pirfenidone [mi]
pirfenidone [inn]
esbriet component pirfenidone
pirfenidone component of esbriet
pirfenidone [jan]
DB04951
HY-B0673
SCHEMBL4708
NCGC00015806-06
tox21_110225_1
KS-5041 ,
gtpl7532
NCGC00261592-01
tox21_500907
1-phenyl-5-methyl-2-pyridinone
tox21 110225
bdbm50005201
mfcd00866047
prfendone
J-523979
s-7701,amr-69
amr69
SR-01000076061-1
sr-01000076061
HMS3651P08
pirfenidone, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
pirfenidone(amr69)
SR-01000076061-3
SY034783
SW220156-1
BCP04473
FT-0672092
HMS3676G13
HMS3412G13
Q2060696
BRD-K96862998-001-09-8
SDCCGSBI-0050882.P002
NCGC00015806-17
5-methyl-n-phenyl-2-1h-pyridone [pirfenidone]
pirfenidone- bio-x
BM164275
5-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-2-one
EN300-7366392
pirfenidone; 5-methyl-n-phenyl-2-1h-pyridone
5-methyl-n-phenyl-2-1h-pyridone-d5(pirfenidone-d5)
pirfenidone (ep monograph)
l04ax05
pirfenidone (mart.)
pirfenidona (inn-spanish)
pirfenidonum (latin)
pirfenidonum (inn-latin)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pfenidone is a pyridinone derivative that has been shown to inhibit fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It is an antifibrotic agent used to treat patients with IPF.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirfenidone is an oral antifibrotic agent approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Pirfenidone as a novel cardiac protective treatment.
Aimo, A; Bayes-Genis, A; Emdin, M; Lupón, J; Panichella, G; Spitaleri, G, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone is a pyridinone derivative that has been shown to inhibit fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Effect of Pirfenidone on TGF-β1-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation and Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis of Human Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Ophthalmopathy.
Hou, TY; Kau, HC; Tsai, CC; Wu, SB, 2021)		2.47
"Pirfenidone is a small-molecule agent that demonstrated good antifibrotic effect and low toxicity in previous"( [Experimental investigation of the efficacy of pirfenidone in prevention of ostium cicatricial closure after dacryocystorhinostomy].
Astrakhantsev, AF; Atkova, EL; Fedorov, AA; Krakhovetskiy, NN; Rein, DA, 2021)		1.6
"Pirfenidone is a first-line drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone 5-hydroxylation is mainly catalysed by CYP1A2 and partly catalysed by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in the human liver.
Fukami, T; Nakajima, M; Nakano, M; Sato, R; Zhang, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Pirfenidone is a new molecule with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, used for the treatment of idiopathic ILD, but has never been assessed in IIM."( Pirfenidone mitigates TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis in an idiopathic inflammatory myositis-associated interstitial lung disease model.
Fares, N; Habr, B; Hajal, J; Layoun, H; Saliba, Y; Smayra, V, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone is a promising agent for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and has recently proven to exert inhibitory effects on the inflammatory response."( Pirfenidone attenuates cardiac hypertrophy against isoproterenol by inhibiting activation of the janus tyrosine kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK-2/STAT3) signaling pathway.
Cao, Q; Chen, Z; Huang, X; Lai, H; Ouyang, X; Tao, Y; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Yang, L; Zhou, H, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent used to treat patients with IPF."( Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 in therapeutic antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone.
Chiba, H; Kameda, M; Kobayashi, T; Kuronuma, K; Morioka, Y; Otsuka, M; Takahashi, H; Wakabayashi, M; Yoshioka, T, 2022)		1.66
"Pirfenidone (PFN) is an anti-fibrotic drug with significant anti-inflammatory property used for treatment of fibrotic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone and post-Covid-19 pulmonary fibrosis: invoked again for realistic goals.
Al-Gareeb, AI; Al-Kuraishy, HM; Batiha, GE; Faidah, H; Saad, HM; Simal-Gandara, J, 2022)		3.61
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic chemical that inhibits the production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and collagen 1 (COL1A1), all of which have been linked to the prevention or removal of excessive scar tissue deposition in many organs. "( Investigating the possible mechanisms of pirfenidone to be targeted as a promising anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor, and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2.
Al-Karmalawy, AA; Antar, SA; Saleh, MA, 2022)		2.43
"Pirfenidone is a novel broad-spectrum anti-fibrosis agent used for treating various kinds of tissue fibrosis."( Pirfenidone attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.
Chen, S; Li, F; Xie, R; Yang, L; Yu, B, 2023)		3.07
"Pirfenidone is a drug that has been shown to reduce the decline in forced vital capacity (FVC)."( Diagnostic finding on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) predicts a good response to pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Cai, H; Cao, M; Gao, Y; Jiang, H; Ma, M; Qiu, X, 2023)		1.85
"Pirfenidone (PRF) is an anti-fibrotic agent that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of mild to moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Characterization of Channeling Effects Applied to Extended-Release Matrix Tablets Containing Pirfenidone.
Han, KH; Jeong, SJ; Kang, JH; Kim, DW; Lee, HJ; Park, CW; Park, ES; Shin, DH; Yoo, JH; Yoo, SD, 2023)		2.57
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a new, broad-spectrum antifibrotic agent approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Inhibition of TGF-β2-Induced Trabecular Meshwork Fibrosis by Pirfenidone.
Chen, Z; Wu, C; Yang, Y; Yu, M; Zeng, B; Zhu, X, 2023)		1.87
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally available synthetic drug which has been approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone inhibits motility of NSCLC cells by interfering with the urokinase system.
Didiasova, M; Drakopanagiotakis, F; Krämer, M; Mamazhakypov, A; Markart, P; Schaefer, L; Wygrecka, M, 2020)		3.44
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a pharmacological compound with therapeutic efficacy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications in Lung Disease.
Bardin, PG; Ruwanpura, SM; Thomas, BJ, 2020)		3.44
"Pirfenidone is a drug approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a severe form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias."( Pirfenidone is a cardioprotective drug: Mechanisms of action and preclinical evidence.
Adamo, L; Aimo, A; Barison, A; Bartolucci, G; Biagini, S; Cerbai, E; Emdin, M; Lo Surdo, G; Passino, C, 2020)		2.72
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti‑fibrotic agent that is clinically used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone attenuates homocysteine‑induced apoptosis by regulating the connexin 43 pathway in H9C2 cells.
Chen, K; Chen, L; Li, L; Li, X; Ma, K; Ouyang, Y; Si, J; Wang, L; Zhang, L, 2020)		3.44
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic compound available for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Pirfenidone Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Collagen I Production of Primary Human Intestinal Fibroblasts.
Blokzijl, T; Cui, Y; Dijkstra, G; Faber, KN; Jansen, BH; Leng, C; Zhang, M, 2020)		2.72
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( A multicentre retrospective observational study on Polish experience of pirfenidone therapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the PolExPIR study.
Białas, AJ; Buchczyk, M; Gomółka, P; Górska, K; Jagielska-Len, H; Jarzemska, A; Jassem, E; Jastrzębski, D; Kania, A; Koprowski, M; Krenke, R; Kuś, J; Lewandowska, K; Majewski, S; Martusewicz-Boros, MM; Piotrowski, WJ; Roszkowski-Śliż, K; Siemińska, A; Sobiecka, M; Szewczyk, K; Sładek, K; Tomczak, M; Tomkowski, W; Wiatr, E; Ziora, D; Żołnowska, B, 2020)		2.23
"Pirfenidone is a molecule that exhibits anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidative stress capacities in a variety of animal experiments and clinical trials."( The effect of pirfenidone on rat chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and its mechanisms.
Chen, J; Guo, H; Huang, J; Peng, X; Wang, J, 2020)		1.64
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Effects of pirfenidone targeting the tumor microenvironment and tumor-stroma interaction as a novel treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.
Fujiwara, A; Fukui, E; Funaki, S; Kanou, T; Kimura, K; Minami, M; Ose, N; Shintani, Y, 2020)		1.67
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that is potentially effective for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		2.29
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that has been proven to slow down the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Efficacy of low dose pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: real world experience from a tertiary university hospital.
Chang, J; Choi, JS; Chung, KS; Jung, JY; Kang, YA; Kim, SY; Kim, YS; Lee, SH; Moon, SW; Park, MS; Song, MJ, 2020)		2.32
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and long-term treatment data and the effect of continuation after disease progression have been reported. "( Predictive factors for the long-term use of pirfenidone in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung disease.
Baba, T; Hagiwara, E; Ikeda, S; Katano, T; Kitamura, H; Komatsu, S; Misumi, T; Ogura, T; Okabayashi, H; Okuda, R; Sekine, A; Yamakawa, H, 2021)		2.33
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a potent anti-fibrotic drug with additional anti-inflammatory properties."( Pirfenidone attenuates synovial fibrosis and postpones the progression of osteoarthritis by anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and in vitro.
Guan, H; Jiao, M; Kong, N; Li, Y; Liu, X; Tian, R; Wang, K; Wei, Q; Yang, P, 2021)		2.79
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic drug with an anti-oxidant activity that can prevent lung injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the maturation process of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and enhancing the protective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). "( Role of pirfenidone in TGF-β pathways and other inflammatory pathways in acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection: a theoretical perspective.
Hamidi, SH; Kadamboor Veethil, S, 2021)		2.5
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent shown to slow the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Effectiveness of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis according to the autoantibody status: a retrospective cohort study.
Chang, J; Jung, JY; Kang, YA; Kim, SY; Kim, YS; Lee, SH; Park, MS; Song, MJ, 2021)		2.4
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic agent used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but its precise mechanism of action remains elusive. "( Pirfenidone inhibits myofibroblast differentiation and lung fibrosis development during insufficient mitophagy.
Araya, J; Asano, H; Fujita, Y; Hara, H; Hashimoto, M; Ichikawa, A; Ishikawa, T; Ito, S; Kadota, T; Kaneko, Y; Kobayashi, K; Kurita, Y; Kuwano, K; Minagawa, S; Morikawa, T; Nakayama, K; Numata, T; Odaka, M; Saito, N; Sato, N; Tsubouchi, K; Utsumi, H; Wakui, H; Yamashita, M; Yanagisawa, H; Yoshida, M; Yoshii, Y, 2017)		3.34
"Pirfenidone is an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drug that has shown efficacy in lung and kidney fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone reduces subchondral bone loss and fibrosis after murine knee cartilage injury.
Chan, DD; Cole, BJ; Li, J; Luo, W; Plaas, A; Predescu, DN, 2018)		3.37
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a strong antifibrotic agent that has been clinically approved in Japan for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Potential treatment for vocal fold scar with pirfenidone.
Furushima, S; Kodama, H; Kumai, Y; Miyamaru, S; Nishimoto, K; Toya, Y; Yumoto, E, 2018)		2.18
"Pirfenidone is an orally available small molecule with therapeutic potential for fibrotic diseases."( Pirfenidone Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.
Huang, Z; Jiang, TP; Shen, YP; Zhang, S; Zhao, AS; Zhou, S; Zou, WJ, 2017)		2.62
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent that reduces the decline in forced vital capacity."( Reduced incidence of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with pirfenidone.
Azuma, A; Gemma, A; Inomata, M; Miura, Y; Nei, T; Saito, T; Saito, Y; Takoi, H; Tanaka, T; Yatagai, Y, 2018)		1.42
"Pirfenidone is a promising anti-fibrotic agent that inhibits fibrosis progression in various clinical and experimental studies."( Pirfenidone prevents radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis in rats by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and differentiation and suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad/CTGF signaling pathway.
Chen, ZF; Chi, P; Ke, XJ; Sun, YW; Wu, XJ; Zhang, YY, 2018)		2.64
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a synthetic small molecule inhibitor with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties in vitro and in vivo. "( Pirfenidone reduces profibrotic responses in human dermal myofibroblasts, in vitro.
Hall, CL; Leung, KP; Wells, AR, 2018)		3.37
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a potent modulator of extracellular matrix."( Pirfenidone Accelerates Wound Healing in Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial.
Armendariz-Borunda, J; Bojórquez-Sepúlveda, H; Castañeda-Gomez, J; Davila-Rodriguez, JR; Domínguez-Rosales, J; Garcia-Bañuelos, J; Gasca-Lozano, LE; Lucano-Landeros, S; Navarro-Partida, J; Ruiz-Arcos, MA; Ruiz-Mercado, H; Salazar-Montes, A; Sánchez-Parada, MG; Sandoval-Rodríguez, A; Santos-Garcia, A, 2017)		2.62
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic drug used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and has also anti-proliferative activities."( Pirfenidone decreases mesothelioma cell proliferation and migration via inhibition of ERK and AKT and regulates mesothelioma tumor microenvironment in vivo.
Joensuu, E; Koli, K; Li, C; Myllärniemi, M; Rezov, V; Rönty, M; Vartiainen, V; Yin, M, 2018)		2.64
"Pirfenidone is an FDA-approved anti-fibrotic drug for systemic use in the treatment of idiopathic lung fibrosis and other fibrotic disorders."( Pirfenidone Ointment Modulates the Burn Wound Bed in C57BL/6 Mice by Suppressing Inflammatory Responses.
Dorati, R; Fourcaudot, AB; Leung, KP; Medina, JL; Sebastian, EA, 2019)		2.68
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic compound approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone improves survival in IPF: results from a real-life study.
Antoniou, KM; Bibaki, E; Detorakis, S; Margaritopoulos, GA; Papastratigakis, G; Trachalaki, A; Tzanakis, N; Vasarmidi, E; Wells, AU, 2018)		3.37
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative with antifibrotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative properties currently used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Therapeutic effect of pirfenidone in the sugen/hypoxia rat model of severe pulmonary hypertension.
Bordenave, J; Cumont, A; Dorfmüller, P; Ghigna, MR; Guignabert, C; Huertas, A; Humbert, M; Phan, C; Poble, PB; Quatremare, T; Savale, L; Thuillet, R; Tu, L, 2019)		1.55
"Pirfenidone (PFD), which is an antifibrotic agent used for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in fibroblasts. "( Antifibrotic Agent Pirfenidone Suppresses Proliferation of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Inducing G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest.
Hirokawa, Y; Ishii, K; Kanayama, K; Matsuda, C; Shiraishi, T; Uchida, K; Usugi, E; Watanabe, M, 2019)		2.29
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that is approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)."( Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Following Pirfenidone Initiation.
DePew, ZS; Dull, SK; Jagan, N; Malesker, MA; Moore, DR; Morrow, LE, 2020)		1.55
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent used to treat pulmonary fibrosis; it suppresses the pulmonary influx of T cells and macrophages."( Pirfenidone prevents and reverses hepatic insulin resistance and steatohepatitis by polarizing M2 macrophages.
Chen, G; Kaneko, S; Nagashimada, M; Nagata, N; Ni, Y; Ota, T; Xu, L; Zhuge, F, 2019)		2.68
"Pirfenidone is an oral anti-fibrotic agent, without haemodynamic effect, that leads to regression of myocardial fibrosis in preclinical models."( Pirfenidone in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction-Rationale and Design of the PIROUETTE Trial.
Ahmed, FZ; Bedson, E; Clayton, D; Cooper, A; Cunnington, C; Dodd, S; Eccleson, H; Jimenez, BD; Lewis, GA; McDonagh, T; Miller, CA; Naish, JH; Neubauer, S; Russell, S; Schelbert, EB; Viswesvaraiah, R; Williams, SG; Williamson, PR, 2019)		2.68
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an oral anti-fibrotic drug used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) therapy. "( Inhibitory effects of pirfenidone on fibroblast to myofibroblast transition in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the downregulation of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3).
Lin, H; Wu, C; Zhang, X, 2019)		2.27
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally active antifibrotic agent that has anti-inflammatory activity in diverse animal models. "( Protective role of pirfenidone against experimentally-induced pancreatitis.
El-Agamy, DS; El-Kashef, DH; Shaaban, AA, 2019)		2.29
"Pirfenidone is a promising antifibrotic agent with therapeutic potential for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of pirfenidone and its major metabolite after single and multiple oral doses in healthy Chinese subjects under fed conditions.
Ding, L; Hua, WY; Huang, NY; Lin, HD; Liu, X; Wang, J; Zhang, QY, 2013)		2.09
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic small-molecular-size drug with anti-inflammatory properties that is used as a treatment for fibrotic diseases, but its effects on hypertension-induced myocardial fibrosis are unknown."( Pirfenidone attenuates cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model of TAC-induced left ventricular remodeling by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome formation.
Chen, J; Li, H; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Zhao, S, 2013)		2.55
"Pirfenidone is a newly identified anti-fibrotic drug."( Improved mitochondrial function underlies the protective effect of pirfenidone against tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Chen, JF; Chen, PS; Liu, BC; Liu, H; Lv, LL; Ni, HF; Tang, RN; Zhang, AH; Zhang, MH, 2013)		1.35
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that targets TGFβ. "( Renoprotective mechanisms of pirfenidone in hypertension-induced renal injury: through anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative stress pathways.
Endo, K; Iwai, N; Ji, X; Kito, N; Li, J; Ma, X; Naito, Y; Weng, H; Yanagawa, N; Yu, Y, 2013)		2.12
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent; however, its effects on fibrocytes have not been investigated."( Pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte accumulation in the lungs in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis.
Azuma, A; Fujita, K; Gemma, A; Hayashi, H; Inomata, M; Kamio, K; Kokuho, N; Matsuda, K; Miura, Y; Nei, T; Saito, Y, 2014)		2.57
"Pirfenidone is an orally active, small molecule that inhibits synthesis of profibrotic and inflammatory mediators. "( Pirfenidone: an update on clinical trial data and insights from everyday practice.
Kreuter, M, 2014)		3.29
"Pirfenidone is an orally active small molecule that has been shown to inhibit the progression of fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Effect of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts.
Conte, E; Fagone, E; Fruciano, M; Gili, E; Iemmolo, M; Vancheri, C, 2014)		2.25
"Pirfenidone is an oral antifibrotic agent that is approved in several countries for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Comprehensive assessment of the long-term safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Albera, C; Bradford, WZ; Costabel, U; du Bois, RM; King, TE; Leff, JA; Noble, PW; Sahn, SA; Valeyre, D, 2014)		2.1
"Pirfenidone is an orally administered drug with anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. "( Pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Poletti, V; Ravaglia, C; Tomassetti, S, 2014)		3.29
"Pirfenidone is a novel antifibrotic drug for the treatment of mild-to-moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: real-life experience from a German tertiary referral center for interstitial lung diseases.
Ehlers-Tenenbaum, S; Herth, FJ; Heussel, CP; Kahn, N; Kreuter, M; Oltmanns, U; Palmowski, K; Puderbach, M; Schnabel, PA; Träger, A; Warth, A; Wenz, H; Wiebel, M, 2014)		3.29
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent for patients with pulmonary fibrosis, but this drug has adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects. "( Gastrointestinal symptoms in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients treated with pirfenidone and herbal medicine.
Dobashi, K; Horie, T; Hosomi, Y; Ishii, Y; Kawada, A; Kawata, T; Kusano, M; Sekiguchi, M; Shimizu, Y; Shimoyama, Y; Takise, A; Yamada, M, )		1.8
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a pyridone with antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects."( Pirfenidone prevents rat esophageal stricture formation.
Aguirre-Jauregui, O; Armendáriz-Borunda, J; Lucano-Landeros, MS; Orozco-Perez, J; Salazar-Montes, AM; Sobrevilla-Navarro, AA, 2015)		2.58
"Pirfenidone (Esbriet®) is an orally administered, synthetic, pyridone compound that is approved for the treatment of adults with mild to moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the EU, and for the treatment of IPF in the USA. "( Pirfenidone: a review of its use in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Keating, GM; Kim, ES, 2015)		3.3
"Pirfenidone (esbiret) is an established anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory drug used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Pirfenidone inhibits proliferation, arrests the cell cycle, and downregulates heat shock protein-47 and collagen type I in rat hepatic stellate cells in vitro.
Jiang, TP; Li, X; Song, J; Xiang, XH; Yang, JY; Zhang, S; Zhou, S, 2015)		3.3
"Pirfenidone is a SAH drug that prevents secondary bleeding and cerebral infarction."( Functionalized graphene oxide as a drug carrier for loading pirfenidone in treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Fan, Z; Han, H; Wang, F; Yang, L; Zhang, G, 2015)		1.38
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Liposomal hydrogel formulation for transdermal delivery of pirfenidone.
Jose, A; Mandapalli, PK; Venuganti, VV, 2016)		2.12
"Pirfenidone is an orally bioavailable synthetic compound with therapeutic potential for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( XL413, a cell division cycle 7 kinase inhibitor enhanced the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone on TGF-β1-stimulated C3H10T1/2 cells via Smad2/4.
Fu, ST; He, Y; Jin, SF; Liu, ZL; Ma, HL; Zhang, CP, 2015)		2.08
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic molecule issued as a broad-spectrum anti-fibrotic drug with the ability to decrease TGF-β1, TNF-α, PDGF and COL1A1 expression, which is highly related to prevent or remove excessive deposition of scar tissue in several organs. "( Role and New Insights of Pirfenidone in Fibrotic Diseases.
Armendariz-Borunda, J; Lopez-de la Mora, DA; Lucano-Landeros, S; Macias-Barragan, J; Montoya-Buelna, M; Sanchez-Enriquez, S; Sanchez-Roque, C, 2015)		2.16
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that has been evaluated in three multinational phase 3 trials in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of pooled data from three multinational phase 3 trials.
Albera, C; Bradford, WZ; Costabel, U; du Bois, RM; Fagan, EA; Fishman, RS; Glaspole, I; Glassberg, MK; King, TE; Lancaster, L; Lederer, DJ; Leff, JA; Nathan, SD; Noble, PW; Pereira, CA; Swigris, JJ; Valeyre, D, 2016)		3.32
"Pirfenidone is a novel orally available antifibrotic agent that reduces disease progression and improves survival of patients with IPF."( Pirfenidone-induced severe phototoxic reaction in a patient with idiopathic lung fibrosis.
Kapp, A; Papakonstantinou, E; Prasse, A; Raap, U; Schacht, V, 2016)		2.6
"Pirfenidone (PF) is a potent antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent. "( Antiadhesive and anti-inflammatory effects of pirfenidone in postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion in an experimental rat model.
Akcılar, A; Akcılar, R; Bayhan, Z; Kargı, E; Kocak, C; Kocak, FE; Tiryaki, C; Yaylak, F; Zeren, S, 2016)		2.14
"Pirfenidone is a novel oral anti-fibrotic agent approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		2.19
"Pirfenidone is a drug recently approved for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but its mechanisms of action are partially unknown. "( Pirfenidone inhibits p38-mediated generation of procoagulant microparticles by human alveolar epithelial cells.
Balìa, C; Celi, A; Faìta, F; Lombardi, S; Neri, T; Paggiaro, P; Pedrinelli, R; Petrini, S; Scalise, V, 2016)		3.32
"Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent known to reduce disease progression in IPF patients."( A phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of perioperative pirfenidone for prevention of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary resection: West Japan Oncology Group 6711 L (PEOPLE Study).
Asato, Y; Azuma, A; Chida, M; Fukuoka, J; Hiroshima, K; Ikeda, N; Iwasawa, T; Iwata, T; Katakami, N; Kuwano, K; Matsuura, M; Mitsudomi, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakanishi, Y; Okada, M; Okami, J; Okubo, K; Sakai, S; Sakamoto, K; Tada, H; Takenoyama, M; Tomii, K; Tsuboi, M; Yamashita, M; Yamashita, Y; Yokouchi, H; Yoshida, S; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, I, 2016)		1.39
"Pirfenidone is a drug with biological, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects."( Topical Administration of Pirfenidone Increases Healing of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Randomized Crossover Study.
Almeda-Valdes, P; Escobar-Jiménez, JJ; Gómez-Pérez, FJ; Janka-Zires, M; Juárez-Comboni, SC; López-Gutiérrez, J; Uribe-Wiechers, AC, 2016)		1.46
"Pirfenidone is a small compound that has a broad spectrum of antifibrogenic effect and has been used for the treatment of fibrotic diseases in various organs."( Oral pirfenidone protects against fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and TGF-β signaling in a murine colitis model.
Chen, G; Deng, Y; Gu, G; Guo, K; Hu, Q; Li, G; Li, J; Li, R; Li, Y; Ren, J; Wang, G; Wu, L, 2016)		1.67
"Pirfenidone is an oral drug that exerts not only anti-fibrotic activity but also pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. "( Pirfenidone: Clinical trials and clinical practice in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Bando, M, 2016)		3.32
"Pirfenidone is a recently approved antifibrotic drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( The antifibrotic drug pirfenidone promotes pulmonary cavitation and drug resistance in a mouse model of chronic tuberculosis.
Ahidjo, BA; Andrade, BB; Beck, S; Bishai, WR; Cheung, LS; Ihms, EA; Jain, S; Maiga, M; Maiga, MC; Ordonez, AA, 2016)		2.19
"Pirfenidone is an effective agent on the prevention of postoperative vascular proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis in scarred tissue particularly with intraperitoneal administration."( Effect of Pirfenidone on Vascular Proliferation, Inflammation and Fibrosis in an Abdominal Adhesion Rat Model.
Calik, E; Guvenal, T; Hasdemir, PS; Koltan, SO; Koyuncu, FM; Ozbilgin, K; Ozkut, M; Uner, MA, 2017)		2.3
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic drug that has been approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Combined prednisolone and pirfenidone in bleomycin-induced lung disease.
Bhargava, R; Chhajed, PN; Ramakrishnan, G; Sandeepa, HS; Singh, T; Susheel Kumar, SK; Vaidya, PJ, )		1.15
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic drug, recently approved for the treatment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone exerts antifibrotic effects through inhibition of GLI transcription factors.
Didiasova, M; Kwapiszewska, G; Lauth, M; Markart, P; Schaefer, L; Seeger, W; Singh, R; Wilhelm, J; Wujak, L; Wygrecka, M; Zakrzewicz, D, 2017)		3.34
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and one of its functions may be to inhibit fibrotic EMT."( Pirfenidone plays a biphasic role in inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer.
Fujiwara, A; Funaki, S; Kawamura, T; Kimura, T; Minami, M; Okumura, M; Shintani, Y, 2017)		2.62
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative that has been clinically used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Antifibrotic effect of pirfenidone in a mouse model of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Furuke, S; Hata, KI; Ikeda, K; Itoh, M; Komiya, C; Miyachi, Y; Mori, K; Nakabayashi, K; Ochi, K; Ogawa, Y; Shiba, K; Shimazu, N; Suganami, T; Tanaka, M; Tsuchiya, K; Yamaguchi, S, 2017)		1.49
"Pirfenidone is a synthetic molecule which oxidative action has not been tested in cirrhosis."( Potent antioxidant role of pirfenidone in experimental cirrhosis.
Armendáriz-Borunda, J; Castrejón-Gómez, E; López-Reyes, A; Ruiz-Corro, L; Salazar-Montes, A, 2008)		1.36
"Pirfenidone is a small, synthetic molecule under investigation for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. "( Effect of food and antacids on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone in older healthy adults.
Ambrose, PG; Bhavnani, SM; Forrest, A; Loutit, JS; Rubino, CM, 2009)		2.04
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent that is potentially effective for IPF treatment."( Pirfenidone: antifibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Azuma, A, 2010)		2.52
"Pirfenidone is an oral antifibrotic agent that benefits diabetic nephropathy in animal models, but whether it is effective for human diabetic nephropathy is unknown. "( Pirfenidone for diabetic nephropathy.
Cho, M; Donohue, M; Dunn, SR; Falkner, B; Fervenza, FC; Francos, B; Ix, JH; Kopp, JB; Mathew, AV; McGowan, TA; Pflueger, A; Ramachandrarao, S; Sharma, K; Sharma, S; Xu, R, 2011)		3.25
"Pirfenidone is an orally active small molecule that has recently been evaluated in large clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a fatal disease in which the uncontrolled deposition of extracellular matrix leads to progressive loss of lung function. "( Antifibrotic activities of pirfenidone in animal models.
Kossen, K; Pan, L; Ruhrmund, DW; Schaefer, CJ; Seiwert, SD, 2011)		2.11
"Pirfenidone is an orally bio-available small molecule that exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of in vitro and animal models."( Emerging potential treatments: new hope for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?
Costabel, U, 2011)		1.09
"Pirfenidone is an orally administered pyridine that has orphan designation for the treatment of mild to moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the EU. "( Pirfenidone: in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Carter, NJ, 2011)		3.25
"Pirfenidone is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that inhibits the progression of fibrosis occurring in the keloid lesions of the lung and kidney."( Pirfenidone suppresses keloid fibroblast-embedded collagen gel contraction.
Maeda, T; Matsumura, H; Saito, M; Setoguchi, Y; Tsuboi, R; Yamazaki, M, 2012)		2.54
"Pirfenidone is an agent that can inhibit the decline of forced vital capacity (FVC)/vital capacity (VC) and that thereby can be hoped to decrease the mortality rate."( Pirfenidone treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Azuma, A, 2012)		2.54
"Pirfenidone is a new, anti-fibrotic drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( CT analysis of the effect of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Baba, T; Gotoh, T; Inoue, T; Iwasawa, T; Kanauchi, T; Komagata, T; Morita, S; Ogura, T; Sakai, F; Yazawa, T, 2014)		2.14
"Pirfenidone is a non-steroidal antifibrotic compound that has been proposed in clinical protocols and experimental studies as a pharmacological treatment for fibroproliferative diseases. "( Genotoxic evaluation of pirfenidone using erythrocyte rodent micronucleus assay.
Alcántar-Díaz, BE; Alvarez-Rodríguez, BA; Armendáriz-Borunda, J; García-Bañuelos, JJ; Gómez-Meda, BC; González-Cuevas, J; Sánchez-Parada, MG; Zamora-Perez, AL; Zúñiga-González, GM, 2012)		2.13
"Pirfenidone is a novel anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits the progression of fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone inhibits TGF-β1-induced over-expression of collagen type I and heat shock protein 47 in A549 cells.
Fujita, H; Hara, S; Hisatomi, K; Ishimatsu, Y; Kakugawa, T; Kohno, S; Kubota, H; Mukae, H; Nagata, K; Nakamichi, S; Oku, H; Sakamoto, N; Urata, Y, 2012)		3.26
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is an antifibrotic agent with beneficial effects on proinflammatory disorders. "( Inhibitory effects of pirfenidone on dendritic cells and lung allograft rejection.
Bizargity, P; Hancock, WW; Liu, K; Visner, GA; Wang, L, 2012)		2.14
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a novel antifibrotic agent approved for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. "( Adverse events of pirfenidone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Huang, H; Jiang, C; Liu, J; Lu, Z; Wang, Y; Xu, Z, 2012)		2.16
"Pirfenidone is a newly identified antifibrotic drug, the potential mechanism of which remains unclear."( Pirfenidone inhibits macrophage infiltration in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Chen, JF; Liu, BC; Liu, H; Ni, HF; Pan, MM; Xu, M; Zhang, MH, 2013)		2.55
"Pirfenidone (Pir) is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that causes no immunosuppression, but does downregulate the production of TGF-beta and collagen in vitro."( Pirfenidone: A novel anti-fibrotic agent and progressive chronic allograft rejection.
Dosanjh, A; Ikonen, T; Morris, RE; Wan, B, 2002)		2.48
"Pirfenidone is an oral medication with a number of actions affecting the immune system. "( Open-label study of pirfenidone in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis.
Bowen, JD; Maravilla, K; Margolin, SB, 2003)		2.09
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a newly developed anti-fibrotic agent. "( Pirfenidone suppressed the development of glomerulosclerosis in the FGS/Kist mouse.
Bao, L; Cho, IH; Hyun, BH; Kim, YJ; Lee, CH; Margolin, SB; Park, HS; Park, YH, 2003)		3.2
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a new experimental drug used as antifibrotic agent."( Pirfenidone prevents endotoxin-induced liver injury after partial hepatectomy in rats.
Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Okumura, T; Tsuchiya, H; Yanagida, H; Yokoigawa, N, 2004)		2.49
"Pirfenidone is a newly developed antifibrotic drug that has been reported to retard the progression of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and cyclophosphamide in animal models of lung fibrosis. "( Effects of pirfenidone on the generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro.
Giri, SN; Leonard, S; Margolin, SB; Shi, X; Vallyathan, V, 1999)		2.14
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a small molecule that has shown efficacy in various models of renal damage with progressive disease."( Prevention of progressive fibrosis in chronic renal diseases: antifibrotic agents.
Negri, AL, )		0.85
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a new experimental drug used as an antifibrotic agent."( Effect of pirfenidone on induction of chemokines in rat hepatocytes.
Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Okumura, T; Yanagida, H; Yokoigawa, N, 2004)		1.45
"Pirfenidone is an investigational anti-fibrotic agent shown to be effective in blocking pulmonary fibrosis."( Pirfenidone inhibits lung allograft fibrosis through L-arginine-arginase pathway.
Cheng, Y; Drew, P; Gaugler, AC; Liu, H; Visner, GA, 2005)		2.49
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent potentially effective for IPF therapy, and preclinical and available clinical data support its use in IPF."( Pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Antoniu, SA, 2006)		2.5
"Pirfenidone is an orally available antifibrotic agent that has shown benefit in animal models of pulmonary and renal fibrosis and in clinical trials of pulmonary fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, and hepatic cirrhosis. "( Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
Branton, MH; Cho, ME; Kopp, JB; Penzak, SR; Smith, DC, 2007)		3.23
"Pirfenidone is an effective and novel antifibrotic agent with anti-inflammatory properties."( Pirfenidone: a novel potential therapeutic agent in the management of chronic allograft rejection.
Dosanjh, A, 2007)		2.5
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a new compound that prevents and even reverses the extracellular matrix accumulation in several organs as shown by experimental and clinical studies. "( Pirfenidone prevents collagen accumulation in the remnant kidney in rats with partial nephrectomy.
Fukagawa, M; Hata, S; Iwasaki, Y; Kuroda, T; Kurokawa, K; Margolin, SB; Nemoto, M; Shimizu, F; Shimizu, T; Shirai, K; Yamauchi, S, 1997)		3.18
"Pirfenidone is an effective inhibitor of myometrial and leiomyoma cell proliferation in vitro and reduces the messenger RNA levels of collagen types I and III in a dose-dependent manner."( Pirfenidone: a novel pharmacological agent that inhibits leiomyoma cell proliferation and collagen production.
Lee, BS; Margolin, SB; Nowak, RA, 1998)		2.46
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a novel anti-fibrotic agent that can prevent and even reverse extracellular matrix accumulation in several organs, as shown by experimental and clinical studies. "( Pirfenidone improves renal function and fibrosis in the post-obstructed kidney.
Fukagawa, M; Hata, S; Kuroda, T; Kurokawa, K; Margolin, SB; Shimizu, T, 1998)		3.19
"Pirfenidone is a novel anti-fibrotic drug that has been shown to inhibit fibroblast growth and collagen synthesis induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. "( Pirfenidone reduces fibronectin synthesis by cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Ambler, JS; Shiels, IA; Taylor, SM; Zhang, S, 1998)		3.19
"Pirfenidone is a promising new treatment for IPF that is well tolerated."( Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone: results of a prospective, open-label Phase II study.
Johnson, WC; Lockhart, D; Mageto, Y; Raghu, G, 1999)		1.26
"Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic drug that we have shown attenuates the increase in collagen buildup in hamsters exposed to bleomycin, in turn reducing pulmonary function and blood gas decrements seen in this model of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. "( Effect of diet-ingested pirfenidone on pulmonary function, cardiovasculature and blood gas measurements in rats.
Chen, AT; Giri, S; Mansoor, JK; Schelegle, ES, 1999)		2.05
"Pirfenidone is a new non-peptide drug which has been shown in vitro and in vivo to decrease synthesis of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and block receptors for TNF-alpha."( Pirfenidone for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis.
Margolin, SB; Walker, JE, 2001)		2.47
"Pirfenidone (PFD) is a novel antifibrotic compound that was shown to prevent and even reverse fibrosis."( Pirfenidone treatment decreases transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix proteins and ameliorates fibrosis in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
Andoh, TF; Bennett, WM; Shihab, FS; Yi, H, 2002)		2.48

Effects

Pirfenidone has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced migration, myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA), extracellular matrix accumulation, and collagen contraction by blocking the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 pathways in NPDFs. It may become an ideal multitarget antiscarring agent after glaucoma filtration surgery.

Pirfenidone (PFD) has shown anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory functions in both clinical and experimental studies. It can improve lung function, inhibit fibrosis and inhibit inflammation. The specific mechanism by which it ameliorates fibrosis in silicosis is unclear.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirfenidone has an antiangiogenesis effect in the wound healing process and may become an ideal multitarget antiscarring agent after glaucoma filtration surgery."( The Antiangiogenesis Effect of Pirfenidone in Wound Healing In Vitro.
Guo, X; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wu, K; Yang, Y; Yu, M, 2017)		2.18
"Pirfenidone has a protective role in improving the outcome of the liver fibrosis and it may become a new direction of early intervention in liver fibrosis."( [Effects of pirfenidone on hepatic fibrosis in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride].
Li, CX; Lv, JP; Qu, XH; Shi, Y; Xiao, M; Xie, KJ, 2016)		2.26
"- Pirfenidone has a longer history of preclinical experimental studies than nintedanib. "( Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Antifibrotic Treatments: Focus on Experimental Studies.
Calabrese, F; Lunardi, F; Pezzuto, F; Vuljan, SE, 2018)		1.2
"Pirfenidone has a favorable benefit-risk profile and represents a suitable treatment option for patients with mild-to-moderate IPF."( Pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Ancochea, J; Serrano-Mollar, A; Xaubet, A, 2014)		2.57
"Pirfenidone has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced migration, myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA), extracellular matrix accumulation, and collagen contraction by blocking the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 pathways in NPDFs. "( Pirfenidone inhibits transforming growth factor β1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Lee, HM; Park, IH; Park, JH; Shin, JM, )		3.02
"Pirfenidone has an abundance of data supporting its use in mild-to-moderate IPF. "( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		2.19
"Pirfenidone has a beneficial effect on morphological changes in anti-GBM GN comparable with candesartan although with a trend to slightly better results with candesartan treatment. "( Pirfenidone and candesartan ameliorate morphological damage in mild chronic anti-GBM nephritis in rats.
Forslund, T; Iversen, BM; Leh, S; Margolin, SB; Vaagnes, Ø, 2005)		3.21
"Pirfenidone has a simple chemical structure, but may have profound implications for transplantation management. "( Pirfenidone: anti-fibrotic agent with a potential therapeutic role in the management of transplantation patients.
Dosanjh, A, 2006)		3.22
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has shown anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory functions in both clinical and experimental studies."( Hepatocarcinogenesis Prevention by Pirfenidone Is PPARγ Mediated and Involves Modification of Nuclear NF-kB p65/p50 Ratio.
Armendariz-Borunda, J; Galicia-Moreno, M; Lucano-Landeros, S; Miranda-Roblero, HO; Monroy-Ramirez, HC; Sandoval-Rodriguez, A; Santos, A; Silva-Gomez, JA, 2021)		1.62
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has become a novel therapeutic agent for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and can improve lung function, inhibit fibrosis and inhibit inflammation."( Pirfenidone ameliorates early pulmonary fibrosis in LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
Jiao, Y; Tan, Y; Tang, X; Wang, D; Yong, C; Zhang, R, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone has consistently been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, but the specific mechanism by which it ameliorates fibrosis in silicosis is unclear."( Pirfenidone ameliorates pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a rat silicosis model by inhibiting macrophage polarization and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.
Bo, C; Jia, Q; Li, M; Tang, Q; Xing, C; Zhang, Z, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has anti-fibrosis effects and has been used in a variety of fibrosis diseases."( Treatment of scarring central airway stenosis with pirfenidone: Case report.
Gao, B; Li, X; Ma, Y; Pan, J; Qian, H, 2022)		1.69
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has emerged as an antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, and in this work its efficacy was evaluated in a model of UVB-induced photodamage."( Pirfenidone Protects from UVB-Induced Photodamage in Hairless Mice.
Almeida-López, M; Amezcua-Galvez, E; Armendariz-Borunda, J; Davila-Rodriguez, J; Galicia-Moreno, M; Lucano-Landeros, S; Martinez-Alvarado, Y; Monroy-Ramirez, HC; Sandoval-Rodriguez, A; Santos, A, 2023)		3.07
"Pirfenidone has been shown to reduce fibrosis and modulate inflammation associated with conditions from pulmonary fibrosis to rheumatoid arthritis. "( Polyester Nanoparticles and Polyurethane Nanocapsules Deliver Pirfenidone To Reduce Fibrosis and Scarring.
Ale, T; Kehinde, V; Lavik, E; Liu, S; Wang, HC, 2023)		2.59
"Pirfenidone has been widely used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by accentuating BAP31 regulation of ER stress and mitochondrial injury.
Chang, C; Du, Y; Fang, X; Gao, Y; Li, H; Li, T; Mu, M; Qin, X; Qu, G; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xu, G; Yu, S; Zhang, Z; Zhu, P, 2020)		3.44
"Pirfenidone has been shown to reduce the decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) compared to placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Real world experience of response to pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a two centre retrospective study.
Barber, CM; Bianchi, SM; Chaudhuri, N; Eaden, JA; Renshaw, SA, 2020)		2.27
"Pirfenidone has been shown to slow disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone in patients with progressive fibrotic interstitial lung diseases other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (RELIEF): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial.
Behr, J; Blaas, S; Bonella, F; Bonnet, R; Claussen, M; Ficker, JH; Frankenberger, M; Freise, J; Grohe, C; Günther, A; Hammerl, P; Held, M; Hummler, S; Johow, J; Kahn, N; Kneidinger, N; Koschel, D; Kreuter, M; Neumeister, W; Neuser, P; Prasse, A; Rabe, KF; Schönfeld, N; Tello, S; Welte, T; Wilkens, H; Wirtz, H, 2021)		3.51
"Pirfenidone has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties in the lung."( Pirfenidone ameliorates silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the secretion of interleukin-17A.
Cao, ZJ; Dai, HP; Han, ZF; Li, BC; Li, ZG; Liu, Y; Pang, JL; Qi, XM; Song, MY; Wang, C; Wang, J; Yang, PR; Zhang, XR; Zhang, Z, 2022)		2.89
"Pirfenidone has antifibrotic effects in IPF; however, its efficacy for AE-IPF is unclear."( Pirfenidone for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A retrospective study.
Furuya, K; Homma, S; Isshiki, T; Kinoshita, A; Matsumoto, K; Sakamoto, S; Sekiya, M; Shimizu, H; Sugino, K, 2017)		2.62
"Pirfenidone has an antiangiogenesis effect in the wound healing process and may become an ideal multitarget antiscarring agent after glaucoma filtration surgery."( The Antiangiogenesis Effect of Pirfenidone in Wound Healing In Vitro.
Guo, X; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wu, K; Yang, Y; Yu, M, 2017)		2.18
"Pirfenidone has anti-fibrotic effects in SSc-ILD patients by interfering with both the Hh signalling pathway and the GSK-3β signalling pathway via the regulation of Sufu expression. "( Anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone by interference with the hedgehog signalling pathway in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease.
Chen, Z; Li, XJ; Liao, XP; Lin, H; Xiao, H; Zhang, GF; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2018)		2.23
"Pirfenidone has a protective role in improving the outcome of the liver fibrosis and it may become a new direction of early intervention in liver fibrosis."( [Effects of pirfenidone on hepatic fibrosis in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride].
Li, CX; Lv, JP; Qu, XH; Shi, Y; Xiao, M; Xie, KJ, 2016)		2.26
"Pirfenidone has been approved for treatment of IPF, but little is known about the distinct metabolic changes that occur in the lung upon pirfenidone administration.Here, we performed a proof-of-concept study using high-resolution quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-FTICR-MSI) to simultaneously detect, visualise and quantify"( Pharmacometabolic response to pirfenidone in pulmonary fibrosis detected by MALDI-FTICR-MSI.
Aichler, M; Burgstaller, G; Eickelberg, O; Fernandez, IE; Feuchtinger, A; Schmitt-Kopplin, P; Sun, N; Verleden, SE; Walch, A; Wei, M; Witting, M, 2018)		1.49
"- Pirfenidone has a longer history of preclinical experimental studies than nintedanib. "( Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Antifibrotic Treatments: Focus on Experimental Studies.
Calabrese, F; Lunardi, F; Pezzuto, F; Vuljan, SE, 2018)		1.2
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has been used as medication for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis due to its ability in reducing lung fibrosis. "( Renoprotective effects of pirfenidone on chronic renal allograft dysfunction by reducing renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model.
He, JM; Qiu, ZZ; Yu, ZH; Zhang, HX; Zhang, ZW; Zhou, H, 2019)		2.26
"Pirfenidone has a favorable benefit-risk profile and represents a suitable treatment option for patients with mild-to-moderate IPF."( Pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Ancochea, J; Serrano-Mollar, A; Xaubet, A, 2014)		2.57
"Pirfenidone has been shown to have a favourable safety profile and was generally well tolerated over the long term in clinical trials and real-world experience."( Long-term clinical and real-world experience with pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Cottin, V; Maher, T, 2015)		1.39
"Pirfenidone has been used to treat IPF patients."( Double-Blind Randomized Trial of Pirfenidone in Chinese Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients.
Chen, BY; Dai, HP; Huang, H; Kang, J; Sun, TY; Xu, ZJ, 2015)		1.42
"Pirfenidone has been shown to have antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs. "( Pirfenidone inhibits transforming growth factor β1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Lee, HM; Park, IH; Park, JH; Shin, JM, )		3.02
"Pirfenidone (0-2 mg/mL) has no significant cytotoxic effects in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. "( Pirfenidone inhibits transforming growth factor β1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Lee, HM; Park, IH; Park, JH; Shin, JM, )		3.02
"Pirfenidone has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced migration, myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA), extracellular matrix accumulation, and collagen contraction by blocking the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 pathways in NPDFs. "( Pirfenidone inhibits transforming growth factor β1-induced extracellular matrix production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts.
Lee, HM; Park, IH; Park, JH; Shin, JM, )		3.02
"Pirfenidone has an abundance of data supporting its use in mild-to-moderate IPF. "( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		2.19
"Pirfenidone (PFD) has exhibited therapeutic potential in the treatment of cell proliferative disorders. "( Preparation and evaluation of HPMC-based pirfenidone solution in vivo.
Lei, M; Wu, KL; Xu, JG; Yang, M; Yang, YF; Ye, CT; Yu, MB; Zhao, CS, 2017)		2.16
"Pirfenidone has been evaluated in four randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials conducted in Japan, North America and Europe."( Emerging potential treatments: new hope for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?
Costabel, U, 2011)		1.09
"Pirfenidone has been approved for mild-moderate IPF in the European Union in February 2011 and is approved in Japan since 2009."( [Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: modern guideline-concordant diagnostics and innovative treatment].
Behr, J, 2012)		1.1
"Pirfenidone has been shown in three recently published trials to slow down the progression of the devastating interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Pirfenidone: significant treatment effects in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Bendstrup, E; du Bois, R; Hilberg, O; Simonsen, U, 2012)		3.26
"Pirfenidone (PD) has been proven to have antifibrotic effects in animal models of fibrosis."( Effect of pirfenidone against vanadate-induced kidney fibrosis in rats.
Al-Bayati, MA; Giri, SN; Margolin, SB; Mohr, FC; Xie, Y, 2002)		1.44
"Pirfenidone has been recently shown to reduce dimethynitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in the rat, but no information are available on the effect of this drug on cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC)."( Effect of pirfenidone on rat hepatic stellate cell proliferation and collagen production.
Bendia, E; Benedetti, A; Casini, A; Ceni, E; Di Sario, A; Marzioni, M; Ridolfi, F; Saccomanno, S; Sterpetti, P; Svegliati Baroni, G; Taffetani, S; Trozzi, L, 2002)		2.16
"Pirfenidone has antiinflammatory effects in animals with endotoxemia. "( Pirfenidone inhibits the induction of iNOS stimulated by interleukin-1beta at a step of NF-kappaB DNA binding in hepatocytes.
Ito, S; Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Nakanishi, H; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Teshima, S; Yoshida, H, 2004)		3.21
"Pirfenidone has a beneficial effect on morphological changes in anti-GBM GN comparable with candesartan although with a trend to slightly better results with candesartan treatment. "( Pirfenidone and candesartan ameliorate morphological damage in mild chronic anti-GBM nephritis in rats.
Forslund, T; Iversen, BM; Leh, S; Margolin, SB; Vaagnes, Ø, 2005)		3.21
"Pirfenidone has a simple chemical structure, but may have profound implications for transplantation management. "( Pirfenidone: anti-fibrotic agent with a potential therapeutic role in the management of transplantation patients.
Dosanjh, A, 2006)		3.22
"Pirfenidone has been shown to modify some cytokine regulatory actions and inhibit fibroblast biochemical reactions resulting in inhibition of proliferation and collagen matrix synthesis by fibroblast. "( Pirfenidone induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) down-regulation on cultured human synovial fibroblasts.
Azuma, N; Inoue, H; Kaneko, M; Margolin, SB; Nakazawa, R; Saito, I; Suzuki, M; Tsubota, K; Yamauchi, S, 1998)		3.19
"Pirfenidone has no major side effects in vivo."( Pirfenidone inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.
Enjoji, M; Iwamoto, H; Kato, M; Nakamuta, M; Nakashima, Y; Nawata, H; Sugimoto, R; Tada, S, 2001)		2.47

Actions

Porfenidone resulted in a lower rate of decline in the adjusted FVC% at week 26 and improved PFS (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.60). Pirfenidone could inhibit apoptosis, downregulate ACE receptors expression, decrease inflammation by several mechanisms and ameliorate oxidative stress.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirfenidone resulted in a lower rate of decline in the adjusted FVC% at week 26 and improved PFS (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.60)."( Pirfenidone in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Crooks, JL; Fernández Pérez, ER; Fier, K; Groshong, SD; Humphries, SM; Koelsch, TL; Lynch, DA; Mohning, MP; Solomon, JJ; Swigris, JJ, 2023)		3.07
"Pirfenidone could inhibit apoptosis, downregulate ACE receptors expression, decrease inflammation by several mechanisms and ameliorate oxidative stress and hence protect pneumocytes and other cells from COVID-19 invasion and cytokine storm simultaneously."( Pirfenidone: A novel hypothetical treatment for COVID-19.
Seifirad, S, 2020)		2.72
"Pirfenidone promotes corneal wound healing, and inhibits cornea neovascularization and inflammation after alkali burn in vitro and in vivo."( The role of pirfenidone in alkali burn rat cornea.
Jiang, N; Li, Y; Lv, J; Ma, M; Min, Y; Shao, Y; Shi, W; Su, T; Xu, X; Ye, L; Yuan, Q; Zhou, XZ; Zhu, P, 2018)		1.58
"Pirfenidone was found to inhibit the responder frequency of TCR-stimulated CD4 cell total proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas both CD4 and CD8 proliferation index were reduced by pirfenidone. "( Pirfenidone inhibits T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine and chemokine production, and host alloresponses.
Bizargity, P; Hancock, WW; Liu, F; Liu, H; Liu, K; Visner, GA; Wang, L; Yang, J, 2009)		3.24
"Pirfenidone rats also had lower rates of VT inducibility, 28.6% versus 73.3% in control rats (P <0.05)."( Pirfenidone mitigates left ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction after myocardial infarction and reduces arrhythmias.
Ding, C; Marcus, GM; Nguyen, DT; Olgin, JE; Wilson, E, 2010)		2.52

Treatment

Pfenidone treatment or direct overexpression of recombinant RGS2 in human lung fibroblasts inhibited the profibrotic effects of thrombin. Pirfenido restored pulmonary function and reversed lung fibrosis, which was associated with reduced macrophage infiltration and transforming growth factor-β production.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pirfenidone-treated patients with an annualized weight loss ≥5% may also experience worse outcomes versus those with no weight loss."( Post hoc Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Placebo- and Pirfenidone-Treated Patients with IPF Stratified by BMI and Weight Loss.
Cottin, V; Crestani, B; Jouneau, S; Kirchgaessler, KU; Lederlin, M; Morgenthien, E; Thibault, R; Vernhet, L; Yang, M, )		1.1
"Pirfenidone treatment was also associated with a longer PFS, a lower incidence of acute exacerbation and worsening of IPF."( Efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Liu, X; Qiu, L; Wu, J; Wu, W; Zhang, G, 2021)		1.65
"Pirfenidone used for the treatment of patients with IPF in a real-world setting was well tolerated, with an acceptable safety profile and a consistent therapeutic effect, regardless of the disease severity."( Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance Study in Korean Patients.
Chung, MP; Jegal, Y; Kim, YS; Kim, YW; Lee, HB; Oh, IJ; Park, JS; Park, MS; Song, JW; Uh, ST, 2020)		2.31
"Pirfenidone treatment can slow decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Effectiveness of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis-like lesions and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.
Homma, S; Isobe, K; Isshiki, T; Kurosaki, A; Nakamura, Y; Sakamoto, S; Shimizu, H, 2021)		2.4
"Pirfenidone treatment reduced the decline in VC with statistical significance in the low SP-D and low SP-A subgroups over most of the treatment period, and also prolonged PFS in the low SP-D and low KL-6 subgroups."( Serum surfactant protein D as a predictive biomarker for the efficacy of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 trial in Japan.
Azuma, A; Chiba, H; Ebina, M; Ikeda, K; Kondoh, Y; Kudoh, S; Miyazawa, S; Nishikiori, H; Nukiwa, T; Ogura, T; Sakaguchi, H; Suga, M; Sugiyama, Y; Taguchi, Y; Takahashi, H, 2020)		1.51
"Pirfenidone-rapamycin treatment did not revert the epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway activated by TGF-β."( Anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone and rapamycin in primary IPF fibroblasts and human alveolar epithelial cells.
Dorca, J; Escobar, I; Llatjós, R; Luburich-Hernaiz, P; Machahua-Huamani, C; Molina-Molina, M; Montes-Worboys, A; Sala-Llinas, E; Vicens-Zygmunt, V, 2018)		1.51
"Pirfenidone or nintedanib treatment did not inhibit activation of senescence programming in cultured lung epithelial cells mediated by hydrogen peroxide."( Histopathological and molecular analysis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lungs from patients treated with pirfenidone or nintedanib.
Achtar-Zadeh, N; Green, G; Jones, KD; Kukreja, J; Wolters, PJ; Xu, B; Zhang, Y, 2019)		1.45
"So pirfenidone treatment should be considered not only for its benefits in pulmonary function tests but also by its clinically relevant outcomes [corrected]."( Pirfenidone for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Aravena, C; Arenas, A; Labarca, G; Rada, G; Venegas, C, 2015)		2.37
"The pirfenidone treatment group did not achieve the maximal distance difference on the 6MWT at either the 24th or the 48th week."( Double-Blind Randomized Trial of Pirfenidone in Chinese Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients.
Chen, BY; Dai, HP; Huang, H; Kang, J; Sun, TY; Xu, ZJ, 2015)		1.18
"The pirfenidone treatment lasted for two years or longer in 111 cases (22.1%)."( Clinical Experience of the Long-term Use of Pirfenidone for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Azuma, A; Bando, M; Homma, S; Ogura, T; Sugiyama, Y; Taniguchi, H; Watanabe, K; Yamauchi, H, 2016)		1.18
"Pirfenidone treatment decreased the immunoreactivity of connective tissue growth factor at 2 weeks post operation (total bleb, P=0.029; inner bleb, P=0.018)."( Pirfenidone inhibits fibrosis in foreign body reaction after glaucoma drainage device implantation.
Jung, KI; Park, CK, 2016)		2.6
"Both pirfenidone treatment and surgery were performed in 36 patients (per protocol set [PPS])."( A phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of perioperative pirfenidone for prevention of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary resection: West Japan Oncology Group 6711 L (PEOPLE Study).
Asato, Y; Azuma, A; Chida, M; Fukuoka, J; Hiroshima, K; Ikeda, N; Iwasawa, T; Iwata, T; Katakami, N; Kuwano, K; Matsuura, M; Mitsudomi, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakanishi, Y; Okada, M; Okami, J; Okubo, K; Sakai, S; Sakamoto, K; Tada, H; Takenoyama, M; Tomii, K; Tsuboi, M; Yamashita, M; Yamashita, Y; Yokouchi, H; Yoshida, S; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, I, 2016)		1.12
"Pirfenidone treatment or direct overexpression of recombinant RGS2 in human lung fibroblasts inhibited the profibrotic effects of thrombin, whereas loss of RGS2 exacerbated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and mortality in mice."( Upregulation of RGS2: a new mechanism for pirfenidone amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis.
Abel, PW; Casale, TB; Jiang, H; Mehrotra, S; Panettieri, RA; Rennard, S; Toews, ML; Tu, Y; Wolff, DW; Xie, Y; Zhang, Q, 2016)		1.42
"Pirfenidone treatment beginning one month post-transplant restored pulmonary function and reversed lung fibrosis, which was associated with reduced macrophage infiltration and transforming growth factor-β production."( Pirfenidone ameliorates murine chronic GVHD through inhibition of macrophage infiltration and TGF-β production.
Alexander, KA; Antin, JH; Blazar, BR; Cutler, CS; Du, J; Flynn, R; Hill, GR; Koreth, J; Lineburg, KE; Loschi, M; Luznik, L; MacDonald, KP; Maillard, I; Meng, J; Miklos, D; Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A; Paz, K; Ritz, J; Robinson, TM; Roy, S; Schacker, TW; Serody, JS; Vulic, A, 2017)		2.62
"Pirfenidone treatment significantly inhibited their expression."( Pirfenidone inhibits macrophage infiltration in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Chen, JF; Liu, BC; Liu, H; Ni, HF; Pan, MM; Xu, M; Zhang, MH, 2013)		2.55
"Pirfenidone treatment reduced the degree of liver injury, as determined by alanine aminotransferase values and necro-inflammatory score, which was associated with reduced hepatic stellate cells proliferation and collagen deposition."( The anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone in rat liver fibrosis is mediated by downregulation of procollagen alpha1(I), TIMP-1 and MMP-2.
Bendia, E; Benedetti, A; Candelaresi, C; De Minicis, S; Di Sario, A; Macarri, G; Marzioni, M; Omenetti, A; Taffetani, S; Trozzi, L, 2004)		1.34
"Pirfenidone treatment decreased PawP and collagen content in lung allografts."( Pirfenidone inhibits lung allograft fibrosis through L-arginine-arginase pathway.
Cheng, Y; Drew, P; Gaugler, AC; Liu, H; Visner, GA, 2005)		2.49
"Pirfenidone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the level of hydroxyproline concentration across all muscles, although the effect was small."( A comparison of factors associated with collagen metabolism in different skeletal muscles from dystrophic (mdx) mice: impact of pirfenidone.
Farkas, GA; Gosselin, LE; Personius, K; Williams, JE, 2007)		1.27
"Treatment with pirfenidone in asbestosis has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and home spirometry data suggest this antifibrotic treatment might attenuate FVC decline in progressive asbestosis. "( Safety and tolerability of pirfenidone in asbestosis: a prospective multicenter study.
Baart, S; Grutters, JC; Lie, NSL; Miedema, JR; Moor, CC; Mostard, RLM; Veltkamp, M; Wijsenbeek, MS, 2022)		1.37
"Co-treatment with pirfenidone and prednisolone suppressed lung hydroxyproline content, TGF-β1, and TNF-α; however, prednisolone alone could not suppress pulmonary fibrosis which was significantly suppressed only by pirfenidone."( Combination Therapy with Pirfenidone plus Prednisolone Ameliorates Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Kamali, Y; Mandegary, A; Nabipour, F; Pourgholamhosein, F; Rasooli, R, 2018)		1.11
"Treatment with pirfenidone had no effect on the number of neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages, but decreased CD19+CD11b- lymphocytes."( Modulation of subsets of cardiac B lymphocytes improves cardiac function after acute injury.
Adamo, L; Bajpai, G; Barger, PM; Bhattacharya, D; Jiang, W; Kovacs, A; Mann, DL; Matkovich, SJ; Rocha-Resende, C; Schilling, JD; Staloch, LJ; Weinheimer, CJ, 2018)		0.82
"Treatment with pirfenidone resulted in thinner fibrous capsules and decreased staining for FAPα with no adverse effects. "( Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis.
Baynes, R; Khattab, A; Mowat, F; Oh, A; Salmon, B; Westermeyer, HD; Yeatts, J, 2019)		1.12
"Treatment with pirfenidone in patients with mild to moderate disease slows the progression of disease, and reduces the risk of death at one year, with skin and gastro-intestinal adverse events."( [Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis].
Cottin, V, 2014)		0.74
"Treatment with pirfenidone was indicated, three times daily for 6 months."( Pirfenidone gel in patients with localized scleroderma: a phase II study.
Guevara-Gutiérrez, E; Rodríguez-Castellanos, M; Sánchez-Enríquez, S; Tlacuilo-Parra, A; Vélez-Gómez, E, 2015)		2.2
"Treatment with pirfenidone may slow the decline in vital capacity and increase progression-free survival (PFS) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). "( Effectiveness of combined therapy with pirfenidone and inhaled N-acetylcysteine for advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case-control study.
Homma, S; Ishida, F; Isobe, K; Kikuchi, N; Muramatsu, Y; Sakamoto, S; Sano, G; Satoh, K; Sugino, K; Takai, Y, 2015)		1.04
"Treatment with pirfenidone stabilized both vital capacity and subjective symptoms in most patients (70-80%) treated for at least 6 months."( All-case post-marketing surveillance of 1371 patients treated with pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Azuma, A; Bando, M; Chida, K; Inoue, Y; Kakutani, S; Kudoh, S; Niimi, Y; Nukiwa, T; Ogura, T; Suga, M; Sugiyama, Y; Taniguchi, H, 2015)		0.99
"Treatment with pirfenidone was introduced with the expectation of its potential benefit."( A Patient with Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis Showing a Sustained Pulmonary Function due to Treatment with Pirfenidone.
Fukuda, Y; Goto, H; Hanibuchi, M; Morizumi, S; Nishioka, Y; Sato, S; Takahashi, M; Toyoda, Y, 2016)		0.98
"Treatment with pirfenidone and nintedanib has currently been ongoing for nearly 12 months."( Successful Concomitant Therapy with Pirfenidone and Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Case Report.
Hagmeyer, L; Priegnitz, C; Randerath, WJ; Treml, M, 2016)		1.05
"Treatment with pirfenidone significantly increased RGS2 mRNA and protein expression in both a human fetal lung fibroblast cell line and primary pulmonary fibroblasts isolated from patients without or with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Upregulation of RGS2: a new mechanism for pirfenidone amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis.
Abel, PW; Casale, TB; Jiang, H; Mehrotra, S; Panettieri, RA; Rennard, S; Toews, ML; Tu, Y; Wolff, DW; Xie, Y; Zhang, Q, 2016)		1.04
"Treatment with pirfenidone may decrease the rate of decline in VC and may increase the PFS time over 52 weeks."( Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Azuma, A; Ebina, M; Kondoh, Y; Kudoh, S; Nakata, K; Nukiwa, T; Ogura, T; Raghu, G; Sato, A; Suga, M; Taguchi, Y; Takahashi, H; Takeuchi, M; Taniguchi, H, 2010)		2.14
"Rats treated with pirfenidone also had smaller infarct dense scar (8.9% of LV myocardium vs."( Pirfenidone mitigates left ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction after myocardial infarction and reduces arrhythmias.
Ding, C; Marcus, GM; Nguyen, DT; Olgin, JE; Wilson, E, 2010)		2.13
"Pretreatment with pirfenidone (3 and 30 mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation, reflected by a significant decrease in the number of BAL total and neutrophilic cells at both the 3 and 30 mg/kg dose."( Inhibition of experimental acute pulmonary inflammation by pirfenidone.
Case, N; Chapman, RW; Crawley, Y; Egan, RW; Fine, J; Hey, JA; Kreutner, W; Kung, T; Minnicozzi, M; Spond, J; Wang, P, 2003)		0.89
"Treatment with pirfenidone significantly reduced the number of these cells compared with the corresponding BL group."( Pirfenidone attenuates expression of HSP47 in murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Abe, K; Fujii, T; Hayashi, T; Ishii, H; Kadota, J; Kakugawa, T; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, M; Mukae, H; Oku, H, 2004)		2.11
"Rats treated with pirfenidone showed blood pressure values similar to control rats."( Pirfenidone and candesartan ameliorate morphological damage in mild chronic anti-GBM nephritis in rats.
Forslund, T; Iversen, BM; Leh, S; Margolin, SB; Vaagnes, Ø, 2005)		2.09
"Treatment with pirfenidone resulted in a lower level of plasma tissue necrosis factor alpha, which correlated positively with lung myeloperoxidase enzymatic activity (P < .0001)."( Pirfenidone inhibits inflammatory responses and ameliorates allograft injury in a rat lung transplant model.
Cheng, Y; Drew, P; Liu, H; Visner, GA, 2005)		2.11
"Treatment with pirfenidone significantly reduced transforming growth factor-beta1 and platelet-derived growth factor levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid."( Pirfenidone modulates airway responsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling after repeated challenge.
Gelfand, EW; Hirano, A; Ito, W; Kanehiro, A; Kataoka, M; Nakashima, H; Okada, C; Ono, K; Tanimoto, M; Tanimoto, Y; Yoshida, A, 2006)		2.12
"Pretreatment with pirfenidone significantly attenuated GalN/LPS-induced severe hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by decreased ALT, AST levels and MDA content and improved histopathological changes. "( Protective effects of pirfenidone on D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats.
Chen, XY; Wang, F; Wen, T; Wu, H, 2008)		0.99
"Pretreatment with pirfenidone reduced neutrophil recruitment, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta levels, and MMP-9 secretion."( Modulation of airway remodeling-associated mediators by the antifibrotic compound, pirfenidone, and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat, during acute lung injury in mice.
Boichot, E; Corbel, M; Germain, N; Lagente, V; Lanchou, J; Malledant, Y, 2001)		0.86

Toxicity

Pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based regimens or ICIs might be safe first-line chemotherapy for patients with IPF and NSCLC. The main adverse reactions were gastrointestinal reactions, photosensitivity and skin rashes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pulmonary toxicity, including fibrosis, is a serious adverse effect associated with the antidysrhythmic drug amiodarone (AM)."( Differential effects of pirfenidone on acute pulmonary injury and ensuing fibrosis in the hamster model of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity.
Brien, JF; Card, JW; Margolin, SB; Massey, TE; Racz, WJ, 2003)		0.63
" In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the adverse events (AEs) of PFD for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis."( Adverse events of pirfenidone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Huang, H; Jiang, C; Liu, J; Lu, Z; Wang, Y; Xu, Z, 2012)		0.71
"PFD used for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis is not so safe or well-tolerated."( Adverse events of pirfenidone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Huang, H; Jiang, C; Liu, J; Lu, Z; Wang, Y; Xu, Z, 2012)		0.71
" Safety was assessed by adverse events, ECGs, vital signs, and clinical laboratory parameters."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of pirfenidone and its major metabolite after single and multiple oral doses in healthy Chinese subjects under fed conditions.
Ding, L; Hua, WY; Huang, NY; Lin, HD; Liu, X; Wang, J; Zhang, QY, 2013)		0.65
"Pirfenidone was safe and well tolerated."( Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of pirfenidone and its major metabolite after single and multiple oral doses in healthy Chinese subjects under fed conditions.
Ding, L; Hua, WY; Huang, NY; Lin, HD; Liu, X; Wang, J; Zhang, QY, 2013)		2.09
"The most frequent adverse event was anorexia, although the grade of anorexia in most patients was mild."( Safety and efficacy of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in clinical practice.
Baba, T; Hagiwara, E; Kato, T; Kitamura, H; Ogura, T; Okuda, R, 2013)		0.7
" Although generally well tolerated, a minority of patients discontinue therapy due to gastrointestinal and skin-related adverse events (AEs)."( Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: expert panel discussion on the management of drug-related adverse events.
Bendstrup, E; Costabel, U; Cottin, V; Dewint, P; Egan, JJ; Ferguson, J; Groves, R; Hellström, PM; Kreuter, M; Maher, TM; Molina-Molina, M; Nordlind, K; Sarafidis, A; Vancheri, C, 2014)		1.85
" Gastrointestinal and skin-related events were the most commonly reported adverse events; these were almost always mild to moderate in severity, and rarely led to treatment discontinuation."( Comprehensive assessment of the long-term safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Albera, C; Bradford, WZ; Costabel, U; du Bois, RM; King, TE; Leff, JA; Noble, PW; Sahn, SA; Valeyre, D, 2014)		0.65
"This comprehensive analysis of safety in a large cohort of IPF patients receiving pirfenidone for a total of 2059 PEY demonstrates that long-term treatment with pirfenidone is safe and generally well tolerated."( Comprehensive assessment of the long-term safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Albera, C; Bradford, WZ; Costabel, U; du Bois, RM; King, TE; Leff, JA; Noble, PW; Sahn, SA; Valeyre, D, 2014)		0.88
" Adverse events were reported in nine out of 17 patients receiving nintedanib alone and 10 out of 21 patients receiving nintedanib added to pirfenidone."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of nintedanib and pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Abe, S; Azuma, A; Bando, M; Chida, K; Fujimoto, T; Hasegawa, Y; Inoue, Y; Klüglich, M; Kondoh, Y; Mochizuki, Y; Ogura, T; Okazaki, K; Sakamoto, W; Sugiyama, Y; Tadayasu, Y; Taniguchi, H, 2015)		0.88
" The primary endpoint was assessment of adverse events, which were collected at each visit and for 28 days after the last dose of study drug."( Safety and tolerability of acetylcysteine and pirfenidone combination therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.
Albera, C; Beck, J; Behr, J; Bendstrup, E; Crestani, B; Günther, A; Koschel, D; Kreuter, M; Lin, CY; Olschewski, H; Sköld, CM; Wallaert, B; Wells, A; Wuyts, W, 2016)		0.69
" The occurrence of at least one adverse event (46 [77%] patients receiving acetylcysteine vs 50 [81%] receiving placebo), adverse events related to study treatment (17 [28%] vs 16 [26%]), and the number of patients experiencing severe adverse events (three [5%] vs two [3%]), life-threatening adverse events (one [2%] vs one [2%]), or death (one [2%] vs three [5%]) was similar between treatment groups."( Safety and tolerability of acetylcysteine and pirfenidone combination therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.
Albera, C; Beck, J; Behr, J; Bendstrup, E; Crestani, B; Günther, A; Koschel, D; Kreuter, M; Lin, CY; Olschewski, H; Sköld, CM; Wallaert, B; Wells, A; Wuyts, W, 2016)		0.69
" Since IPF is a chronic and progressive disease most commonly encountered in an older population, therapeutic options should be not only effective, but also free from drug interactions and as safe and tolerable as possible."( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		0.74
" Information on efficacy, adverse events, drug tolerability and discontinuation rates both in clinical trials and real-world clinical experiences are reported."( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		0.74
" In clinical trials, observational studies and real-world use, adverse events are frequent, though generally mild and well tolerated, especially with adequate patient education."( A safety evaluation of pirfenidone for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Anderson, A; Nathan, SD; Shifren, A, 2016)		0.74
" The known gastrointestinal, skin, and liver adverse events (AE) of pirfenidone are of importance given the involvement of these organs in SSc."( An Open-label, Phase II Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone in Patients with Scleroderma-associated Interstitial Lung Disease: the LOTUSS Trial.
Albera, C; Chen, D; Chung, L; Fischer, A; Gorina, E; Khalidi, N; Khanna, D; Raghu, G; Schiopu, E; Seibold, JR; Tagliaferri, M, 2016)		0.91
" A grade 5 adverse event (death) occurred in 1 patient, after AE-IPF; no other grade 3-5 adverse events were observed."( A phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of perioperative pirfenidone for prevention of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary resection: West Japan Oncology Group 6711 L (PEOPLE Study).
Asato, Y; Azuma, A; Chida, M; Fukuoka, J; Hiroshima, K; Ikeda, N; Iwasawa, T; Iwata, T; Katakami, N; Kuwano, K; Matsuura, M; Mitsudomi, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakanishi, Y; Okada, M; Okami, J; Okubo, K; Sakai, S; Sakamoto, K; Tada, H; Takenoyama, M; Tomii, K; Tsuboi, M; Yamashita, M; Yamashita, Y; Yokouchi, H; Yoshida, S; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, I, 2016)		0.67
" An increasing number of patients with IPF are receiving treatment with these novel therapies, and the risk of adverse events that may be associated with their use must be carefully evaluated."( The safety of new drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Fletcher, S; Jones, MG; Limbrey, R; Marshall, BG; Richeldi, L; Sgalla, G; Spinks, K, 2016)		0.43
"To analyze the efficacy and adverse events  (AEs) of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) trials."( Efficacy and adverse events of pirfenidone in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Gao, L; Ren, H; Wang, K; Yang, H, 2017)		0.99
" The treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) rate was 701."( An Open-Label Study of the Long-Term Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (RECAP).
Albera, C; Costabel, U; Hormel, P; Hulter, HN; Lancaster, LH; Lin, CY; Noble, PW, 2017)		0.71
" With regard to grade 3-5 adverse events, only one patient exhibited grade 3 hyponatremia."( The Efficacy and Safety of Long-term Pirfenidone Therapy in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Hanada, S; Kishi, K; Miyamoto, A; Mochizuki, S; Morokawa, N; Murase, K; Ogawa, K; Takahashi, Y; Takaya, H; Uruga, H, 2018)		0.75
" The advanced group showed a similar rate of adverse events (AEs) (78."( Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Kim, DS; Song, JW; Yoon, HY, )		0.44
"Treatment with pirfenidone resulted in thinner fibrous capsules and decreased staining for FAPα with no adverse effects."( Safety and efficacy of topically applied 0.5% and 1% pirfenidone in a canine model of subconjunctival fibrosis.
Baynes, R; Khattab, A; Mowat, F; Oh, A; Salmon, B; Westermeyer, HD; Yeatts, J, 2019)		1.12
" At least one side effect due to therapy was encountered in 33 (55."( The Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability of Pirfenidone in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Retrospective Study.
Cilli, A; Hanta, I; Sevinc, C, 2019)		0.77
" Nausea was a significant adverse reaction (p < 0."( Self-reported Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Antifibrotic Drugs in Dutch Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis patients.
Bast, A; Drent, M; Elfferich, MDP; Jessurun, NT; Proesmans, VLJ; Wijnen, PAHM, 2019)		0.51
" Common adverse events were gastrointestinal disturbances and skin rash."( Efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease-a randomised controlled trial.
Acharya, N; Dhir, V; Dhooria, S; Jain, S; Mishra, D; Sharma, SK, 2020)		0.87
"3% experienced adverse events (AEs), of which a decreased appetite (32."( Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance Study in Korean Patients.
Chung, MP; Jegal, Y; Kim, YS; Kim, YW; Lee, HB; Oh, IJ; Park, JS; Park, MS; Song, JW; Uh, ST, 2020)		0.87
"), effectively managing treatment-related adverse events (AEs) may improve adherence."( Expert consensus on the management of adverse events and prescribing practices associated with the treatment of patients taking pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Delphi consensus study.
Brown, AW; de Andrade, JA; Flaherty, KR; Kaner, RJ; King, CS; Nathan, SD; Noth, I; Padilla, ML; Rahaghi, FF; Safdar, Z; Scholand, MB; Shifren, A, 2020)		0.76
" Serious treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 54 (61%) patients in the sildenafil group and 55 (62%) patients in the placebo group."( Efficacy and safety of sildenafil added to pirfenidone in patients with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and risk of pulmonary hypertension: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial.
Antoniou, K; Behr, J; Bengus, M; Bouros, DE; Gilberg, F; Guiot, J; Harari, S; Kirchgaessler, KU; Kramer, MR; Mogulkoc Bishop, N; Nathan, SD; Perjesi, A; Wells, AU; Wuyts, WA, 2021)		0.88
"The present study found that pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based regimens or ICIs might be safe first-line chemotherapy for patients with IPF and NSCLC."( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		1.14
"To assess the long-term effectiveness of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) treatment and to establish its adverse effects profile."( Effectiveness and safety of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Arlandis, M; Aznar, T; Chiner, E; Herraiz, P; Marcos Ribes, B; Sancho-Chust, JN; Talens, A, 2020)		1.12
" We collected demographic variables (age, sex); date of first and last treatment; reason for discontinuation; pulmonary function measures (forced vital capacity (FVC), carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO), and 6 min walk test (6MWT)) at treatment initiation (baseline) and at 1, 2 and 3 year follow-up; adherence to pirfenidone treatment; recorded adverse effects; and mortality."( Effectiveness and safety of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Arlandis, M; Aznar, T; Chiner, E; Herraiz, P; Marcos Ribes, B; Sancho-Chust, JN; Talens, A, 2020)		1.03
" The most frequently observed adverse effects were gastrointestinal disturbances and photosensitivity."( Effectiveness and safety of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Arlandis, M; Aznar, T; Chiner, E; Herraiz, P; Marcos Ribes, B; Sancho-Chust, JN; Talens, A, 2020)		0.85
" The most frequent adverse effects were digestive and cutaneous, prompting in some cases a reduction in dose or even discontinuation of the treatment."( Effectiveness and safety of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Arlandis, M; Aznar, T; Chiner, E; Herraiz, P; Marcos Ribes, B; Sancho-Chust, JN; Talens, A, 2020)		0.85
" Patient's counseling during treatment remains essential to manage emerging adverse events and eventually inform the decision of drug discontinuation."( An updated safety review of the drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Comes, A; Richeldi, L; Sgalla, G, 2021)		0.62
" Adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported through a retrospective review of medical records."( Safety and tolerability of combination therapy with pirfenidone and nintedanib for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A multicenter retrospective observational study in Japan.
Bando, M; Hara, H; Hashimoto, S; Hisata, S; Homma, S; Inase, N; Izumi, S; Kataoka, K; Kato, M; Mukae, H; Nishioka, Y; Ogura, T; Saito, Y; Sakamoto, S; Shimizu, Y; Tanino, Y; Waseda, Y; Watanabe, K; Yatera, K, 2021)		0.87
"Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated pneumonia (CIP) is a serious side effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors."( [A Case Report of Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis Caused by PD-1
Antibody-Safety and Effectiveness of Pirfenidone].
Cheng, X; Han, X; Li, J; Yu, H; Yu, L; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.84
" During the treatment of pirfenidone, the CT imaging and clinical symptoms of the patients were significantly improved, and there were no other adverse reactions except grade 1 nausea."( [A Case Report of Checkpoint Inhibitor Pneumonitis Caused by PD-1
Antibody-Safety and Effectiveness of Pirfenidone].
Cheng, X; Han, X; Li, J; Yu, H; Yu, L; Zhang, X, 2021)		1.14
" At least one adverse event (AE) associated with the treatment was observed in 28 (37."( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of pirfenidone 200 mg tablets in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a real-life setting
Çilli, A; Coşkun, F; Hanta, İ; Ödemiş, A; Sevinç, C; Ursavaş, A, 2021)		0.89
"It is necessary to systematically evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of pirfenidone in the treatment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)."( The effects and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Li, L; Wang, Y; Zang, C; Zheng, Y, 2021)		1.15
" Two authors collected and compared the indicators including progression-free survival (PFS), vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and adverse reactions."( The effects and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Li, L; Wang, Y; Zang, C; Zheng, Y, 2021)		0.92
" The main adverse reactions of pirfenidone were gastrointestinal reactions, photosensitivity and skin rashes."( The effects and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Li, L; Wang, Y; Zang, C; Zheng, Y, 2021)		1.21
"Pirfenidone is beneficial to prolong the PFS of IPF patients, improve lung function, and it is safe for clinical use."( The effects and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Li, L; Wang, Y; Zang, C; Zheng, Y, 2021)		2.36
" In this study, we sought to determine whether switching treatment to nintedanib is feasible and safe in patients that had to discontinue treatment with pirfenidone due to side effects."( Feasibility and safety of treatment switch from Pirfenidone to Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world observational study.
Anevlavis, S; Archontogeorgis, K; Bonelis, K; Froudarakis, M; Ntolios, P; Paxinou, N; Steiropoulos, P; Voulgaris, A, 2021)		1.08
" After the initiation of nintedanib, diarrhea was the most common side effect (66."( Feasibility and safety of treatment switch from Pirfenidone to Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world observational study.
Anevlavis, S; Archontogeorgis, K; Bonelis, K; Froudarakis, M; Ntolios, P; Paxinou, N; Steiropoulos, P; Voulgaris, A, 2021)		0.88
"These results suggest that nintedanib is a safe option for the treatment of patients that had to discontinue pirfenidone due to adverse reactions."( Feasibility and safety of treatment switch from Pirfenidone to Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world observational study.
Anevlavis, S; Archontogeorgis, K; Bonelis, K; Froudarakis, M; Ntolios, P; Paxinou, N; Steiropoulos, P; Voulgaris, A, 2021)		1.09
"Progression-free survival (PFS), acute exacerbation and worsening of IPF and Impact on adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Liu, X; Qiu, L; Wu, J; Wu, W; Zhang, G, 2021)		0.93
" The primary outcome was tolerability defined as maintaining the recommended dose of pirfenidone (2403 mg/day) without a dose reduction totaling more than 21 days, due to adverse events (AEs) or severe AEs (SAEs)."( The safety and tolerability of pirfenidone for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic cell transplant (STOP-BOS) trial.
Brondstetter, T; Chatterjee, P; Cheng, GS; Chiu, W; Hsu, JL; Johnston, L; Matthaiou, EI; Morris, K; O'Donnell, C; Owyang, C; Sharifi, H; Turk, I, 2022)		1.23
" Symptoms and adverse events were evaluated weekly and patients completed online patient-reported outcomes measures."( Safety and tolerability of pirfenidone in asbestosis: a prospective multicenter study.
Baart, S; Grutters, JC; Lie, NSL; Miedema, JR; Moor, CC; Mostard, RLM; Veltkamp, M; Wijsenbeek, MS, 2022)		1.02
"7%) experienced any adverse events during the study period."( Safety and tolerability of pirfenidone in asbestosis: a prospective multicenter study.
Baart, S; Grutters, JC; Lie, NSL; Miedema, JR; Moor, CC; Mostard, RLM; Veltkamp, M; Wijsenbeek, MS, 2022)		1.02
"While pirfenidone and nintedanib have greatly influenced the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), both drugs have significant early adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and almost nothing is known of their rare and delayed ADRs."( Real-world safety profiles of pirfenidone and nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.
Bouzillé, G; Fournier, D; Jouneau, S; Osmont, MN; Polard, E; Scailteux, LM, 2022)		1.49
" There was no significant difference in the rate of treatment-emergent serious adverse events between the two groups, and there were no treatment-related deaths."( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pirfenidone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.
Adamali, HI; Chambers, DC; Chaudhuri, N; Cox, PG; Danoff, SK; Dellaripa, PF; Flaherty, KR; Forrest, IA; Gibbons, MA; Glaspole, I; Goldberg, HJ; Golden, J; Gooptu, B; Hurwitz, S; Kolb, M; Lasky, JA; Lynch, DA; Maurer, R; Perrella, MA; Raghu, G; Rosas, IO; Scholand, MB; Solomon, JJ; Spencer, LG; Spino, C; Troy, L; Vassallo, R; Woodhead, FA, 2023)		1.18
" There were no treatment-emergent serious adverse events."( Pirfenidone in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Crooks, JL; Fernández Pérez, ER; Fier, K; Groshong, SD; Humphries, SM; Koelsch, TL; Lynch, DA; Mohning, MP; Solomon, JJ; Swigris, JJ, 2023)		2.35
" Pirfenidone was found to be safe and improved PFS in patients with FHP."( Pirfenidone in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Crooks, JL; Fernández Pérez, ER; Fier, K; Groshong, SD; Humphries, SM; Koelsch, TL; Lynch, DA; Mohning, MP; Solomon, JJ; Swigris, JJ, 2023)		3.26
" Blood samples were taken to confirm the pharmacokinetics of PR-PFD, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated monthly using a short questionnaire."( Prolonged-release pirfenidone in patients with pulmonary fibrosis as a phenotype of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia. Safety and efficacy.
Aguilar-Medina, S; Alva-Lopez, LF; Cazzola, M; Domínguez-Arellano, S; Escobar-Alvarado, JC; Falfán-Valencia, R; Matera, MG; Montiel-Lopez, F; Olaya-López, E; Pérez-Rubio, G; Poo, JL; Ramírez-Venegas, A; Sansores, RH; Zavaleta-Martínez, EO, 2023)		1.24
"In patients with PASC pulmonary fibrosis, three months' treatment with PR-PFD was safe and showed therapeutic efficacy."( Prolonged-release pirfenidone in patients with pulmonary fibrosis as a phenotype of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia. Safety and efficacy.
Aguilar-Medina, S; Alva-Lopez, LF; Cazzola, M; Domínguez-Arellano, S; Escobar-Alvarado, JC; Falfán-Valencia, R; Matera, MG; Montiel-Lopez, F; Olaya-López, E; Pérez-Rubio, G; Poo, JL; Ramírez-Venegas, A; Sansores, RH; Zavaleta-Martínez, EO, 2023)		1.24

Pharmacokinetics

Pirfenidone is the first worldwide-approved drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Its pharmacodynamic properties and the metabolic response have not been fully elucidated. A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" From the pirfenidone concentrations, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each dog at each treatment interval."( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered pirfenidone in male and female beagles.
Bruss, ML; Giri, SN; Margolin, SB, 2004)		0.99
" Pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple doses were similar to those after single doses."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone, an antifibrotic agent, in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Chen, H; Shi, S; Wu, J; Zeng, F, 2007)		0.6
" Distribution of pirfenidone best fit a 2-compartment model, and the drug had mean +/- SEM elimination half-life of 86."( Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of pirfenidone administered intravenously in horses.
Braim, AE; Bruss, ML; Giri, JK; Giri, SN; Macdonald, MH; Stanley, SD, 2008)		0.95
" Concentrations of pirfenidone and its metabolites in plasma and urine were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and candidate pharmacokinetic models were fit to plasma data using weighted, non-linear regression."( Effect of food and antacids on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone in older healthy adults.
Ambrose, PG; Bhavnani, SM; Forrest, A; Loutit, JS; Rubino, CM, 2009)		0.93
" The half-life for these tissues was 18."( Pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone after topical administration in rabbit eye.
Lin, X; Qiu, X; Sun, G; Wu, K; Yang, Y; Ye, C; Yu, M; Zhong, H, 2011)		0.69
" To clarify the in vivo phototoxic behavior of PFD, photoirritation and pharmacokinetic characteristics were also assessed in rats after its oral administration."( Photosafety assessments on pirfenidone: photochemical, photobiological, and pharmacokinetic characterization.
Inoue, R; Kato, M; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Yamada, S, 2013)		0.69
"A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic investigation of pirfenidone in rat plasma."( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of pirfenidone in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS.
Chen, RJ; Chen, RM; Hu, GX; Jiang, SM; Jiang, ZL; Li, WS; Sun, W; Wang, Z; Zhou, L, 2015)		0.87
"32 mg·h·L(- 1)) and delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were observed in fed group compared with fasted group."( Effect of grapefruit juice and food on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone in healthy Chinese volunteers: a diet-drug interaction study.
Deng, S; He, X; Hu, J; Huang, W; Lu, H; Ni, X; Qiu, C; Shang, D; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, M; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.67
"Given the importance of pirfenidone as the first worldwide-approved drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment, its pharmacodynamic properties and the metabolic response to pirfenidone treatment have not been fully elucidated."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacometabolomic study of pirfenidone in normal mouse tissues using high mass resolution MALDI-FTICR-mass spectrometry imaging.
Aichler, M; Eickelberg, O; Fernandez, IE; Sun, N; Walch, A; Wei, M; Wu, Y, 2016)		1
" A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted after intratracheal and oral administration of PFD formulations."( Development of an Improved Inhalable Powder Formulation of Pirfenidone by Spray-Drying: In Vitro Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Profiling.
Chan, HK; Leung, SS; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Suzuki, G, 2016)		0.68
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of pirfenidone in rats on oral administration of the drug at a dose of 15."( Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Pirfenidone in Rat Serum by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography.
Chikhale, RV; Thorat, SG, 2016)		0.93
"This study aimed to verify the applicability of a proposed photosafety screening system based on a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and a cassette-dosing pharmacokinetic (PK) study to chemicals with wide structural diversity."( Photochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Orally Administered Chemicals to Evaluate Phototoxic Risk.
Iyama, Y; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Seto, Y, 2019)		0.51
" To avoid early development failures and attrition in clinical phase 1, an evaluation of the preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of MFD was conducted in this study."( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, plasma protein binding, and metabolism study of mefunidone, a novel pirfenidone derivative.
Cheng, Z; Han, X; Li, F; Ma, Y; Wang, L; Wen, Z, 2019)		0.73
"Pirfenidone concentrations were evaluated in plasma, lung-derived lymph and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) with data subjected to non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."( Aerosol Pirfenidone Pharmacokinetics after Inhaled Delivery in Sheep: a Viable Approach to Treating Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Beck, S; Bischof, RJ; Davies, AN; Ibrahim, J; Kaminskas, LM; Landersdorfer, CB; Leong, N; Montgomery, AB; Pham, S; Surber, MW, 2019)		2.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of PR-PFD are significantly modified in patients with cirrhosis compared with those in controls, indicating that liver impairment should be considered in clinical practice."( Prolonged release pirfenidone pharmacokinetics is modified in cirrhosis GENESIS study.
Aguilar, JR; Alonso-Campero, R; Bernal-Reyes, R; Gamino, ME; Gasca, F; Gomez-Silva, M; Hernández, L; Hernández, N; la Parra, MG; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE; Peña, P; Pineyro-Garza, E; Poo, JL; Tapia, G, 2023)		1.24

Compound-Compound Interactions

Pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based regimens or ICIs might be safe first-line chemotherapy for patients with IPF and NSCLC.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, no study has reported on its prophylactic value against chemotherapy-associated acute IPF exacerbations when combined with chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		0.85
" Patients were treated with pirfenidone combined with carboplatin and nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel or S-1 as first-line chemotherapy."( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		1.15
"The present study found that pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based regimens or ICIs might be safe first-line chemotherapy for patients with IPF and NSCLC."( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		1.14
"SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: No patients with IPF and NSCLC who received pirfenidone in combination with first-line carboplatin-based chemotherapy or late-line ICIs developed acute IPF exacerbations."( Safety and effectiveness of pirfenidone combined with carboplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.
Akazawa, Y; Ishijima, M; Kanazu, M; Kuge, T; Mori, M; Okabe, F; Uenami, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, Y, 2020)		1.08
"The aim of this study was to explore the effect and mechanism of pirfenidone (PFD) combined with 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) perfusion through portal vein on hepatic artery hypoxia-induced hepatic fibrosis."( Effect and mechanism of pirfenidone combined with 2-methoxy-estradiol perfusion through portal vein on hepatic artery hypoxia-induced hepatic fibrosis.
Huang, N; Jiang, QG; Lin, JQ; Yan, LY; Yang, WZ; Zheng, H, 2023)		1.45

Bioavailability

Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative with antifibrotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative properties currently used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In control rats, the elimination half-life of pirfenidon following a single intravenous dose of 200 mg kg(-1) was 37 min while oral bioavailability at this dose was 25.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In control rats, the elimination half-life of pirfenidone following a single intravenous dose of 200 mg kg(-1) was 37 min while oral bioavailability at this dose was 25."( Attenuation of cardiac fibrosis by pirfenidone and amiloride in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
Brown, L; Fenning, A; Margolin, SB; Mirkovic, S; Seymour, AM; Strachan, A; Taylor, SM, 2002)		0.85
"8 mg x h/L [fasted]), rate of absorption was considerably (P < ."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone, an antifibrotic agent, in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Chen, H; Shi, S; Wu, J; Zeng, F, 2007)		0.6
"Pirfenidone is an orally bioavailable synthetic compound with therapeutic potential for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( XL413, a cell division cycle 7 kinase inhibitor enhanced the anti-fibrotic effect of pirfenidone on TGF-β1-stimulated C3H10T1/2 cells via Smad2/4.
Fu, ST; He, Y; Jin, SF; Liu, ZL; Ma, HL; Zhang, CP, 2015)		2.08
"To increase bioavailability of the water-based PFD eye drops, we prepared a viscous solution by adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, F4M), which acted as a viscosity-enhancer."( Preparation and evaluation of HPMC-based pirfenidone solution in vivo.
Lei, M; Wu, KL; Xu, JG; Yang, M; Yang, YF; Ye, CT; Yu, MB; Zhao, CS, 2017)		0.72
" Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative that has been clinically used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Antifibrotic effect of pirfenidone in a mouse model of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Furuke, S; Hata, KI; Ikeda, K; Itoh, M; Komiya, C; Miyachi, Y; Mori, K; Nakabayashi, K; Ochi, K; Ogawa, Y; Shiba, K; Shimazu, N; Suganami, T; Tanaka, M; Tsuchiya, K; Yamaguchi, S, 2017)		1.68
" The model was validated with experimental data and used to determine the bioavailability both for contact lenses and eye drops."( Controlled delivery of pirfenidone through vitamin E-loaded contact lens ameliorates corneal inflammation.
Chauhan, A; Dixon, P; Ghosh, T; Hazra, S; Konar, A; Mondal, K, 2018)		0.79
" Pirfenidone (PFD) is an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative with antifibrotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative properties currently used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis."( Therapeutic effect of pirfenidone in the sugen/hypoxia rat model of severe pulmonary hypertension.
Bordenave, J; Cumont, A; Dorfmüller, P; Ghigna, MR; Guignabert, C; Huertas, A; Humbert, M; Phan, C; Poble, PB; Quatremare, T; Savale, L; Thuillet, R; Tu, L, 2019)		1.74
" The absolute bioavailability was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys, who received an intragastric or intravenous administration at the dose of 31."( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, plasma protein binding, and metabolism study of mefunidone, a novel pirfenidone derivative.
Cheng, Z; Han, X; Li, F; Ma, Y; Wang, L; Wen, Z, 2019)		0.73
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Pirfenidone (PFD), an orally bioavailable pyridone derivative, is clinically used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment and has antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects."( Pirfenidone attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via suppressing c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation.
Aoyagi, T; Goya, T; Imoto, K; Kato, M; Kohjima, M; Kurokawa, M; Kuwano, A; Ogawa, Y; Suzuki, H; Takahashi, M; Tanaka, M; Tashiro, S, 2022)		3.07
" In the present work, sustained-release (SR) formulations of the PFD-FA cocrystal of two different strengths such as 200 and 600 mg were prepared and its comparative bioavailability in healthy human volunteers was studied against the reference formulation PIRFENEX (200 mg)."( Investigating the Role of the Reduced Solubility of the Pirfenidone-Fumaric Acid Cocrystal in Sustaining the Release Rate from Its Tablet Dosage Form by Conducting Comparative Bioavailability Study in Healthy Human Volunteers.
Bansal, AK; Bose, A; Chakraborty, S; Das, S; Ghosh, A; Kumari, N; Pandey, N; Parmar, PK; Roy, P; Roy, S, 2022)		0.97

Dosage Studied

Pirfenidone had significant anti-fibrotic effects for bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis. These effects were most significantly attenuated at the dosage of 50 mg x kg (-1) x d(-1) (HE: P < 0.0).

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Conventional therapy was discontinued in 38 of 46 patients; the other eight were able to decrease their prednisone dosage and eight had no previous conventional treatment."( Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone: results of a prospective, open-label Phase II study.
Johnson, WC; Lockhart, D; Mageto, Y; Raghu, G, 1999)		0.53
" However, when the dosage was tapered, BOOP recurred."( [Successful treatment of steroid-resistant bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia with orally administered cyclosporin and pirfenidone].
Arai, Y; Isogane, N; Ito, K; Ogawa, C; Otomo, M; Sano, Y; Sekiya, T; Suzuki, N; To, Y, 2000)		0.51
"To investigate the optimal dosage of pirfenidone for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in Wistar rats, and the alteration of expressions of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta 1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) in lung tissue."( Low dose pirfenidone suppresses transforming growth factor beta-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and protects rats from lung fibrosis induced by bleomycina.
Gu, L; Guo, ZJ; Tian, XL; Yao, W; Zhu, YJ, 2006)		1.02
"Low dose pirfenidone, especially at dosage of 50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), has significant anti-fibrotic effects on bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis."( Low dose pirfenidone suppresses transforming growth factor beta-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and protects rats from lung fibrosis induced by bleomycina.
Gu, L; Guo, ZJ; Tian, XL; Yao, W; Zhu, YJ, 2006)		1.17
" Pirfenidone was administered orally on a continuous dosing schedule."( Phase I trial of pirfenidone in children with neurofibromatosis 1 and plexiform neurofibromas.
Babovic-Vuksanovic, D; Beck, H; Dombi, E; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; MacDonald, T; O'Neill, BP; Packer, RJ; Toledo-Tamula, MA; Widemann, BC; Wolters, PL, 2007)		1.59
" Exposure of PFD to light-exposed tissues (skin and eye) after intratracheal administration of PFD-RP at a pharmacologically effective dose (300 μg-PFD/rat) was 90-130-fold less than that of the oral PFD dosage form at a phototoxic dose (160 mg/kg)."( Inhalable powder formulation of pirfenidone with reduced phototoxic risk for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
Aoki, Y; Kato, M; Kojo, Y; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Yamada, S, 2013)		0.67
"Patients (3-21 years) with NF1-related progressive PN received pirfenidone at the previously determined optimal dose (500 mg/m(2) orally, q8h) on a continuous dosing schedule (one cycle = 28 days)."( Phase II trial of pirfenidone in children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 and progressive plexiform neurofibromas.
Babovic-Vuksanovic, D; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Cohen, B; Dombi, E; Fox, E; Goldman, S; Goodspeed, W; Goodwin, A; Kieran, MW; King, A; Martin, S; Packer, RJ; Patronas, N; Solomon, J; Steinberg, SM; Widemann, BC; Wolters, PL, 2014)		0.98
"94 mg·L(- 1)), modestly affected area-under-the-plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 12 h post dosing (AUC0-12 h, 21."( Effect of grapefruit juice and food on the pharmacokinetics of pirfenidone in healthy Chinese volunteers: a diet-drug interaction study.
Deng, S; He, X; Hu, J; Huang, W; Lu, H; Ni, X; Qiu, C; Shang, D; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, M; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.67
"Pirfenidone was orally administered to IPF patients who were candidates for lung cancer surgery; pirfenidone was dosed at 600 mg/day for the first 2 weeks, followed by 1200 mg/day."( A phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of perioperative pirfenidone for prevention of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary resection: West Japan Oncology Group 6711 L (PEOPLE Study).
Asato, Y; Azuma, A; Chida, M; Fukuoka, J; Hiroshima, K; Ikeda, N; Iwasawa, T; Iwata, T; Katakami, N; Kuwano, K; Matsuura, M; Mitsudomi, T; Nakagawa, K; Nakanishi, Y; Okada, M; Okami, J; Okubo, K; Sakai, S; Sakamoto, K; Tada, H; Takenoyama, M; Tomii, K; Tsuboi, M; Yamashita, M; Yamashita, Y; Yokouchi, H; Yoshida, S; Yoshimura, K; Yoshino, I, 2016)		2.11
" This study suggests that hydrocarbon base ointment could be a promising dosage form for topical delivery of PF in treatment of deep partial-thickness burns."( Development of a Topical 48-H Release Formulation as an Anti-scarring Treatment for Deep Partial-Thickness Burns.
DeLuca, PP; Dorati, R; Leung, KP; Medina, JL, 2018)		0.48
" Modification of the dosing regimen diminished this impact and may provide insight into possible mitigation strategies to minimize GI-related toxicities in the clinic."( Effect of pirfenidone on gastric emptying in a rat model.
Burg, C; Chen, Y; Gelzleichter, T; Limb, SL; Nguyen, L; Pan, L, 2018)		0.88
" Furthermore, currently the majority of new drugs are investigated in preclinical models of IPF are dosed using a prophylactic dosing regimen, whereas patients are almost always treated after the fibrosis is well established."( Use of animal models in IPF research.
Carrington, R; Jordan, S; Page, CP; Pitchford, SC, 2018)		0.48
"A panel of 12 physicians participated and developed a total of 286 statements on dosing and administration, special populations, drug-drug interactions, laboratory analysis, warnings and precautions, and AE management."( Expert consensus on the management of adverse events and prescribing practices associated with the treatment of patients taking pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Delphi consensus study.
Brown, AW; de Andrade, JA; Flaherty, KR; Kaner, RJ; King, CS; Nathan, SD; Noth, I; Padilla, ML; Rahaghi, FF; Safdar, Z; Scholand, MB; Shifren, A, 2020)		0.76
" Subgroup analysis identified superior therapeutic effects of pirfenidone in patients with dosage >600 mg/day (p=0."( The role of pirfenidone in the treatment of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features.
Chen, T; Chen, YN; Hu, Y; Huang, Y; Li, HP; Li, QH; Shi, JY; Wang, XD; Weng, D; Wu, CY; Ye, S; Yin, CS; Zhang, AH; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2022)		1.34
"3%) and difficulty adhering to pirfenidone's dosage scheme (16."( Feasibility and safety of treatment switch from Pirfenidone to Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a real-world observational study.
Anevlavis, S; Archontogeorgis, K; Bonelis, K; Froudarakis, M; Ntolios, P; Paxinou, N; Steiropoulos, P; Voulgaris, A, 2021)		1.16
" The recommended daily dosage of PFD in patients with IPF is very high (2403 mg/day) and must be mitigated through additives."( Investigating the Role of the Reduced Solubility of the Pirfenidone-Fumaric Acid Cocrystal in Sustaining the Release Rate from Its Tablet Dosage Form by Conducting Comparative Bioavailability Study in Healthy Human Volunteers.
Bansal, AK; Bose, A; Chakraborty, S; Das, S; Ghosh, A; Kumari, N; Pandey, N; Parmar, PK; Roy, P; Roy, S, 2022)		0.97
"Pirfenidone (PRF), the first FDA-approved drug to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and formulated as an oral dosage form, has many side effects."( Inhaled deep eutectic solvent based-nanoemulsion of pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Kang, JH; Kim, DW; Kwon, TK; Park, CW; Yang, MS, 2022)		2.41
"This phase 1b, randomised, open-label, dose-response trial at 25 sites in six countries (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) registration number ACTRN12618001838202) assessed safety, tolerability and efficacy of inhaled pirfenidone (AP01) in IPF."( Inhaled pirfenidone solution (AP01) for IPF: a randomised, open-label, dose-response trial.
Barczyk, A; Chaudhuri, N; Corte, TJ; Freeman, L; Glaspole, I; Grainge, C; Hopkins, P; Jassem, E; Montgomery, AB; Nair, D; Otto, K; Piotrowski, W; Raghu, G; Shaffer, ML; Šterclová, M; Veale, A; West, A; Wijsenbeek, MS; Wilsher, ML, 2023)		1.53
" For designing an effective clinical cure, a combination of these three agents is required at a therapeutic dosage regimen."( Simultaneous estimation of voriconazole, moxifloxacin, and pirfenidone in rabbit lacrimal matrix using LC-MS/MS: an application to preclinical ocular pharmacokinetics.
Agrawal, S; Bhatta, RS; Bisen, AC; Biswas, A; Mishra, A; Sanap, SN; Verma, SK, 2023)		1.15
" However, the current oral administration dosing regimen of PRF is complex and requires high doses."( Characterization of Channeling Effects Applied to Extended-Release Matrix Tablets Containing Pirfenidone.
Han, KH; Jeong, SJ; Kang, JH; Kim, DW; Lee, HJ; Park, CW; Park, ES; Shin, DH; Yoo, JH; Yoo, SD, 2023)		1.13
" Serial blood samples were collected after dosing (0."( Prolonged release pirfenidone pharmacokinetics is modified in cirrhosis GENESIS study.
Aguilar, JR; Alonso-Campero, R; Bernal-Reyes, R; Gamino, ME; Gasca, F; Gomez-Silva, M; Hernández, L; Hernández, N; la Parra, MG; Muñoz-Espinosa, LE; Peña, P; Pineyro-Garza, E; Poo, JL; Tapia, G, 2023)		1.24
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
non-narcotic analgesicA drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugAn anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.
antipyreticA drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyridone
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (19)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.025120.237639.8107AID893
Chain B, HADH2 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.025120.237639.8107AID893
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.37090.177814.390939.8107AID2147
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency7.62930.100020.879379.4328AID488772; AID588453; AID588456
ClpPBacillus subtilisPotency31.62281.995322.673039.8107AID651965
GALC proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.707928.183828.183828.1838AID1159614
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.18830.000714.592883.7951AID1259369
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.06820.000221.22318,912.5098AID743036
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.11920.531815.435837.6858AID504845
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.69441.069113.955137.9330AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.54230.035520.977089.1251AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.07080.540617.639296.1227AID2364; AID2528
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency28.93420.001815.663839.8107AID894
flap endonuclease 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency37.68580.133725.412989.1251AID588795
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.25890.004611.374133.4983AID624297
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proproteinMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)1.43000.07050.75031.4300AID1570819
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)165.40000.00010.72667.8000AID1061688
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)1.43000.07050.75031.4300AID1570819
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (66)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migrationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage checkpoint signalingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cell morphogenesisMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cartilage condensationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
osteoblast differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
placenta developmentMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
response to dietary excessMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
chondrocyte differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
glucose metabolic processMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
chemotaxisMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathwayMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle tissue developmentMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myotube differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-serine phosphorylationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid oxidationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ossificationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
osteoclast differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascadeMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cyclase activityMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathwayMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
response to muramyl dipeptideMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-12 productionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulinMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of hippo signalingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
response to muscle stretchMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
p38MAPK cascadeMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myoblast differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
glucose importMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glucose importMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathwayMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
striated muscle cell differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of muscle cell differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
stress-activated MAPK cascadeMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
bone developmentMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilizationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipoteichoic acidMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factorMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-BMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathwayMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiationMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
stress-induced premature senescenceMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic membrane adhesionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of myoblast fusionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein serine/threonine kinase activityMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
MAP kinase activityMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
MAP kinase kinase activityMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
NFAT protein bindingMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
protein serine kinase activityMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytosolMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
spindle poleMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule lumenMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
ficolin-1-rich granule lumenMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmMitogen-activated protein kinase 14Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmMothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 Mus musculus (house mouse)
cytosolMothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 Mus musculus (house mouse)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (181)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1899780Protection against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in male C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in hepatic hydroxyproline content at 250 mg/kg measured by masson staining2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Discovery of new and highly effective quadruple FFA1 and PPARα/γ/δ agonists as potential anti-fatty liver agents.
AID1669356Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP2A6-mediated compound activation using 50 uM pirfenidone incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1669352Drug metabolism in rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate by measuring retention time of cysteine adduct in proteolytic protein samples at 10 to 400 mg/kg, ip measured up to 3 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1570819Inhibition of TGF beta1/Smad3 signaling in mouse NIH/3T3 cells harboring CAGA promoter incubated for 18 hrs in presence of TGF-beta1 by luciferase reporter gene assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 29, Issue:22
In vitro screening for compounds from Hypericum longistylum with anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity.
AID1855530Antifibrotic activity against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6 mouse model assessed as improvement in pulmonary alveolar structure damage at 100 mg/kg, po administered once daily starting from day 7 post BLM treatment and measured on day 14 by H 2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241Discovery of a novel Pleuromutilin derivative as anti-IPF lead compound via high-throughput assay.
AID1679311Antifibrotic activity in mouse MES-13 cells assessed as decrease in glucose-induced CTGF protein level pretreated with glucose for 48 hrs followed by compound treatment relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1881279Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg, po by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1679304Elimination half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po measured up to 720 min by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1881283Oral bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1854295Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance measured upto 45 mins in presence of NADPH by LC/MS analysis
AID1774036Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as prevention of structural damage of lungs at 150 mg/kg, po treated for 28 consecutive days by Hematoxylin and eosin staining based assay relative to contr
AID1881272Antifibrotic activity in TGF-beta1-induced HFL1 cell injury assessed as down regulation of collagen 1 mRNA expression at 3 mM measured after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1652947Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung structural damage at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by H and E staining based assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1287214Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H522 cells assessed as cell growth at 10'-5 M after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1669355Drug metabolism in selective SULT inhibitor DCNP pre-treated rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate by measuring hepatic protein adduction formation at 50 to 200 mg/kg, ip measured after 1 hr by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1061688Inhibition of p38alpha (unknown origin) up to 60 mins by ADP-Glo assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the pirfenidone derivatives as antifibrotic agents.
AID1525624Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung damage at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post last dose by H2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1287232Antifibrotic activity in HFL1 cells assessed as reduction in cell proliferation after 15 hrs by xCelligence analysis2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1652945Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in peak expiratory flow at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1654039Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in oxidative stress by measuring reduction in MDA level in plasma at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomyci2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1881267Clearance in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 2 mg/kg, iv by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1669357Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP1A2-mediated compound activation using 50 uM pirfenidone incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1669338Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP3A4-mediated 5-methylene-1-phenyl-pyridin-1-ium-2-one formation at 50 uM incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1679308AUC (0 to t) in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po via gavage measured up to 48 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1912087Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat lung fibrosis model assessed as decrease in fibronectin level at 150 mg/kg, po administered daily for 28 days by Western blot analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Structural Modifications of Nimodipine Lead to Novel PDE1 Inhibitors with Anti-pulmonary Fibrosis Effects.
AID1669344Drug metabolism in SULT inhibitor DCNP pre-treated rat primary hepatocytes assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1525625Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in collagen fiber deposition at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1881308Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in lung histopathological changes at 100 mg/kg, po administered daily for 1 to 14 days starting from post bleomycin stimulation by H and E stain2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1881263Antiproliferative activity against human HFL1 cells assessed as reduction in cell proliferation measured after 24 hrs by CCK-8 assay2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1287235Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of superoxide anion generation upto 10 uM measured for 3 mins by nitro blue tetrazolium assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1669342Drug metabolism in rat primary hepatocytes assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1287204Antifibrotic activity in HFL1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at >1 uM after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1669343Drug metabolism in selective CYP3A inhibitor KTC pre-treated rat primary hepatocytes assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1881264Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 2 mg/kg, iv by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1881278Tmax in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg, po by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1654048Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in IL17A expression in plasma at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomycin challenge by FACSCalibur flow cyto2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1482823Anti-fibrotic activity in BML-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6 mouse model assessed as reduction in fibrosis with damage of pulmonary structure at 50 mg/kg, po administered bid with 7.5 hrs interval between 2 doses for 21 days relative to control2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9
Discovery of 2-[[2-Ethyl-6-[4-[2-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methylamino]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-5-carbonitrile (GLPG1690), a First-in-Class Autotaxin Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation
AID1652946Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in enhanced pause at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1469851Antiproliferative activity against mouse NIH/3T3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-26, Volume: 60, Issue:2
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Status, Recent Progress, and Emerging Targets.
AID1587791Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability up to 100 uM by CellTiter-Fluor assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthioalkanoic Acids: A Highly Potent New Class of Inhibitors of Rho/Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor (MRTF)/Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated Gene Transcription as Potential Antifibrotic Agents for Scleroderma.
AID1774044Anti-inflammatory activity in bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic activity Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease in NO production in lungs at 150 mg/kg, po treated for 28 consecutive days
AID1854296Metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance measured upto 45 mins in presence of NADPH by LC/MS analysis
AID1679330Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as urinary albumin level at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last dose by ELISA (Rvb = 244.98 +/- 44.98 ug)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1652944Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in peak inspiratory flow at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1482814Anti-fibrotic activity in BML-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6 mouse model assessed as reduction in fibrotic thickening of aveolar/bronchial walls at 50 mg/kg, po administered bid with 7.5 hrs interval between 2 doses for 21 days relative to control2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9
Discovery of 2-[[2-Ethyl-6-[4-[2-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methylamino]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-5-carbonitrile (GLPG1690), a First-in-Class Autotaxin Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation
AID1587829Inhibition of Rho/MRTF/SRF pathway in human primary dermal fibroblasts assessed as reduction in LPA-stimulated CTGF mRNA expression by measuring CTGF mRNA level at 10'-6 M preincubated for 72 hrs followed by LPA stimulation and measured after 1 hr by qPCR2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthioalkanoic Acids: A Highly Potent New Class of Inhibitors of Rho/Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor (MRTF)/Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated Gene Transcription as Potential Antifibrotic Agents for Scleroderma.
AID1774042Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease in fibronectin expression of lungs at 150 mg/kg, po treated for 28 consecutive days by Western blot analysis
AID1774038Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as inhibition of collagen deposition around trachea and cell hyperplasia at 150 mg/kg, po treated for 28 consecutive days by Hematoxylin and eosin staining
AID1912086Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat lung fibrosis model assessed as decrease in collagen I level at 150 mg/kg, po administered daily for 28 days by Western blot analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Structural Modifications of Nimodipine Lead to Novel PDE1 Inhibitors with Anti-pulmonary Fibrosis Effects.
AID1669334Drug metabolism in rat liver microsomes assessed as 5-Hydroxymethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyridine-2-one formation at 50 uM incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1669359Toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes at 800 uM2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1669353Drug metabolism in rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate by measuring hepatic protein adduction formation at 50 to 200 mg/kg, ip measured after 1 hr by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1482818Anti-fibrotic activity in BML-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6 mouse model assessed as reduction in fibrous area with severe distortion of lung structure at 50 mg/kg, po administered bid with 7.5 hrs interval between 2 doses for 21 days relative to cont2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9
Discovery of 2-[[2-Ethyl-6-[4-[2-(3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperazin-1-yl]-8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]methylamino]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole-5-carbonitrile (GLPG1690), a First-in-Class Autotaxin Inhibitor Undergoing Clinical Evaluation
AID1669358Toxicity in rat assessed as induction of liver injury at 150 to 200 mg/kg, ip2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1679310Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po via gavage measured up to 48 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1881280Half life in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg, po by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1525619Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in respiratory system elastance at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured po2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1654049Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in TNF-alpha expression in plasma at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomycin challenge by FACSCalibur flow 2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1654032Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in lung coefficient at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomycin challenge2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1654047Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in IL6 expression in plasma at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomycin challenge by FACSCalibur flow cytome2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1652949Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as inhibition of collagen deposition at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by Masson staining based assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1652941Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in end-inspiratory pause at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1525617Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in respiratory system resistance at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured p2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1287208Cytotoxicity against human NCI60 cells assessed as cell growth at 10'-5 M after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1679316Antifibrotic activity in mouse MES-13 cells assessed as decrease in TGFbeta1-induced CTGF protein level pretreated with TGFbeta1 for 48 hrs followed by compound treatment2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1679309Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat at 10 mg/kg, po via gavage measured up to 48 hrs by HPLC analysis2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1669348Drug metabolism in rat bile assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate at 100 mg/kg, ip measured after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1881282AUC(infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg, po by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1679332Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as serum creatinine level at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last dose by ELISA (Rvb = 38.86 +/- 8.86 mmol/L)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1469845Elimination half life in healthy human at 801 mg2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-26, Volume: 60, Issue:2
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Status, Recent Progress, and Emerging Targets.
AID1881275Antifibrotic activity in TGF-beta1-induced HFL1 cell injury assessed as down regulation of collagen 3 mRNA expression at 3 mM measured after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID1854318Anti-fibrogenic activity against mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as inhibition of TGFbeta-induced alpha-SMA protein expression at 0.5 to 10 mM incubated for 48 hrs by western blot assay
AID1912085Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat lung fibrosis model assessed as decrease in alpha-smooth muscle actin level at 150 mg/kg, po administered daily for 28 days by Western blot analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Structural Modifications of Nimodipine Lead to Novel PDE1 Inhibitors with Anti-pulmonary Fibrosis Effects.
AID1669354Drug metabolism in selective CYP3A inhibitor KTC pre-treated rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate by measuring hepatic protein adduction formation at 50 to 200 mg/kg, ip measured after 1 hr by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1679333Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as blood urea nitrogen level at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last dose by ELISA (Rvb = 11.22 +/- 1.22 mmol/L)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1881306Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in lung hydroxyproline content at 100 mg/kg, po administered daily for 1 to 14 days starting from post bleomycin stimulation2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1287215Cytotoxicity against human UO31 cells assessed as cell growth at 10'-5 M after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1679329Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as urine albumin to creatinine ratio at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last dose by ELISA (Rvb = 2.72 +/- 0.729 ug/mg)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1679315Antifibrotic activity in mouse MES-13 cells assessed as decrease in TGFbeta1-induced fibronectin protein level pretreated with TGFbeta1 for 48 hrs followed by compound treatment2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1669351Drug metabolism in rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate at 400 mg/kg, ip measured up to 3 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1061689Antifibrotic activity in human MRC5 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 24 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the pirfenidone derivatives as antifibrotic agents.
AID1669350Drug metabolism in rat liver assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate at 100 mg/kg, ip measured up to 3 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1679331Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as creatinine clearance rate at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last dose by ELISA (Rvb = 120.77 +/- 20.77 uL/min)2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1287213Cytotoxicity against human RPMI8226 cells assessed as cell growth at 10'-5 M after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1287203Antifibrotic activity in HFL1 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 112Antifibrotic and anticancer action of 5-ene amino/iminothiazolidinones.
AID1587828Inhibition of Rho/MRTF/SRF pathway (unknown origin) expressed in human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in Galpha12 Q231L-stimulated MRTF-selective SRE.L promoter-driven luciferase activity up to 100 uM after overnight incubation by luminescence assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-09, Volume: 62, Issue:9
5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthioalkanoic Acids: A Highly Potent New Class of Inhibitors of Rho/Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor (MRTF)/Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated Gene Transcription as Potential Antifibrotic Agents for Scleroderma.
AID1881281AUClast in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 10 mg/kg, po by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1525623Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung fibronectin level at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post las2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1855537Antifibrotic activity against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6 mouse model assessed as reduction in fibrosis region at 100 mg/kg, po administered once daily starting from day 7 post BLM treatment and measured on day 14 by hematoxylin-eosin and Ma2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241Discovery of a novel Pleuromutilin derivative as anti-IPF lead compound via high-throughput assay.
AID1854317Anti-fibrogenic activity against mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as inhibition of TGFbeta-induced Fn protein expression at 0.5 to 10 mM incubated for 48 hrs by western blot assay
AID1881265AUClast in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 2 mg/kg, iv by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1854313Induction of apoptosis in TGFbeta-induced mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as increase in apoptosis rate at 10 mM incubated for 48 hrs by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining based flow cytometry
AID1854297Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as half life measured upto 45 mins in presence of NADPH by LC/MS analysis
AID1669347Drug metabolism in rat liver cytosol assessed as formation of GSH-conjugate at 50 uM in presence of rat liver microsomes and NADPH and GSH and SULT cofactor PAPS by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1881266AUC(infinity) in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 2 mg/kg, iv by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1774040Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as decrease in alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression of lungs at 150 mg/kg, po treated for 28 consecutive days by Western blot analysis
AID1669336Drug metabolism in rat liver microsomes assessed as Retention time of GSH metabolite at 50 uM incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1854316Anti-fibrogenic activity against mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as inhibition of TGFbeta-induced COL1 protein expression at 0.5 to 10 mM incubated for 48 hrs by western blot assay
AID1652942Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in end-expiratory pause at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1669349Drug metabolism in rat bile assessed as formation of (2R)-2-acetamido-3-[(6-oxo-1-phenyl-3-pyridyl)methylsulfanyl]propanoic acid at 100 mg/kg, ip measured after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1881262Antifibrotic activity in TGF-beta1-induced HFL1 cell injury assessed as alpha-SMA expression at 3 mM measured after 48 hrs by Western blot analysis (Rvb = 100%)2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1669339Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP3A5-mediated 5-methylene-1-phenyl-pyridin-1-ium-2-one formation at 50 uM incubated for 45 mins in presence of NADPH and glutathione by LC-MS/MS analysis2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15
Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases.
AID1654028Antifibrotic activity against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as reduction in alveolar septal swelling at 120 mg/kg, po administered via gavage qd for 14 days at 3 days post bleomycin challenge by hematoxylin and eosin s2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological activity of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent JAK3 inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1854293Antiproliferative activity against TGFbeta-induced mouse NIH3T3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by CCK-8 assay
AID1899778Protection against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in male C57BL/6 mouse assessed as decrease in collagen area in liver at 250 mg/kg measured by masson staining2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 229Discovery of new and highly effective quadruple FFA1 and PPARα/γ/δ agonists as potential anti-fatty liver agents.
AID1525620Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in respiratory system compliance at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured p2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1776605Antifibrotic activity against intranasal bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse lung fibrosis model assessed as reduction in Ashcroft score at 50 mg/kg, po twice daily for 14 days2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-13, Volume: 64, Issue:9
Discovery of the S1P2 Antagonist GLPG2938 (1-[2-Ethoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyridyl]-3-[[5-methyl-6-[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridazin-3-yl]methyl]urea), a Preclinical Candidate for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1881277Cmax in Sprague-Dawley rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis at 2 mg/kg, iv by LC-MS/MS analysis2021RSC medicinal chemistry, Jul-21, Volume: 12, Issue:7
The development of HEC-866 and its analogues for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AID1525622Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung hydroxyproline level at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1469846Antifibrotic activity in Swiss albino rat bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model assessed as hydroxyproline content in lung at 0.04 g/day administered via oral gavage by spectrophotometric analysis2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-26, Volume: 60, Issue:2
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current Status, Recent Progress, and Emerging Targets.
AID1525616Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung index at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post last dose2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1525618Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in inspiratory capacity at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post last 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1854298Metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes assessed as half life measured upto 45 mins in presence of NADPH by LC/MS analysis
AID1652943Anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of BLM-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in mid-expiratory flow at 150 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days by mka noninvasive pulmonary monitoring system based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 63, Issue:14
Discovery of Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors for the Efficient Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID1679322Antidiabetic nephropathy in 8 weeks old db/db mouse model assessed as decrease in glomerular sclerosis lesions by measuring glomerular sclerosis index at 250 mg/kg, po via gavage administered once a day for 24 weeks of age and measured 24 hrs post last do2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1679312Antifibrotic activity in mouse MES-13 cells assessed as decrease in glucose-induced fibronectin protein level pretreated with glucose for 48 hrs followed by compound treatment relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2
Discovery of 1-(4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)benzyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one, an orally active multi-target agent for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
AID1525621Antifibrotic activity in bleomycin-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis assessed as reduction in lung alpha-SMA level at 30 mg/kg, po administered thrice daily for 18 days starting from 10 days post-bleomycin challenge and measured post last 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Discovery of 4-Methylquinazoline Based PI3K Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,056)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's24 (2.27)18.2507
2000's123 (11.65)29.6817
2010's614 (58.14)24.3611
2020's295 (27.94)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 80.69

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index80.69 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.09 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.52 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index143.33 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (80.69)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials102 (9.32%)5.53%
Reviews212 (19.38%)6.00%
Case Studies78 (7.13%)4.05%
Observational31 (2.83%)0.25%
Other671 (61.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (103)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Phase II Trial of Pirfenidone in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Progressive Plexiform Neurofibromas [NCT00076102]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-21Completed
An Open-label, Fixed-sequence Drug-drug Interaction Study in Healthy Subjects to Evaluate the Effect of GLPG4716 on the Pharmacokinetics of Nintedanib and Pirfenidone [NCT04971746]Phase 158 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-19Completed
An Open, Randomised, Controlled and Unicenter Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficiency of Pirfenidone for the Reduction of Pulmonary Metabolic, Inflammatory and Fibrogenic Activity in Patients With Silicosis Due to Artificial Stone and PMF [NCT05118256]Phase 218 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-15Recruiting
A Phase I, Open-Label, Randomized, Four-Treatment Period, Four-Sequence, Single-Dose, Crossover, Pharmacokinetic Bioequivalence Study Comparing Pirfenidone Tablet and Capsule Dosage Forms in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT02525484]Phase 144 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Pragmatic Management of Progressive Disease in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: a Randomized Trial [NCT03939520]Phase 4378 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-11Recruiting
Pirfenidone Effect on the Recovery of Renal Function in Patients With Septic Acute Kidney Injury [NCT02530359]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Not yet recruiting
Pirfenidone in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis:Phase II Study [NCT00001959]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-12-31Completed
Pirfenidone to Prevent Fibrosis in ARDS. A Randomized Controlled Trial - PIONEER [NCT05075161]Phase 3130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-01Recruiting
The Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone for Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation [NCT03315741]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
A Phase IIb, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Sildenafil Added to Pirfenidone in Patients With Advanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Intermediate or High Probability [NCT02951429]Phase 2177 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
Non-Interventional Study (NIS) Collecting Experiences For IPF in Taiwan [NCT03242759]101 participants (Actual)Observational2017-08-17Completed
Local Open-label Multicenter Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Russian Clinical Practice [NCT03208933]Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-23Completed
Clinical Study of Pirfenidone Combined With Methylprednisolone Versus Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Pneumonitis [NCT05280873]Phase 148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-10Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial for Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT02136992]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Multicenter, International, Double-blind, Two-Arm, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase II Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients With Unclassifiable Progressive Fibrosing ILD [NCT03099187]Phase 2253 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-15Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Multi-site Study About Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone to Treat Grade 2 or Grade3 Radiation-induced Lung Injury. [NCT03902509]Phase 2126 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-24Terminated(stopped due to The protocol revision is needed.)
Pirfenidone, an Antifibrotic and Antiinflammatory Drug for Treatment of Patients With Cirrhosis Due to Hepatitis C Virus. Phase II/III Study [NCT02161952]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Subjects With Dermatomyositis Interstitial Lung Disease (Dm-ILD) [NCT03857854]Phase 3152 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-05Recruiting
A Single Arm, Multicenter, Open-label, Phase 1b Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Oral Vismodegib in Combination With Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT02648048]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-15Completed
Evaluation of Prolonged-release Pirfenidone in Patients With Viral C Hepatitis, With Sustained Viral Response and Advanced Residual Liver Fibrosis. Potential Role of Epigenetics to Understand Therapeutic Changes (MINERVA). [NCT05542615]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Recruiting
Pirfenidone in the Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treatment [NCT02496182]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-31Recruiting
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Adult Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. [NCT05713292]Phase 3168 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Tolerability of N-Acetylcysteine in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Background Treatment of Pirfenidone [NCT02707640]Phase 2123 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Utility of Prolonged-release Pirfenidone in the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02408744]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
[NCT02296281]Phase 248 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Not yet recruiting
Safety of Nintedanib in Real World in China: a Non-interventional Study Based on Idiopathic Pulmonary (Interstitial) Fibrosis Registry China Study (PORTRAY) Data [NCT05676112]800 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-12-29Not yet recruiting
Pirfenidone and Its Efficacy in Wound Re-Epithelization in Patients With Second-Degree Burns: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03530150]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-01Completed
Effect of Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers With Topic 8% 1-phenyl-5-methyl-2-[1h]-Pyridone (Pirfenidone) Combined With Modified Disulfur Diallyl Oxide (Odd-m) in Gel. [NCT02222376]Phase 336 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Application of Pirfenidone as a Radiosensitizer in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Phase II Clinical Study [NCT06142318]Phase 266 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-15Recruiting
A Phase Two Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study Combining Physiological, Radiographic, and Biological Biomarkers to Study the Anti-fibrotic Effect of Pirfenidone in CLAD Post Lung-transplantation [NCT03473340]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-27Terminated(stopped due to Slow and delayed recruitment due in part to COVID, led to a decision to end funding and terminate the trial.)
Efficacy, Safety, Immune Function of Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Connetive Tissue Disease -Related Interstitial Lung Disease(CTD-LID) [NCT05505409]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-22Recruiting
A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Subjects With Systemic Sclerosis-associated Interstitial Lung Disease (SSc-ILD) [NCT03856853]Phase 3144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-15Recruiting
Clinical Course of Treatment With ESBRIET in Patients With Mild to Moderate IPF [NCT02622477]12 participants (Actual)Observational2014-06-30Completed
A Treatment Protocol to Allow Patients in the US With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Access to Pirfenidone [NCT02141087]0 participants Expanded AccessApproved for marketing
Treatment With Pirfenidone for COVID-19 Related Severe ARDS An Open Label Pilot Trial [NCT04653831]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-08Completed
A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone for Skin Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis [NCT03068234]Phase 2/Phase 372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-31Not yet recruiting
Scleroderma Lung Study III (SLS III): Combining the Anti-fibrotic Effects of Pirfenidone (PFD) With Mycophenolate (MMF) for Treating Scleroderma-related Interstitial Lung Disease [NCT03221257]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-28Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Predictive Indicators of Immunosuppressant Combined With Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-related Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) [NCT04928586]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-16Active, not recruiting
Targeting Residual Activity By Precision, Biomarker-Guided Combination Therapies of Multiple Sclerosis (TRAP-MS) [NCT03109288]Phase 1/Phase 2250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-11Recruiting
Pirfenidone Capsule in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease G2 and G3a Study on Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose [NCT04126538]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-27Recruiting
Efficacy of Intralesional Triamcinolone and 8% Topical Pirfenidone for Treatment of Keloid Scars: 3-arm Trial [NCT02823236]Phase 3102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-24Recruiting
Pirfenidone Versus Placebo as Prophylaxis Against Acute Radiation-induced Lung Injury Following Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients (PRILI): A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating [NCT05704166]Phase 2214 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-16Recruiting
A Phase I/Ib Trial of Pirfenidone Combined With Standard First-Line Chemotherapy in Advanced-Stage Lung NSCLC [NCT03177291]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-26Active, not recruiting
An Open Label Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Pirfenidone and BMS-986278 Following a Single Oral Dose Administration in Healthy Participants [NCT03981094]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-10Completed
Pirfenidone in Combination With Standard of Care Treatment in Patients With Advanced Liver Fibrosis. Multicenter, Open Trial Focused on Safety, Fibrosis Efficacy Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetic Data. [NCT04099407]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Pirfenidone Gel Combined With Modified Oxide Diallyl Disulfide (MODD) Versus Ketanserin for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers [NCT02632877]Phase 1/Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Phase II Clinical Trial of Pirfenidone for the Treatment of Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type I [NCT00754780]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-09-30Completed
An Open-Label Extension Study of the Long Term Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) [NCT00662038]Phase 31,058 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Single Center, Open Label Study to Evaluate Drug-drug Interactions Between HEC585 and Pirfenidone or Nintedanib in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05383131]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-23Completed
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Fixed Sequence Study to Evaluate the Steady-state Pharmacokinetics of BLD-0409, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone When Administered Concurrently in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04939467]Phase 186 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-10-15Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Progressive Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis [NCT04675619]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-01Completed
Effect of Pirfenidone on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT02689778]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients With Progressive Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Clinically Amyopathic Dermatomyositis [NCT02821689]Phase 457 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-31Not yet recruiting
Therapeutic Clinical Trial of Oral Pirfenidone for the Pulmonary Fibrosis of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome [NCT00001596]Phase 235 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Examination of Pirfenidone (Esbriet®) Therapy in Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis With Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated With Radiographic and Functional Impairment to Examine the Reduction in Progression of Disease, Reduction of Exacerbation Rates and Possible R [NCT04461587]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-31Completed
Dose Ranging Study of Oral Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Given Daily for 12 Weeks to Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Evaluating Safety, PK Interactions With Standard of Care Drugs, and Biomarkers of Drug Effect [NCT05195918]Phase 150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-24Recruiting
Assessment of the Dose Reduction and Discontinuation Associated With Anti-Fibrotic Medications in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT05779007]2,778 participants (Actual)Observational2023-04-18Completed
CAFs (Combination of Atezolizumab and Pirfenidone in Second-line and Beyond NSCLC): a Phase I/II Study [NCT04467723]Phase 1/Phase 225 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-18Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase 3 Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (ASCEND Trial) [NCT01366209]Phase 3555 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Post-Authorisation Safety Study of Esbriet® (Pirfenidone): A Prospective Observational Registry to Evaluate Long-Term Safety in a Real-World Setting [NCT02699879]1,009 participants (Actual)Observational2012-02-16Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Severe and Critical Novel Coronavirus Infection [NCT04282902]Phase 3294 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-02-04Recruiting
Development of a Non-Invasive Treatment for Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroids) [NCT00332033]Phase 232 participants Interventional2006-05-25Completed
The Effect of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1015550 on the Pharmacokinetics of Nintedanib and Pirfenidone Administered Single Dose to Healthy Male Subjects (Open-label, Two-period, Fixed-sequence Crossover Trial) [NCT06070610]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-11-08Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 2 Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (PIROUETTE) [NCT02932566]Phase 2129 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-02Completed
Evaluation of Pirfenidone as a Therapy in Patients With Predicted Moderate to Severe Acute Pancreatitis [NCT05350371]Phase 1/Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Recruiting
A Phase II, Multi-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled (Double-blind Design), Active Comparator-controlled (Open-label Design), Parallel-group, Dose-finding Study, to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of HEC585 Tablets in Patients With IPF [NCT05060822]Phase 2270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Recruiting
A Twelve Week, Open-label, Randomised, Parallel-group Study Evaluating Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Oral Nintedanib in Combination With Oral Pirfenidone, Compared to Treatment With Nintedanib Alone, in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmona [NCT02579603]Phase 4105 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-16Completed
An Exploratory Multicenter, Open-Label, Single Arm Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone (Esbriet®) in Combination With Nintedanib (Ofev®) in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT02598193]Phase 489 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-14Completed
Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Pirfenidone, A Novel Anti-Fibrotic Drug in Symptomatic Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Associated With Left Ventricular Diastolic Function [NCT00011076]Phase 250 participants Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Pirfenidone: A Novel Anti-Scarring Therapy for Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00063583]Phase 1/Phase 277 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
A Pilot Study Of Pirfenidone For The Treatment Of Radiation-Induced Fibrosis [NCT00020631]0 participants Interventional2001-10-31Completed
Phase I Trial Of Pirfenidone In Children With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 And Plexiform Neurofibromas [NCT00053937]Phase 10 participants Interventional2002-12-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial for the Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) [NCT01504334]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone Capsules in the Treatment of Pneumoconiosis [NCT05288179]Phase 3272 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-15Not yet recruiting
Pifenidone is Used to Reduce Radiation Lung Injury in Lung Cancer Patients Previously Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Single-arm, Open-label, Phase II Study [NCT05801133]Phase 241 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-31Recruiting
Characteristics of IPF Patients Initiating Nintedanib, Pirfenidone or no Antifibrotic Treatment in the US [NCT03958071]13,264 participants (Actual)Observational2019-02-01Completed
A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial and Open Label Extension to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Deupirfenidone (LYT-100) in Post-acute COVID-19 Respiratory Disease [NCT04652518]Phase 2185 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-11Completed
Pirfenidone for Progressive Fibrotic Sarcoidosis [NCT03260556]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-27Recruiting
Phase 2 Study of Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease (TRAIL1) [NCT02808871]Phase 2123 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-07Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase 3 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT00287729]Phase 3344 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Lebrikizumab in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT01872689]Phase 2505 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-13Completed
A Phase 1 Multiple Ascending Dose and Food Effect Study in Healthy Volunteers to Determine the Pharmacokinetics and Maximally Tolerated Dose of Deupirfenidone (LYT-100) Followed by a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 2a in Patients With Bre [NCT04243837]Phase 1/Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-01Completed
Trial of Pirfenidone to Prevent Progression in Chronic Kidney Disease (TOP-CKD) [NCT04258397]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-26Recruiting
Pirfenidone for Restrictive Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction [NCT03359863]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-07Completed
Investigation of Drug-drug Interaction Between Nintedanib and Pirfenidone in Patients With IPF (an Open Label, Multiple-dose, Two Group Study) [NCT02606877]Phase 437 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-19Completed
A Multicenter, Post-Marketing, Non-Interventional, Observational Study to Evaluate Quality of Life in Patients in Greece With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Under Treatment With Pirfenidone - The Pneumon Study [NCT03115619]102 participants (Actual)Observational2017-04-18Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Study of Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis [NCT02958917]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-05Terminated(stopped due to covid-19 pandemic)
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of FG-3019 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT01890265]Phase 2160 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase 3, Three-Arm Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Pirfenidone in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT00287716]Phase 3435 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-14Completed
An Open-Label, Phase 2 Study of the Safety of Oral Pirfenidone in Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT00080223]Phase 283 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-08-31Completed
A Randomized Double-blind, Four-Arm Active and Placebo-controlled Dose-Finding Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Tolerability, Safety and Dose Response of LYT-100 in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) [NCT05321420]Phase 2240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-29Recruiting
"An Open Label, 2-part, One-sequence, 3-period Study to Evaluate Drug-drug Interactions Between DWN12088 and Pirfenidone or Nintedanib in Healthy Volunteers" [NCT04888715]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-23Completed
A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone vs. Nintedanib in the Treatment of Fibrotic Lung Disease After Coronavirus Disease-19 Pneumonia [NCT04856111]Phase 448 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-17Active, not recruiting
A Study of Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Myocardial Fibrosis After Acute Myocardial Infarction: a Phase II Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind，Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05531955]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-05Active, not recruiting
Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Hermansky Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) - Related Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) [NCT04193592]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-01Not yet recruiting
The LOTUSS Trial: An Open-Label, Randomized, Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone When Administered to Patients With Systemic Sclerosis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease (SSc-ILD) (LOTUSS) [NCT01933334]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Phase-II Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Pirfenidone Compared to Placebo in Post-COVID19 Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT04607928]Phase 2148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-01Recruiting
"A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pirfenidone in Patients With Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-myeloperoxydase (MPO) Antibodies or With Anti-MPO Associated Vasculitis." [NCT03385668]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-31Completed
Circulating Biomarkers of Fibrosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction - Analysis of Samples Collected as Part of the PIROUETTE Trial [NCT05826821]107 participants (Actual)Observational2017-03-02Completed
A European Multi-center, Randomised, Double-blind Trial of Pirfenidone in Bronchiolitis-obliterans-syndrome Grade 1-3 in Lung Transplant Recipients [NCT02262299]Phase 2/Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Impact of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fibrotic Drugs on Post-acute COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis [NCT05648734]200 participants (Actual)Observational2022-03-10Completed
Randomized, Crossover, Multi-Dose, Steady State, Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability Study of EXCL-100 Pirfenidone-Sustained Release Tablet (EXCL-100), and Esbriet® in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05428150]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-08Completed
Pirfenidone Use in Asbestosis Patients: Efficacy and Prognosis [NCT05133453]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-02-29Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Forced Vital Capacity (12 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Forced Vital Capacity (36 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in 6 Minute Walk Test (36 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (36 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (12 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in 6 Minute Walk Test (12 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Total Lung Capacity (36 Months)
NCT00001596 (8) [back to overview]Change in Total Lung Capacity (12 Months)
NCT00001959 (3) [back to overview]Decrease in GFR During Treatment Period
NCT00001959 (3) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Positive Change in GFR
NCT00001959 (3) [back to overview]Proteinuria After Treatment
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Longitudinal Total Quality of Life Scores Assessed by the Impact of Pediatric Illness Scale
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With A Response Evaluation Determined by the Comparison of Three-Dimensional (3D) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Had an Objective Response Rate
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Quality of Life (QOL) Using the Impact of Pediatric Illness (IPI) Scale at Baseline
NCT00076102 (6) [back to overview]Median Time to Disease Progression
NCT00080223 (5) [back to overview]Resting Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)
NCT00080223 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (AE), Serious AE (SAE), Severe AE, Life-threatening AE, Death or Discontinuation Because of an AE
NCT00080223 (5) [back to overview]Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT00080223 (5) [back to overview]Hemoglobin (Hgb)-Corrected Percent-Predicted Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco)
NCT00080223 (5) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted Hemoglobin (Hb)-Corrected Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco) of the Lungs
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Change in Dyspnea Score
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Categorical Assessment of Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Worsening of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Change in Worst Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Measurement Observed During the 6-Minute Walk Test
NCT00287716 (8) [back to overview]Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)Distance
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity(FVC)
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Categorical Assessment of Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Change in Worst Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Measurement Observed During the 6-Minute Walk Test
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Change in the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted Hemoglobin (Hb)-Corrected Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco) of the Lungs
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Change in Dyspnea Score
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival
NCT00287729 (8) [back to overview]Worsening of IPF
NCT00662038 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT01366209 (1) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) From Baseline to Week 52
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Time to First Occurrence of a >/=10% Absolute Decline in Percent Predicted FVC or Death From Any Cause
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Time to First Event of Acute IPF Exacerbation
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Time to First Event of >/=15% Absolute Decrease in Percentage of Predicted DLco or Death From Any Cause
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Progression-Free Survival (PFS)
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Respiratory-Related Hospitalization
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Event of Greater Than or Equal to (>/=) 10% Absolute Decline in Percent Predicted FVC or Death From Any Cause
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Event of Death, All Cause Hospitalization, or a Decrease From Baseline of >/=10% in FVC
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Event of St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score Worsening or Death From Any Cause
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Time to Respiratory-Related Hospitalization
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Event of >/=15% Absolute Decrease in Percentage of Predicted DLco or Death From Any Cause
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Minimum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmin) of Lebrikizumab at Week 52
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Elimination Half-Life (t1/2) of Lebrikizumab
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Annualized Rate of Decrease in FVC Over 52 Weeks
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Annualized Rate of Decrease in Diffusion Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) Over 52 Weeks
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Annualized Rate of Decrease in A Tool to Assess Quality of Life in IPF (ATAQ-IPF) Questionnaire Total Score Over 52 Weeks
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Annualized Rate of Decline in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance Over 52 Weeks
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Event of Acute Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Exacerbation
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Annualized Rate of Decrease in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over 52 Weeks
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Anti-therapeutic Antibody (ATA) to Lebrikizumab
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Minimum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmin) of Lebrikizumab
NCT01872689 (21) [back to overview]Time to First Occurrence of SGRQ Total Score Worsening or Death From Any Cause
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the HRCT Quantitative Lung Fibrosis (QLF) Score to Week 24 and Week 48
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Domain and Total Scores to Week 24 and Week 48
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With No Decline in FVC (% Predicted) at Week 48
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With IPF Progression Events up to Week 48
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Respiratory-Related Hospitalization
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Respiratory-Related Death
NCT01890265 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in FVC (Percent of Predicted FVC Value [% Predicted]) to Week 48
NCT01933334 (3) [back to overview]University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium (SCTC) Gastrointestinal Trial (GIT) Questionnaire Scale Scores
NCT01933334 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT01933334 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT02579603 (3) [back to overview]Predose Plasma Concentrations at Steady State (Cpre,ss) of Pirfenidone
NCT02579603 (3) [back to overview]Predose Plasma Concentrations at Steady State (Cpre,ss) of Nintedanib at Baseline, Weeks 2 and 4
NCT02579603 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With On-treatment Gastrointestinal (GI) AEs (SOC GI Disorders) From Baseline to Week 12
NCT02598193 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events
NCT02598193 (5) [back to overview]Total Number of Participant Days of Combination Treatment With Pirfenidone and Nintedanib
NCT02598193 (5) [back to overview]Total Number of Days From the Initiation of Combination Treatment to Discontinuation of Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, or Both Study Treatments
NCT02598193 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Discontinue Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, or Both Study Treatments Because of Adverse Events Before the Week 24 Visit
NCT02598193 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Complete 24 Weeks of Combination Treatment on Pirfenidone at a Dose of 1602-2403 mg/Day and Nintedanib at a Dose of 200-300 mg/Day
NCT02606877 (5) [back to overview]Treatment naïve, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Nintedanib in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT02606877 (5) [back to overview]Pirfenidone-treated, Maximum Measured Concentration of Pirfenidone in Plasma at Steady State (Cmax,ss)
NCT02606877 (5) [back to overview]Treatment naïve, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Nintedanib in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz).
NCT02606877 (5) [back to overview]Pirfenidone-treated, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Pirfenidone in Plasma Over a Dosing Interval at Steady State (AUCτ,ss)
NCT02606877 (5) [back to overview]Treatment naïve, Maximum Measured Concentration of Nintedanib in Plasma After Single Dose Administration (Cmax).
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Deaths of All Causes
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Dose Reductions
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Early Treatment Discontinuations
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Resulting in Permanent Discontinuation of Study Treatment
NCT02707640 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events That Led to Dose Reduction or Temporary Discontinuation of Study Treatment
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent Death or Transplant
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Progressive Disease
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent RA-ILD-related Mortality
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Time to Composite of Decline in FVC or Death
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent/Treatment-related AEs
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Treatment-emergent/Treatment-related SAEs
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]All-cause Mortality
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Acute Exacerbations Requiring Hospitalization
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]AEs Leading to Early Discontinuation of Study Treatment
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]All Cause Hospitalization
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Change in % Predicted FVC From Baseline to End of Study Over the 52 Week Study Period
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Change in Absolute Value FVC Over the 52 Week Study Period
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Change in PRO of Dyspnea
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Hospitalization for Respiratory Cause
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Developed Any Element of the Composite Endpoint
NCT02808871 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants With FVC Decline From Baseline of 10% or Greater
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Decline From Baseline in 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) of >= 15%
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Disease Progression, as Determined by Relevant Decline in 6 Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) of At Least (>=) 15 Percent (%) From Baseline, Respiratory-Related Non-Elective Hospitalization, or Death From Any Cause
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Lung Transplantation
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to All-Cause Non-Elective Hospitalization
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to Death From Any Cause
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to First Occurrence of Disease Progression
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to Multiple Occurrence of Disease Progression Events
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to Respiratory-Related Death
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]University of California, San Diego-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD-SOBQ) Changes From Baseline at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Other 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Parameters at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Borg Scale Result at the End of the Test at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Distance Walked, 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Test at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants by World Health Organization (WHO) Functional Class at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Changes From Baseline at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in N-terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) Level (pg/mL) at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to First Occurrence of Relevant ≥15% Decline From Baseline in 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Oxygen Requirements, 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Test at Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity/ Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Time to Respiratory-Related Non-Elective Hospitalization From Baseline to Week 52
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Inferior Vena Cava Diameter
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Peak Tricuspid Regurgitation Velocity
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAPs)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Right Ventricle Basal Diameter
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)
NCT02951429 (27) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) Defined as the Time From Study Treatment Randomization to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Events:
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participant With Hospitalization for a Respiratory Cause
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change in Percent Predicted DLCO
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Living With Pulmonary Fibrosis Health-Related Quality of Life
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Visual Extent in the Percentage of Lung CT Fibrosis
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]University of California at San Diego Shortness-of-Breath Questionnaire Score.
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Percent Predicted FVC.
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Slope of FVC Over Treatment Period.
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Data-driven Texture-based Quantitative Analysis of the Percent of Lung CT Fibrosis.
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]Number of Participants With All-cause Hospitalization
NCT02958917 (11) [back to overview]St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire.
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in Cough Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in 6-minute Walk Distance (6MWD)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Categorical Change in FVC of >5%
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Categorical Change in FVC of >10%
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Time to First Investigator-reported Acute Exacerbations
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Time to Death From Respiratory Diseases
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Investigator-reported Acute Exacerbations
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants Withdrawn From Trial Treatment or Trial Discontinuations During the Double-Blind Period
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants Withdrawn From Trial Treatment or Trial Discontinuations During the 12-month Safety Follow-up
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Time to Death From Any Cause
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Rate of Decline in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over the 24-week Double-blind Treatment Period
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Non-elective Hospitalization, Both Respiratory and All Cause
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Dose Reductions and Treatment Interruptions During the Double-Blind Period
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Dose Reductions and Treatment Interruptions During the 12-month Safety Follow-up
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in University of California, San Diego-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire Score
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in Total and Sub-scores of the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in Score in Leicester Cough Questionnaire Score
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted FVC
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLco)
NCT03099187 (23) [back to overview]Change in FVC
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 26 in EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) Questionnaire Index Score
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 26 in EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D-5L VAS) Score
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Absolute Millilitre (mL) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (TESAEs)
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 26 in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance
NCT03208933 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Percent (%) Predicted FVC
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Time to Withdrawal From the Study Drug or Treatment Failure
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Percent Predicted Single-breath Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCOHb-%)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC-%)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events as Assessed by System Organ Classification Using Preferred Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Terms.
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Mahler Modified Transitional Dyspnea Index (TDI)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Lung Fibrosis Score in the Whole Lung (QLF-WL)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Lung Fibrosis Score in the Lobe of Maximal Involvement (QLF-LM)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Interstitial Lung Disease Score in the Whole Lung (QILD-WL)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Interstitial Lung Disease Score in the Lobe of Maximal Involvement (QILD-LM)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Health Assessment Questionnaire Modified for Scleroderma (HAQ-DI)
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Greater Than 5% Improvement in FVC-%
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]3.0% or Greater Improvement From Baseline in FVC-%.
NCT03221257 (16) [back to overview]Forced Vital Capacity Volume (FVC, in ml)
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Total Score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Per Death Reason Categories
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Time to First Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Total Score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Score of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change in Score of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 100
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) at Week 52
NCT03242759 (19) [back to overview]Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) at Week 100
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Annual Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Annual Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Annual Change in Percent of Lung Affected by Reticulation on Chest CT Scan
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Annual Change in Traction Bronchiectasis Score on Chest CT Scan
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Conversion Ratio of Tacrolimus Dose
NCT03359863 (6) [back to overview]Tolerability of Pirfenidone
NCT03473340 (5) [back to overview]Change in Forced Expiratory Volume 1 Over 24 Weeks (FEV1)
NCT03473340 (5) [back to overview]Number of Adverse Events Related to Study Treatment
NCT03473340 (5) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Treatment Intolerance
NCT03473340 (5) [back to overview]Change in Percent of Functional Small Airways Disease (fSAD) as Measured by Parametric Response Mapping
NCT03473340 (5) [back to overview]Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over 24 Weeks
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Patient Characteristics: Age
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Odds Ratio of Receiving Treatment (Nintedanib or Pirfenidone) vs no Treatment
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Patient Characteristics: Number of Participants Using Proton Pump Inhibitors at Baseline
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Patient Characteristics: Number of Participants Using Inhaled Corticosteroids at Baseline
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Patient Characteristics: Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)
NCT03958071 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Patient Characteristics: BMI

Change in Forced Vital Capacity (12 Months)

Change from baseline in the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measurement at 12 months. FVC is the volume of air that can be forcibly blown out from the lungs after full inspiration. FVC is recorded as the percentage of predicted volume (predicted FVC volume is calculated based on subject's height, age, sex, and weight). (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-7.27
Placebo-3.55

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Change in Forced Vital Capacity (36 Months)

Change from baseline in the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measurement at 36 months. FVC is the volume of air that can be forcibly blown out from the lungs after full inspiration. FVC is recorded as the percentage of predicted volume (predicted FVC volume is calculated based on subject's height, age, sex, and weight). (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 36 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-23.52
Placebo-20.93

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Change in 6 Minute Walk Test (36 Months)

Change from baseline of the 6 minute walk test (6MWT) at 36 months. The 6MWT measures the distance that a patient can quickly walk on a flat hard surface in a period of six minutes. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 36 months

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Pirfenidone-232.86
Placebo-306.75

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Change in Adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (36 Months)

Change from baseline in adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCOa) measured at 36 months. DLCOa measures gas uptake during a single inspiration in a standard time, adjusted for subject's hemoglobin levels. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 36 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-15.25
Placebo-14.93

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Change in Adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (12 Months)

Change from baseline in adjusted Diffusing Capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCOa) measured at 12 months. DLCOa measures gas uptake during a single inspiration in a standard time, adjusted for subject's hemoglobin levels. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-3.11
Placebo-4.74

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Change in 6 Minute Walk Test (12 Months)

Change from baseline of the 6 minute walk test (6MWT) at 12 months. The 6MWT measures the distance that a patient can quickly walk on a flat hard surface in a period of six minutes. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Pirfenidone-40.56
Placebo-17.21

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Change in Total Lung Capacity (36 Months)

Change from baseline in Total Lung Capacity (TLC) measured at 36 months. TLC is the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation. TLC is recorded as the percentage of predicted volume based on subject's height, age, sex, and weight. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 36 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-25.26
Placebo-22.9

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Change in Total Lung Capacity (12 Months)

Change from baseline in Total Lung Capacity (TLC) measured at 12 months. TLC is the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation. TLC is recorded as the percentage of predicted volume based on subject's height, age, sex, and weight. (NCT00001596)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 12 months

Intervention% of predicted volume (Mean)
Pirfenidone-8.96
Placebo0.53

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Decrease in GFR During Treatment Period

(NCT00001959)
Timeframe: 12 months from baseline

Interventionml/min/1.73 m2 (Mean)
Pirfenidone-0.45

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Proportion of Patients With Positive Change in GFR

(NCT00001959)
Timeframe: 12 months from baseline

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pirfenidone13

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Proteinuria After Treatment

(NCT00001959)
Timeframe: 12 months from baseline

Interventiong/d (Median)
Pirfenidone4.3

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Here are the number of participants with adverse events. For the detailed list of adverse events see the adverse event module. (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidine36

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Longitudinal Total Quality of Life Scores Assessed by the Impact of Pediatric Illness Scale

"Quality of life was assessed by the Impact of Pediatric Illness scale for children 6-18 years of age. The child's primary caregiver completed the proxy Parent Form and children answered either the self-report Child or Adolescent (11-18 years) Form prior to cycles 1, 4, 7 and 10. The parallel IPI Scale forms assess four domains: adaptive behavior, emotional functioning, medical/physical status, and cognitive functioning. Responses to the 43 items are made on a 3-or5-point Likert scale (1 to 5 for Parent and Adolescent Form and 1, 3, 5 for the Child Form) ranging from not at all to a lot. Item scores are transformed to a scale of 0-100, and then mean scores are calculated for the four domains and total scale with higher scores indicating better QOL." (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: prior to cycles 1, 4, 7 and 10.

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Parent Baseline (to Cycle 4)Parent Pre Cycle 4Child Baseline (to Cycle 4)Child Pre Cycle 4Parent Baseline (to Cycle 7)Parent Pre Cycle 7Child Baseline (to Cycle 7)Child Pre Cycle 7Parent Baseline (to Pre Cycle 10)Parent Pre Cycle 10Child Baseline (to Pre Cycle 10)Child Pre Cycle 10
Pirfenidine71.171.867.969.871.770.669.571.471.5672.167.568.3

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Number of Participants With A Response Evaluation Determined by the Comparison of Three-Dimensional (3D) Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Index lesions will be followed for progression by 3D magnetic resonance imaging. Compete response is a complete resolution of all measurable or palpable soft tissue tumors for ≥4 weeks and no appearance of new lesions. Partial response is a ≥50% reduction in the sum of the volume of all index lesions for ≥4 weeks. Progression is defined as a ≥20% increase in the volume of at least one of the index plexiform neurofibromas compared to the pretreatment volume measured prior to the start of treatment. Stable disease is a <20% increase, and <25% decrease in the sum of the volume of all index lesions for ≥4 weeks. Minor response is a ≥25% but <50% reduction in the sum of the volume of all index lesions for ≥4 weeks. (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: Prior to cycles 1, 4, 7, and 10 and then every 6 cycles thereafter, approximately 5 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Progressive diseaseComplete responsePartial responseStable diseaseMInor response
Pirfenidone310000

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Percentage of Participants Who Had an Objective Response Rate

Objective response rate is defined as a complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Complete response is a complete resolution of all measurable or palpable soft tissue tumors for ≥4 weeks and no appearance of new lesions. Partial response is a ≥50% reduction in the sum of the volume of all index lesions for ≥4 weeks. (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: ≥4 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Complete ResponsePartial Response
Pirfenidine00

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Quality of Life (QOL) Using the Impact of Pediatric Illness (IPI) Scale at Baseline

"Quality of life was assessed by the Impact of Pediatric Illness scale for children 6-18 years of age. The child's primary caregiver completed the proxy Parent Form and children answered either the self-report Child or Adolescent (11-18 years) Form. The parallel IPI Scale forms assess four domains: adaptive behavior, emotional functioning, medical/physical status, and cognitive functioning. Responses to the 43 items are made on a 3-or5-point Likert scale (1 to 5 for Parent and Adolescent Form and 1, 3, 5 for the Child Form) ranging from not at all to a lot. Item scores are transformed to a scale of 0-100, and then mean scores are calculated for the four domains and total scale with higher scores indicating better QOL. Baseline comparisons between child and parent total and domain scores were performed." (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: Baseline

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Total score parentTotal score childParent proxy-adaptive behaviorChild Self-Report-adaptive behaviorParent proxy - emotional functioningChild Self-Report-emotional functioningParent proxy - medical/physical statusChild Self-Report - medical/physical statusParent proxy - cognitive functioningChild Self-Report- cognitive functioning
Pirfenidine72.769.172.176.772.463.777.667.162.969.4

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Median Time to Disease Progression

Time to progression is defined as greater than or equal to 20% increase in plexiform neurofibromas (PN) volume on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (NCT00076102)
Timeframe: 5 years

InterventionMonths (Median)
Pirfenidone13.2

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Resting Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)

SpO2 is the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood. Oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood was measured using pulse oximetry on room air. (NCT00080223)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 264, 288, 312, 336, 360, 384, 408, 432, 456, 480

Interventionpercentage of oxygen saturation (Mean)
Baseline (n=72)Week 24 (n=55)Week 48 (n=47)Week 72 (n=41)Week 96 (n=36)Week 120 (n=35)Week 144 (n=33)Week 168 (n=25)Week 192 (n=22)Week 216 (n=23)Week 240 (n=17)Week 264 (n=11)Week 288 (n=10)Week 312 (n=11)Week 336 (n=9)Week 360 (n=7)Week 384 (n=7)Week 408 (n=6)Week 432 (n=1)Week 456 (n=1)Week 480 (n=3)
Pirfenidone94.594.494.894.994.994.894.894.094.995.295.595.794.695.894.494.994.094.895.097.095.0

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Percentage of Participants With a Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (AE), Serious AE (SAE), Severe AE, Life-threatening AE, Death or Discontinuation Because of an AE

An AE was any untoward medical occurrence attributed to study drug in a participant who received study drug. An SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. AEs were classified as severe (Grade 3) in following cases: marked limitation in activity; some assistance usually required; medical intervention/ therapy required, hospitalization possible. Treatment-emergent AEs were those occurring on or after the first dosing day and up to 28 days after discontinuation of study treatment, and those occurring before treatment that worsened after the first study dose. AE included serious as well as non-serious AEs. (NCT00080223)
Timeframe: Baseline to 28 days after the last dose of study treatment (maximum duration of treatment in study was 604 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Any AESAESevere AELife-threatening AEAEs leading to deathAE leading to study treatment discontinuation
Pirfenidone98.859.036.121.725.343.4

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Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

FVC is a standard pulmonary function test used to quantify respiratory muscle weakness. FVC is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out from the lungs after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on a formula using sex, age and height of a person, and is an estimate of healthy lung capacity. Percent of predicted FVC = (actual FVC value in liter)/(predicted FVC) * 100% (NCT00080223)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 264, 288, 312, 336, 360, 384, 408, 432, 456, 480

Interventionpercent predicted FVC (Mean)
Baseline (n=78)Week 24 (n=71)Week 48 (n=57)Week 72 (n=50)Week 96 (n=47)Week 120 (n=44)Week 144 (n=39)Week 168 (n=35)Week 192 (n=28)Week 216 (n=28)Week 240 (n=22)Week 264 (n=15)Week 288 (n=14)Week 312 (n=14)Week 336 (n=10)Week 360 (n=7)Week 384 (n=6)Week 408 (n=4)Week 432 (n=1)Week 456 (n=1)Week 480 (n=1)
Pirfenidone67.767.568.768.467.967.766.165.767.868.765.370.176.671.164.960.968.465.161.578.480.9

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Hemoglobin (Hgb)-Corrected Percent-Predicted Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco)

DLco is a pulmonary function test, and measures the partial pressure difference between inspired and expired carbon monoxide. Predicted DLco is based on a formula using sex, age and height of a person. Predicted DLco = [Hbg-corrected DLco value (in milliliters per minute per millimeter mercury [mL/min/mmHg])/predicted DLco] * 100% (NCT00080223)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 264, 288, 312, 336, 360, 384, 408, 432, 456, 480

Interventionpercent predicted DLco (Mean)
Baseline (n=74)Week 24 (n=65)Week 48 (n=55)Week 72 (n=49)Week 96 (n=44)Week 120 (n=41)Week 144 (n=37)Week 168 (n=33)Week 192 (n=27)Week 216 (n=28)Week 240 (n=22)Week 264 (n=15)Week 288 (n=14)Week 312 (n=14)Week 336 (n=10)Week 360 (n=7)Week 384 (n=5)Week 408 (n=4)Week 432 (n=1)Week 456 (n=1)Week 480 (n=1)
Pirfenidone38.039.537.137.038.035.738.536.737.235.835.537.542.938.633.737.138.338.133.911.638.9

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Overall Survival

Survival was analyzed as time from first study dose to death (all-cause mortality) with surviving participants censored at their last available assessment. (NCT00080223)
Timeframe: First dosing of study treatment until death (up to 604 weeks)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Pirfenidone508.7

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Change in Percent Predicted Hemoglobin (Hb)-Corrected Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco) of the Lungs

(NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Percent Predicted DLco (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day-8
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day-9
Placebo-10

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Change in Dyspnea Score

The mean change from baseline to week 72 in Dyspnea score was measured by the University of San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD SOBQ). The SOBQ is used to assess shortness of breath with various activities of daily living (for example, brushing ones teeth or mowing the lawn). Patients rated the severity of their shortness of breath experienced on an average day during the past week on a 6 point scale (0 to 5), with 0 = not at all breathless, 4= severely breathless and 5 = Maximally or unable to do because of breathlessness. (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Dyspnea Score (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day12
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day14
Placebo15

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Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Mean Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) as measured from baseline to week 72. (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: From baseline up to 72 weeks

InterventionChange in Percent Predicted FVC (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day-8.0
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day-10.0
Placebo-12.4

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

Progression is defined as the first occurrence of a 10% absolute decline from baseline in percent predicted Forced Vital Capacity, a 15% absolute decline from baseline in percent predicted hemoglobin(Hgb)-corrected carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco), or, death. (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

,,
InterventionNumber of Patients with Progression (Number)
Death or Disease ProgressionDecline in Percent Predicted FVC >=10%Decline in Percent Predicted DLco >=15%Death Before Disease Progression
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day281657
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day452898
Placebo6239914

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Categorical Assessment of Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Based on the change in baseline percent predicted FVC at week 72, patients were assigned to 1 of 5 categories: mild decline (<10% but >=0% decline), moderate decline (<20% but >=10% decline), severe decline (>=20% decline), mild improvement (>0% but <10% improvement), or moderate improvement (>=10% improvement). Those who died or had a lung transplant before Week 72 were included in the severe decline category. The results indicate the number of patients who experienced a Categorical Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity. (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: baseline up to 72 weeks

,,
InterventionPatients (Number)
Severe decline of >=20%, death, or lung transplantModerate decline of <20% but >=10%Mild decline of <10% but >=0%Mild improvement of >0% but <10%Moderate improvement of >=10%
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day91451121
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day142197402
Placebo273390240

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Worsening of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

"Worsening of IPF was defined by the occurrence of any of the following events:~Acute IPF exacerbation, IPF-related death, Lung transplantation, or Respiratory hospitalization." (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Time to acute IPF exacerbation, IPF-related death, lung transplant or respiratory hospitalization, whichever comes first.

InterventionNumber of Patients Who Worsened (Number)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day26
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day10
Placebo30

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Change in Worst Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Measurement Observed During the 6-Minute Walk Test

The change from baseline to week 72 in worst oxygen saturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test as measure by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Level is calculated as the simple difference between baseline SpO2 measurements and week 72 SpO2 measurements. (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange,Worst Oxygen Saturation (Percent) (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day-2
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day-1
Placebo-2

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Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)Distance

The change from Baseline to week 72 in distance walked during the 6-Minute Walk Test as measured in meters (m). (NCT00287716)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Distance Walked in Meters (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/Day-60
Pirfenidone 1197 mg/Day-76
Placebo-77

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Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity(FVC)

Mean Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) as measured from baseline to week 72. It is calculated as the simple difference between baseline Percent Predicted FVC measurements and week 72 Percent Predicted FVC measurements. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 72

InterventionChange in Percent Predicted FVC (Mean)
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)-9
Placebo-10

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Categorical Assessment of Absolute Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity

Based on the change in baseline percent predicted FVC at week 72, patients were assigned to 1 of 5 categories: mild decline (<10% but >=0% decline), moderate decline (<20% but >=10% decline), severe decline (>=20% decline), mild improvement (>0% but <10% improvement), or moderate improvement (>=10% improvement). Those who died or had a lung transplant before Week 72 were included in the severe decline category. The results indicate the number of patients who experience Categorical Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 72

,
InterventionPatients (Number)
Decline >=20% or death or lung transplantationDecline <20% but >= 10%Decline <10% but > 0%Improvement of >=0% but <10%Improvement of >=10%
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)201988413
Placebo232389335

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Change in Worst Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Measurement Observed During the 6-Minute Walk Test

The change from baseline to week 72 in worst oxygen saturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test as measure by Pulse Oximetry (SpO2) Level. It is calculated as the simple difference between baseline SpO2 measurements and week 72 SpO2 measurements. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange,Worst Oxygen Saturation (Percent) (Mean)
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)-1.9
Placebo-1.3

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Change in the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance

The change from Baseline to week 72 in distance walked during the 6-Minute Walk Test. This measure was calculated as the simple difference between baseline distanced walked over 6 minutes and week 72 distance walked over 6 minutes as measured in meters (m). (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Distance Walked in Meters (Mean)
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)-45
Placebo-77

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Change in Percent Predicted Hemoglobin (Hb)-Corrected Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco) of the Lungs

The change from baseline to week 72 in Percent Predicted Hemoglobin (Hb)-Corrected Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLco) of the Lungs. It is calculated as the simple difference between baseline DLco measurements and week 72 DLco measurements. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Percent Predicted DLco (Mean)
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)-9.8
Placebo-9.2

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Change in Dyspnea Score

The mean change from baseline to week 72 in Dyspnea score was measured by the University of San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD SOBQ). The SOBQ is used to assess shortness of breath with various activities of daily living (for example, brushing ones teeth or mowing the lawn). Patients rated the severity of their shortness of breath experienced on an average day during the past week on a 6 point scale (0 to 5),with 0= not at all breathless, 4= severely breathless and 5= Maximally or unable to do because of breathlessness. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

InterventionChange in Dyspnea Score (Mean)
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)11.9
Placebo13.9

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Progression-free Survival

Progression is defined as the first occurrence of a 10% absolute decline from baseline in percent predicted Forced Vital Capacity, a 15% absolute decline from baseline in percent predicted hemoglobin(Hgb)-corrected carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLco), or, death. (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 72

,
InterventionNumber of Patients with Progression (Number)
Death or Disease ProgressionDecline in percent predicted FVC >=10%Decline in percent predicted DLco >=15%Death Before Disease Progression
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)54311013
Placebo6041910

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Worsening of IPF

"Worsening of IPF was defined by the occurrence of any of the following events:~Acute IPF exacerbation, IPF-related death, Lung transplantation, or Respiratory hospitalization." (NCT00287729)
Timeframe: Time to acute IPF exacerbation, IPF-related death, lung transplant or respiratory hospitalization, whichever comes first.

,
InterventionNumber of Patients Who Worsened (Number)
Woresening IPFAcute IPF exacerbationIPF-related deathLung transplantationRespiratory hospitalizationPatients Censored
Pirfenidone (2403 mg/d)2423217146
Placebo3216223141

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

An adverse event defined as any unfavorable, harmful, or pathologic change in a research participant administered a pharmaceutical study treatment as indicated by physical signs, symptoms, and/or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities that occurred during the treatment and the post-treatment period, regardless of suspected cause. (NCT00662038)
Timeframe: 7.5 years

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pirfenidone98.0

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Change in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) From Baseline to Week 52

(NCT01366209)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Decline or >=10% or DeathNo Decline (Change >0%)
Active Arm16.522.7
Placebo Arm31.89.7

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Time to First Occurrence of a >/=10% Absolute Decline in Percent Predicted FVC or Death From Any Cause

FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC (in %) = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. Time from randomization to first occurrence of an event of >/=10% absolute decline in percent predicted FVC or death from any cause was reported. Participants without an event were censored at the last assessment during the double-blind treatment period. Any participant who underwent lung transplantation was censored at the date of the transplant. The median time to event was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. 95% confidence interval (CI) for median was computed using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of >/=10% absolute decline in percent predicted FVC or death from any cause, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo53.1
Monotherapy (Cohort A): LebrikizumabNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + PirfenidoneNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + PirfenidoneNA

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Time to First Event of Acute IPF Exacerbation

Time from randomization to first occurrence of an event of IPF exacerbation was reported. IPF exacerbation was defined as an event that met all of the following criteria as determined by the investigator: Unexplained worsening or development of dyspnea within the previous 30 days; And radiologic evidence of new bilateral ground-glass abnormality or consolidation, superimposed on a reticular or honeycomb background pattern, that is consistent with usual interstitial pneumonitis; And absence of alternative causes, or other events leading to acute lung injury. The median time to event was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. 95% CI for median was computed using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of acute IPF exacerbation (up to Week 122)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): PlaceboNA
Monotherapy (Cohort A): LebrikizumabNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + PirfenidoneNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + PirfenidoneNA

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Time to First Event of >/=15% Absolute Decrease in Percentage of Predicted DLco or Death From Any Cause

DLco is a measure of the gas transfer. Predicted DLco is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent of predicted DLco (in %) = [(observed DLco)/(predicted DLco)]*100. Time from randomization to first occurrence of >/=15% absolute decrease in percentage of predicted DLco or death from any cause was reported. The median time to event was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. 95% CI for median was computed using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of >/=15% absolute decrease in percentage of predicted DLco or death from any cause (up to Week 122)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): PlaceboNA
Monotherapy (Cohort A): LebrikizumabNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + PirfenidoneNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + PirfenidoneNA

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Progression-Free Survival (PFS)

FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. PFS was defined as time from randomization to death from any cause, all cause hospitalization, or a decrease from baseline of >/=10% in FVC, whichever occurred first. Participants without an event were censored at the last assessment during the double-blind treatment period. Any participant who underwent lung transplantation was censored at the date of the transplant. The median PFS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. 95% CI for median was computed using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of death from any cause, all cause hospitalization, or a decrease from baseline of >/=10% in FVC, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo52.6
Monotherapy (Cohort A): LebrikizumabNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + PirfenidoneNA
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + PirfenidoneNA

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Percentage of Participants With Event of Greater Than or Equal to (>/=) 10% Absolute Decline in Percent Predicted FVC or Death From Any Cause

FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC (in %) = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of >/=10% absolute decline in percent predicted FVC or death from any cause, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo34.2
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab27.6
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone30.3
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone26.6

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Percentage of Participants With Event of Death, All Cause Hospitalization, or a Decrease From Baseline of >/=10% in FVC

FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of death from any cause, all cause hospitalization, or a decrease from baseline of >/=10% in FVC, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo47.4
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab32.9
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone39.4
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone39.9

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Percentage of Participants With an Event of St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Total Score Worsening or Death From Any Cause

The SGRQ is a 50-item health-related QoL instrument that measured health impairment. The questionnaire contains 3 domains: symptoms, activity, and impacts. Items were assessed on various response scales, including a 5-point Likert scale and True/False scale. The SGRQ had a recall specification of 4 weeks. The SGRQ total score (summed weights) ranged from 0 to 100 with a lower score denoting a better health status. Percentage of participants with an event of SGRQ total score worsening (defined as reaching minimal important difference [MID], that is, an increase in total score of >/=7) or death from any cause was reported. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of SGRQ total score worsening or death from any cause, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo57.9
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab48.7

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Percentage of Participants With an Event of >/=15% Absolute Decrease in Percentage of Predicted DLco or Death From Any Cause

DLco (in mL/min/mmHg) is a measure of the gas transfer. Predicted DLco is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent of predicted DLco (in %) = [(observed DLco)/(predicted DLco)]*100. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of >/=15% absolute decrease in percentage of predicted DLco or death from any cause (up to Week 122)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo9.2
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab6.6
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone14.9
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone11.0

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Minimum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmin) of Lebrikizumab at Week 52

Participants who received lebrikizumab were only included in the analysis. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Predose (Hour 0) at Week 52

Interventionmicrograms per milliliter (mcg/mL) (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab29.6
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone25.2

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Elimination Half-Life (t1/2) of Lebrikizumab

Elimination half-life is the time measured for the plasma drug concentration to decrease by one-half during the elimination phase of the drug. Analysis was performed on PK-Evaluable Population. Participants who received lebrikizumab were only included in the analysis. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Hour 0) at Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 64, 76, 88, 104; and at 4, 12, and 18 weeks post-last dose (last dose = Week 104)

Interventiondays (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab23.5
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone21.9

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Annualized Rate of Decrease in FVC Over 52 Weeks

Annualized rates of decrease (slope throughout time from baseline to Week 52) in FVC (in milliliters per year [mL/year]) was assessed and reported. FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (assessed at Baseline, Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 44, and 52)

InterventionmL/year (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo-221.029
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab-192.906
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone-231.167
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone-209.437

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Annualized Rate of Decrease in Diffusion Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) Over 52 Weeks

Annualized rates of decrease (slope throughout time from baseline to Week 52) in DLco was assessed and reported. DLco (in milliliters per minute/millimeters of mercury [mL/min/mmHg]) is a measure of the gas transfer. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (assessed at Baseline, Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 44, and 52)

InterventionmL/min/mmHg/year (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo-4.7818
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab-4.2400
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone-5.7552
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone-5.5732

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Annualized Rate of Decrease in A Tool to Assess Quality of Life in IPF (ATAQ-IPF) Questionnaire Total Score Over 52 Weeks

The ATAQ-IPF Version 3 was utilized that included 31 items within 5 domains: cough (6 items), dyspnea (7 items), exhaustion (6 items), emotional well-being (6 items), and independence (6 items). Each item was assessed on a scale ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree). The ATAQ-IPF had a recall specification of 2 weeks. Simple summation scoring was used to derive individual domain scores as well as a total score. ATAQ-IPF total score ranged from 31 to 124 with lower score indicating better quality of life (QoL). Annualized rates of decrease (slope throughout time from baseline to Week 52) in ATAQ-IPF questionnaire total score was assessed and reported. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (assessed at Baseline, Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 44, and 52)

Interventionunits on a scale/year (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo6.8907
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab4.7886
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone5.6189
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone5.4558

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Annualized Rate of Decline in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance Over 52 Weeks

Annualized rates of decline (slope throughout time from baseline to Week 52) in 6MWT was assessed and reported. 6MWT was the distance (in meters [m]) that a participant could walk in 6 minutes. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (assessed at Baseline, Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 44, and 52)

Interventionm/year (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo-44.6512
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab-22.7209
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone-25.5683
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone-46.9810

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Percentage of Participants With an Event of Acute Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Exacerbation

IPF exacerbation was defined as an event that met all of the following criteria as determined by the investigator: Unexplained worsening or development of dyspnea within the previous 30 days; And radiologic evidence of new bilateral ground-glass abnormality or consolidation, superimposed on a reticular or honeycomb background pattern, that is consistent with usual interstitial pneumonitis; And absence of alternative causes, such as left heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infection (on the basis of endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage if available, or investigator judgment), or other events leading to acute lung injury (for example, sepsis, aspiration, trauma, reperfusion pulmonary edema). (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of acute IPF exacerbation (up to Week 122)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo3.9
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab3.9
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone6.3
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone2.9

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Annualized Rate of Decrease in Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over 52 Weeks

Annualized rates of decrease (slope throughout time from baseline to Week 52) for percent predicted FVC was assessed and reported. FVC is a standard pulmonary function test. FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC (in %) = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 (assessed at Baseline, Weeks 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, 44, and 52)

Interventionpercent predicted FVC/year (Mean)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo-6.1876
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab-5.2065
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Placebo + Pirfenidone-6.0430
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone-5.5430

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Percentage of Participants With Anti-therapeutic Antibody (ATA) to Lebrikizumab

ATA to lebrikizumab was tested using a validated immunoassay. A positive ATA result was defined as one in which the presence of detectable ATAs could be confirmed by competitive binding with lebrikizumab. Percentage of participants with positive results for ATA at Baseline and at post-baseline time points were reported. Only participants who received lebrikizumab were included in the analysis. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline and Post-Baseline (assessed at multiple time points: Weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 52, 56, 64, 76, and at safety follow-up up to Week 122)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
BaselinePost-Baseline
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone1.85.2
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab5.36.7

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Minimum Observed Serum Concentration (Cmin) of Lebrikizumab

Participants who received lebrikizumab were only included in the analysis. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Predose (Hour 0) at Weeks 4, 12, 24, and 36

,
Interventionmcg/mL (Mean)
Cmin at Week 4Cmin at Week 12Cmin at Week 24Cmin at Week 36
Combination Therapy (Cohort B): Lebrikizumab + Pirfenidone14.925.025.725.6
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab14.024.428.529.9

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Time to First Occurrence of SGRQ Total Score Worsening or Death From Any Cause

The SGRQ is a 50-item health-related QoL instrument that measured health impairment. The questionnaire contains 3 domains: symptoms, activity, and impacts. Items were assessed on various response scales, including a 5-point Likert scale and True/False scale. The SGRQ had a recall specification of 4 weeks. The SGRQ total score (summed weights) ranged from 0 to 100 with a lower score denoting a better health status. Time from randomization to first occurrence of an event of SGRQ total score worsening (defined as reaching minimal important difference [MID], that is, an increase in total score of >/=7) or death from any cause was reported. The median time to event was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. 95% CI for median was computed using the method of Brookmeyer and Crowley. (NCT01872689)
Timeframe: Baseline up to the event of SGRQ total score worsening or death from any cause, whichever occurred first (up to Week 122)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Placebo51.7
Monotherapy (Cohort A): Lebrikizumab52.3

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Mean Change From Baseline in the HRCT Quantitative Lung Fibrosis (QLF) Score to Week 24 and Week 48

The extent of pulmonary fibrosis was measured by HRCT scans of the chest at screening and at Weeks 24 and 48, to determine the HRCT QLF score. Each lung was divided into 5 lobes (right upper, right middle, right lower, left upper, left lower). For the quantitative HRCT analyses, a computer read the images and quantified the percent (%) and volume (mL) of fibrosis for the whole lung by averaging the scores from each of 5 lung lobes. Baseline was defined as the Screening evaluation. Missing data were imputed using the multiple imputation (MI) method to handle missing values. (NCT01890265)
Timeframe: Baseline (Screening), Week 24 and Week 48

,
InterventionPercent of fibrosis (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 24Change from Baseline at Week 48
Pamrevlumab13.90.82.7
Placebo14.72.66.0

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Number of Participants With No Decline in FVC (% Predicted) at Week 48

FVC in liters was measured during the spirometry assessments. The FVC (% predicted) was calculated for the corresponding gender-race-age group. Baseline was defined as the mean of the last screening visit and the Day 1 visit values. Classification of 'No decline' is based on observed and imputed data. Missing data in FVC (% predicted) are imputed using the predicted values from the random coefficient model with treatment, visit, visit-by-treatment interaction, and Baseline FVC (% predicted) as fixed effects and linear slope of visit as random effect. (NCT01890265)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 48.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pamrevlumab11
Placebo13

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Number of Participants With IPF Progression Events up to Week 48

IPF progression events included death from any cause or absolute decline in FVC (% predicted) value of ≥10%, confirmed by repeat spirometry. Classification of FVC (% predicted) declined ≥10% was based on observed and imputed data. Missing data in FVC (% predicted) were imputed using the predicted values from the random coefficient module with treatment, visit, visit-by-treatment interaction, and Baseline FVC (% predicted) as fixed effects and linear slope as random effect. (NCT01890265)
Timeframe: Baseline (Screening and Day 1) up to Week 48

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pamrevlumab5
Placebo16

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Change From Baseline in FVC (Percent of Predicted FVC Value [% Predicted]) to Week 48

FVC in liters was measured during the spirometry assessments at screening and during the randomized treatment period at Day 1 and every 12 weeks. The FVC (% predicted) was calculated for the corresponding gender-race-age group. The least squares (LS) mean change from Baseline to Week 48 (end of the randomized treatment period) in FVC (% predicted) is presented. Baseline was defined as the mean of the last screening visit and the Day 1 visit values. Other statistical analysis data is reported in the statistical analysis section. Observed data from all visits were included in the model. (NCT01890265)
Timeframe: Baseline (Screening and Day 1), Week 48

,
Intervention% predicted FVC (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 48
Pamrevlumab74.51-2.71
Placebo72.82-7.20

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University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium (SCTC) Gastrointestinal Trial (GIT) Questionnaire Scale Scores

UCLA SCTC GIT Scale 2.0 is a 34-item self-administered questionnaire to obtain participant's assessment of the frequency of GI symptoms in preceding 7 days and how symptoms affected his/her life. All but 2 items were scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0=better health, 3=worse health); remaining 2 items were scored as 0 (better health) and 1 (worse health). The 34 items are divided into seven scales (reflux, distention/bloating, fecal soilage, diarrhea, social functioning, emotional well-being, and constipation). Individual scale score was calculated as the average of the items in the scale. Individual scale score ranged from 0 to 3 for reflux, distention/bloating, fecal soilage, social functioning, and emotional well-being; 0 to 2 for diarrhea; and 0 to 2.5 for constipation. A total score was also calculated as the average of 6 of the 7 scales (omitting constipation) and ranged from 0 to 2.83. For individual and total scores 0 indicated better health and higher score indicates worse health. (NCT01933334)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Reflux: Baseline (n=32, 31)Reflux: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Reflux: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Reflux: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Reflux: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Reflux: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Reflux: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Reflux: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Reflux: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Distention/Bloating: Baseline (n=32, 31)Distention/Bloating: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Distention/Bloating: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Distention/Bloating: Week 8 (n=32,31)Distention/Bloating: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Distention/Bloating: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Distention/Bloating: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Distention/Bloating: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Distention/Bloating: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Diarrhea: Baseline (n=32, 31)Diarrhea: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Diarrhea: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Diarrhea: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Diarrhea: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Diarrhea: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Diarrhea: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Diarrhea: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Diarrhea: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Social Functioning: Baseline (n=32, 31)Social Functioning: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Social Functioning: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Social Functioning: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Social Functioning: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Social Functioning: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Social Functioning: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Social Functioning: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Social Functioning: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Emotional Wellbeing: Baseline (n=32, 31)Emotional Wellbeing: Week 4 (n=32, 30)Emotional Wellbeing: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 30)Emotional Wellbeing: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Emotional Wellbeing: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Emotional Wellbeing: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Emotional Wellbeing: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Emotional Wellbeing: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Emotional Wellbeing: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Fecal Soilage: Baseline (n=32, 31)Fecal Soilage: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Fecal Soilage: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Fecal Soilage: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Fecal Soilage: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Fecal Soilage: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Fecal Soilage: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Fecal Soilage: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Fecal Soilage: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Constipation: Baseline (n=32, 31)Constipation: Week 4 (n=32, 30)Constipation: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 30)Constipation: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Constipation: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Constipation: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Constipation: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Constipation: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Constipation: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)Total Score: Baseline (n=32, 31)Total Score: Week 4 (n=32, 31)Total Score: CFB Week 4 (n=32, 31)Total Score: Week 8 (n=32, 31)Total Score: CFB Week 8 (n=32, 31)Total Score: Week 12 (n=27, 30)Total Score: CFB Week 12 (n=27, 30)Total Score: Week 16 (n=25, 28)Total Score: CFB Week 16 (n=25, 28)
Pirfenidone: 2-Week Titration Group0.33980.47270.13280.46600.12610.43060.08800.39500.07500.39840.64060.24220.57030.17190.53700.21300.48000.12000.32810.3125-0.01560.2813-0.04690.2778-0.05560.34000.04000.12500.15630.03130.18860.06350.11730.04320.06000.01330.09370.09370.00000.11810.02430.04930.01230.02660.00000.03130.03130.00000.03130.00000.03700.03700.04000.04000.24220.26560.02340.25780.01560.24070.03700.18000.02000.21940.28450.06510.27590.05640.24160.05640.22370.0481
Pirfenidone: 4-Week Titration Group0.33470.35480.02020.43890.10430.34170.00420.3348-0.00450.59680.4919-0.10480.4247-0.17200.4250-0.18330.4286-0.15180.27420.2258-0.04840.32260.04840.2000-0.06670.2500-0.01790.18930.1775-0.01180.19360.00440.1944-0.00110.1667-0.01310.13260.0778-0.05930.0825-0.05020.0852-0.04820.0833-0.03570.12900.12900.00000.16130.03230.13330.00000.10710.00000.16940.1500-0.02500.1613-0.00810.21110.05280.1518-0.01790.27610.2432-0.03300.2706-0.00550.2299-0.04920.2284-0.0372

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. Treatment-emergent are events between first dose of study drug and up to 28 days after last dose that were absent before treatment or that worsened relative to pretreatment state. (NCT01933334)
Timeframe: From baseline up to 28 days after the last dose of study drug (last dose = Week 16)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pirfenidone: 2-Week Titration Group9.4
Pirfenidone: 4-Week Titration Group0.0

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (AEs)

Percentage of participants who had treatment-emergent AEs, defined as newly occurring or worsening after first dose. Relatedness to (study drug) was assessed by the investigator (Yes/No). Participants with multiple occurrences of an AE within a category were counted once within the category. (NCT01933334)
Timeframe: From baseline up to 28 days after the last dose of study drug (last dose = Week 16)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Pirfenidone: 2-Week Titration Group96.9
Pirfenidone: 4-Week Titration Group96.8

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Predose Plasma Concentrations at Steady State (Cpre,ss) of Pirfenidone

Predose plasma concentrations at steady state (Cpre,ss) of pirfenidone at Week 2 (Visit 4) and Week 4 (Visit 5) (NCT02579603)
Timeframe: Prior to intake of study medication on week 2 and week 4

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Week 2Week 4
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone11201220

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Predose Plasma Concentrations at Steady State (Cpre,ss) of Nintedanib at Baseline, Weeks 2 and 4

Predose plasma concentrations at steady state (Cpre,ss) of nintedanib at baseline (Visit 3), Week 2 (Visit 4) and Week 4 (Visit 5) (NCT02579603)
Timeframe: baseline, prior to intake of study medication on week 2 and week 4

,
Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
baselineWeek 2Week 4
Nintedanib7.087.255.92
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone7.658.177.13

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Percentage of Patients With On-treatment Gastrointestinal (GI) AEs (SOC GI Disorders) From Baseline to Week 12

"Percentage of patients with on-treatment gastrointestinal (GI) Adverse events (AEs) (SOC GI disorders) from baseline to week 12.~On-treatment AEs were defined as AEs with an onset from the first dose of randomised treatment up to the last dose of randomised treatment (inclusive)." (NCT02579603)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 12

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Nintedanib52.9
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone69.8

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with the treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a pharmaceutical product, whether or not considered related to the pharmaceutical product. Preexisting conditions which worsen during a study are also considered as adverse events. (NCT02598193)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 28

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Adverse EventSerious Adverse Event
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib98.918.0

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Total Number of Participant Days of Combination Treatment With Pirfenidone and Nintedanib

(NCT02598193)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 24

InterventionParticipant Days (Number)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib13330

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Total Number of Days From the Initiation of Combination Treatment to Discontinuation of Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, or Both Study Treatments

(NCT02598193)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 24

InterventionNumber of Days (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib149.8

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Percentage of Participants Who Discontinue Pirfenidone, Nintedanib, or Both Study Treatments Because of Adverse Events Before the Week 24 Visit

(NCT02598193)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 24

InterventionPercentage of Praticipants (Number)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib14.6

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Percentage of Participants Who Complete 24 Weeks of Combination Treatment on Pirfenidone at a Dose of 1602-2403 mg/Day and Nintedanib at a Dose of 200-300 mg/Day

(NCT02598193)
Timeframe: Week 24

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib77.5

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Treatment naïve, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Nintedanib in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

AUC0-∞, area under the concentration-time curve of nintedanib in plasma over the time interval from 0 extrapolated to infinity. Standard error mentioned in the Method of Dispersion is actually a Geometric Standard Error. (NCT02606877)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at 0:30, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00 and 10:00 hours post dose.

Interventionnanogram*hour/mililitre [ng*h/mL] (Geometric Mean)
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone (T1)175.04
Nintedanib (R1)195.59

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Pirfenidone-treated, Maximum Measured Concentration of Pirfenidone in Plasma at Steady State (Cmax,ss)

Cmax,ss, maximum measured concentration of pirfenidone in plasma at steady state. Standard error mentioned in the Method of Dispersion is actually a Geometric Standard Error. (NCT02606877)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at 0:30, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00 and 10:00 hours post dose.

Interventionnanogram/mililitre [ng/mL] (Geometric Mean)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib (T2)10537.26
Pirfenidone (R2)10591.08

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Treatment naïve, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of the Nintedanib in Plasma Over the Time Interval 0 to the Last Quantifiable Data Point (AUC0-tz).

AUC0-tz , area under the concentration-time curve of nintedanib in plasma over the time interval from 0 to the last quantifiable concentration. Standard error mentioned in the Method of Dispersion is actually a Geometric Standard Error. (NCT02606877)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at 0:30, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00 and 10:00 hours post dose.

Interventionnanogram*hour/mililitre [ng*h/mL] (Geometric Mean)
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone (T1)150.31
Nintedanib (R1)169.69

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Pirfenidone-treated, Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Pirfenidone in Plasma Over a Dosing Interval at Steady State (AUCτ,ss)

AUCτ,ss, area under the concentration-time curve of pirfenidone in plasma over a dosing interval at steady state. Standard error mentioned in the Method of Dispersion is actually a Geometric Standard Error. (NCT02606877)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at 0:30, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00 and 10:00 hours post dose.

Interventionnanogram*hour/mililitre [ng*h/mL] (Geometric Mean)
Pirfenidone+Nintedanib (T2)39040.84
Pirfenidone (R2)40178.46

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Treatment naïve, Maximum Measured Concentration of Nintedanib in Plasma After Single Dose Administration (Cmax).

Cmax, maximum measured concentration of nintedanib in plasma. Standard error mentioned in the Method of Dispersion is actually a Geometric Standard Error. (NCT02606877)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at 0:30, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 6:00, 8:00 and 10:00 hours post dose.

Interventionnanogram/mililitre [ng/mL] (Geometric Mean)
Nintedanib + Pirfenidone (T1)23.04
Nintedanib (R1)28.58

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Deaths of All Causes

(NCT02707640)
Timeframe: Until 28 days from last dose of study treatment (Week 28)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)1.7
Placebo4.8

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

A Serious Adverse Event (SAE) is any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, is life threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or results in disability/incapacity, or congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT02707640)
Timeframe: Until 28 days from last dose of study treatment (Week 28)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)5.0
Placebo6.5

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who is administered a study treatment regardless of whether or not the event has a causal relationship with the treatment. An AE, therefore, could be any unfavorable or unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the study treatment, whether or not related to the treatment. (NCT02707640)
Timeframe: Until 28 days from last dose of study treatment (Week 28)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)76.7
Placebo80.6

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Percentage of Participants With Dose Reductions

Percentage of participants with dose reductions in N-Acetylcysteine and placebo cohorts during the 24-week treatment period. (NCT02707640)
Timeframe: From baseline up to 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)5
Placebo4.8

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Percentage of Participants With Early Treatment Discontinuations

Percentage of participants with early treatment discontinuations in N-Acetylcysteine and placebo cohorts during the 24-week treatment period. (NCT02707640)
Timeframe: From baseline up to 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)14.8
Placebo11.3

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Resulting in Permanent Discontinuation of Study Treatment

(NCT02707640)
Timeframe: Until 28 days from last dose of study treatment (Week 28)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)6.7
Placebo1.6

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events That Led to Dose Reduction or Temporary Discontinuation of Study Treatment

(NCT02707640)
Timeframe: Until 28 days from last dose of study treatment (Week 28)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)10
Placebo6.5

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Treatment-emergent Death or Transplant

Number of participants who experienced treatment-emergent death or transplant (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone2
Placebo4

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Number of Participants With Progressive Disease

Number of participants with progressive disease as defined by OMERACT: FVC% relative decline of >=10% or FVC% change in >=5< 10% and >=15% diffusing capacity (DLCO) (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone16
Placebo19

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Time to Composite of Decline in FVC or Death

Time to decline of 10% or greater in percent predicted FVC or death while on study (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Pirfenidone349.5
Placebo339.9

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Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (AEs)

Number of participants with treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone62
Placebo56

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Treatment-emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

Number of participants with treatment-emergent serious adverse events (SAEs) in the as treated population (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone9
Placebo8

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All-cause Mortality

Number of participants experiencing mortality due to all causes (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone2
Placebo3

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Acute Exacerbations Requiring Hospitalization

Number of participants experiencing acute exacerbation requiring hospitalization (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone1
Placebo2

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AEs Leading to Early Discontinuation of Study Treatment

Number of participants with AEs leading to early discontinuation of study treatment (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone15
Placebo6

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All Cause Hospitalization

Number of participants requiring hospitalization for any cause (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone7
Placebo7

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Change in % Predicted FVC From Baseline to End of Study Over the 52 Week Study Period

Change from baseline to end of study of percent predicted FVC over the 52 week study period (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Intervention% predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone-1.02
Placebo-3.21

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Change in Absolute Value FVC Over the 52 Week Study Period

Change from baseline to end of study in absolute value of FVC over the 52 week study period (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventionml (Mean)
Pirfenidone-66
Placebo-146

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Change in PRO of Dyspnea

Change from Baseline to end of study in dyspnea, as measured by the Dyspnea 12 questionnaire - Total scores range from 0 to 36, with higher scores corresponding to greater severity. (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Interventionscore (Mean)
Pirfenidone0.45
Placebo1.37

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Hospitalization for Respiratory Cause

Number of participants requiring hospitalization for respiratory cause (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone2
Placebo5

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Number of Participants Who Developed Any Element of the Composite Endpoint

Number of participants who developed any element of the composite endpoint of decline in percent predicted FVC of 10% or greater or death. (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone7
Placebo9

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Number of Participants With FVC Decline From Baseline of 10% or Greater

Number of participants with decline from baseline in percent predicted FVC of 10% or greater during the study period. (NCT02808871)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone5
Placebo7

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Percentage of Participants With Decline From Baseline in 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) of >= 15%

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionPercentage (Number)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil53.4
Pirfenidone+Placebo50.6

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Percentage of Participants With Lung Transplantation

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionPercentage (Number)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil10.2
Pirfenidone+Placebo6.7

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Time to All-Cause Non-Elective Hospitalization

N.A. = non-calculable (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil47.57
Pirfenidone+Placebo49.86

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Time to Death From Any Cause

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Pirfenidone+SildenafilNA
Pirfenidone+PlaceboNA

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Time to First Occurrence of Disease Progression

Disease Progression defined as relative decline in 6MWD from baseline (defined as >25% from baseline or 15-25% from baseline associated with worsening oxygen saturation, worsening Borg score, or increased oxygen requirements), respiratory-related non-elective hospitalizations, or all-cause mortality. (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil26.00
Pirfenidone+Placebo25.43

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Time to Multiple Occurrence of Disease Progression Events

Disease Progression defined as relative decline in 6MWD from baseline (defined as >25% from baseline or 15-25% from baseline associated with worsening oxygen saturation, worsening Borg score, or increased oxygen requirements), respiratory-related non-elective hospitalizations, or all-cause mortality. In case participant had more than one event as described in the endpoint definition the second, third etc event was counted as well for the calculation of the endpoint. (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil20.57
Pirfenidone+Placebo13.29

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University of California, San Diego-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD-SOBQ) Changes From Baseline at Week 52

The UCSD-SOBQ is a respiratory questionnaire and it assesses dyspnea associated with activities of daily living (ADL). Participants indicate severity of SOB on a 6-point scale in 21 ADL. Three additional questions ask about fear of harm from overexertion, limitations and fear caused by SOB. A total score ranges from 0 to 120, with higher scores indicating greater impairment. (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

InterventionPoints on scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil12.5
Pirfenidone+Placebo18.8

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Change From Baseline in Other 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Parameters at Week 52

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

,
InterventionPercentage (Mean)
SpO2 before the test (at rest)SpO2 lowest during the testSpO2 after the test
Pirfenidone+Placebo-0.80.3-2.3
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-0.5-3.40.5

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil1.22
Pirfenidone+Placebo-0.85

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Borg Scale Result at the End of the Test at Week 52

The Borg Scale rates participant's level of perceived exertion during any activity from 0-10, with 0 being no effort at all and 10 being maximal exertion. (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Week 52

InterventionPoints on Scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil0.9
Pirfenidone+Placebo0.7

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Change From Baseline in Distance Walked, 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Test at Week 52

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-52.9
Pirfenidone+Placebo-40.8

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Percentage of Participants by World Health Organization (WHO) Functional Class at Week 52

"The World Health Organisation (WHO) functional class system defines the severity of an participant's symptoms.~Class II - Participants with Pulmonary Hypertension resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity causes undue breathlessness, fatigue (tiredness), or activities that can cause chest pain, dizziness or even black outs.~Class III - Participants with Pulmonary Hypertension resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes undue breathlessness, fatigue (tiredness), or activities that can cause chest pain, dizziness or even black outs.~Class IV - participants with pulmonary hypertension with inability to carry out any physical activity without symptoms. These participants manifest signs of right heart failure, breathlessness and /or fatigue, which may even be present at rest. Discomfort is increased by any physical activity." (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Week 52

,
InterventionPercentage (Number)
Class IIClass IIIClass IVMissing
Pirfenidone+Placebo13.524.71.11.1
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil19.333.03.40

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St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Changes From Baseline at Week 52

"The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire developed to measure health status (quality of life) in participants with diseases of airways obstruction. Three component scores are calculated, where the higher the component result the worse the condition:~Symptoms concerned with the effect of respiratory symptoms, their frequency and severity (range: 0-16.61) Activity concerned with activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness (range: 0-30.31) Impacts covers a range of aspects concerned with social functioning and psychological disturbances resulting from airway disease (range: 0- 53.08) Total score summaries the impact of disease on overall health status. Scores are expressed as a percentage of overall impairment where 100 represents worst possible health status and 0 indicates best possible health status." (NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Total scoreSymptoms component scoreActivities component scoreImpacts component score
Pirfenidone+Placebo11.4378.26110.87112.118
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil6.1492.4983.9978.417

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Change From Baseline in N-terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) Level (pg/mL) at Week 52

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

Interventionpg/mL) (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil110.1
Pirfenidone+Placebo605.9

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Time to First Occurrence of Relevant ≥15% Decline From Baseline in 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionWeeks (Median)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil39.00
Pirfenidone+Placebo38.71

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Change From Baseline in Oxygen Requirements, 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) Test at Week 52

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52

InterventionL (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil0.6
Pirfenidone+Placebo0.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity/ Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

InterventionPercentage Predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-2.918
Pirfenidone+Placebo-2.440

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

InterventionPercentage Predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-2.761
Pirfenidone+Placebo-1.616

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Inferior Vena Cava Diameter

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

Interventioncm (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-0.05
Pirfenidone+Placebo-0.09

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Peak Tricuspid Regurgitation Velocity

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

Interventionm/s (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-0.014
Pirfenidone+Placebo0.103

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAPs)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil2.0
Pirfenidone+Placebo3.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Right Ventricle Basal Diameter

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

Interventioncm (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil0.462
Pirfenidone+Placebo0.095

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Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Transthoracic Echocardiography (ECHO) Parameter: Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE)

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 52

Interventioncm (Mean)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil-0.204
Pirfenidone+Placebo-0.146

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

(NCT02951429)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 52 + 28 days

InterventionPercentage (Number)
Pirfenidone+Sildenafil98.9
Pirfenidone+Placebo93.3

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Number of Participants With Progression-free Survival (PFS) Defined as the Time From Study Treatment Randomization to the First Occurrence of Any of the Following Events:

"a. Relative decline from baseline in ≥10% in FVC and/or DLCO b. Acute exacerbation of FHP defined as acute respiratory declined leading to hospitalization or ER or Urgent care evaluation; or evidence of all of the following criteria within a 4-week period in the outpatient setting: i. Increase from baseline FIO2 ≥1 L O2. ii. Clinically significant worsening of dyspnea and/or cough. iii. New, superimposed ground-glass opacities or consolidation or new alveolar opacities on chest x-ray or CT.~c. A decrease from baseline of at least 50 meters in 6mw distance. d. Change in background therapy (need for a new course of PO or IV steroids or for the patient receiving maintenance prednisone, as a need to increase the dose by 10 mg or more; and/or addition of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, or mycophenolic acid).~e. Death" (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d14
Placebo12

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Number of Participant With Hospitalization for a Respiratory Cause

The proportion of patients with hospitalization for a respiratory cause (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d1
Placebo3

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Mean Change in Percent Predicted DLCO

Mean change in percent predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) from baseline to week 52 (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionpercent predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d1.02
Placebo-2.12

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Visual Extent in the Percentage of Lung CT Fibrosis

Mean change from baseline to week 52 in the visual extent of the percentage of lung CT fibrosis. (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionpercent of fibrosis (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d2.22
Placebo6.15

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University of California at San Diego Shortness-of-Breath Questionnaire Score.

"Mean change from Baseline to Week 52 in dyspnea as measured by the University of California at San Diego Shortness-of-Breath Questionnaire score.~Scores range from 0 to 120, with higher scores indicating greater breathlessness." (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d2.06
Placebo4.11

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 52 in Percent Predicted FVC.

"The primary efficacy analysis will estimate the mean rank change in percent predicted FVC from Baseline to Week 52. Data will be analyzed using a rank linear regression model with the rank change in percent predicted FVC from Baseline to Week 52 as the outcome variable and rank Baseline percent predicted FVC and HP therapy (placebo or pirfenidone) and concomitant immunosuppressive therapy as covariates. The treatment effect will be tested using the Wald test.~The primary efficacy analysis will be tested at an alpha level of 0.05. Missing data due to reasons other than death will be replaced with imputed values using the MICE method (multiple imputations via chained equation).~Subjects with missing assessments due to death will be ranked worse than those who remain alive. Subjects who die will be ranked according to the time until death, with the shortest time until death as the worst rank." (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionpercent predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d-0.28
Placebo0.58

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Slope of FVC Over Treatment Period.

The slope for the annual rate of FVC decline (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionpercent predicted/year (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d1.69
Placebo-0.34

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Data-driven Texture-based Quantitative Analysis of the Percent of Lung CT Fibrosis.

The extent of the percentage of lung fibrosis computed by data-driven texture-based quantitative analysis. The data-driven texture-based quantitative analysis is computed as the percentage of the total lung with fibrosis. (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionpercent of fibrosis (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d2.06
Placebo4.11

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Number of Participants With All-cause Hospitalization

Proportion of patients with all-cause hospitalization (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d5
Placebo5

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St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire.

Mean change from baseline in health-related quality of life, measured by SGRQ The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating worse health-related quality of life. (NCT02958917)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone 2403 mg/d0.890
Placebo7.61

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Change in Cough Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score

Cough VAS are 100-mm linear scales on which participants indicate the severity of their cough; 0 mm represents no cough and 100 mm the worst cough ever. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
Interventionmillimeter (mm) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 12Change from Baseline at Week 24
Pirfenidone35.60-4.33-2.52
Placebo37.183.320.78

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Change in 6-minute Walk Distance (6MWD)

Comparison of 6-minute walk distance before beginning and after completing study therapy. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
Interventionmeter (m) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 12Change from Baseline at Week 24
Pirfenidone391.6-14.8-2.0
Placebo394.0-7.7-26.7

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Categorical Change in FVC of >5%

Categorical change in FVC was measured both by daily spirometry as well as by spirometry during clinical visits. Only the site spirometry data were used as the daily spirometry data were not normally distributed. The analyses were repeated due to additional data cleaning activities that were not conducted during the primary analysis. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Primary Analysis in 2019Final Analysis in 2020
Pirfenidone4747
Placebo7473

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Categorical Change in FVC of >10%

Categorical change in FVC was measured both by daily spirometry as well as by spirometry during clinical visits. Only the site spirometry data were used as the daily spirometry data were not normally distributed. The analyses were repeated due to additional data cleaning activities that were not conducted during the primary analysis. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Primary Analysis in 2019Final Analysis in 2020
Pirfenidone1818
Placebo3433

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Time to First Investigator-reported Acute Exacerbations

Time to first investigator reported acute exacerbations from start of treatment are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionWeeks (Median)
PirfenidoneNA
PlaceboNA

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Time to Death From Respiratory Diseases

Time to first documented death due to respiratory diseases from start of treatment will be reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionWeek (Median)
PirfenidoneNA
PlaceboNA

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

PFS is defined as the time to the first occurrence of a >10% relative decline in percent predicted FVC, non-elective respiratory hospitalization, or death. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionWeek (Median)
PirfenidoneNA
PlaceboNA

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

PFS is defined as the time to the first occurrence of a >10% absolute decline in percent predicted FVC, a >50 m decline of 6MWD, or death. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionWeek (Median)
Pirfenidone25.14
Placebo24.71

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Percentage of Participants With Investigator-reported Acute Exacerbations

Percentage of participants with acute exacerbation arereported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Pirfenidone3.9
Placebo5.6

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Number of Participants Withdrawn From Trial Treatment or Trial Discontinuations During the Double-Blind Period

Number of participants withdrawn from trial treatment or trial discontinuations are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Pirfenidone25
Placebo12

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Number of Participants Withdrawn From Trial Treatment or Trial Discontinuations During the 12-month Safety Follow-up

Number of participants withdrawn from trial treatment or trial discontinuations are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: From the Follow-up Visit at Week 28 through the follow-up period of 12 Months

InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Open-Label Treatment (Pirfenidone)19
Open-Label Treatment (Placebo)26

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with the treatment. An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a pharmaceutical product, whether or not considered related to the pharmaceutical product. Preexisting conditions which worsen during a study are also considered as adverse events. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 28

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Pirfenidone120
Placebo101

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Time to Death From Any Cause

Time to first documented death from start of treatment is reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

InterventionWeek (Median)
PirfenidoneNA
PlaceboNA

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Rate of Decline in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over the 24-week Double-blind Treatment Period

Rate of decline in FVC was measured in mL by daily handheld spirometer. The analyses were repeated due to an additional independent review of the home spirometry data. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Up to Week 24

,
Interventionmilliliter (mL) (Mean)
Primary Analysis in 2019Final Analysis in 2020
Pirfenidone-17.9-90.3
Placebo116.6125.6

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Number of Participants With Non-elective Hospitalization, Both Respiratory and All Cause

Participants with non-elective hospitalization are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
All-cause hospitalizationRespiratory-related hospitalization
Pirfenidone165
Placebo135

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Number of Participants With Dose Reductions and Treatment Interruptions During the Double-Blind Period

Number of participants with dose reduction and treatment interruptions are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: From administration of the first dose of study drug to Week 24

,
InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Participants with at least one dose modificationParticipants with at least one dose interruption
Pirfenidone5140
Placebo3412

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Number of Participants With Dose Reductions and Treatment Interruptions During the 12-month Safety Follow-up

Number of participants with dose reduction and treatment interruptions are reported. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: From the Follow-up Visit at Week 28 through the follow-up period of 12 Months

,
InterventionNumber of Participants (Number)
Participants with at least one dose modificationParticipants with at least one dose interruption
Open-Label Treatment (Pirfenidone)4124
Open-Label Treatment (Placebo)6034

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Change in University of California, San Diego-Shortness of Breath Questionnaire Score

University of California, San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (SOBQ) consists of 24-item on a scale of 0 to 5 with 0=not at all and 5=maximal or unable to do because of breathlessness. The total scores were calculated by summation of the 24 items scores and transformed into 0-100, with 0= poor quality of life , and 100= excellent quality of life. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 12Change from Baseline at Week 24
Pirfenidone44.171.475.21
Placebo48.892.245.30

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Change in Total and Sub-scores of the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)

The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire developed to measure health status (quality of life) in participants with diseases of airways obstruction. Three component scores are: Symptoms (respiratory symptoms and severity); Activity (activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness); Impacts (social functioning and psychological disturbances due to airway disease). Each component sub-scores are calculated from the summed weights for the positive responses to questions. Total score summaries the impact of disease on overall health status. Scores are expressed as a percentage of overall impairment where 100 represents worst possible health status and 0 indicates best possible health status. It is calculated by summing all positive responses in the questionnaire and expressing the result as a percentage of the total weight for the questionnaire. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionScores of a Scale (Mean)
Symptoms sub-score - BaselineChange from Baseline in Symptoms sub-score at Week 12Change from Baseline in Symptoms sub-score at Week 24Activities sub-score - BaselineChange from Baseline in Activities sub-score at Week 12Change from Baseline in Activities sub-score at Week 24Impacts sub-score - BaselineChange from Baseline in Impacts sub-score at Week 12Change from Baseline in Impacts sub-score at Week 24Total score - BaselineChange from Baseline in Total score at Week 12Change from Baseline in Total score at Week 24
Pirfenidone49.28-2.60-1.6963.931.171.2537.120.29-0.1847.37-0.170.05
Placebo53.100.86-0.6666.961.132.2241.470.331.0751.460.530.85

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Change in Score in Leicester Cough Questionnaire Score

The Leicester Cough Questionnaire is a patient-reported questionnaire evaluating the impact of cough on quality of life. The questionnaire comprises 19 items. Each item assesses symptoms, or the impact of symptoms, over the last 2 weeks on a seven-point Likert scale. Scores in three domains (physical, psychological and social) were calculated as a mean for each domain (range 1 to 7). A total score (range 3 to 21) was also calculated by adding the domain scores together. Higher scores indicate better quality of life. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionScores on a Scale (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 12 (Primary Analysis in 2019)Change from Baseline at Week 24 (Primary Analysis in 2019)Change from Baseline at Week 12 (Final Analysis in 2020)Change from Baseline at Week 24 (Final Analysis in 2020)
Pirfenidone16.130.350.360.350.35
Placebo15.15-0.230.04-0.230.04

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Change in Percent Predicted FVC

FVC was measured in liter (L) by spirometry. The analyses were repeated due to additional data cleaning activities that were not conducted during the primary analysis. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionPercent predicted (%) (Mean)
Baseline (Day 1)Week 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24
Pirfenidone73.9574.0473.9873.9674.5673.9472.95
Placebo73.9574.5573.5073.9172.6571.9973.55

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Change in Percent Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLco)

The DLco is a pulmonary function test that measures the capacity for the lung to carry out gas exchange between the inhaled breath and the pulmonary capillary blood vessels and the DLco %-predicted represents the DLco expressed as a percentage of the expected normal valued based on the participant's age, height, gender and ethnicity. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
Intervention% predicted (Mean)
Baseline (Day 1)Change from Baseline at Week 12 (Primary Analysis in 2019)Change from Baseline at Week 24 (Primary Analysis in 2019)Change from Baseline at Week 12 (Final Analysis in 2020)Change from Baseline at Week 24 (Final Analysis in 2020)
Pirfenidone46.19-0.52-0.65-0.52-0.65
Placebo49.57-0.56-2.47-0.89-2.48

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Change in FVC

FVC was measured in liter (L) by spirometry. The analyses were repeated due to additional data cleaning activities that were not conducted during the primary analysis. (NCT03099187)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to Week 24

,
InterventionLiter (L) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20Week 24
Pirfenidone2.362.372.372.372.412.402.37
Placebo2.382.372.362.352.312.302.34

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Change From Baseline to Week 26 in EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) Questionnaire Index Score

The EQ-5D-5L is a self-reported health status questionnaire that consists of six questions used to calculate a health utility score for use in health economic analysis. There are two components to the EQ-5D-5L: a five-item health state profile that assesses mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression used to obtain an Index Utility Score, as well as a visual analogue scale (VAS) that measures health state. Overall scores range from 0 to 1, with low scores representing a higher level of dysfunction. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

Interventionscore on scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone-0.0288

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Change From Baseline to Week 26 in EQ-5D-5L Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-5D-5L VAS) Score

The EQ-5D-5L is a self-reported health status questionnaire that consists of six questions used to calculate a health utility score for use in health economic analysis. There are two components to the EQ-5D-5L: a five-item health state profile that assesses mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression used to obtain an Index Utility Score, as well as a visual analogue scale (VAS) that measures health state. The VAS is designed to rate the participant's current health state on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst imaginable health state and 100 represents the best imaginable health state. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

Interventionscore on scale (Mean)
Pirfenidone-0.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Absolute Millilitre (mL) Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

FVC is a standard pulmonary function test. FVC is defined as the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration in the upright position, measured in liters. Baseline FVC will be the average of the highest FVC measurement recorded at the Screening and Day 1. The FVC at Week 26 will be the average of the highest FVC measurement recorded on two separate days at Week 26. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

InterventionMilliliter (mL) (Mean)
Pirfenidone128.78

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Percentage of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Treatment Emergent Serious Adverse Events (TESAEs)

An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) is defined as an adverse event with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. Serious adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence at any dose that resulted in death, was life-threatening, required inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity or congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TEAEsTESAEs
Pirfenidone81.716.7

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Change From Baseline to Week 26 in 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) Distance

Baseline 6MWT distance will be the average of the measurements recorded at the Screening and Day 1 visits. The 6MWT distance at Week 26 will be defined as the average of the 6MWT distance recorded on two separate days at Week 26. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Decline of >= 50 mDecline of <50 m to 0 mImprovement of >= 0 m
Pirfenidone141124

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Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Percent (%) Predicted FVC

Predicted FVC is based on sex, age, and height of a person. Percent predicted FVC (in %) = [(observed FVC)/(predicted FVC)]*100. (NCT03208933)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26

Interventionpercent predicted (Mean)
Pirfenidone-0.10

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Time to Withdrawal From the Study Drug or Treatment Failure

The time from start of treatment to withdrawal or removal from active drug therapy (MMF or Plac/PFD separately) for any reason will be plotted over the course of the 18-month treatment as a measure of tolerability and toxicity. Median times to withdrawal are not available for reporting as less than half of the participants discontinued the study drugs. (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventiondays (Median)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)NA
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)NA

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St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)

Change from baseline to month 18 as a subjective measure of dyspnea and quality of life. SGRQ ranges from 0 (no impairment) to 100 (maximum impairment). (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-4.77
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-6.11

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Percent Predicted Single-breath Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide (DLCOHb-%)

Change from baseline to month 18 in DLCO, calculated as a percent of the age-; height-; gender-; race-; and hemoglobin-adjusted predicted value (DLCOHb-%). The raw DLCO value and adjusting it for all of these factors and presenting it as a percent of predicted (expected) is the outcome measure (DLCOHb-%). (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionpercent predicted (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)1.25
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)1.24

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Percent Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC-%)

Change from baseline to month 18 in the mean forced vital capacity (represented as the percentage of the age-; height-; gender-; and race-adjusted predicted value, i.e. FVC-%). (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionpercent predicted (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)2.24
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)2.09

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Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS)

Change from baseline to month 18 in the mRSS. mRSS scores have a range from 0 to 51, with higher score indicating greater skin involvement. (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-5.42
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-4.96

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Mahler Modified Transitional Dyspnea Index (TDI)

The change from baseline to 18 months in dyspnea. The TDI score for each of three domains ranges from -3 (major deterioration) to +3 (major improvement). The sum of all domains yields the TDI total score (-9 to +9). (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)1.13
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)1.99

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High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

"Change from screening to 18 months in quantitative HRCT measurement of TLC at maximal inspiration (HRCT-TLC).~Higher scores indicates a better outcome." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Screening to 18 months

Interventionml (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)70.69
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)191.99

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High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Lung Fibrosis Score in the Whole Lung (QLF-WL)

"Change from screening to month 18 in computer-generated scoring of HRCT data from the whole lung for the percentage of imaging pixels that exhibit features characteristic for lung fibrosis.~Individual image scores range 0 to 100%, with higher percentages representing greater extent of quantitative lung fibrosis." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Screening to 18 months

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)1.46
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-0.11

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High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Lung Fibrosis Score in the Lobe of Maximal Involvement (QLF-LM)

"Change from screening to month 18 in computer-generated scoring of HRCT data for the percentage of imaging pixels that exhibit features characteristic for lung fibrosis within the lobe of maximal involvement at baseline.~Individual image score range 0 to 100%, with higher percentages representing greater extent of quantitative lung fibrosis." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Screening to 18 months

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)2.57
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)0.13

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High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Interstitial Lung Disease Score in the Whole Lung (QILD-WL)

"Change from screening to month 18 in computer-generated scoring of HRCT data from the whole lung for the percentage of imaging pixels that exhibit features of any of the three patterns of interstitial lung disease (ILD) including quantitative ground-glass opacity (QGG), lung fibrosis (QLF) and quantitative honeycombing (QHC).~Individual image scores range 0 to 100%, with higher percentages representing greater extent of quantitative interstitial lung disease." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Screening to 18 months

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)2.36
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-1.15

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High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) Measures of Quantitative Interstitial Lung Disease Score in the Lobe of Maximal Involvement (QILD-LM)

"Change from screening to month 18 in computer-generated scoring of HRCT data for the percentage of imaging pixels exhibiting features characteristic for any of three patterns of ILD (including QGG, QLF and QHC) within the lobe of maximal involvement at baseline.~Individual image scores range 0 to 100%, with higher percentages representing greater extent of quantitative interstitial lung disease." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Screening to 18 months

Interventionpercent (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)2.99
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-0.99

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Health Assessment Questionnaire Modified for Scleroderma (HAQ-DI)

"Change from baseline to month 18 as a subjective measure of dyspnea and quality of life.~HAQ-DI ranges from 0 (no disability) to 3 (severe disability)." (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-0.03
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)-0.17

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Greater Than 5% Improvement in FVC-%

The percentage of subjects in each treatment arm achieving greater than a 5% improvement in FVC-% over the 18-month treatment period. (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)6
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)9

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3.0% or Greater Improvement From Baseline in FVC-%.

The time (in months) required for each treatment arm to achieve a 3.0% or greater improvement from baseline in the FVC-% over the 18-month treatment period. (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)17.8
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)12.3

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Forced Vital Capacity Volume (FVC, in ml)

Change from baseline to month 18 in the Forced Vital Capacity volume (FVC, in ml) (NCT03221257)
Timeframe: Baseline to 18 months

Interventionml (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Plac) + Mycophenolate (MMF)121.53
Pirfenidone (PFD) + Mycophenolate (MMF)112.33

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 52

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 52 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionPercentage of predicted IC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-6.8
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-6.1

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 100

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Inspiratory Capacity (IC) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionPercentage of predicted IC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-4.5
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-6.0

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 52

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 52 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionPercentage of predicted FVC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.5
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug4.1

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 100

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionPercentage of predicted FVC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.2
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-2.5

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) at Week 52

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Diffusing capacity of the Lungs for Carbon monoxide (DLco) at Week 52 was reported (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionPercentage of predicted DLco (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-7.3
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-2.8

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLco) at Week 100

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Diffusing capacity of the Lungs for Carbon monoxide (DLco) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionPercentage of predicted DLco (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug0.5
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-2.6

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Annual Change in Total Score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 100

The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire developed to measure health status (quality of life) in patients with diseases of airways obstruction. The questionnaire included 3 subscales measures: symptoms, activity limitation, and social, and emotional impact of disease (each subscale score ranges from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating poorer quality of life). The SGRQ total score was calculated by summing weights from all positive items, divided by sum of weights for all items in SGRQ questionnaire and multiplying by 100. The total score of SGRQ ranged from 0 (no effect on quality of life) to 100 (maximum perceived distress). Thus, a higher score indicated a poorer quality of life. Annual change in score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug2.6
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug1.6

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Number of Participants Per Death Reason Categories

Number of participants per death reason categories was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: From baseline until end of follow-up, up to 899 days.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisRelated to comorbidityOtherUnknown
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug11746
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug0100

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Time to First Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Time to first acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: From baseline until end of follow-up, up to 899 days.

InterventionDays (Median)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug497.0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug521.5

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Overall Survival

Overall survival was reported. Overall survival was defined as the time from randomization to death due to any cause. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: From baseline until end of follow-up, up to 899 days.

InterventionDays (Median)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug686.0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug641.0

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Annual Change in Total Score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 52

The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire developed to measure health status (quality of life) in patients with diseases of airways obstruction. The questionnaire included 3 subscales measures: symptoms, activity limitation, and social, and emotional impact of disease (each subscale score ranges from 0 to 100 with higher score indicating poorer quality of life). The SGRQ total score was calculated by summing weights from all positive items, divided by sum of weights for all items in SGRQ questionnaire and multiplying by 100. The total score of SGRQ ranged from 0 (no effect on quality of life) to 100 (maximum perceived distress). Thus, a higher score indicated a poorer quality of life. Annual change in score of St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at Week 52 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug8.4
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug0.2

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Annual Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 52

Annual change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 52 was reported. The 6MWT measured the distance that a person can walk in 6 minutes, providing information regarding functional capacity, response to therapy and prognosis. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionMeter (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-7.6
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug7.1

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Annual Change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 100

Annual change in Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Week 100 was reported. The 6MWT measured the distance that a person can walk in 6 minutes, providing information regarding functional capacity, response to therapy and prognosis. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionMeter (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-20.7
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-2.3

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Annual Change in Score of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT) at Week 52

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT) is an 8-item, health status instrument which provides a method for assessing the impact of COPD on the patient's health and quality of life. The CAT score (ranging from 0 to 40) was calculated for each individual by summing the points for each item. A decrease in CAT score represents an improvement in health status, whereas an increase in CAT score represents a worsening in health status. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug1.4
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug0.2

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Annual Change in Score of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT) at Week 100

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Assessment Test (CAT) is an 8-item, health status instrument which provides a method for assessing the impact of COPD on the patient's health and quality of life. The CAT score (ranging from 0 to 40) was calculated for each individual by summing the points for each item. A decrease in CAT score represents an improvement in health status, whereas an increase in CAT score represents a worsening in health status. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug0.7
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug0.7

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 52

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 52was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionPercentage of predicted TLC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.4
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-1.4

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 100

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionPercentage of predicted TLC (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-2.3
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-3.4

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) at Week 52

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted oxygen saturation (SpO2) at Week 52 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 52.

InterventionPercentage of predicted SpO2 (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.8
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.8

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Annual Change From Baseline in Percentage of Predicted Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) at Week 100

Annual Change from Baseline in percentage of predicted oxygen saturation (SpO2) at Week 100 was reported. (NCT03242759)
Timeframe: At baseline and Week 100.

InterventionPercentage of predicted SpO2 (Mean)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.2
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Without Anti-fibrotic Drug-0.6

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Annual Change in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)

The investigators will evaluate change in FEV1 from baseline to 1 year based on pulmonary function tests done as part of routine clinical care (usually obtained every 3 months) or death, whichever comes first. (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: FEV1 change from baseline (screening) to 1 year or death, whichever comes first.

InterventionmL (Mean)
Treatment Arm-87.8

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Annual Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

The investigators will evaluate change in FVC from baseline to 1 year after pirfenidone start based on pulmonary function tests done as part of routine clinical care (usually obtained every 3 months) or death, whichever comes first. (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: FVC change from baseline (screening) to 1 year or death, whichever comes first.

InterventionmL (Mean)
Treatment Arm-63.3

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Annual Change in Percent of Lung Affected by Reticulation on Chest CT Scan

The investigators will evaluate the annual change in percent of lung affected by reticulation comparing the chest CT scan at screening and a 1-year follow up CT scan performed as part of routine clinical care or death, whichever comes first. (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: Change between chest CT at screening and in 1-year follow up CT scan performed as part of routine clinical care or death, whichever comes first.

Interventionpercentage of lung affected (Mean)
Treatment Arm3

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Annual Change in Traction Bronchiectasis Score on Chest CT Scan

The investigators will evaluate the change in traction bronchiectasis score on chest CT scan at screening and in a 1-year follow up CT scan performed as part of routine clinical care or death, whichever comes first. The extent of traction bronchiectasis was first scored in each of the six lung lobes separately (right upper, middle, and lower lobes, and left upper, lingula, and lower lobes) as 0-absent, 1-mild, 2-moderate, or 3-severe, and then summed into a total traction bronchiectasis score [range 0-18 points], with higher values reflecting greater extent of traction bronchiectasis. (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: Change between Chest CT at screening and 1-year follow up CT scan performed as part of routine clinical care or death, whichever comes first.

Interventionpoints (Mean)
Treatment Arm0.8

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Conversion Ratio of Tacrolimus Dose

The outcome will be the ratio of tacrolimus-while-taking-pirfenidone to tacrolimus-before-pirfenidone corrected for the subject's specific steady-state tacrolimus concentration. (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: From initiation of pirfenidone until discontinuation or until 56 weeks, which ever comes first.

Interventionconversion ratio (Mean)
Treatment Arm1.1

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Tolerability of Pirfenidone

The primary outcome will be the number of subjects that discontinue pirfenidone due to a treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) (NCT03359863)
Timeframe: From initiation of pirfenidone until discontinuation or until 56 weeks, which ever comes first.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment Arm3

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Change in Forced Expiratory Volume 1 Over 24 Weeks (FEV1)

Measured by spirometry (NCT03473340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks

,
Interventionliters (Mean)
Baseline FEV124 week FEV1Change in FEV1
Pirfenidone Capsule1.401.36-0.12
Placebo Capsule1.411.35-0.09

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Number of Subjects With Treatment Intolerance

Subjects permanently discontinuing study medication before 24 weeks (NCT03473340)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug DiscontinuedDrug Not Discontinued, but Held or Dose ReducedDrug Tolerated
Pirfenidone Capsule154
Placebo Capsule136

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Change in Percent of Functional Small Airways Disease (fSAD) as Measured by Parametric Response Mapping

Evaluate if pirfenidone compared to placebo will stabilize progression of fSAD by comparison of inspiratory and expiratory high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images through co-registration to provide quantitative measures of fSAD. (NCT03473340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of change of fsad (Mean)
Baseline percentage fSADPost treatment percentage fSADNet change
Pirfenidone Capsule14.2117.10-5.8620625
Placebo Capsule11.9010.620.4497328

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Change in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Over 24 Weeks

Measured by spirometry (NCT03473340)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks

,
Interventionliters (Mean)
Baseline FVC24-week FVCChange in FVC
Pirfenidone Capsule2.542.52-0.06
Placebo Capsule2.522.36-0.12

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Baseline Patient Characteristics: Age

"IQVIA's GE Centricity Electronic medical records database was used for this study. This is an anonymized Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA) compliant database populated with patient data from ambulatory care records.~The patient characteristic age for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients at 12-month pre-treatment (baseline) was compared between each of the cohorts (nintedanib vs. pirfenidone, nintedanib vs. untreated, pirfenidone vs. untreated), differences are presented in absolute standardized differences (ASD), differences were tested using t-test for means of continuous variables, Wilcoxon signed tank test for medians of continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables." (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

Interventionyears (Mean)
Nintedanib71.6
Pirfenidone72.1
Untreated70.9

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Odds Ratio of Receiving Treatment (Nintedanib or Pirfenidone) vs no Treatment

"Odds ratio of receiving nintedanib or pirfenidone vs. no antifibrotic treatment, adjusting for patient characteristics; to identify baseline characteristics that drive initiation of a treatment while minimizing prescription bias.~Logistic regression models were developed to assess the odds. Baseline patient characteristics that were sufficiently populated, had ASD >10% or p-value <0.05, and were agreed upon as important variables to include, were included as covariates for a full model. Linearity of age was confirmed before including it as a continuous variable in one version of the model. Backward selection was applied to develop a reduced model, only retaining covariates with p<0.1 after forcing age at index, gender, geographic region, BMI, CCI, and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) into the model.~Odds presented for key patient characteristics. Odd ratio of >1 indicates increased odds of receiving treatment." (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

InterventionOdds ratio (Number)
AgeGenderBMI category: OverweightBMI category: ObeseBMI category: Very obeseComorbidities: COPDComorbidities: Heart failureComorbidities: StrokeComorbidities: HypertensionComorbidities: Peripheral arterial diseasesComorbidities: Severe diseasesGastroesophageal reflux disease
Overall Population1.0220.4901.3591.8331.6380.5810.4490.4490.6630.3830.4631.621

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Baseline Patient Characteristics: Number of Participants Using Proton Pump Inhibitors at Baseline

"IQVIA's GE Centricity Electronic medical records database was used for this study. This is an anonymized Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA) compliant database populated with patient data from ambulatory care records.~Treatment with Proton pump inhibitors for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients at 12-month pre-treatment (baseline) was compared between each of the cohorts (nintedanib vs. pirfenidone, nintedanib vs. untreated, pirfenidone vs. untreated), differences are presented in absolute standardized differences (ASD), differences were tested using t-test for means of continuous variables, Wilcoxon signed tank test for medians of continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables." (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nintedanib113
Pirfenidone133
Untreated3141

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Baseline Patient Characteristics: Number of Participants Using Inhaled Corticosteroids at Baseline

"IQVIA's GE Centricity Electronic medical records database was used for this study. This is an anonymized Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA) compliant database populated with patient data from ambulatory care records.~Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients at 12-month pre-treatment (baseline) was compared between each of the cohorts (nintedanib vs. pirfenidone, nintedanib vs. untreated, pirfenidone vs. untreated), differences are presented in absolute standardized differences (ASD), differences were tested using t-test for means of continuous variables, Wilcoxon signed tank test for medians of continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables." (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nintedanib125
Pirfenidone134
Untreated3311

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Baseline Patient Characteristics: Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)

"IQVIA's GE Centricity Electronic medical records database was used for this study. This is an anonymized HIPPA compliant database populated with patient data from ambulatory care records. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients at 12-month pre-treatment (baseline) was compared between each of the cohorts.~The Charlson Comorbidity Index is a method of categorizing comorbidities of patients based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis. Each comorbidity category has an associated weight (from 1 to 6), based on the adjusted risk of mortality or resource use, and the sum of all the weights results in a single comorbidity score for a patient. A score of zero indicates that no comorbidities were found. The higher the score, the more likely the predicted outcome will result in mortality or higher resource use. Up to 12 comorbidities with various weightings can result in a maximum score of 24. The minimum score is zero." (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Nintedanib0.71
Pirfenidone0.79
Untreated1.09

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Baseline Patient Characteristics: BMI

The patient characteristic Body mass index (BMI) for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients at 12-month pre-treatment (baseline) was compared between each of the cohorts (nintedanib vs. pirfenidone, nintedanib vs. untreated, pirfenidone vs. untreated), differences are presented in absolute standardized differences (ASD), differences were tested using t-test for means of continuous variables, Wilcoxon signed tank test for medians of continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables. (NCT03958071)
Timeframe: Baseline characteristics were recorded 12 months pre-index event (pre-treatment).

Interventionkilogram/height in meters squared(kg/m²) (Mean)
Nintedanib29.5
Pirfenidone30.1
Untreated28.6

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		7.5220monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4520acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.1310ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.05106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.0510amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		15.77164carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.0310catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0510tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0310catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.52202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0510sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.0510aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.620alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.0510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		3.1510carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		210aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.4520benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.110dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.0510cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.4920acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.4820pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.5320pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0410monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.7630monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		4.1120aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.0510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.0310pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
taurine
[no description available]		3.5220amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.0510primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.1310methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.4420isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.0310benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.0310
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0310oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.0310aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.0310
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.0310oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0310bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.0310isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.0310benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.0310oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.0310benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.4320aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.0310guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.03101,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.4520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.0310aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.0310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.0310indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.0310lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.0310
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0310
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0310
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.0310
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.0510aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.5320acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4520acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.0310nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.0310catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.0310benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
albendazole
[no description available]		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.4520phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.0310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.0510adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		2.0310diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.0510dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.0510guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.7630dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		8.82301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0510carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.0510dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.0510barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.0310dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0510acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.0510nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0310N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.4520benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4520ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		9.89141aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.610azobenzenes
baclofen
[no description available]		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0310benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.05101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.0310pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.0310N-acylindole
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0310imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.4520amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.0510aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		7.5420methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
caffeine
[no description available]		7.7830purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		8.5820benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4520dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.4520carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.4520N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0510carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0510ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.0310aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.4520aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		2.0510benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.45201,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.0310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		2.0510organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.45201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.0310quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.0310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.4520aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4520cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4520cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.0510benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		2.49202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		2.4520aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510clonidine;
imidazoline
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.4520conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.0310benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		7.610aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		2.4920substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.0510acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.0510primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.4520benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.4920amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.0310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.4420organic cation
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.4520piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.7630organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.4820branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.0310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.0510dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.4520aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.0310benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.0310indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.0310trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.0510triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.0310dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4520carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4520dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.4520aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.0510anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.4520ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		8.0140nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.0510fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.0310diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4520(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.0310formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.0310carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.4520chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		2.0310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.2510
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.1710isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.520isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.4520aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.0510barbiturates
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0510azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.4520benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4520one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.4520monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		2.0510primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		2.0510ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.0510bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0510indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0310
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.7230aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0510benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.0510carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.03103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.4920carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0510secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.5320catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.0510alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.0510benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.0310
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.0310indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.0510cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.8821aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4520dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		2.7230benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.0310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		2.0510benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.45201,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.4520benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4520benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.8330(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.0310indoles
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		2.1510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		2.0510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.0310benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		340biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0310cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.0510diarylmethane
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.05101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.0510ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.0510piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.0510organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.0510amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.0510guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.0510benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.8130aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		2.0510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.0510benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.0510aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.0510aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.0510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.0510imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		2.0310bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.4520dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.0510benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.4520diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.4520dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.0310N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.0510monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0310maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.0310beta-carbolines
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.05101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.0510aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.4520organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.0310benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.7830C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4520aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.4520(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.4520aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.78302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7830C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0510nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4520catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.0510organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.0310nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.03103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.03102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0510carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.0510ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.45201,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0310benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.0510aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.8221phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.03101,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.0310endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0310aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.05101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.0310aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.7850oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.4520N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0510acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.0510phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		2.0510aromatic amine
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0310guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.4520pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.0310benzamides
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.4520pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.0310indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.4520isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.0510aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.4520pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.0510benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0510benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0310benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.0510phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.4520phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.0510naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.0510aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		2.4520benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.45201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0510butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0310ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.0310imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.0510ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		2.0510pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.0310imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		2.520dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0510isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.4520primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.0510
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.4520benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.0510naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.0310naphthyridine derivative
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4920N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.0510benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0510imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4520diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.0310phosphoramide
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.8530phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.0310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.0510phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.0510benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.4520N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.4520N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.0510aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0510amino acid
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		2.0310pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.2110N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.0510oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.4520aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.0510chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.0310acetamides
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzenegeroprotector
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		2.4520gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.0310aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.5320carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		8.0240mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.218011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.051016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.4520alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.0510glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		6.132104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.05102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		2.05101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4520ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		7.72303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.5320non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		13.558111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.452017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.031017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.0510pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.0310organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.05102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0310
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.2110guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.9640chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.0310cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0310organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.0310aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
vincristine
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.4520carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0510steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		2.4520aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.0510benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.0510kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.1310monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4520amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.1710benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		7.4110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310dimethoxybenzene
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0310organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0310dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		710nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.031017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.9221aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.011020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		11.0690alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.0310
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0310antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0310diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.031017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		2.0510mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
mestranol
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.4520erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.1850arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.2110benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.07406-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.3110mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4520ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0310pyridinium salt
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.1110pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		210mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0510peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.4520bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.0310chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.0310organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.4520anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0510quinolines
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.0310benzoate ester
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0510methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.0310purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		4.1931hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.8230azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.1310isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.01101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0610diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0310xanthenes
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.0510phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0510organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0510heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.4520mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.4520N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0510steroid ester
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.452011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0310
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.452020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.05101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.0510phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.7730dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.1510
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.0110thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		3.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0510ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4520furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.0310hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.0310organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.0510thiazoles
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.0510amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0310
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		6.1261dialdehydebiomarker
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
formestane
[no description available]		2.031017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose
[no description available]		2.0510glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		13.12452acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.0840pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.0310hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1110alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.3110zinc molecular entity
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.0510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.0140alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.1210
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.0310androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		3.3760organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		2.0510benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		7.4320aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.4520benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.0510dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.4520organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		3.5520organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
vantocil
polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.0310diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.0310amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0310
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.0310
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0310
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		4.0420chromium group element atommicronutrient
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.4520pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		8.6230D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.7530delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		9.9621dihydrogen
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.45201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		2.0510selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.05106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0310bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0510glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0310acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.452017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0310carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		210aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0510aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0310organoammonium phosphate
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.4520indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.9721benzenes;
phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		7.1510azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		7.713011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5920bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0510timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.4520azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.0510pyrroline
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.0510amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		8.0240taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		2.4520beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.0510catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.45201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0510alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0310catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4520L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.0510
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.05105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		210organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0510cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.0310acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310dihydropyridinegeroprotector
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		7.4110benzamides;
carboxylic ester
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0510aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		2.0310anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.4520alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0310
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.0310acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4520cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.0510
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0510delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.4520aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0510delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.05103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		2.0310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.05101-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.0510methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.0510phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.0510aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.0840organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.0510monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.4820carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.0510biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.4520adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.0110trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0310hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.0310hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone
halofuginone
[no description available]		3.8130quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1310hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.0310
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0510acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.1510D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.03102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.2110azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
allicin
[no description available]		3.5311botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.0310hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.0310hydrochloridedrug allergen
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.0310catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0510glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.0310purine nucleoside
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.0310beta-carbolines
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		7.783017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.0310hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.0310hydrochloridegeroprotector
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.45202-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.0310hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
nilverm
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.0510razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0310succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.0310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.1140conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.4820bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.0310
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.5320aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.1210benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0310organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.0510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.05103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.0310carbonyl compound
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0310
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.03102-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		4.1121amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.0310hydrate;
hydrochloride
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.0310hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.03103-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.5520D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.0310
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.0310
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0310imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0310aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.0510amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		5.8570primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.0310
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		3.2710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.4820alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.0310hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.1310hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.0310germacranolide
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.0310guanidines;
pyrazines
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.0310indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.03102-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.0310
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
san 58035
[no description available]		2.0310
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		5.9680methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.5220aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0310diarylmethane
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.0310dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.0940dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.0310
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.0310quinolines
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.0310phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.0310piperidines
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tempol
[no description available]		2.1710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.0310
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.05109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.140aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
ruboxistaurin
ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source		4.7230
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		2.0510methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		710oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.1510glycoside
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.45202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.0510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0310dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		11.1850amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.0310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.0510
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.0310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.0310indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
emd 53998
EMD 53998: EMD 53998 is racemic; EMD 57439 is the (-)-isomer; EMD 57033 is the (+)-isomer		210
pongidae
[no description available]		2.0310
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.0310thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510benzodioxoles
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
cortisone
[no description available]		2.031011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0310acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bardoxolone methyl
methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source		3.1710cyclohexenones
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.0310
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		2.1310
carboplatin
[no description available]		2.9330
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.031011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.0310deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.0510cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.05101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.0510cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0510L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.0510
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0310hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		2.0310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.0310
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.0310
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0310alkaloidgeroprotector
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.7230retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		7.4110butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0310resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.0510retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.7330octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		8.8530macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0310butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		10.71052-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.0510
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.0310carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0510epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.4920macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		3.23103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.0510olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
decitabine
[no description available]		2.05102'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0310purvalanol
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.0510actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.4520L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0510nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.0510flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		3.1310diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.0310chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0310benzamides
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.0310organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.0510pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0310
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.0310diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		2.0510ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.0510aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.0310
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0310catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0310sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.03104-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.0310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.610aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0310diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.4720capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.0510acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.05102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4520
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.0510cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0510
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0310benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.0310organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.0310citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.4620
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0510pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
eskazine
[no description available]		2.0310
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.051011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.0510aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.0310iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.0510beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
cystine
[no description available]		3.1910
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0310naphthalenecarboxamide
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.0310
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.03101,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		840
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.5120aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.0310
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.0310
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.0310
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.0310
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.0310indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor		2.6620benzamides;
benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyridines		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.0310dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.0310organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		4.0420
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.5420sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.4320biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.4720prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0310trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.3110hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxycoumarin
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.0510prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.1910hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.0510oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.452011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0510
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4920aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.0310maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0310maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.0310fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.1910hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.4520carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.0310harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4820alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.0310flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.0310catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.0310organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		4.7750amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310maleate saltantidepressant
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0510enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.4520retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0510
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0310organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.0310hydrochloridegeroprotector
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.0310fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.0310endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
codeine
[no description available]		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4520homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.0310hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.0310
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0510acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.0510pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.5670antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		2.0510cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0310macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.0310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.0310dimethoxybenzene
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.0310
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.0310
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0310
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.0310
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.0310
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.0310
ag-490
[no description available]		2.0310catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.0310
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.0310
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.4520olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		2.1110monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.0310benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.4520ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		2.05106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
cefixime
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0510azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		710hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.3820dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		2.0310
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		5.3950butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.0510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.1810morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.0310hydrate;
hydrobromide
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.4520monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		2.0510amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.05101,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		4.7330monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.4520dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.0310hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.0310hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.0310benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.0310
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.0510beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0310naphthalenes
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.0310
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.0310
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.1710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.0310
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0310maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.0310
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
everolimus
[no description available]		7.1310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pai 039
tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1		2.2510indole-3-acetic acids
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.0310
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate
[no description available]		3.1510
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.0310benzophenones
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.0310aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.0310
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.0310quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.4520
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.0310
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.0310quinolines
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.0310
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0310
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
a 38503
[no description available]		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.0310purine nucleoside
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.930diarylmethane
panobinostat
Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.		7.1710cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		1.9810biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		2.6920magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.0310
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.0510
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		2.0510organic molecular entity
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.9640aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
pleuromutilin
[no description available]		2.4110
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.0310
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.0310
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		2.1310glycoside
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		8.7820N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gw0742
GW 610742: structure in first source		2.4110monocarboxylic acid
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
sb 525334
6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor		2.6620quinoxaline derivative
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.0310
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cuprous sulfide
[no description available]		2.3110copper sulfide
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.0310
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.0310
bay 63-2521
riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.1110aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.0310hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.0310
idelalisib
idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.2110aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
purines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.0310peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0310benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
adtn
[no description available]		2.0310
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.0310
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.0310hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
du 24565
[no description available]		2.0310
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
n-monoacetylcystine
N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning		3.1910
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0310
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
win 62577
[no description available]		2.0310
macitentan
[no description available]		9.5360aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
ring assembly;
sulfamides		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
orphan drug
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.4110oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.0410
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.0310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		6.0940
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0310organic sodium saltgeroprotector
chitosan
[no description available]		7.5520
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.0510organosulfonic acid
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310bile salt
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.0310cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0310organic sodium salt
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0310
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		2.0310organic molecular entity
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.2510acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tak-875
[no description available]		2.4110biphenyls
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		6.9133
gsk 2126458
omipalisib: inhibitor of mTOR protein. omipalisib : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.		2.2110aromatic ether;
difluorobenzene;
pyridazines;
pyridines;
quinolines;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.5940
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4620
ipi-145
[no description available]		2.2110isoquinolines
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		420polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.4720ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.0510carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.0510
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.0510
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.0510
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.5520
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.4520benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod
[no description available]		3.1310aromatic amide
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		8.3453benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.03102-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.0310
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
byl719
[no description available]		2.2110proline derivative
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		12.2680
cc-292
spebrutinib: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		2.2510
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.6920
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		6.28100
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.45202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.0510folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.4920cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.4520benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0510dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.0510purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.45202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0510benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.05102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.0310triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.8530nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0510formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0310
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		7.7763citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0510
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.0310organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.0310
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		19.2724210
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.5720
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.1110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4720
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.4720
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		06.4282
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.2250
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.2250
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.01291
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.01291
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		016.571217
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		016.571217
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		026.01734237
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		128.01734237
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4620
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		07.8281
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.7770
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		07.8281
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.7770
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		012.942510
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		114.942510
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		014.141081
Itching
[description not available]		02.6320
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.2110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.6320
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		017.8313912
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		119.8313912
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.5360
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		013.06343
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		115.06343
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		08.5360
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		023.85357173
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		08.43291
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.3110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		08.43291
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		05.3680
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		09.51143
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		017.268019
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.8930
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.8930
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		119.268019
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		04.1150
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		09.1150
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.3110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.3110
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.5720
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.0420
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.5720
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.0240
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.5720
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.5720
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		06.57151
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		06.57151
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.8930
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		09.2450
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.5470
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		04.2450
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.5470
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		09.52152
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		09.52152
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.4870
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		09.4870
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		04.6490
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.2310
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.620
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		15.620
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.4110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		011.03260
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		05.1950
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		05.1950
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.4110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.4110
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		06.1661
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.2261
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		06.2261
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		07.4110
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6930
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		04.6880
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		04.6880
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		02.4110
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		07.4110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.3850
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.5920
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.3850
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.5920
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.4110
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.4110
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		07.4110
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		09.0640
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		111.0640
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.4110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.680
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.4110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		04.2330
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		04.2330
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		06.6571
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.9421
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		113.6571
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.9421
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		07.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		0651
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		0651
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		09.87136
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		111.87136
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.0130
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		04.7830
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		04.7830
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		08.1873
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		08.1873
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		07.34131
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		114.34131
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.6920
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		08.811
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		04.1331
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.11160
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.18130
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		03.0430
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.18130
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		03.0430
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		06.0481
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		08.811
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		03.811
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		05.3722
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.811
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		05.98140
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		05.98140
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal
[description not available]		05.4740
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.		05.4740
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.4110
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.6930
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.6750
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.6750
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.8730
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.8730
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		08.4293
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		110.4293
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.0950
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		09.0950
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.610
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.610
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.610
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.610
Breathlessness
[description not available]		018.192413
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		013.192413
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		02.610
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		02.610
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.7220
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.7220
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		010.2231
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		05.2231
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.2760
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.610
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.6620
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.2760
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.610
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.6620
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.3141
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.3141
Impotence
[description not available]		02.610
Cavernitis, Fibrous
[description not available]		02.610
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.610
Penile Induration
A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.		02.610
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		05.6960
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		17.6960
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		02.6120
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		02.610
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.2450
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		02.6120
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		02.610
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		09.98109
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		09.9109
Bleeding
[description not available]		09.92109
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		014.98109
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		011.4119
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.9109
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		014.92109
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		010.9241
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		010.9241
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.9750
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.5320
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.5320
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.0240
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		03.9221
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.44180
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.44180
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		112.252
Pterygium
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.5520
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		03.1710
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		03.1710
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.2510
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.5511
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.5511
Debility
[description not available]		03.1710
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		07.04100
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.2130
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		07.04100
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		03.86100
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.8630
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.8630
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.8630
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.9840
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		07.2510
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		07.2510
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.9840
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		02.2510
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.5120
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.2510
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.5120
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		02.2510
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.6620
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.3940
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.6620
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.3940
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.6620
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.3110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.6120
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.6120
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		04.2230
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		04.2230
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.4720
Scleroderma, Diffuse
A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.		03.4720
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.7830
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.7830
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.2510
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.2510
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.2510
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.2510
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.7930
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.7930
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		02.8730
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		02.3110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.5980
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.3110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.5980
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.2510
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		08.7730
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.2510
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.5920
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.3110
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.3110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.3110
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.3110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.7530
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.3110
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.3110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3110
Metastase
[description not available]		02.6620
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.6620
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.3110
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.3110
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.3110
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		03.2310
Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
An hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with variations in the gene that encodes COMPLEMENT FACTOR H, or the related proteins CFHR1 and CFHR3. Disease often progresses to CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE without the prodromal symptoms of ENTEROCOLITIS and DIARRHEA that characterize typical hemolytic uremic syndrome.		02.1510
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		04.5850
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		04.5850
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.1710
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.1710
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.1710
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.1710
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		07.1510
Seminoma
A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		04.1830
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.1830
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.9242
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.8521
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.2350
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.940
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.940
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.1710
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.1510
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1510
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		02.1510
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		03.4420
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.3820
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		04.4922
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		16.4922
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
[description not available]		02.1710
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous
The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.		02.1710
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.2330
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		02.1710
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		07.1710
Limited Scleroderma
[description not available]		02.1710
Scleroderma, Limited
The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma.		02.1710
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.8830
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.8330
Malignant Mesothelioma
[description not available]		02.1710
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.1710
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		02.5920
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		02.2110
Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
Syndrome characterized by the triad of oculocutaneous albinism (ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS); PLATELET STORAGE POOL DEFICIENCY; and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin.		08.4792
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		03.0440
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.1710
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.1710
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		03.0440
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		04.7240
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.1710
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		04.7240
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.2110
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		07.2110
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.1710
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.2110
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.2110
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.921
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		04.6530
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.2110
Dupuytren's Contracture
[description not available]		02.2110
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.2110
Dupuytren Contracture
A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.		02.2110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.2110
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		02.2110
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.2110
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.2510
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.7430
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		07.2510
Bites
[description not available]		02.0810
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.0810
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		03.7330
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.3620
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.6260
Carditis
[description not available]		0310
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.6260
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		0310
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.3620
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.4420
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		16.6960
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.0110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.0110
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		08.5466
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis
[description not available]		08.0555
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		110.5466
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)		08.0555
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.7330
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		07.7330
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		02.110
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		04.8942
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		010.3222
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		05.3222
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		08.0110
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.110
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.110
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.1110
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		04.8121
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		04.8121
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		03.0110
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		03.0110
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		02.1110
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.1110
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.1110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.0310
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.0310
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.0310
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.1110
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.1110
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1110
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1110
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		09.0350
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.1110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1110
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.		02.1110
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.1110
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.0350
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.1110
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.1110
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.1110
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.1310
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.1310
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.1110
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.1110
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.1310
Patent Foramen Ovale
[description not available]		02.1110
Foramen Ovale, Patent
A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.		02.1110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.1110
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.1110
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.1110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.1110
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		07.1110
Lymphangiomyomatosis
[description not available]		03.8720
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).		03.8720
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.1310
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.0410
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		03.0410
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.1310
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.1310
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.4820
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.1310
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.1310
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1310
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.5320
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.1310
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.		02.1310
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.1310
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		02.1310
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		02.1310
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.3920
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.1310
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		03.0610
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		03.0610
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.1510
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.1510
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.1310
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.1310
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
[description not available]		07.5120
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.1510
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.		02.5120
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.0410
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.0410
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.0410
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.4620
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0410
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0410
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.0410
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.9731
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		08.8221
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4320
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0510
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.9710
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.9710
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		09.21100
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		09.21100
Implant Capsular Contracture
The shrinkage of the foreign body encapsulation scar tissue that forms around artificial implants imbedded in body tissues.		03.4711
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		14.4320
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		02.0710
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		07.0710
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.3520
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9910
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.9910
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		0310
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0110
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		010.0133
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		05.0133
Desmoid
[description not available]		07.0110
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		02.0110
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		02.0110
Fibromatosis, Aggressive
A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0110
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		07.420
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.4220
Fibroid
[description not available]		03.6130
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.6130
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		110.6130
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.6130
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		03.4111
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.3520
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		15.3520
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		02.4420
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.9410
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.9410
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.9410
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.3311
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.3311
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		04.3311
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		09.3311
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		04.3311
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0310
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.0310
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		07.9510
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		14.9510
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		07.0410
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.4111
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		03.4111
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.4111
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		06.9810
Dermoid
[description not available]		06.9910
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9910
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9910
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		01.9910
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.9110
BOOP
[description not available]		0210
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		03.3911
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		03.3911
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.0110
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.0110
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.0110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.0110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.0110
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.0110
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0110
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.0110