diclofenac

Research Excerpts

Overview

Diclofenac (DCF) is a highly consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is excreted partially metabolized and is poorly removed during wastewater treatment. The drug is considered a prominent contaminant in surface and groundwater worldwide.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diclofenac (DIC) is a commonly prescribed NSAID that is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases."	( Chronic Diclofenac Exposure Increases Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Mediators, and Cardiac Dysfunction. Chiamvimonvat, N; Gomes, AV; Haddad, M; Hammock, BD; Nader, CE; Overton, J; Ren, L; Sirish, P; Thai, PN; Timofeyev, V; Xu, W; Yang, J, 2023)	2.07
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a highly consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is excreted partially metabolized and is poorly removed during wastewater treatment. "	( Nitrosation and nitration of diclofenac and structurally related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in nitrifying activated sludge. Cruz-Alcalde, A; Osorio, V; Pérez, S, 2022)	2.46
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a very common pharmaceutical that, due to its high use and low removal rate, is considered a prominent contaminant in surface and groundwater worldwide. "	( Specific glutathione-S-transferases ensure an efficient detoxification of diclofenac in Solanum lycopersicum L. plants. Azenha, M; Fidalgo, F; Leal, A; Lopes, J; Martins, M; Soares, C; Sousa, B; Teixeira, J, 2021)	2.29
"Diclofenac is a pharmaceutical active compound frequently detected in wastewater and water bodies, and often reported to be persistent and difficult to biodegrade. "	( Diclofenac biotransformation in the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. Bronze, MR; Carvalho, G; Freitas, EB; Kolakovic, S; Oehmen, A; Reis, MAM; Salgado, R; Sekulic, MT, 2022)	3.61
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a common pharmaceutical that widely distributed in natural waters, and has been received an increasing attention because of its potential toxicity. "	( Sorption of diclofenac by polystyrene microplastics: Kinetics, isotherms and particle size effects. Ding, T; Hou, Z; Huang, X; Li, J, 2022)	2.54
"Diclofenac is an important pharmaceutical present in the water cycle of wastewater treatment and one of the most distributed drugs in aquatic ecosystems. "	( Effects of Diclofenac on the Reproductive Health, Respiratory Rate, Cardiac Activity, and Heat Tolerance of Aquatic Animals. Berezina, NA; Chernova, EN; Malysheva, OA; Sharov, AN, 2022)	2.55
"Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug and has been frequently detected from the wastewater. "	( Diclofenac removal from the wastewater using activated sludge and analysis of multidrug resistant bacteria from the sludge. Al-Khattaf, FS; Almaary, KS; Elshikh, MS; Hussein, DS; Rasheed El-Naggar, RA, 2022)	3.61
"Diclofenac is a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory drug having cardiovascular complications as one of the main liabilities that restrict its therapeutic use. "	( Ameliorating effect of rutin against diclofenac-induced cardiac injury in rats with underlying function of FABP3, MYL3, and ANP. Bag, S; Bhardwaj, M; Dhiman, SK; Dogra, A; Gour, A; Kour, D; Kumar, A; Nandi, U; Singh, G, 2023)	2.63
"Diclofenac sodium is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) as over-the-counter (OTC) medication for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. "	( Six-Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Diclofenac Sodium via Cascade Etherification/Smiles Rearrangement Strategy: Tackling the Issues of Batch Processing. Chen, F; Cheng, D; Jiang, M; Li, W; Liu, M; Wan, L; Wang, L, 2022)	2.44
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a pharmaceutically active contaminant frequently found in aquatic ecosystems. "	( Organohalide Respiration with Diclofenac by Cui, Y; Jin, H; Li, X; Song, Y; Wang, J; Yan, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.45
"Diclofenac (DFC) is a pharmacologically active compound frequently detected in various receiving waters. "	( Wetland plant-derived biochar enhances the diclofenac treatment performance in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Han, J; Qin, N; Wang, H; Wu, B; Xu, D; Xu, R, 2022)	2.43
"Diclofenac is an emerging surface water contaminant, yet the environmental impact of its degradation products remains elusive. "	( Fate, transformation and toxicological implications of environmental diclofenac: Role of mineralogy and solar flux. Ellepola, N; Patidar, PL; Rubasinghege, G; Viera, T, 2022)	2.4
"Diclofenac sodium is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to cure pain in various treatments. "	( Development of zinc ferrite nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic performance for remediation of environmentally toxic pharmaceutical waste diclofenac sodium from wastewater. Bilal, M; Hussain, N; Imran, M; Javaid, A; Jesionowski, T; Latif, S; Liaqat, A, 2023)	2.55
"Diclofenac sodium is a commonly used drug for the treatment of joint diseases, but simple administration is often affected by drug clearance and rapid metabolism."	( Intra-articular delivery of antioxidative polymer-based nanospheres reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species in macrophages and alleviates cartilage damage in a rat model. Ju, C; Qi, C; Rong, L; Zhang, G, 2023)	1.63
"Diclofenac (DF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) generally prescribed for the treatment of pain. "	( Chrysin mitigates diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Ayna, A; Caglayan, C; Genç, A; Gür, C; Kandemir, FM; Taysı, S; Varışlı, B, 2023)	2.69
"Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic drug. "	( Kounis Syndrome Associated With the Use of Diclofenac. Davidovic, G; Folic, MM; Folic, ND; Jankovic, S; Milosavljevic, MN; Pejcic, AV, 2023)	2.62
"Diclofenac is an emerging pollutant: toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative, present in several environmental niches in a concentration of parts per million. "	( Assessing three industrially produced fungi for the bioremediation of diclofenac. Balderas-Hernández, VE; Blanco-Orta, MF; García-de la Cruz, RF; González-Ortega, O; Morales-Avila, MM; Paz-Maldonado, LMT; Pedraza-González, DA; Pérez-Martínez, AS, 2023)	2.59
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a pharmaceutical contaminant of water bodies and therefore, improvement of analytical techniques for its removal and quantitation is one of the current interests of analysts. "	( Selective quantification of diclofenac from groundwater and pharmaceutical samples by magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer-based sorbent coupled with the HPLC-PDA detection. Kaur, V; Mohiuddin, I; Singh, R; Thakur, S, 2023)	2.65
"Diclofenac sodium (DIC) is a pain reliever and anti-nociceptive medication. "	( Natural sporopollenin microcapsules: biological evaluation and application in regulating hepatic toxicity of diclofenac sodium Dyab, AKF; Meligi, NM, 2023)	2.57
"Diclofenac (DIC) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a potential nephrotoxic effect."	( Podocin, mTOR, and CHOP dysregulation contributes to nephrotoxicity induced of lipopolysaccharide/diclofenac combination in rats: Curcumin and silymarin could afford protective effect. Alhindi, A; Almalki, H; Badr, A; Hasan, IH; Mostafa, HS, 2023)	1.85
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) from the group of phenylacetic acid derivatives, which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. "	( Spin-Labeled Diclofenac: Synthesis and Interaction with Lipid Membranes. Atnyukova, AN; Baranov, DS; Dzuba, SA; Kashnik, AS, 2023)	2.72
"Diclofenac sodium (DS) is an emerging contaminant that is toxic and remains at high concentrations in natural aquatic environments. "	( Fabrication of cross-linked chitosan beads grafted by polyethylenimine for efficient adsorption of diclofenac sodium from water. Huang, F; Ji, C; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Ouyang, XK; Wang, Z; Yang, LY, 2020)	2.22
"Diclofenac is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( Protective effect of cilastatin against diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity through interaction with diclofenac acyl glucuronide via organic anion transporters. Huo, X; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	2.27
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), whose wide use contributes for its presence in freshwater ecosystems, increasing the probability of causing deleterious changes in aquatic biota."	( Acute effects of diclofenac on zebrafish: Indications of oxidative effects and damages at environmentally realistic levels of exposure. Bio, S; Nunes, B, 2020)	1.62
"Diclofenac is a NSAID with preferred activity on COX-2 isozymes, but additionally, other targets may be implicated in its analgesic activity."	( Spinal Actions of the NSAID Diclofenac on Nociceptive Transmission in Comparison to the K Rivera-Arconada, I; Vicente-Baz, J, 2020)	1.57
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, but it comes with a high risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). "	( Roles of diclofenac and its metabolites in immune activation associated with acute hepatotoxicity in TgCYP3A4/hPXR-humanized mice. Dai, R; Dai, T; Ding, L; Huang, L; Jiang, W; Xie, S, 2020)	2.42
"Diclofenac (DIC) is an NSAID and consumption of this drug creates side effects such as liver injury. "	( Gallic acid mitigates diclofenac-induced liver toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and suppressing Esmaeilzadeh, M; Heidarian, E; Moradi, A; Najafi, M; Nouri, A; Roshanmehr, H; Shaghaghi, M, 2020)	2.32
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used by the general population and, although generally contraindicated during pregnancy, it is also used by some pregnant women. "	( Prenatal diclofenac exposure delays pubertal development and induces behavioral changes in rats. Curi, TZ; da Silva, GN; Dos Santos, AC; Grechi, N; Hey, GS; Krebs Ribeiro, DC; Martino-Andrade, AJ; Meldola, H; Passoni, MT; Ramos, ATA; Souza, RIC; Spercoski, KM; Tolouei, SEL, 2020)	2.42
"Diclofenac sodium (DS) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( The effect of diclofenac sodium intoxication on the cardiovascular system in rats. Dolanbay, T; Gul, HF; Karakurt, E; Makav, M, 2021)	2.42
"Diclofenac (DIC) is a Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and consumption of this drug creates side effects such as renal injury. "	( Gallic Acid Exerts Nephroprotective, Anti-Oxidative Stress, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Against Diclofenac-Induced Renal Injury in Malerats. Abolfathi, M; Heidarian, E; Javadian, M; Khaledi, M; Moradi, A; Nouri, A; Roshanmehr, H, 2021)	2.28
"Diclofenac sodium (DCF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( Optimization of the adsorption of diclofenac by activated carbon and the acidic regeneration of spent activated carbon. Durna, E; Erkişi, E; Genç, N, 2021)	2.34
"Diclofenac is a drug commonly used in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain. "	( Diclofenac-induced cytotoxicity in cultured carp leukocytes. Nemcova, M; Pikula, J; Seidlova, V; Zukal, J, 2020)	3.44
"Diclofenac is an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and one of the most prescribed medicines worldwide. "	( Effect of diclofenac on semen quality: A review. Banihani, SA, 2021)	2.47
"Diclofenac is a worldwide consumed drug included in the watch list of substances to be monitored according to the European Union Water Framework Directive (Directive 2013/39/EU). "	( Biological removal processes in aerobic granular sludge exposed to diclofenac. Bessa, VS; Castro, PML; Moreira, IS; Van Loosdrecht, MCM, 2022)	2.4
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug discovered several decades ago, which has since been used by an estimated one billion patients and has demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. "	( Comprehensive review of genotoxicity data for diclofenac. Elhajouji, A; Erkman, L; Hartmann, A; Maremanda, N; Martus, HJ, 2021)	2.32
"Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug used as an analgesic. "	( Hazardous impact of diclofenac on mammalian system: Mitigation strategy through green remediation approach. Balasubramanian, M; Brar, SK; Chitra, L; Ganesan, AR; Gu, FL; Meena, RAA; Mohan, K; Palvannan, T; Sathishkumar, P, 2021)	2.39
"Diclofenac sodium 0.1% is a commonly used NSAID with well-documented clinical efficacy in reducing postoperative inflammation; however, its corneal tolerability and ophthalmic tissue bioavailability require further improvement. "	( Design of ophthalmic micelles loaded with diclofenac sodium: effect of chitosan and temperature on the block-copolymer micellization behaviour. Dodov, MG; Geskovski, N; Gorachinov, F; Goracinova, K; Koummich, SA; Makreski, P; Zoukh, IM, 2022)	2.43
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in livestock farming, with lethal effects on vultures when reaching high concentrations in the carcasses they feed on. "	( The veterinary use of diclofenac and vulture conservation in Spain: Updated evidence and socio-ecological implications. Aymerich, M; Carapeto, R; Casimiro, R; Moreno, I; Moreno-Opo, R; Muñoz, B; Rubio, C, 2021)	2.38
"Diclofenac 3% gel is a widely used topical treatment with proven efficacy in reducing the burden of actinic keratosis (AK); however, clinical benefit might not fully translate in clinical practice as nonadherence is substantial for prolonged treatment regimens. "	( Treatment adherence with diclofenac 3% gel among patients with multiple actinic keratoses: an integrated low-intensity intervention program versus standard-of-care. Bianchi, L; Calzavara-Pinton, P; Campione, E; Carbone, A; Casari, A; Esposito, M; Fargnoli, MC; Fattori, A; Frascione, P; Pellacani, G; Perino, F; Peris, K; Piccerillo, A; Rossi, MT, 2022)	2.47
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of growing concern in aquatic environments worldwide; nevertheless, knowledge of its effects on aquatic biota is restricted to a few model species with limited information regarding its mechanisms of impact. "	( Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus. Brooks, BW; Burket, SR; Gaw, S; Glover, CN; McRae, NK, 2018)	2.16
"Diclofenac sodium is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for relief of inflammatory pain. "	( Submucosal Diclofenac for Acute Postoperative Pain in Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Ahmed, B; Bulsara, Y; Dietrich, T; Gorecki, P; Pearson, D; Rainsford, KD; Saund, D; Taneja, P, 2018)	2.31
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is used in the treatment of pain and arthritis."	( Diclofenac-induced renal toxicity in female Wistar albino rats is protected by the pre-treatment of aqueous leaves extract of Madhuca longifolia through suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and cytokine formation. Evan Prince, S; S, JP, 2018)	2.64
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical which is detected in the environment at concentrations which can pose a threat to living organisms. "	( Biodegradation of Diclofenac by the bacterial strain Labrys portucalensis F11. Bessa, VS; Castro, PML; Mascolo, G; Moreira, IS; Murgolo, S; Piccirillo, C, 2018)	2.26
"Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic so that exposure during pregnancy may frequently occur. "	( Safety of diclofenac use during early pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study. Dathe, K; Hultzsch, S; Linsenmeier, V; Meister, R; Meixner, K; Padberg, S; Schaefer, C; Tissen-Diabaté, T, 2018)	2.33
"Diclofenac is a Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug which is used as an analgesic. "	( Aqueous leaves extract of Madhuca longifolia attenuate diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytokines. Evan Prince, S; Simon, JP, 2018)	2.17
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug. "	( Formation of a Toxic Quinoneimine Metabolite from Diclofenac: A Quantum Chemical Study. Bharatam, PV; Ramesh, M, 2019)	2.21
"Diclofenac is a preferential cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (COX-2) and member of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). "	( Diclofenac induced apoptosis via altering PI3K/Akt/MAPK signaling axis in HCT 116 more efficiently compared to SW480 colon cancer cells. Arisan, ED; Bozdağ, G; Çoker-Gürkan, A; Coşkun, D; Ergül, Z; Obakan-Yerlikaya, P; Palavan-Ünsal, N; Rencüzoğulları, Ö, 2018)	3.37
"As diclofenac is an over-the-counter drug, its use among patients cannot be monitored by health teams in follow-up sessions."	( In vitro evaluation of the interchangeability of different brands of diclofenac sodium tablets available in the Colombian market Baena, Y; Matiz, GE; Pérez, DA; Trujillo, M, 2018)	1.23
"Diclofenac is a potent NSAID of clinical choice, which is widely used for containing inflammation. "	( Molecular docking of anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac with metabolic targets: Potential applications in cancer therapeutics. Goel, Y; Pandey, SK; Singh, SM; Singh, VK; Temre, MK; Yadav, S, 2019)	2.22
"Diclofenac (DIC) is a new type of contaminant that has been widely detected in the water environment, posing threats to the ecological environment and human health. "	( Removal of diclofenac by three-dimensional electro-Fenton-persulfate (3D electro-Fenton-PS). Chen, H; Feng, Y; Li, X; Long, Y; Suo, N; Wang, Z; Yu, Y, 2019)	2.35
"Diclofenac (DFC) is a common anti-inflammatory drug, and has attracted the significant attention due to its massive use around the world and its environmental impact. "	( Evaluation of diclofenac biodegradation by the ascomycete fungus Penicillium oxalicum at flask and bench bioreactor scales. Aranda, E; Camacho-Morales, RL; González-López, J; Olicón-Hernández, DR; Pozo, C, 2019)	2.32
"diclofenac is a commonly used drug in the emergency department, we urge emergency physicians to be aware of the existence of this potentially fatal diclofenac-related adverse drug effect."	( Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following Intramuscular Diclofenac: A Case of Kounis Syndrome. AlAli, A; Raja, R; Rajah, F; Rajh, F, 2019)	1.47
"Diclofenac (DIC) is a phenyl acetic acid derivative which is well known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory. "	( Hepatoprotective effects of silymarin against diclofenac-induced liver toxicity in male rats based on biochemical parameters and histological study. Heidarian, E; Nouri, A, 2021)	2.32
"Diclofenac is a commercial non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly present as a pollutant in naturally occurring water sources and wastewaters. "	( Magnetic nanotechnology for diclofenac remediation: molecular basis of drug adsorption and neurobehavioral toxicology as a preliminary study for safe application. Agotegaray, MA; Ferreira, ML; Gumilar, F; Lassalle, VL, 2021)	2.36
"Diclofenac potassium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used to treat pain."	( Diclofenac-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with concomitant complement dysregulation: a case report and review of the literature. Ali, A; Gaddam, M; Khaja, M; Lara, JP; Malik, S; Santana, Y, 2019)	2.68
"Diclofenac (DF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of rheumatic disorders, but is often associated with liver injury. "	( Urinary proteomic profiling reveals diclofenac-induced renal injury and hepatic regeneration in mice. Laarakkers, CM; Masereeuw, R; Pertijs, JC; Russel, FG; van Swelm, RP; Verweij, V, 2013)	2.11
"Diclofenac is an established analgesic, and new formulations using the potassium or epolamine salts, which can be dissolved in water, have been developed for rapid absorption, which may be beneficial in acute migraine."	( Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Rabbie, R, 2013)	2.55
"Diclofenac is an effective and well-tolerated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) frequently used in the treatment of acute pain. "	( Efficacy and safety of low dose subcutaneous diclofenac in the management of acute pain: a randomized double-blind trial. Dietrich, T; Gugliotta, B; Leeson, R; Petersen, B, 2014)	2.1
"Diclofenac sodium is a 2-arylacetic acid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( Anaphylaxis after intramuscular injection of diclofenac sodium. Afacan, MA; Ayranci, M; Colak, S; Erdogan, MO; Gunes, H; Kandis, H; Saritas, A, 2014)	2.1
"Diclofenac is a hydrophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in humans and animals. "	( Comparison of skin permeability for three diclofenac topical formulations: an in vitro study. Derendorf, H; Folzer, E; Gonzalez, D; Singh, R, 2014)	2.11
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a common anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical that is often detected in waste wasters, effluents and surface waters. "	( Fate of diclofenac in municipal wastewater treatment plant - a review. Sillanpää, M; Vieno, N, 2014)	2.28
"Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is effective in the management of pain following periodontal surgery. "	( Comparative evaluation of transdermal diclofenac patch with oral diclofenac as an analgesic modality following root coverage procedures. Khaleelahmed, S; Prabhuji, ML; Tejaswi, DV, )	1.85
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. "	( Evaluation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of diclofenac using Xenopus embryos. Chae, JP; Hwang, YS; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Min, BH; Park, MJ; Park, MS, 2015)	2.1
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug found in various water bodies, posing threats to human health. "	( Degradation of diclofenac by ultrasonic irradiation: kinetic studies and degradation pathways. Luo, X; Nie, E; Wang, D; Yang, M; Yang, X; Zheng, Z, 2014)	2.2
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( Structural basis for the 4'-hydroxylation of diclofenac by a microbial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Arakawa, T; Fushinobu, S; Ikeda, H; Liu, L; Shoun, H; Wakagi, T; Xu, LH, 2015)	2.12
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities. "	( Evaluation of antinociceptive activity of nanoliposome-encapsulated and free-form diclofenac in rats and mice. Chiong, HS; Goh, JZ; Hakim, MN; Tang, SN; Yong, YK; Zuraini, A, 2015)	2.09
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly prescribed to reduce pain in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. "	( Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Plays an Important Role in Protection against Acute Toxicity of Diclofenac. Csanaky, IL; Goedken, MJ; Manautou, JE; Scialis, RJ, 2015)	2.07
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. "	( Advances in NSAID development: evolution of diclofenac products using pharmaceutical technology. Altman, R; Bosch, B; Brune, K; Patrignani, P; Young, C, 2015)	2.12
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, available as a potassium salt (immediate release) or sodium salt (enteric coated to suppress dissolution in the stomach). "	( Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Wiffen, PJ, 2015)	2.2
"Diclofenac (DCLF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is associated with idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. "	( Calcium Contributes to the Cytotoxic Interaction Between Diclofenac and Cytokines. Breier, AB; Ganey, PE; Maiuri, AR; Roth, RA; Turkus, JD, 2016)	2.12
"Diclofenac is a widely prescribed NSAID, which by itself and its reactive metabolites (Phase-I and Phase-II) may be involved in serious idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. "	( Mitochondrial toxicity of diclofenac and its metabolites via inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) in rat liver mitochondria: Possible role in drug induced liver injury (DILI). Hansen, SH; Skonberg, C; Syed, M, 2016)	2.18
"Diclofenac sodium is a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug."	( COMPARISON OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF NIGELLA SATIVA AND DICLOFENAC SODIUM IN ALBINO RATS. Bashir, MU; Qureshi, HJ; Saleem, T, )	1.09
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and its use can be associated with severe adverse reactions, notably myocardial infarction, stroke and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). "	( Immunogenomics reveal molecular circuits of diclofenac induced liver injury in mice. Borlak, J; Choi, MS; Lee, EH; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Selvaraj, S; Spanel, R; Yoon, S, 2016)	2.14
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal antinflammatory drug (NSAID) that finds indication in the treatment of debilitating pathologies characterized by chronic pain sustained by inflammation, such as in rheumatic disease (rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis) or periarthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, myositis and sciatica. "	( Spinal antinflammatory action of Diclofenac. Sandri, A, 2016)	2.16
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which may cause serious intestinal adverse reactions (enteropathy). "	( Ciprofloxacin blocked enterohepatic circulation of diclofenac and alleviated NSAID-induced enteropathy in rats partly by inhibiting intestinal β-glucuronidase activity. Chen, Y; Li, Y; Ling, ZL; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Shu, N; Sun, BB; Tang, XG; Wang, F; Xia, LZ; Xie, QS; Xu, P; Zhang, M; Zhao, KJ; Zhong, ZY, 2016)	2.13
"Diclofenac is a widely prescribed NSAID that causes severe idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (IDILI) in a small part of the patient population. "	( Simulation of interindividual differences in inactivation of reactive para-benzoquinone imine metabolites of diclofenac by glutathione S-transferases in human liver cytosol. Commandeur, JN; den Braver, MW; Venkataraman, H; Vermeulen, NP; Zhang, Y, 2016)	2.09
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a prevalent anti-inflammatory drug used throughout the world. "	( Diclofenac and its transformation products: Environmental occurrence and toxicity - A review. Brar, SK; Das, RK; Lonappan, L; Surampalli, RY; Verma, M, 2016)	3.32
"Diclofenac (DICLO) is a non-selective NSAID that has been linked to serious side effects including gastric ulcers and renal injury."	( Examination of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a diclofenac poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle formulation in the rat. Denham, JW; Hanley, GA; Harirforoosh, S; Murrell, DE; Panus, PC; West, KO, 2016)	1.4
"Diclofenac is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug that is persistent in the environment along with the 4'- and 5-hydroxy metabolites."	( The self-sufficient P450 RhF expressed in a whole cell system selectively catalyses the 5-hydroxylation of diclofenac. Flitsch, SL; Hauer, B; Hayes, MA; Hussain, SA; Klenk, JM; Kulig, JK; Nebel, BA; Porter, JL; Richter, SM; Tavanti, M; Turner, NJ, 2017)	1.39
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a non-steroidal analgesic and antiphlogistic. "	( Diclofenac can exhibit estrogenic modes of action in male Xenopus laevis, and affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and mating vocalizations. Efosa, NJ; Hoffmann, F; Kleiner, W; Kloas, W, 2017)	3.34
"Diclofenac sodium (DS) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antipyretic and analgesic effects. "	( The use of diclofenac sodium in urological practice: A structural and neurochemical based review. Atilla, MK; Kaplan, AA; Ulubay, M; Yurt, KK, 2018)	2.31
"Diclofenac is a member of the class of drugs termed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which belong to the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in the water-cycle in Europe."	( Selective trace analysis of diclofenac in surface and wastewater samples using solid-phase extraction with a new molecularly imprinted polymer. Knopp, D; Niessner, R; Schüssler, W; Sengl, M; Sun, Z, 2008)	1.36
"Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in painful and inflammatory diseases. "	( Different crystal morphologies arising from different preparation methods of a same polymorphic form may result in different properties of the final materials: the case of diclofenac sodium trihydrate. Antoniella, E; Bartolomei, M; Bertocchi, P; Gaudiano, MC; Manna, L; Rodomonte, A, 2008)	1.98
"Diclofenac (DCLF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is associated with idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions in humans. "	( Gene expression profiles in livers from diclofenac-treated rats reveal intestinal bacteria-dependent and -independent pathways associated with liver injury. Blomme, EA; Deng, X; Ganey, PE; Liguori, MJ; Roth, RA; Sparkenbaugh, EM; Waring, JF, 2008)	2.06
"Diclofenac is an important analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, widely used for treatment of postoperative pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pain associated with cancer. "	( Transport of diclofenac by breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and stimulation of multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2)-mediated drug transport by diclofenac and benzbromarone. Beijnen, JH; Lagas, JS; Schinkel, AH; van de Wetering, K; van der Kruijssen, CM, 2009)	2.16
"Diclofenac is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for symptom control in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and soft tissue injuries. "	( Topical diclofenac: clinical effectiveness and current uses in osteoarthritis of the knee and soft tissue injuries. Banning, M, 2008)	2.22
"Diclofenac is a useful and safe addition to postoperative analgesia for adult tonsillectomy. "	( Comparative study of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage with the use of diclofenac versus dihydrocodeine for postoperative analgesia and review of the literature. Hussain, SS; Lee, MS; McKean, SA, 2008)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which is available as prescription (RX) and over-the-counter (OTC) medication for the systemic and topical treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and back pain. "	( Preferential uptake of the non steroid anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac into inflamed tissues after a single oral dose in rats. Hasler-Nguyen, N; Schweitzer, A; Zijlstra, J, 2009)	2.04
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), available as a potassium salt (immediate-release) or sodium salt (delayed-release). "	( Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Derry, P; Derry, S; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 2009)	2.14
"Oral diclofenac is an effective single-dose treatment for moderate to severe postoperative pain. "	( Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Derry, P; Derry, S; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 2009)	1.21
"Diclofenac is a widely used anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drug that escapes conventional urban wastewater treatment trains because of its resistance to biodegradation. "	( Degradation of diclofenac during sonolysis, ozonation and their simultaneous application. Belgiorno, V; Kassinos, D; Naddeo, V; Ricco, D, 2009)	2.15
"Diclofenac (DF) is a widely used non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, associated with a range of side effects. "	( Photodegradation mechanism of the common non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and its carbazole photoproduct. Eriksson, LA; Musa, KA, 2009)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is prescribed for treatment of rheumatic diseases and as an analgesic. "	( Diclofenac inhibits proliferation but not NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. Badinloo, M; Meimandi, MS; Rajabalian, S, 2009)	3.24
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. "	( Preparation, characterization and dissolution studies of fast release diclofenac sodium tablets from PVP solid dispersions. Barrera, MG; Bassani, G; Bolmaro, RE; Lamas, MC; Lambri, OA; Leonardi, D; Salomon, CJ, )	1.81
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of choice to treat arthritis because of its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. "	( Development of iron/ethylcellulose (core/shell) nanoparticles loaded with diclofenac sodium for arthritis treatment. Arias, JL; Delgado, AV; López-Viota, J; López-Viota, M, 2009)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a hydrophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in humans and animals. "	( Effect of different penetration enhancers on diclofenac permeation across horse skin. Andreeta, A; Ferrante, M; Landoni, MF, 2010)	2.06
"Diclofenac is a poorly water soluble drug and also causes gastrointestinal toxicity."	( Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac. Rawat, MS; Semalty, A; Semalty, M; Singh, D, 2009)	1.31
"Diclofenac is an effective analgesic for perioperative acute pain in children. "	( Diclofenac for acute pain in children. Pritchard, D; Savage, I; Standing, JF; Waddington, M, 2009)	3.24
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Bioequivalence study of low-dose diclofenac potassium tablet formulations. Fotopoulos, G; Gold, MS; Hinz, B; Hug, AM, 2009)	2.08
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits filamentation in Candida albicans. "	( The role of diclofenac sodium in the dimorphic transition in Candida albicans. Dominguez, A; Ghalehnoo, ZR; Najimi, M; Rashki, A, )	1.95
"Diclofenac is an important analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used for the treatment of postoperative pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pain associated with cancer. "	( Hepatic clearance of reactive glucuronide metabolites of diclofenac in the mouse is dependent on multiple ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters. Beijnen, JH; Lagas, JS; Schinkel, AH; Sparidans, RW; Wagenaar, E, 2010)	2.05
"Diclofenac is a proven, commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties, and has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of acute and chronic pain and inflammatory conditions. "	( Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile. Gan, TJ, 2010)	3.25
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in patients who suffer from painful autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis."	( Immunomodulatory effects of diclofenac in leukocytes through the targeting of Kv1.3 voltage-dependent potassium channels. Bielańska, J; Comes, N; David, M; Felipe, A; González, T; Parra, D; Soler, C; Valenzuela, C; Villalonga, N, 2010)	1.38
"Diclofenac (DF) is an anti-inflammatory drug found in aqueous environments as a pollutant due to its widespread use. "	( Ultrasound assisted photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac in an aqueous environment. Anandan, S; Ashokkumar, M; Grieser, F; Kumar, PS; Madhavan, J; Zhou, M, 2010)	2.06
"Diclofenac is a widely used drug that can cause serious hepatotoxicity, which has been linked to metabolism by cytochrome P450s (P450). "	( Metabolism related toxicity of diclofenac in yeast as model system. Dragovic, S; Tjong, TF; van Leeuwen, JS; Vermeulen, NP; Vos, JC; Vredenburg, G, 2011)	2.1
"Diclofenac is an effective, opiate-sparing analgesic for acute pain in children, which is commonly used in pediatric surgical units. "	( Diclofenac pharmacokinetic meta-analysis and dose recommendations for surgical pain in children aged 1-12 years. Korpela, R; Olkkola, KT; Standing, JF; Tibboel, D, 2011)	3.25
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and is frequently used in everyday oral medications, topical ointments, gel agents and eye drops."	( Allergic contact dermatitis due to diclofenac sodium in eye drops. Asato, Y; Hagiwara, K; Miyazato, H; Taira, K; Uezato, H; Yamaguchi, S; Yamamoto, Y, 2011)	1.37
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently found in the aquatic environment. "	( Diclofenac in fish: blood plasma levels similar to human therapeutic levels affect global hepatic gene expression. Asker, N; Cuklev, F; Fick, J; Förlin, L; Kristiansson, E; Larsson, DG, 2011)	3.25
"Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic drug that can cause serious adverse drug reactions. "	( Involvement of the pleiotropic drug resistance response, protein kinase C signaling, and altered zinc homeostasis in resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to diclofenac. van Leeuwen, JS; Vermeulen, NP; Vos, JC, 2011)	2.01
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which has been shown to increase the susceptibility of various bacteria to antimicrobials and demonstrated to have broad antimicrobial activity. "	( Alterations in the transcriptome and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus grown in the presence of diclofenac. Cantore-Matyi, SA; Dupre, JM; Elasri, MO; Gustafson, JE; Helal, NS; Horan, S; Kumar-Singh, A; Nagarajan, V; Riordan, JT; Song, Y; Wilkinson, BJ; Zaman, S, 2011)	2.02
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly prescribed for pain relief in osteoarthritis (OA). "	( A comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of diclofenac in osteoarthritis: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Pavelka, K, 2012)	2.08
"Diclofenac is a frequently prescribed drug for rheumatic diseases and muscle pain. "	( Simulation of the oxidative metabolism of diclofenac by electrochemistry/(liquid chromatography/)mass spectrometry. Brauckmann, C; Faber, H; Karst, U; Melles, D; Wehe, CA; Wentker, K, 2012)	2.09
"Diclofenac is an established analgesic, and new formulations using the potassium or epolamine salts, which can be dissolved in water, have been developed for rapid absorption, which may be beneficial in acute migraine."	( Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Rabbie, R, 2012)	2.54
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is regularly detected in surface waters. "	( Diclofenac: New data on chronic toxicity and bioconcentration in fish. Burri, R; Hartmann, A; Memmert, U; Peither, A; Schmidt, T; Sumpter, JP; Weber, K, 2013)	3.28
"Diclofenac suppository is an economical alternative to intravenous ketorolac."	( Prospective randomized trial of pre-emptive analgesics following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair: intravenous ketorolac versus diclofenac suppository. Goh, LC; Lau, H; Lee, F; Patil, NG; Wong, C, 2002)	1.24
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug bearing a carboxylic acid functional group. "	( The metabolism of diclofenac--enzymology and toxicology perspectives. Tang, W, 2003)	2.1
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used clinically but side effects associated with the administration of the drug have been reported. "	( Diclofenac induces apoptosis in hepatocytes by alteration of mitochondrial function and generation of ROS. Castell, JV; Donato, T; Gómez-Lechón, MJ; Jover, R; O'Connor, E; Ponsoda, X, 2003)	3.2
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent commonly used to provide analgesia post-surgery. "	( A prospective, randomised trial of preoperative rectal diclofenac: are we closing the gate after the horse has gone? Lowe, D; Lyons, JB; Moriarty, J; Niazi, A; Sheehan, SJ, )	1.82
"Diclofenac is a benzene-acetic acid derivative that acts, like other NSAIDs, by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase isoforms that mediate the body's production of the prostaglandins implicated in pain and inflammation. "	( Single dose oral diclofenac for postoperative pain. Barden, J; Edwards, J; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 2004)	2.11
"Oral diclofenac is an effective single-dose treatment for moderate to severe postoperative pain. "	( Single dose oral diclofenac for postoperative pain. Barden, J; Edwards, J; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 2004)	1.18
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that causes rare but serious hepatotoxicity, the mechanism of which is unclear. "	( Hepatic adducts, circulating antibodies, and cytokine polymorphisms in patients with diclofenac hepatotoxicity. Aithal, GP; Alexander, G; Caldwell, J; Daly, AK; Day, CP; Kenna, JG; Leathart, JB; Ramsay, L; Sonchit, N, 2004)	1.99
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to attenuate painful inflammatory reactions in surgery. "	( Effect of diclofenac sodium on the healing process of end-to-end anastomosis in carotid arteries of rabbits. Histopathological and biomechanical studies. Bonetti Yoshida, W; Crocci, AJ; Freire Cerqueira, N; Hussni, CA; Mattar, L; Rodrigues, AC; Sequeira, JL; Swain Müller, S, 2003)	2.16
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug implicated as a cause of immune hemolytic anemia. "	( Diclofenac-induced antibodies against red blood cells are heterogeneous and recognize different epitopes. Bein, G; Kroll, H; Röder, L; Sachs, UJ; Santoso, S; Smart, E, 2004)	3.21
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the phenylacetic class. "	( [Intramuscular application of diclofenac--case report and critical consideration of a therapeutic measure]. Bertram, C; Grass, H; Rothschild, MA; Schuff, A, )	1.86
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for a variety of painful and inflammatory conditions. "	( Diclofenac systemic exposure is not increased when topical diclofenac is applied to ultraviolet-induced erythema. Kienzler, JL; Knops, A; Magnette, JL; Ménart, C; Nollevaux, F; Sallin, D, 2004)	3.21
"Diclofenac is a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory agent that has a similar diphenyl motif in its structure."	( An inactivation stabilizer of the Na+ channel acts as an opportunistic pore blocker modulated by external Na+. Kuo, CC; Yang, YC, 2005)	1.05
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in painful and inflammatory diseases. "	( Physico-chemical characterisation and intrinsic dissolution studies of a new hydrate form of diclofenac sodium: comparison with anhydrous form. Antoniella, E; Bartolomei, M; Bertocchi, P; Rodomonte, A, 2006)	2
"Diclofenac is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been associated with rare but serious hepatotoxicity. "	( Critical role of free cytosolic calcium, but not uncoupling, in mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death induced by diclofenac oxidative metabolites in immortalized human hepatocytes. Boelsterli, UA; Gupta, R; Lim, MS; Lim, PL, 2006)	1.98
"Diclofenac is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is among the most common drugs causing idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in several recent series with up to 20% mortality in jaundiced subjects. "	( Genetic susceptibility to diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity: contribution of UGT2B7, CYP2C8, and ABCC2 genotypes. Aithal, GP; Daly, AK; Dang, TS; Day, CP; Leathart, JB; Swainsbury, RA, 2007)	2.08
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been detected widely in surface waters in North America and Europe. "	( Structural and functional responses of river biofilm communities to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory diclofenac. Korber, DR; Lawrence, JR; Neu, TR; Swerhone, GD; Topp, E; Wassenaar, LI, 2007)	2
"Diclofenac 3% gel is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses (AKs) and is reported to be generally well tolerated with only mild local reactions. "	( Genetically determined susceptibility to COX-2 inhibitors: a report of exaggerated responders to diclofenac 3% gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Forschner, T; Patel, MJ; Ulrich, C, 2007)	2
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which tends to be relatively persistent in the environment. "	( Transformation of diclofenac by the indigenous microflora of river sediments and identification of a major intermediate. Claussnitzer, U; Garten, C; Gröning, J; Held, C; Kaschabek, SR; Schlömann, M, 2007)	2.12
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity."	( Treatment with H2S-releasing diclofenac protects mice against acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Bhatia, M; Moore, PK; Sidhapuriwala, JN; Sparatore, A, 2008)	1.36
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that nonselectively inhibits constitutive and inducible isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase. "	( [Prenatal tolerability evaluation of diclofenac]. Burdan, F; Kiś, J; Przybylski, P, 2007)	2.06
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). "	( Bioavailability of diclofenac sodium after pretreatment with diosmin in healthy volunteers. Krishna, DR; Rajnarayana, K; Venkatesham, A, 2007)	2.11
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used in painful and inflammatory diseases. "	( Hydrate modifications of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium: Solid-state characterisation of a trihydrate form. Antoniella, E; Bartolomei, M; Bertocchi, P; Minelli, G; Rodomonte, A, 2007)	2.02
"Diclofenac (DCF) is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also act as a mitochondrial toxin. "	( Modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission in rat striatum upon in vitro and in vivo diclofenac treatment. Baranyi, M; Fekete, A; Kittel, A; Milusheva, E; Sperlágh, B; Vizi, ES; Zelles, T, 2008)	2.01
"Diclofenac sodium proved to be a very potent antipyretic agent with serious side effects."	( Antipyretic therapy with diclofenac sodium. Observations on effect and serious side effects in critically ill patients. Alexander, JP; Stoutenbeek, CP; Zandstra, DF, 1983)	1.29
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that is widely used systemically and topically. "	( Topical diclofenac following excimer laser: effect on corneal sensitivity and wound healing in rabbits. Aquavella, JV; Bassage, S; del Cerro, M; Loya, N; Park, SB; Vyas, S, )	2.01
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved in the United States in 1988 for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis. "	( Diclofenac-associated hepatotoxicity: analysis of 180 cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration as adverse reactions. Banks, AT; Harter, JG; Ishak, KG; Zimmerman, HJ, 1995)	3.18
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been commercially available for many years and its pharmacokinetics are well documented."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and misoprostol when administered alone or as a combination product. Karim, A, 1993)	1.33
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is reported to cause serious hepatic injury in some patients. "	( Metabolic activation and immunochemical localization of liver protein adducts of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Amouzedeh, HR; Hargus, SJ; McCoy, SC; Myers, TG; Pohl, LR; Pumford, NR, )	1.78
"Diclofenac is an effective and safe analgesic and antiinflammatory drug."	( [Diclofenac vs nimesulide in arthrosis. Plasma levels and clinical efficacy]. Amaro, G; Estevez, F; Giusti, M; Havranek, H; Lasalvia, L, 1993)	1.92
"Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory widely used drug both in the treatment of the rheumatic diseases and as analgesic. "	( [Tissue necrosis: a side effect of sodium diclofenac: report of cases and discussion of the physiopathology]. Alonso, N; Borrelli Júnior, M; Branco, PD; Giovannetti, M; Ikejiri, CI; Machado, MA, )	1.84
"Diclofenac is a frequently prescribed nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). "	( Diclofenac induced hepatitis. 3 cases with features of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Barr, RJ; Clarke, D; Scully, LJ, 1993)	3.17
"Diclofenac is a well established nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of a variety of painful inflammatory conditions. "	( Diclofenac/misoprostol. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in painful inflammatory conditions. Davis, R; Goa, KL; Yarker, YE, 1995)	3.18
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been implicated in several cases of severe hepatotoxicity. "	( Covalent modification of rat liver dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. George, JW; Hargus, SJ; Martin, BM; Pohl, LR, 1995)	1.95
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug available in an ophthalmic preparation. "	( The effectiveness of topical diclofenac in relieving discomfort following traumatic corneal abrasions. Andrews, RM; Dayan, M; Fitt, AW; Griffiths, PG; Jayamanne, DG; Mitchell, KW, 1997)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class. "	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Anderson, KE; Davies, NM, 1997)	2.03
"Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory analgesic which is widely used in the therapy of inflammatory joint pain. "	( [Diclofenac-associated acute cholestatis hepatitis]. Hackstein, H; Mohl, W; Püschel, W; Stallmach, A; Zeitz, M, 1998)	2.65
"Diclofenac sodium is an ideal candidate for incorporation in a controlled release device to diminish its adverse effects after oral administration. "	( Formulation optimization of controlled release diclofenac sodium microspheres using factorial design. Amin, AF; Gohel, MC, 1998)	2
"Diclofenac (1) is a photosensitizing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. "	( Phototoxicity associated with diclofenac: a photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological study on the drug and its photoproducts. Bosca, F; Encinas, S; Miranda, MA, 1998)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor and thus carries the pharmacodynamic properties of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, resulting in vasoconstriction of the ductus arteriosus."	( Contraction of the fetal ductus arteriosus induced by diclofenac. Case report. Elchalal, U; Nadjari, M; Nir, A; Rein, AJ, )	1.1
"Diclofenac-potassium is a potent NSAID available as a fast-acting oral tablet, which has been shown to be safe and effective in several other acute pain indications."	( Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. , 1999)	1.24
"Diclofenac potassium is an effective analgesic in the range of aspirin (650 mg) at the 25-mg dose and superior in efficacy and longer lasting than aspirin at the 50- and 100-mg doses."	( Onset and duration of analgesia of diclofenac potassium in the treatment of postepisiotomy pain. DeCastro, A; Olson, NZ; Sunshine, A; Zighelboim, I, )	1.13
"Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Percutaneous transport of diclofenac sodium from mixtures of fatty alcohol (or fatty acid) and propylene glycol through the rabbit abdominal skin. Guu, YB; Wang, DP; Wang, MT; Wong, CY, 1999)	2.05
"Diclofenac sodium (DS), is a potent drug in the NSAID group having non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory properties, and is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of diclofenac sodium loaded albumin microspheres. Caliş, S; Ercan, MT; Hincal, AA; Kaş, HS; Peksoy, I; Tunçay, M, )	1.13
"Diclofenac is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in women of reproductive age. "	( A study on placental transfer of diclofenac in first trimester of human pregnancy. Lau, TK; Siu, SS; Yeung, JH, 2000)	2.03
"Diclofenac seemed to be a COX-2 inhibitor because its IC50 values were similar to the IC50 values of NS-398."	( Inhibition of COX in ocular tissues: an in vitro model to identify selective COX-2 inhibitors. Bellot, JL; Castillo, M; García-Cabanes, C; Orts, A; Palmero, M, 2001)	1.03
"Diclofenac (DCLF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute muscle pain conditions. "	( Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Gross, SM; Hickey, EJ; Raje, RR; Ray, SD; Reid, VE, 2001)	3.2
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, commonly used by reproductive age women for the treatment of a variety of conditions. "	( A study of diclofenac-induced teratogenicity during organogenesis using a whole rat embryo culture model. Chan, LY; Chiu, PY; Lau, TK; Siu, SS, 2001)	2.14
"Diclofenac is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, as well as an established antipyretic and analgesic agent. "	( Determination of diclofenac in rat bile and its interaction with cyclosporin A using on-line microdialysis coupled to liquid chromatography. Liu, SC; Tsai, TH, 2002)	2.1
"Diclofenac is a potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic compound with good antipyretic and uricosuric properties. "	( The pharmacology of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol). Maier, R; Menassé, R; Pericin, C; Riesterer, L; Ruegg, M; Ziel, R, 1979)	2.03
"Diclofenac is a non steroïdal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( [Myoclonus during a treatment with diclofenac (author's transl)]. Alcalay, M; Bontoux, D; Reboux, JF; Thomas, P, )	1.85
"Diclofenac sodium is a widely used enteric-coated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. "	( 'Diaphragmlike' stricture and ulcer of the colon during diclofenac treatment. Becich, MJ; Evans, BA; Martin, SP; Trellis, DR; Whitcomb, DC, 1992)	1.97
"Diclofenac sodium is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic activity. "	( Ocular diclofenac. A review of its pharmacology and clinical use in cataract surgery, and potential in other inflammatory ocular conditions. Chrisp, P; Goa, KL, )	2.03
"Diclofenac is a useful adjunct in the management of postthoracotomy pain."	( Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for postthoracotomy pain. A prospective controlled trial after lateral thoracotomy. Conacher, I; Hilton, C; Morritt, G; Rhodes, M, 1992)	1
"Diclofenac sodium is a widely used drug with interesting absorption and disposition features when administered to laboratory animals. "	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diclofenac in the rat. Aristorena, JC; Garcia-Carbonell, MC; Peris-Ribera, JE; Pla-Delfina, JM; Torres-Molina, F, 1991)	1.99
"Diclofenac sodium is a valid alternative, which shows similar analgesic efficacy."	( Comparative study of the efficacy of dipyrone, diclofenac sodium and pethidine in acute renal colic. Collaborative Group of the Spanish Society of Clinical Pharmacology. , 1991)	1.26
"Diclofenac is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, being the most commonly prescribed of its kind in the world. "	( Diclofenac associated hepatitis. Chapman, RW; Iveson, TJ; Kelly, PM; McGee, JO; Ryley, NG; Trowell, JM, 1990)	3.16
"Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) that has been used in 120 countries since its introduction in Japan in 1974. "	( Review of diclofenac and evaluation of its place in therapy as a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent. Alissandratos, J; Arkin, CR; Carter, CA; Mickle, TR; Petty, DE; Skoutakis, VA; Smith, VH, 1988)	2.12
"Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) advocated for use in painful and inflammatory rheumatic and certain non-rheumatic conditions. "	( Diclofenac sodium. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Sorkin, EM; Todd, PA, 1988)	3.16
"Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug that has been studied in the United States for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 681 patients, 468 of whom were enrolled in five multicenter, double-blind parallel controlled investigations. "	( Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium in rheumatoid arthritis. Experience in the United States. Caldwell, JR, 1986)	2.02
"Diclofenac is an alternative to opiates in the management of postoperative pain."	( Diclofenac and oxycodone in treatment of postoperative pain: a double-blind trial. Nuutinen, LS; Pentikäinen, IT; Wuolijoki, E, 1986)	2.44
"Diclofenac seems to be a promising drug for the maintenance of mydriasis during eye surgery."	( Prevention of surgically induced miosis by diclofenac eye drops. Bellucci, R; Bonomi, L; De Franco, I; Massa, F; Perfetti, S, 1987)	1.26
"Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug possessing the original property of acting as a negative chemokinetic agent, for migration of both stimulated and unstimulated PMN."	( Diclofenac sodium, a negative chemokinetic factor for neutrophil locomotion. Giroud, JP; Gougerot-Pocidalo, MA; Hakim, J; Perianin, A, 1985)	2.43

Effects

Diclofenac sodium has a significant effect on decreasing the pain associated with swallowing postoperatively and on the general condition of the patient. It has a unique proposed mechanism of action in AK that may involve COX-2 inhibition, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis.

Diclofenac sodium has shown its radioprotective potential by scavenging radiation induced free radicals which are depicted by its ability in restoring the fraction of supercoiled form of plasmid DNA back to normal. Diclfenac instillation has been used widely in cataract surgery to prevent postoperative inflammation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diclofenac sodium has a short half-life (about 1.5 hours), requiring repeated administration, and as a result, serious complications, such as GI bleeding, peptic ulcer, and kidney and liver dysfunction, are generated. "	( Fabrication and Chiu, IH; Lin, IL; Liu, JY; Minhas, MU; Suhail, M; Tsai, MJ; Ullah, H; Wu, PC, 2023)	2.35
"Diclofenac has an impact on the levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are needed for normal healing process, and it can also lead to disruption of tendon healing."	( The effect of diclofenac on matrix metalloproteinase levels in the rotator cuff. Avci, A; Cabuk, FK; Cabuk, H; Durmaz, H; Ertem, F; Muhittin Şener, I, 2014)	2.21
"Diclofenac sodium 3% gel has a unique proposed mechanism of action in AK that may involve COX-2 inhibition, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. "	( Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. Martin, GM; Stockfleth, E, 2012)	3.26
"Diclofenac sodium has a significant effect on decreasing the pain associated with swallowing postoperatively and on the general condition of the patient. "	( Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol for treatment of pain after adenotonsillectomy in children. Husban, AM; Nawasreh, OO; Tawalbeh, MI, 2001)	2.07
"Diclofenac has an antinociceptive activity that, in addition to cyclooxygenase inhibition, can be modulated by additive and supraadditive interactions with adrenergic drugs."	( An isobolographic analysis of the adrenergic modulation of diclofenac antinociception. Miranda, HF; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 2001)	1.28
"Diclofenac has the highest risk, while naproxen has the lowest risk of developing these complications."	( Comparative analysis of the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Montenegro, Finland and Croatia in the period 2010-2019. Mugoša, S; Šahman-Zaimović, M, 2022)	1.44
"Diclofenac has increased cardiovascular risks, but its risk profile compared with other COX-2 inhibitors remains unknown."	( Cardiovascular Risks of Diclofenac Versus Other Older COX-2 Inhibitors (Meloxicam and Etodolac) and Newer COX-2 Inhibitors (Celecoxib and Etoricoxib): A Series of Nationwide Emulated Trials. Pedersen, L; Schmidt, M; Sørensen, HT, 2022)	2.47
"Diclofenac sodium has a short half-life (about 1.5 hours), requiring repeated administration, and as a result, serious complications, such as GI bleeding, peptic ulcer, and kidney and liver dysfunction, are generated. "	( Fabrication and Chiu, IH; Lin, IL; Liu, JY; Minhas, MU; Suhail, M; Tsai, MJ; Ullah, H; Wu, PC, 2023)	2.35
"Diclofenac sodium salt has been assumed as low molecular weight probe to detect the different binding behaviour of polymeric materials; mucin from bovine submaxillary glands was selected as the model protein for differentiating their mucoadhesion."	( Binding and mucoadhesion of sulfurated derivatives of quaternary ammonium-chitosans and their nanoaggregates: An NMR investigation. Balzano, F; Cesari, A; Fabiano, A; Piras, AM; Uccello-Barretta, G; Zambito, Y, 2020)	1.28
"Diclofenac has been responsible for the deaths of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent. "	( Does the renal portal valve exist in a raptor species? A study aimed at further evaluating the mechanism of toxicity of diclofenac in vultures. Duncan, N; Groenewald, HB; Havenga, L; Naidoo, V; Wolter, K, 2020)	2.21
"Diclofenac (DCF) has been recognized as an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. "	( Regulation of pregnane-X-receptor and microRNAs on detoxification-related genes expressions in Mugilogobius abei under the exposure to diclofenac. Ku, P; Li, K; Nie, X; Ou, R; Wang, C, 2018)	2.13
"Diclofenac and EMLA have been used to minimize these adverse effects; however, conflicting results have been reported regarding which has better outcomes."	( Comparison of EMLA and Diclofenac on Reduction of Pain and Phlebitis Caused by Peripheral IV Catheter: A Randomized-Controlled Trial Study. Babaieasl, F; Kheradmand, M; Saeidzadeh, S; Yarandi, HN, )	1.16
"Oral diclofenac has been associated with DILI more frequently than other NSAIDs and requires periodic monitoring of liver transaminases and judicious consideration of clinical signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity."	( Elevated Transaminases with Topical Diclofenac: A Case Report. Daniels, AM; Gibbs, LM; Herndon, CM, )	0.86
"The diclofenac sodium has the following pharmacokinetic characteristics in swine: rapid absorption and elimination; high peak concentration; and bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium injection in swine. Bu, SJ; Huang, C; Huang, LX; Li, YJ; Li, YY; Yang, HF, 2019)	1.32
"Diclofenac residues have been found in surface water, and thus could present a potential risk to aquatic species. "	( The effects of diclofenac on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Blahova, J; Chromcova, L; Plhalova, L; Praskova, E; Prokes, M; Stepanova, S; Svobodova, Z, 2013)	2.19
"Diclofenac sodium has shown its radioprotective potential by scavenging radiation induced free radicals which are depicted by its ability in restoring the fraction of supercoiled form of plasmid DNA back to normal."	( Radioprotective role of clinical drug diclofenac sodium. Adhikari, JS; Alok, A; Chaudhury, NK, 2013)	1.38
"Diclofenac instillation has been used widely in cataract surgery to prevent postoperative inflammation. "	( Albumin-binding of diclofenac and the effect of a site II inhibitor in the aqueous humor of cataract patients with the instillation of diclofenac. Arimori, K; Ogata, K; Osaki, T; Ozaki, M; Setoguchi, N; Takamura, N; Tokunaga, J, 2014)	2.17
"Diclofenac has hitherto been considered by many dermatologists as a safe alternative in NSAID-induced pseudoporphyria."	( Diclofenac-induced pseudoporphyria; an under-recognized condition? Callan, M; Staughton, RC; Turnbull, N, 2014)	2.57
"The diclofenac ligand has been found to act as bidentate chelating agent."	( Synthesis, spectroscopic and thermal studies of Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) diclofenac sodium complexes as anti-inflammatory drug and their protective effects on renal functions impairment and oxidative stress. El-Megharbel, SM; Hamza, RZ; Refat, MS, 2015)	1.12
"Diclofenac has an impact on the levels of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are needed for normal healing process, and it can also lead to disruption of tendon healing."	( The effect of diclofenac on matrix metalloproteinase levels in the rotator cuff. Avci, A; Cabuk, FK; Cabuk, H; Durmaz, H; Ertem, F; Muhittin Şener, I, 2014)	2.21
"Diclofenac has been shown to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which induces transcription in the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a)."	( Hypoxia and the pharmaceutical diclofenac influence the circadian responses of three-spined stickleback. Götting, M; Kanerva, M; Lubiana, P; McCairns, RJ; Nikinmaa, M; Prokkola, JM, 2015)	1.42
"Diclofenac (DCF) has been detected in significant amounts in municipal treated wastewater effluent. "	( Short and long-term exposure to diclofenac alter oxidative stress status in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Dublán-García, O; Galar-Martínez, M; Gómez-Oliván, LM; Islas-Flores, H; López-Martínez, LX; Morachis-Valdes, G; Saucedo-Vence, K, 2015)	2.14
"Diclofenac sodium has limited efficacy and should probably not be used in acute pain."	( Single dose oral diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Wiffen, PJ, 2015)	1.48
"Diclofenac has been used mainly topically, and recent focus has been on intravitreal delivery."	( Efficacy of systemic diclofenac sodium on intravitreal concentration. Abrishami, M; Hoseini, H; Jadidi, K; Naderi, M; Panahi, Y, 2018)	1.52
"Diclofenac (DCF) has been treated in water with ozone in the presence of various activated carbons. "	( Diclofenac removal from water with ozone and activated carbon. Alvarez, P; Beltrán, FJ; Oropesa, A; Pocostales, P, 2009)	3.24
"Diclofenac has been of environmental concern due to the potential harmful effects on non-target organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations. "	( Enzymatic and microbial transformation assays for the evaluation of the environmental fate of diclofenac and its metabolites. Chang, HR; Kim, K; Kwon, JH; Lee, E; Lee, HJ; Yoon, SH, 2012)	2.04
"Diclofenac sodium 3% gel has also demonstrated efficacy for clearing AK lesions in immunosuppressed populations."	( Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. Martin, GM; Stockfleth, E, 2012)	2.54
"Diclofenac sodium 3% gel has a unique proposed mechanism of action in AK that may involve COX-2 inhibition, inhibition of angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. "	( Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. Martin, GM; Stockfleth, E, 2012)	3.26
"Diclofenac has frequently been implicated as the cause of immune hemolytic anemias and less frequently of immune thrombocytopenia. "	( Diclofenac-induced antibodies against RBCs and platelets: two case reports and a concise review. Ahrens, N; Aslan, T; Hoffmann, T; Kiesewetter, H; Meyer, O; Salama, A, 2003)	3.2
"Diclofenac has been used for the evaluation of CYP2C9 activity in vitro as well as in vivo with varying results. "	( Reproducibility over time of the urinary diclofenac/4'-OH diclofenac ratio among different CYP2C9 genotypes. Berecz, R; Cáceres, MC; Conzález, I; Dorado, P; Llerena, A, )	1.84
"Diclofenac has been demonstrated to be an effective migraine treatment in several placebo-controlled studies. "	( Efficacy of diclofenac sodium softgel 100 mg with or without caffeine 100 mg in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Goldstein, J; Kolodner, K; Lipton, RB; Lyon, JA; Peroutka, SJ; Swarbrick, J, 2004)	2.15
"Diclofenac-K has been recently launched at low oral doses in different countries for over-the-counter use. "	( Bioavailability of diclofenac potassium at low doses. Brune, K; Chevts, J; Hinz, B; Rau, T; Renner, B; Schmidt, A; Szelenyi, I; Werner, U; Wuttke, H, 2005)	2.1
"Diclofenac has been implicated in many cases of life-threatening immune hemolytic anemia (IHA). "	( Misdiagnosis in patients with diclofenac-induced hemolysis: new cases and a concise review. Ahrens, N; Genth, R; Kiesewetter, H; Salama, A, 2006)	2.07
"Diclofenac sodium has been demonstrated to be effective in preventing proliferation of lens epithelial cells both in vitro and in animal studies. "	( Effect of diclofenac on prevention of posterior capsule opacification in human eyes. Bozkurt, E; Ermis, S; Inan, UU; Oztürk, F; Yaman, S, 2006)	2.18
"diclofenac injection has rarely been reported in the published work."	( Nicolau syndrome aggravated by cold application after i.m. diclofenac. Ada, S; Cağlar, B; Güleç, AT; Senel, E, 2008)	1.31
"Diclofenac has the added advantage, in our institution, of being 60% less expensive than ketorolac."	( A comparative study of ketorolac and diclofenac on post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy pain. Fredman, B; Jedeikin, R; Olsfanger, D, 1995)	1.29
"Diclofenac/misoprostol has demonstrated to be an alternative with a better cost/effectiveness ratio, and therefore more efficient than diclofenac alone or the concomitant use of diclofenac either with omeprazol or ranitidine. "	( [Economic evaluation of the use of diclofenac/misoprostol in the treatment of osteoarticular diseases]. Soto Alvarez, J, 2000)	2.03
"Diclofenac sodium has a significant effect on decreasing the pain associated with swallowing postoperatively and on the general condition of the patient. "	( Comparative study of diclofenac sodium and paracetamol for treatment of pain after adenotonsillectomy in children. Husban, AM; Nawasreh, OO; Tawalbeh, MI, 2001)	2.07
"Diclofenac has an antinociceptive activity that, in addition to cyclooxygenase inhibition, can be modulated by additive and supraadditive interactions with adrenergic drugs."	( An isobolographic analysis of the adrenergic modulation of diclofenac antinociception. Miranda, HF; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 2001)	1.28
"Diclofenac (Voltarol) has no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, insulin levels or tolbutamide metabolism, nor does it enhance the effect of tolbutamide, biguanide or glibenclamide. "	( Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): drug interactions and special studies. Fowler, PD, 1979)	3.15

Actions

Diclofenac (DCF) can cause adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular disorders. topical administration may be an attractive alternative to the management of local pain in order to avoid these side effects. Diclfenac could cause gastrointestinal complications, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematot toxicity, genotoxicity and teratogenicity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diclofenac (DCF) can cause several adverse effects in the environment and it should be removed from industrial pharmaceutical wastewaters. "	( Photo-Fenton process applied for the treatment of industrial wastewaters containing diclofenac: optimization with low iron ions concentrations and without pH control. Almeida, J; Carvalho, JF; Miele, RG; Moraes, JEF; Oliveira, IHM; Parise, BF, 2023)	2.58
"Diclofenac could cause gastrointestinal complications, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, bone fractures, and skin allergy in mammals even at a low concentration."	( Hazardous impact of diclofenac on mammalian system: Mitigation strategy through green remediation approach. Balasubramanian, M; Brar, SK; Chitra, L; Ganesan, AR; Gu, FL; Meena, RAA; Mohan, K; Palvannan, T; Sathishkumar, P, 2021)	1.67
"Diclofenac (DCF) can cause adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular disorders; therefore, topical administration may be an attractive alternative to the management of local pain in order to avoid these side effects. "	( Photo(geno)toxicity changes associated with hydroxylation of the aromatic chromophores during diclofenac metabolism. Andreu, I; Consuelo Jiménez, M; Garcia-Lainez, G; Limones-Herrero, D; Martínez-Reig, AM; Miranda, MA, 2018)	2.14
"Diclofenac (DIC) can cause nephrotoxicity in humans. "	( Ameliorative effects of N-acetyl cysteine on diclofenac-induced renal injury in male rats based on serum biochemical parameters, oxidative biomarkers, and histopathological study. Heidarian, E; Nouri, A, 2019)	2.22
"Diclofenac can cause damage to the function of mucous membrane barricade of small intestine. "	( [Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on small intestinal barrier function in rats]. Chen, FM; Lü, B; Meng, LN; Si, JM; Wu, WF; Yu, LM; Zhang, S, 2009)	1.8
"S-diclofenac derivatives inhibit osteoclast formation and activity, suppress breast cancer cell support for osteoclastogenesis and prevent osteolysis. "	( Hydrogen sulphide-releasing diclofenac derivatives inhibit breast cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevent osteolysis ex vivo. Del Soldato, P; Frantzias, J; Idris, AI; Logan, JG; Mollat, P; Ralston, SH; Sparatore, A, 2012)	1.39
"Diclofenac does not cause a significant change in cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with supratentorial tumours."	( Effect of diclofenac on cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with supratentorial tumours. Dinsmore, J; Jones, SJ, 2002)	2.16
"Diclofenac caused the increase in intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial count, enteric protein and albumin loss and bacterial translocation. "	( [Effect of glutamine on the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced bacterial translocation]. Ann, JY; Chang, SK; Do, JH; Han, SP; Jeon, WK; Kim, HJ; Kim, JG; Kim, JW; Kim, SJ, 2004)	1.77
"Diclofenac intake was lower in the Viscoseal group from Day 3 to Day 28 with a proven superiority (LB-CI > 0.5) in favour of Viscoseal on Days 3 (MW-S: P = 0.0093), 4 (MW-S: P= 0.0075), and 7 (MW-S: P = 0.0195) indicating that the product had an NSAID-sparing effect."	( Effects of Viscoseal, a synovial fluid substitute, on recovery after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and joint lavage. Mathies, B, 2006)	1.06
"Diclofenac caused the increase in gut damage, enteric bacterial numbers and BT. "	( Combined effects of bovine colostrum and glutamine in diclofenac-induced bacterial translocation in rat. Jeon, WK; Kim, EJ; Kim, JW, 2005)	2.02
"Diclofenac can cause gastric mucosal lesions, including ulcers, more easily than other NSAIDs. "	( Up-to-date information on gastric mucosal lesions from long-term NSAID therapy in orthopedic outpatients: a study using logistic regression analysis. Fukui, H; Takakura, Y; Yajima, H; Yamao, J, 2007)	1.78
"Diclofenac inhibits the increase in both pulmonary arterial pressure and EVLW during reperfusion and reventilation of LLL. "	( Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition in a canine model of unilateral pulmonary occlusion and reperfusion. Albrecht, DM; Krieter, H; Segiet, W; Stieber, C; van Ackern, K, 1995)	1.73
"Diclofenac did not inhibit corneal haze formation significantly."	( Effect of anti-inflammatory agents on corneal wound-healing process after surface excimer laser keratectomy. Amano, S; Kaji, Y; Obata, H; Ohashi, T; Oshika, T; Sakai, H; Shirasawa, E; Tsuru, T; Yamashita, H, 2000)	1.03
"Diclofenac and metamizol inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, thus attenuate the peripheral nociceptive sensitization caused by the surgical trauma."	( Diclofenac and metamizol in postoperative analgesia in plastic surgery. Büyükkocak, U; Cinel, I; Oral, U; Saray, A; Tellioglu, AT, 2001)	2.47

Treatment

Diclofenac treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but increased WBC and platelet counts. The dicl ofenac-treated group had a significantly lower opioid consumption in the first 24 hours postoperatively than their untreated counterparts.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Diclofenac treatment induced an overall delay in developmental landmarks of puberty onset in male and female offspring, which reached statistical significance for PPS at the lowest diclofenac dose."	( Prenatal diclofenac exposure delays pubertal development and induces behavioral changes in rats. Curi, TZ; da Silva, GN; Dos Santos, AC; Grechi, N; Hey, GS; Krebs Ribeiro, DC; Martino-Andrade, AJ; Meldola, H; Passoni, MT; Ramos, ATA; Souza, RIC; Spercoski, KM; Tolouei, SEL, 2020)	1.7
"The diclofenac-treated group had a significantly lower opioid consumption in the first 24 hours postoperatively than did their untreated counterparts (39.8 vs."	( The Addition of Diclofenac to a Multimodal Pain Control Regimen Decreases Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption. De Souza, R; Delanois, RE; Etcheson, JI; George, NE; Gurk-Turner, C; Gwam, CU; Nace, J; Smith, SS, 2017)	1.28
"Diclofenac sodium treatment significantly ("	( Assessment of dose-dependent reproductive toxicity of diclofenac sodium in male rats. Purohit, A; Ram, H; Vyas, A, 2019)	1.48
"Diclofenac treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but increased WBC and platelet counts."	( Diclofenac induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity is alleviated by thymoquinone treatment. Akkaya, B; Aslan, M; Aycan, İÖ; Coşkunfırat, N; Elpek, Ö; Kaya, S; Kıraç, E; Tuzcu, H, 2018)	2.64
"Diclofenac treatment exerted a teratogenic effect on Xenopus embryos with a teratogenic index (TI) value of 2.64 TI; if this value is higher than 1.2, the cut-off value indicative of toxicity."	( Evaluation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of diclofenac using Xenopus embryos. Chae, JP; Hwang, YS; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Min, BH; Park, MJ; Park, MS, 2015)	1.38
"Diclofenac treatment was most effective at inhibiting pupil miosis when the hardness of the nucleus was grade 3, P=0.009."	( Effect of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nuclear hardness on maintenance of mydriasis during phacoemulsification surgery. Liu, C; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Wu, M; Ye, S; Zhang, W, 2014)	1.12
"Diclofenac pretreatment eliminated these respiratory effects of IL-1β."	( Cyclooxygenase pathway in modulation of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia by interleukin-1β in rats. Aleksandrov, VG; Aleksandrova, NP; Danilova, GA, 2015)	1.14
"Diclofenac-treated cats had a significantly lower glomerular filtration rate than did control-treated cats after the second but not after the first treatment period, presumably associated with iatrogenic hypovolemia."	( Systemic absorption and adverse ocular and systemic effects after topical ophthalmic administration of 0.1% diclofenac to healthy cats. Allen, DG; Hsu, KK; Johnson, RJ; KuKanich, BK; Nykamp, SG; Pinard, CL, 2015)	1.35
"Diclofenac treatment produced dose-related reversal of CRANE at 0.03-1.0 mg/kg with a plateau effect observed at higher doses (up to 30 mg/kg)."	( Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub-acute inflammatory pain model in rats. Bannon, AW; Joshi, SK; Zhu, CZ, 2015)	1.14
"Diclofenac treatment of mice at 30 mg/kg for 3 days caused significant serum ALT and AST elevations, hepatomegaly and degenerative changes including hepatic glycogen depletion, hydropic swelling, cholesterolosis and eosinophilic hepatocytes with one animal presenting subsegmental infarction due to portal vein thrombosis."	( Immunogenomics reveal molecular circuits of diclofenac induced liver injury in mice. Borlak, J; Choi, MS; Lee, EH; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Selvaraj, S; Spanel, R; Yoon, S, 2016)	1.42
"Diclofenac treatment was associated with increased activity of caspases 3, 7, and 8 and induction of p53 transcriptional target genes."	( Modulation of p73 isoforms expression induces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in mantle cell lymphoma independent of p53 status. Chaturvedi, NK; Dave, BJ; Hassan, HM; Joshi, SS; Singh, RK; Varney, ML; Weisenburger, DD, 2016)	1.16
"S-diclofenac treatment also resulted in stabilization of p53 coupled with the induction of downstream proteins such as p21, p53AIP1 and Bax."	( Effect of S-diclofenac, a novel hydrogen sulfide releasing derivative inhibit rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Baskar, R; Del Soldato, P; Moore, PK; Sparatore, A, 2008)	1.28
"Diclofenac treatment resulted in a significant reduction in COX-2 expression and its activity."	( Modulation of inflammatory changes in early stages of colon cancer through activation of PPARgamma by diclofenac. Kaur, J; Sanyal, SN, 2010)	1.3
"Diclofenac treatment ameliorated the elevated delta psi M and its associated events to exert its chemopreventive action against early stages of colon cancer."	( Intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential change and associated events mediate apoptosis in chemopreventive effect of diclofenac in colon cancer. Kaur, J; Sanyal, SN, 2010)	1.29
"Diclofenac treatment was discontinued and occasional use of acetaminophen for the back pain was recommended."	( Hemoptysis under diclofenac and antiplatelet doses of aspirin. Yiannakopoulou, EC, 2011)	1.43
"Diclofenac sodium-treated birds showed severe clinical signs of toxicity with high mortality, a significant increase (P < 0.01) in serum concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and these changes correlated well with gross and microscopic examination findings of kidney and liver."	( An initial safety assessment of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potential of intramuscular ketoprofen at single repetitive dose level in broiler chickens. Jayakumar, K; Manafi, M; Mohan, K; Narayanaswamy, HD; Pavithra, BH, 2012)	1.1
"Diclofenac treatment could result in an increased proportion of patients with anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. "	( Postoperative use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with anastomotic leakage requiring reoperation after colorectal resection: cohort study based on prospective data. Gögenur, I; Klein, M; Rosenberg, J, 2012)	1.82
"Diclofenac treatment caused a significant delay in new bone formation in association with an impairment of blood clot remission/organization."	( Histometric study of socket healing after tooth extraction in rats treated with diclofenac. Brentegani, LG; Lamano Carvalho, TL; Sala, MA; Yugoshi, LI, 2002)	1.26
"Diclofenac treatment significantly diminished hematocrit, hemoglobin, and corpuscular volume and increased the number of platelets."	( Gastrointestinal tolerability of metamizol, acetaminophen, and diclofenac in subchronic treatment in rats. Alarcón de la Lastra, C; Martín, MJ; Motilva, V; Ortiz, P; Sánchez, S, 2002)	1.28
"Diclofenac treatments (1 mg/kg bid) selectively decreased the accumulation of neutrophils and ED1(+) macrophages by 59% and 35%, respectively, in the paratenon, where blood vessels are numerous, but did not reduce the accumulation of neutrophils and ED1(+) macrophages in the core of the tendon."	( Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reduces neutrophil and macrophage accumulation but does not improve tendon regeneration. Côté, CH; Frenette, J; Marsolais, D, 2003)	1.04
"Diclofenac-treated patients exhibited a marked fall in intraocular pressure (p<0.01), whereas in placebo-treated patients, this diminution was less noticeable (p<0.05)."	( The influence of diclofenac ophthalmic solution on the intraocular pressure-lowering effect of topical 0.5% timolol and 0.005% latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Antinozzi, PP; Caccavale, A; Costagliola, C; Cotticelli, L; Parmeggiani, F; Sebastiani, A, 2005)	1.39
"In diclofenac-treated eyes, mean changes in visual acuity letter score from baseline in the diclofenac and placebo groups were +1.8 letters and -1.0 at week 1 (P=0.505 between groups). "	( Effect of adjunctive diclofenac with verteporfin therapy to treat choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration: phase II study. Beer, PM; Boyer, DS; Joffe, L; Koester, JM; Marx, JL; Weisberger, A; Yoser, SL, )	1.07
"Diclofenac-treated MDCKII cells on the other hand showed extensive propidium iodide staining, suggestive of cell death by necrosis."	( Nephrotoxic cell death by diclofenac and meloxicam. Halliwell, B; Ng, LE; Wong, KP, 2008)	1.37
"The diclofenac sodium treatment (total of 58 periods) reduced the pain significantly in comparison with placebo (57 periods), as evaluated by subjective rating (P less than 0.001) and by a 6-point scale of pain intensity (P less than 0.05)."	( Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with diclofenac sodium. Pulkkinen, MO; Riihiluoma, P; Wuolijoki, E, 1981)	1.01
"The diclofenac-treated patients rarely experienced the early peak in pain, had less pain overall until 72 hours postoperatively, and experienced significantly less photophobia and burning/stinging."	( Topical diclofenac in the treatment of ocular pain after excimer photorefractive keratectomy. Carpel, E; DeMarchi, J; Doughman, D; Frantz, JM; Lane, SS; Lindstrom, R; Ostrov, C; Parker, P; Sher, NA; Talley, A, )	1.05
"Diclofenac treatment was discontinued in two patients, due to a duodenal ulcer or severe erosive gastritis."	( Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy: a comparative endoscopic and histopathological evaluation of the effects of tenoxicam and diclofenac. al-Habdan, I; al-Nahdi, M; al-Quorain, AA; Marwah, S; Satti, MB, )	1.05
"Diclofenac-treated patients experienced significantly less photophobia, burning/stinging, and ocular pain and took significantly fewer oral narcotic analgesics over the first 24 hours postoperatively than placebo-treated patients."	( Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac in reducing ocular pain after excimer photorefractive keratectomy. Cherry, PM; Fsadni, MG; Raj, PS; Tutton, MK, 1996)	2.02
"Diclofenac treatment can lead to overestimation in ureteral stone disease, by delaying renal excretion bilaterally, but predominantly on the side of calculus."	( Diclofenac treatment prolongs renal transit time in acute ureteral obstruction: a renographic study. Jacobsson, H; Kinn, AC; Larsson, SA; Nelson, E, 2000)	3.19
"Thus diclofenac pretreatment partially prevented the insult-induced increase in total and regional neuronal c-fos-LI."	( The effect of diclofenac on the expression of spinal cord c-fos-like immunoreactivity after ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute hyperalgesia in the rat tail. Cousins, MJ; Lin, Y; Mather, LE; Power, I, 2000)	1.12
"The diclofenac-treated group showed a statistically significant decrease in corneal sensitivity (p < 0.001) at the measurement carried out 15 min after instillation of the last drop and lasting up to the end of the study, when the corneal anaesthesia was similar to that induced by the topical anaesthetic treatment."	( The effects of the topical administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on corneal epithelium and corneal sensitivity in normal subjects. Aragona, P; Ferreri, G; Laganà, E; Spinella, R; Tripodi, G, 2000)	0.79
"Diclofenac treatment resulted in the formation of drug adducts in enterocytes. "	( Drug enterocyte adducts: possible causal factor for diclofenac enteropathy in rats. Aronson, JF; Atchison, CR; Balakumaran, A; Daiker, DH; Hargus, SJ; Hoffmann, WE; Pohl, LR; Shipp, BK; Treinen-Moslen, M; West, AB, 2000)	2
"Diclofenac-treated patients experienced statistically significant elevations in mean hepatic transaminases and serum creatinine and reductions in haemoglobin concentration when compared to placebo, events not observed with celecoxib."	( Celecoxib versus diclofenac in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee. Borenstein, D; Geis, GS; Lefkowith, JB; McKenna, F; Wallemark, C; Wendt, H, 2001)	1.37
"One diclofenac-treated patient had a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase at the final evaluation."	( Comparison of etodolac and diclofenac in osteoarthritis of the knee. Grisanti, AM; Samara, AM; Vaz, AA, )	0.91
"The diclofenac treatment had no influence on hematological and coagulation profiles, nor on muscle and liver enzymes in comparison with placebo."	( Prophylactic diclofenac infusions in major orthopedic surgery: effects on analgesia and acute phase proteins. Camu, F; Claeys, MA; Maes, V, 1992)	1.13
"Diclofenac pretreatment prevented PGI2 synthesis and significantly reduced fluid extravasation."	( Bradykinin-induced oedema formation proceeds from B2 receptor stimulation and is potentiated by concomitantly released prostaglandins. Afflerbach, F; Berghöfer, A; Llach Puig Neppl, J; Neppl, H; Neuhof, H, 1991)	1
"Diclofenac acid pretreatment and daily injections prevented lung collagen accumulation after intratracheal bleomycin."	( The effect of diclofenac acid (Voltaren) on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Chandler, DB; Young, K, 1989)	1.36
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium vs hydrocodone/APAP did not statistically impact pain scores at PODs 1, 2, 3, or 5."	( Are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective enough for postoperative pain control after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty? A randomized, controlled study. Citardi, MJ; Jiang, ZY; Luong, AU; Radabaugh, P; Saini, AT; Schmale, I; Starr, NC; Talmadge, J; Yao, WC, 2022)	1.06
"Pretreatment with diclofenac for four weeks improved the clearance rate in one study (24.9%), administration of retinoids had a significant effect in one of two studies (16.25%), while salicylic acid and urea did not lead to improved PDT efficacy."	( Improving the efficacy of photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: A comprehensive review of pharmacological pretreatment strategies. Andersen, F; Bjerring, P; Haedersdal, M; Lerche, CM; Pihl, C, 2023)	1.23
"Treatment with diclofenac only on the right side of the body resulted in clearing of 55% of all treated lesions, which increased to 60% three months after finishing therapy."	( Using photodynamic therapy to estimate effectiveness of innovative combined diclofenac and tazaroten therapy of disseminated actinic keratosis. Jurczyszyn, K; Lipinski, A; Nockowski, P; Osiecka, BJ; Sieja, A; Ziółkowski, P, 2015)	0.99
"sBCC treated with diclofenac showed a significant decrease in Ki-67 (P < .001) and Bcl-2 (P = .001), and after combination therapy for Ki-67 (P = .012). "	( The effect of topical diclofenac 3% and calcitriol 3 μg/g on superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) and nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC): A phase II, randomized controlled trial. Brinkhuizen, T; Frencken, KJ; Hoff, ML; Kelleners-Smeets, NW; Mosterd, K; Nelemans, PJ; Rennspiess, D; van der Horst, MP; van Steensel, MA; Winnepenninckx, VJ; Zur Hausen, A, 2016)	1.08
"The treatment with diclofenac sodium, in the PTZ induced kindling model, decreased severity of seizures and interleukin-6 and TNF-α levels in the hippocampus of animals treated with doses of 5 and 10mg/kg."	( Effect of diclofenac sodium on seizures and inflammatory profile induced by kindling seizure model. Coitinho, AS; Glassmann, D; Gomez, R; Marafon, P; Pereira, P; Vieira, V, 2016)	1.16
"The treatment with diclofenac caused significantly lower sodium plasma concentrations whereas the concentration of potassium was increased."	( Interaction of diclofenac and ketoprofen with cardioactive drugs in rats. Jakovljevic, V; Milijasević, B; Popovic, M; Rasković, A; Sabo, A; Tomić, Z; Vasovic, V, )	0.8
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium and bromfenac sodium ophthalmic solution prevented progression of anterior capsule contraction and PCO."	( Efficacy of ophthalmic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in suppressing anterior capsule contraction and secondary posterior capsule opacification. Aose, M; Gotoh, N; Matsui, E; Matsushima, H; Mukai, K; Nagata, M; Satoshi, W; Senoo, T; Wataru, T, 2009)	0.69
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium during a relatively long period of reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction, similar to its use in the management of ureteric colic, appears to ameliorate the alterations in the hemodynamic glomerular functions at least 2 weeks following the reversal of obstruction."	( The effect of diclofenac sodium on renal function in reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction. Hammad, FT; Lubbad, L, 2011)	1.07
"Treatment with diclofenac in HA is effective and well tolerated during a treatment period of 3 months as well as 6 months. "	( Open label randomized study comparing 3 months vs. 6 months treatment of actinic keratoses with 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel: a trial of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group. Dirschka, T; Eigentler, TK; Garbe, C; Held, L; Leiter, U; Nashan, D; Pflugfelder, A; Stockfleth, E; Weide, B; Welter, AK, 2012)	0.95
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium extending past the acute inflammatory phase was no more effective than short and timely treatment in this model of skeletal muscle damage."	( Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment duration and time of onset on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in rats. Côté, CH; Frémont, P; Lapointe, BM, 2003)	0.67
"Treatment with diclofenac resulted in nuclear condensation (a morphological change due to apoptosis of NSCs) 24hr after the treatment and activated caspase-3 after 6 hr, indicating that diclofenac may cause apoptosis of neuronal cells via activation of the caspase cascade."	( Diclofenac inhibits proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Kamisaki, Y; Kori, M; Kudo, C; Matsuzaki, K; Nakajima, A; Niwa, H; Shibuya, A; Wada, K; Yamai, K, 2003)	2.1
"Rats treated with diclofenac did not exhibit reductions in rate of responding or total reinforcers obtained."	( The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations to reward behavior and corticosterone release. Asnis, GM; De La Garza, R; Fabrizio, KR; Radoi, GE; Vlad, T, 2004)	0.91
"Treatment with diclofenac or 5-Fu resulted in elevated COX-2 mRNA expression both in HepG2 and Hep3B cells."	( [Diclofenac suppresses hepatoma cell proliferation and promotes cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression]. Chen, NN; Wu, SG, 2006)	1.58
"Pretreatment with diclofenac Na significantly attenuated the IOP lowering effect of tafluprost in WT mice but not in EP3KO mice."	( The IOP-lowering effects and mechanism of action of tafluprost in prostanoid receptor-deficient mice. Aihara, M; Araie, M; Narumiya, S; Ota, T; Saeki, T, 2007)	0.66
"Pretreatment with diclofenac or ibuprofen blocked pain behaviour (SBL) after activation of excitatory amino acid receptors of the NMDA type, but not pain behaviour after activation of AMPA or substance P (SP) receptors."	( Central antinociceptive effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol. Experimental studies in the rat. Björkman, R, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with diclofenac alone or in combination with methylprednisolone did not result in a notable increase in the incidence of complications as compared to placebo."	( Effect of preoperative single doses of diclofenac and methylprednisolone on wound healing. Hyrkäs, T, 1994)	0.88
"Posttreatment with diclofenac was more effective than posttreatment with indomethacin."	( Mechanism of diclofenac analgesia: direct blockade of inflammatory sensitization. Ferreira, SH; Tonussi, CR, 1994)	0.98
"Both treatment with diclofenac before surgery and delayed treatment were superior to placebo concerning pain scores within 6 h after onset of anaesthesia (P < 0.0065 and P < 0.0005, respectively)."	( Diclofenac for pain relief after arthroscopy: a comparison of early and delayed treatment. Björkman, R; Brodd, B; Sandin, R; Stam, H; Sternlo, JE, 1993)	2.04
"Pretreatment of diclofenac inhibited LPS-induced expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in HUVEC, determined by flow cytometry and a cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cell-ELISA)."	( Diclofenac inhibits endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression induced with lipopolysaccharide. Sakai, A, 1996)	2.07
"pretreatment with diclofenac (100-500 micrograms/animal), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor other than indomethacin."	( Brain prostaglandins mediate the bombesin-induced increase in plasma levels of catecholamines. Okuma, Y; Osumi, Y; Yokotani, K, 1996)	0.62
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium tended to normalize this activity but there was no significant histological improvement."	( Modulation of murine osteoarthritis. Bitensky, L; Chambers, MG; Chayen, J, 1996)	0.63
"Treatment with diclofenac sodium, 0.1%, revealed a significantly more rapid improvement of the clinical symptoms as compared with sodium chloride, 5%."	( Diclofenac sodium, 0.1% (Voltaren Ophtha), versus sodium chloride, 5%, in the treatment of filamentary keratitis. Appel, I; Avisar, R; Robinson, A; Weinberger, D; Yassur, Y, 2000)	2.09
"PMNs treated with diclofenac alone or fMLP alone."	( Stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes potentiates the uptake of diclofenac and the inhibition of chemotaxis. Giroud, JP; Hakim, J; Perianin, A, 1990)	0.83
"Pretreatment with diclofenac 0.1% eye drops effectively inhibited paracentesis-induced miosis; the postoperative pupil narrowing amounted to only 9% of the original diameter in both untreated and atropine-treated eyes."	( Prevention of surgically induced miosis by diclofenac eye drops. Bellucci, R; Bonomi, L; De Franco, I; Massa, F; Perfetti, S, 1987)	0.86

Toxicity

The new diclofenac+thiocolchicoside FDC formulation may allow treating effectively acute LBP while reducing the number of injections and hence the risk of local adverse reactions.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The five most commonly reported adverse events were abdominal pain by 23."	( Overall safety of Arthrotec. Geis, GS, 1992)	0.28
" Under conditions of vitamin A deficiency formation of acetanilide toxic metabolites was increased as a result of which excretion of mercapturic acids with urine was elevated but excess of vitamin A and its hyperdose inhibited these reactions."	( [Biotransformation and toxicity of xenobiotics in various routes of administration of vitamin A into the rat body]. Bogdanov, NG; Gutsol, VI; Pentiuk, AA, )	0.13
"Peptic gastroduodenal lesions due to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are well known, but not the adverse effects of these preparations in the lower GI tract."	( [Side effects of non-steroidal antirheumatic agents in the lower gastrointestinal tract]. Güller, R, 1987)	0.27
" Five (26%) fentiazac-treated patients and four (21%) diclofenac sodium-treated patients reported adverse effects, mostly gastro-intestinal."	( The efficacy and safety of fentiazac and diclofenac sodium in peri-arthritis of the shoulder: a multi-centre, double-blind comparison. Kolarz, G; Mayrhofer, F; Scherak, O; Thumb, N, )	0.65
" Documentation is derived from clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, special studies, and spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions from foreign countries."	( Worldwide safety experience with diclofenac. Catalano, MA, 1986)	0.55
" This relatively little known side effect of these drugs on the lower intestinal tract is apparently not rare."	( [Side effects of non-steroidal antirheumatic agents on the lower intestinal tract]. Filippini, L; Ritschard, T, 1986)	0.27
" Adverse experiences were infrequent and generally mild or transient."	( Worldwide clinical safety experience with diclofenac. Willkens, RF, 1985)	0.53
" In both groups, the most frequently reported adverse events were gastrointestinal in nature, with abdominal pain reported most frequently (in 22."	( Review of the safety of diclofenac/misoprostol. Gagnier, P, 1993)	0.59
" Of 273 elderly patients treated with at least 600 mg daily, only 12% withdrew because of adverse events, a rate similar to that in the younger age-group."	( Safety profile of etodolac in the elderly population. Bacon, PA, 1994)	0.29
" Local adverse events were minimum for both groups."	( Single blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of naproxen gel compared with diclophenac emulgel in the treatment of soft tissue injuries. Butrón, F; Galicia, A; Martinez-Zurita, F; Zamora, G, 1994)	0.29
" Safety was measured in 3 ways: (1) physician global rating scale, (2) number of patients with adverse events, and (3) dropouts due to adverse events."	( A study to determine the efficacy and safety of tenoxicam versus piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Bersinic, S; Cuddy, LJ; Riedemann, PJ; Torrance, GW; Tugwell, PX, 1993)	0.52
" However, the combination of diclofenac and pirarubicin was more toxic than pirarubicin alone and induced centrolobular necrosis and sclerosing cholangitis."	( Oral diclofenac combined with intra-portal pirarubicin: increased efficacy on liver VX2 tumour and hepatotoxicity in rabbits. Ardouin, P; Bognel, C; Donatini, B; Munck, JN; Ramirez, L; Rougier, P, 1994)	1.09
" The fact that is a potent analgesic spread its use to almost all fields in medicine, increasing the reports of adverse effects associated with it."	( [Tissue necrosis: a side effect of sodium diclofenac: report of cases and discussion of the physiopathology]. Alonso, N; Borrelli Júnior, M; Branco, PD; Giovannetti, M; Ikejiri, CI; Machado, MA, )	0.4
" We suggest that the immune complex mechanism could have induced these adverse reactions."	( Serious adverse effects induced by simultaneous administration of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Awaya, N; Handa, M; Matsuyama, M; Ogino, M; Okada, H; Saruta, T; Suzuki, H; Toya, S, 1993)	0.29
" The incidence of > or = 1 adverse event considered by the investigator to be related or probably related to therapy was similar in all groups."	( Safety experience with nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, and piroxicam in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. DeLapp, RE; Eversmeyer, W; Jensen, CP; Poland, M, 1993)	0.55
" On the contrary, verapamil even accentuates the toxic effects of diclofenac."	( Failure of calcium antagonistic agents to prevent hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac. Estler, CJ; Lepper, H; Schmitz, G, 1995)	0.76
"Topical diclofenac significantly reduced the ocular pain and discomfort immediately after excimer PRK without any clinically significant complications or adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac in reducing ocular pain after excimer photorefractive keratectomy. Cherry, PM; Fsadni, MG; Raj, PS; Tutton, MK, 1996)	1.01
" Forty-two adverse events possibly or probably related to treatment were observed in the aceclofenac group and 37 in the tenoxicam group."	( Aceclofenac is as safe and effective as tenoxicam in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a 3 month multicenter comparative trial. Spanish Study Group on Aceclofenac in Ankylosing Spondylitis. de Buergo, M; Montull Fruitós, E; Rico Lenza, H; Villa Alcázar, LF, 1996)	0.29
" Adverse events in both groups were minor, predominantly gastro-intestinal, and fewer patients tended to experience gastro-intestinal events on aceclofenac (13%) than on diclofenac (17%)."	( A multi-centre, double-blind comparative study of the efficacy and safety of aceclofenac and diclofenac in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ferrer, F; Marcolongo, R; Parnham, MJ; Pasero, G; Serni, U, 1995)	0.71
"We sought to identify differences in the description of adverse drug experiences in reports of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from the United States and Japan, using diclofenac and simvastatin as test drugs."	( Japanese and American reports of randomized trials: differences in the reporting of adverse effects. Hayashi, K; Walker, AM, 1996)	0.49
" The overall pattern of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities in the study population were similar to those reported in patients with RA treated with other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and concomitant cyclosporine."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	1.74
" There were no adverse reactions in either group."	( [Comparative, randomized, parallel clinical study of the effectiveness and safety of aceclofenac vs. paracetamol in the treatment of viral pharyngoamygdalitis]. Conti, M, 1997)	0.3
" Adverse events incidence and severity were assessed."	( [Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a comparative clinical trial versus aceclofenac. Study Group of Nabumetone for Osteoarthritis of the Knee]. Gijón Baños, J, 1997)	0.3
" 15 nabumetone-treated and 23 aceclofenac-treated patients withdrew from the study due to moderate to severe adverse events."	( [Efficacy and safety of nabumetone in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a comparative clinical trial versus aceclofenac. Study Group of Nabumetone for Osteoarthritis of the Knee]. Gijón Baños, J, 1997)	0.3
" Ultimately it is the balance between bioactivation, detoxification, and defense mechanisms that determines whether a compound will or will not elicit a toxic effect."	( The use of cultured hepatocytes to investigate the mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity. Bort, R; Castell, JV; Gómez-Lechón, MJ; Ponsoda, X, 1997)	0.3
"A report is presented of five aged patients with hemorrhagic colon ulcer, which was strongly suspected to be a side effect of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)."	( [Hemorrhagic colon ulcer as a side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five aged patients]. Kusakabe, N; Matsui, I; Matsui, Y; Matsumura, Y; Morimoto, S; Ogihara, T; Takahashi, E, 1997)	0.3
" Adverse events were similar between groups (P = ."	( The efficacy and safety of diclofenac 0.1% versus prednisolone acetate 1% following trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin-C. Cate, EA; Dubiner, HB; Kent, AR; Mundorf, TK; Stewart, JA; Stewart, WC; Whitaker, R, 1998)	0.6
" Evaluation of the profile of adverse events was the main aim of the trial, together with assessment of efficacy."	( Gastrointestinal tolerability of meloxicam compared to diclofenac in osteoarthritis patients. International MELISSA Study Group. Meloxicam Large-scale International Study Safety Assessment. Alegre, C; Baumelou, E; Bégaud, B; Dequeker, J; Hawkey, C; Isomäki, H; Kahan, A; Littlejohn, G; Mau, J; Papazoglou, S; Steinbrück, K, 1998)	0.55
"Diclofenac, a 2-arylacetic acid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been reported to cause adverse hepatic effects in certain individuals."	( Diclofenac toxicity to hepatocytes: a role for drug metabolism in cell toxicity. Bort, R; Castell, JV; Gómez-Lechón, MJ; Jover, R; Ponsoda, X, 1999)	3.19
" We identified epidemiologic studies, published from January 1970 to December 1995, that investigated the association of serious adverse effects with aspirin, diclofenac, acetaminophen, and dipyrone to determine and compare the excess mortality associated with short-term drug use."	( Comparative safety evaluation of non-narcotic analgesics. Andrade, SE; Martinez, C; Walker, AM, 1998)	0.5
" Adverse symptoms were acceptable with both drugs."	( A double-blind evaluation of the analgesic efficacy and toxicity of oral ketorolac and diclofenac in cancer pain. The TD/10 recordati Protocol Study Group. Camaggi, CM; Pannuti, F; Robustelli della Cuna, G; Strocchi, E; Ventaffrida, V, )	0.35
" Types of adverse events were similar for all treatment groups, with GI adverse events predominating."	( Comparison of the upper gastrointestinal safety of Arthrotec 75 and nabumetone in osteoarthritis patients at high risk for developing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal ulcers. Agrawal, NM; Ball, J; Bocanegra, TS; Caldwell, J; Dhadda, S; Hancock, L; Hurley, S; Kivitz, AJ; Weaver, AL, 1999)	0.3
"5%) dropped out in the nimesulide group (two early recovery, one lack of effect, one adverse event), compared with 13 (21."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of nimesulide and diclofenac in patients with acute shoulder, and a meta-analysis of controlled studies with nimesulide. Wober, W, 1999)	0.56
" This is due to the lower incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events with nimesulide, and the absence of serious gastrointestinal complications leading to hospitalization, which more than offset the higher acquisition cost of nimesulide."	( Economic comparison of nimesulide and diclofenac, and the incidence of adverse events in the treatment of rheumatic disease in Greece. Liaropoulos, L, 1999)	0.57
" However, while effective, it has low oral bioavailability and some problematic adverse effects."	( Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. , 1999)	0.52
" Diclofenac-potassium seemed to be as well tolerated as placebo, with fewer adverse events reported than after sumatriptan treatment and with more patients assessing the overall tolerability of diclofenac-potassium better than that of sumatriptan."	( Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. , 1999)	1.43
" Side effect incidence and patient and investigator opinions were also recorded."	( Tolerability and safety of 0.1% diclofenac plus 0.3% tobramycin fixed-dose ophthalmic solution: a randomized, comparative, controlled study in healthy volunteers. Andreu, D; Costa, J; Martínez, M; Notivol, R; Salvá, P, 1999)	0.59
"To determine whether the use of diclofenac ophthalmic solution is a safe and effective analgesic in the treatment of traumatic corneal abrasions in the emergency department."	( Safety and efficacy of diclofenac ophthalmic solution in the treatment of corneal abrasions. Allegra, JR; Eskin, B; Nashed, AH; Szucs, PA, 2000)	0.9
" The outcome measurements were improvement in NPIS score 2 hours after treatment, use of oxycodone-acetaminophen, and occurrence of any adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of diclofenac ophthalmic solution in the treatment of corneal abrasions. Allegra, JR; Eskin, B; Nashed, AH; Szucs, PA, 2000)	0.62
"Diclofenac ophthalmic solution appears to be a safe and effective analgesic in the treatment of traumatic corneal abrasions in the ED."	( Safety and efficacy of diclofenac ophthalmic solution in the treatment of corneal abrasions. Allegra, JR; Eskin, B; Nashed, AH; Szucs, PA, 2000)	2.06
"Tramadol, a weak opioid mu-receptor agonist, may have a favourable potency and side effect profile for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)."	( Efficacy and side effects of tramadol versus oxycodone for patient-controlled analgesia after maxillofacial surgery. Rosenberg, PH; Silvasti, M; Svartling, N; Tarkkila, P; Tuominen, M, 1999)	0.3
"Ophthalmologic adverse effects of bisphosphonate therapy are infrequent and of unclear pathogenesis."	( Uveitis, an under-recognized adverse effect of pamidronate. Case report and literature review. Acquaviva, PC; Bernard, P; Dahan, L; Daumen-Legré, V; Lafforgue, P; Pham, T; Rey, J, 2000)	0.31
"Conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with a spectrum of toxic effects, notably gastrointestinal (GI) effects, because of inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1."	( Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Agrawal, NM; Burr, AM; Eisen, G; Faich, G; Geis, GS; Goldstein, JL; Kent, JD; Lefkowith, JB; Makuch, R; Pincus, T; Silverstein, FE; Simon, LS; Stenson, WF; Verburg, KM; Whelton, A; Zhao, WW, 2000)	0.31
"To determine whether celecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, is associated with a lower incidence of significant upper GI toxic effects and other adverse effects compared with conventional NSAIDs."	( Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Agrawal, NM; Burr, AM; Eisen, G; Faich, G; Geis, GS; Goldstein, JL; Kent, JD; Lefkowith, JB; Makuch, R; Pincus, T; Silverstein, FE; Simon, LS; Stenson, WF; Verburg, KM; Whelton, A; Zhao, WW, 2000)	0.31
"Incidence of prospectively defined symptomatic upper GI ulcers and ulcer complications (bleeding, perforation, and obstruction) and other adverse effects during the 6-month treatment period."	( Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Agrawal, NM; Burr, AM; Eisen, G; Faich, G; Geis, GS; Goldstein, JL; Kent, JD; Lefkowith, JB; Makuch, R; Pincus, T; Silverstein, FE; Simon, LS; Stenson, WF; Verburg, KM; Whelton, A; Zhao, WW, 2000)	0.31
"In this study, celecoxib, at dosages greater than those indicated clinically, was associated with a lower incidence of symptomatic ulcers and ulcer complications combined, as well as other clinically important toxic effects, compared with NSAIDs at standard dosages."	( Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. Agrawal, NM; Burr, AM; Eisen, G; Faich, G; Geis, GS; Goldstein, JL; Kent, JD; Lefkowith, JB; Makuch, R; Pincus, T; Silverstein, FE; Simon, LS; Stenson, WF; Verburg, KM; Whelton, A; Zhao, WW, 2000)	0.31
" Safety was assessed by evaluation of adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory data."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
"The incidence of all adverse events was lower at each dosage of meloxicam than for diclofenac but greater than for placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.53
"Meloxicam is a safe and effective medication for the symptomatic treatment of OA."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
" Gastrointestinal safety was assessed by the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms and adverse events."	( Treatment of elderly patients with nabumetone or diclofenac: gastrointestinal safety profile. DeLapp, R; Kaine, J; Morgan , GJ; Palmer, R, 2001)	0.57
" However, differences between the groups were apparent in the frequency of adverse gastrointestinal events."	( Treatment of elderly patients with nabumetone or diclofenac: gastrointestinal safety profile. DeLapp, R; Kaine, J; Morgan , GJ; Palmer, R, 2001)	0.57
" Some xenobiotics are electrophilic, and others are biotransformed by the liver into highly reactive metabolites that are usually more toxic than the parent compound."	( The use of cultured hepatocytes to investigate the metabolism of drugs and mechanisms of drug hepatotoxicity. Bort, R; Castell, JV; Gómez-Lechón, MJ; Ponsoda, X, )	0.13
" Toxic doses of DCLF can cause nephrotoxicity in humans and experimental animals."	( Diclofenac induced in vivo nephrotoxicity may involve oxidative stress-mediated massive genomic DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death. Gross, SM; Hickey, EJ; Raje, RR; Ray, SD; Reid, VE, 2001)	1.75
"In order to detect adverse drug reactions, large observational drug safety studies are necessary as randomized clinical trials rarely have enough power."	( The multiple propensity score for analysis of dose-response relationships in drug safety studies. Donnan, PT; MacDonald, TM; Steinke, D; Wang, J, )	0.13
" Probabilities of noncompliance, lack of efficacy and incidence of adverse events were obtained from comparative randomised double-blind clinical trials."	( Iatrogenic cost factors incorporating mild and moderate adverse events in the economic comparison of aceclofenac and other NSAIDs. Badia, X; Brosa, M; Martínez, E; Peris, F, 2001)	0.31
"Total costs to the healthcare provider, including NSAID treatment costs (drug acquisition costs and physician visits for prescription) and iatrogenic costs (substitution treatment costs for patients not achieving clinical efficacy and costs of medical visits, treatment, diagnostic tests and hospital stays associated with adverse events) and the iatrogenic cost factor (ICF) were used as the primary outcome measures."	( Iatrogenic cost factors incorporating mild and moderate adverse events in the economic comparison of aceclofenac and other NSAIDs. Badia, X; Brosa, M; Martínez, E; Peris, F, 2001)	0.31
"Ketorolac is approved for the relief of postoperative pain but concerns have been raised over a possible risk of serious adverse effects and death."	( Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Abdalla, M; Bianchi, PG; Bonnet, F; Camu, F; Ebrahim, S; Escolar, G; Forrest, JB; Greer, IA; Heitlinger, E; Jage, J; Kehlet, H; Langman, MJ; Pocock, S; Samama, MM; Velo, G, 2002)	0.7
"38%) had a serious adverse outcome, with 19 deaths (0."	( Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Abdalla, M; Bianchi, PG; Bonnet, F; Camu, F; Ebrahim, S; Escolar, G; Forrest, JB; Greer, IA; Heitlinger, E; Jage, J; Kehlet, H; Langman, MJ; Pocock, S; Samama, MM; Velo, G, 2002)	0.7
"We conclude that ketorolac is as safe as ketoprofen and diclofenac for the treatment of pain after major surgery."	( Ketorolac, diclofenac, and ketoprofen are equally safe for pain relief after major surgery. Abdalla, M; Bianchi, PG; Bonnet, F; Camu, F; Ebrahim, S; Escolar, G; Forrest, JB; Greer, IA; Heitlinger, E; Jage, J; Kehlet, H; Langman, MJ; Pocock, S; Samama, MM; Velo, G, 2002)	0.95
" These results suggested that poloxamer gel with sodium chloride could be a more effective and safe rectal delivery system of diclofenac sodium."	( Effect of sodium chloride on the release, absorption and safety of diclofenac sodium delivered by poloxamer gel. Choi, HG; Kim, CK; Kim, HM; Oh, YK; Park, YJ; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS, 2003)	0.76
" In order to evaluate sublethal toxic effects of diclofenac in fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to diclofenac concentrations ranging from 1 microg/L to 500 microg/L over a 28 day period were investigated by histopathological methods."	( Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. Ferling, H; Mallow, U; Negele, RD; Schwaiger, J; Wintermayr, H, 2004)	0.82
" No serious adverse events were observed in this study."	( Analgesic safety and efficacy of diclofenac sodium softgels on postoperative third molar extraction pain. Bon, C; Lyon, JA; Peroutka, SJ; Phillips, CL; Shugars, D; Swarbrick, J; Zuniga, JR, 2004)	0.6
" The softgel provided a very rapid onset of analgesic activity, a prolonged analgesic duration, and an acceptable side-effect profile in the postoperative third molar surgery pain model."	( Analgesic safety and efficacy of diclofenac sodium softgels on postoperative third molar extraction pain. Bon, C; Lyon, JA; Peroutka, SJ; Phillips, CL; Shugars, D; Swarbrick, J; Zuniga, JR, 2004)	0.6
"Retrospective analysis of adverse event databases."	( Replication of the Weber effect using postmarketing adverse event reports voluntarily submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Hartnell, NR; Wilson, JP, 2004)	0.32
"Reports of adverse events submitted to the FDAs Spontaneous Reporting System and the Adverse Event Reporting System from January 1969-December 2000 for these drugs were analyzed according to the number of adverse events reported for each drug per year from the time the drug was approved until December 2000."	( Replication of the Weber effect using postmarketing adverse event reports voluntarily submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Hartnell, NR; Wilson, JP, 2004)	0.32
" Various other factors affected spontaneous reporting of adverse events, as peaks in the number of reports were seen numerous times for each drug after the initial 5-year marketing period."	( Replication of the Weber effect using postmarketing adverse event reports voluntarily submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration. Hartnell, NR; Wilson, JP, 2004)	0.32
" However, user ability to discover the most common side effect to the drug seemed not to be affected."	( Awareness and frequency of potential side effects on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among the Jordanian patient population. Abdel-Hafiz, SM; Al-Safi, SA; Albsoul-Younes, AM; Jabateh, SK, 2004)	0.32
" Clinical efficacy variables (visual analog scale, Lesquesne index and global satisfaction score) and adverse events were monitored at baseline and 2nd and 4th weeks of treatment."	( A four-week, randomized, double-blind trial of the efficacy and safety of SKI306X: a herbal anti-arthritic agent versus diclofenac in osteoarthritis of the knee. Ahn, JH; Chang, DY; Cho, YB; Han, CK; Jung, KO; Jung, YK; Kim, DH; Kim, JM; Kwak, WJ; Lee, CS; Lee, MC; Lung, YB; Park, BJ; Park, YS; Roh, KJ; Seo, JG; Seong, SC; Shin, YU, 2004)	0.53
" Reported treatment-emergent adverse effects were infrequent, generally mild and none were considered to be related to the trial medication."	( The efficacy and safety of low-dose diclofenac sodium 0.1% gel for the symptomatic relief of pain and erythema associated with superficial natural sunburn. Alekxandrova, I; Amal, S; Césarini, JP; Khemis, A; Kienzler, JL; Magnette, J; Savaluny, E; Trabelsi, M, )	0.41
" Efficacy assessments included overall joint pain intensity and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index subscales; tolerability was evaluated by adverse event and physician reporting."	( Efficacy and safety of four doses of lumiracoxib versus diclofenac in patients with knee or hip primary osteoarthritis: a phase II, four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Beier, J; Geusens, P; Gitton, X; Hasler, P; Moore, A; Patel, SK; Poór, G; Schnitzer, TJ; Senftleber, I; Sloan, VS, 2004)	0.57
" Frequencies of adverse events were also recorded."	( Gastroduodenal safety and tolerability of lumiracoxib compared with Ibuprofen and celecoxib in patients with osteoarthritis. Cousin, M; Fiedorowicz-Fabrycy, IF; Gitton, X; Hawkey, CC; Hoexter, G; Nasonov, EL; Pikhlak, EG; Svoboda, P, 2004)	0.32
" A greater number of patients in the ibuprofen group discontinued treatment due to an adverse event compared with both lumiracoxib groups and the celecoxib group."	( Gastroduodenal safety and tolerability of lumiracoxib compared with Ibuprofen and celecoxib in patients with osteoarthritis. Cousin, M; Fiedorowicz-Fabrycy, IF; Gitton, X; Hawkey, CC; Hoexter, G; Nasonov, EL; Pikhlak, EG; Svoboda, P, 2004)	0.32
"5% of participants reported adverse events and 6 participants (1."	( Safety and usage pattern of low-dose diclofenac when used as an over-the-counter medication: results of an observational cohort study in a community-based pharmacy setting. Hasford, J; Hoye, K; Moore, N, 2004)	0.6
"Overall, this study showed that low-dose diclofenac-K is efficacious, safe and commonly used in accordance with the directions for use when used as an OTC medication."	( Safety and usage pattern of low-dose diclofenac when used as an over-the-counter medication: results of an observational cohort study in a community-based pharmacy setting. Hasford, J; Hoye, K; Moore, N, 2004)	0.86
" A topical NSAID formulation may provide symptom relief with fewer adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution (pennsaid) in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Roth, SH; Shainhouse, JZ, 2004)	0.6
" We assessed safety by evaluation of adverse events, vital signs, and irritation at the application site."	( Efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution (pennsaid) in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Roth, SH; Shainhouse, JZ, 2004)	0.6
" There was no significant difference between groups in NSAID-related gastrointestinal tract complaints or in dropouts due to study-related adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution (pennsaid) in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Roth, SH; Shainhouse, JZ, 2004)	0.6
"Topical diclofenac is effective in the treatment of the symptoms of primary OA of the knee, with only minor local irritation and no significant systemic adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of a topical diclofenac solution (pennsaid) in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Roth, SH; Shainhouse, JZ, 2004)	1.04
" Now, rare adverse reactions to several commonly prescribed medications contribute to the total burden of drug-induced liver injury."	( Diclofenac-induced liver injury: a paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Aithal, GP, 2004)	1.77
" Prespecified gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent with naproxen than with either lumiracoxib dose or placebo."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of lumiracoxib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Alten, R; Geusens, P; Kralidis, G; Krammer, G; Richardson, P; Rovensky, J; Sloan, VS, 2004)	0.32
" Results support the good safety profile of both formulations when dosed three times daily for 4 weeks in absence of concomitant use of drugs potentially toxic for cornea."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two formulations of diclofenac sodium 0.1% eyedrops in controlling postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery. Arnoux, YV; Bodaghi, B; Colin, J; Jaulerry, SD; Le Hoang, P; Weber, ME, )	0.37
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" Measurements also included physical examination and adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of aceclofenac versus placebo and naproxen in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Fortea, J; Lamarca, R; Letzel, H; Mégard, Y; Raber, A, 2006)	0.33
" An NSAID with high efficacy, high GI tolerability and devoid of adverse cardiovascular effects is therefore a profile preferred by physicians."	( Efficacy and safety of aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind comparative clinical trial versus diclofenac - an Indian experience. Chandanwale, AS; Jain, UK; Kapoor, S; Oak, J; Pareek, A, 2006)	0.54
" Tolerability assessment was based on adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind comparative clinical trial versus diclofenac - an Indian experience. Chandanwale, AS; Jain, UK; Kapoor, S; Oak, J; Pareek, A, 2006)	0.54
" Adverse events were documented when reported by the patients themselves, and when study personnel asked about specific events."	( Comparison of the analgesic efficacy and safety of nepafenac ophthalmic suspension compared with diclofenac ophthalmic solution for ocular pain and photophobia after excimer laser surgery: a phase II, randomized, double-masked trial. Colin, J; Paquette, B, 2006)	0.55
" Adverse events were infrequent, and no serious adverse events occurred."	( Comparison of the analgesic efficacy and safety of nepafenac ophthalmic suspension compared with diclofenac ophthalmic solution for ocular pain and photophobia after excimer laser surgery: a phase II, randomized, double-masked trial. Colin, J; Paquette, B, 2006)	0.55
" The incidences of related adverse events were 35."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of diacerein in knee osteoarthritis in Chinese patients. Huang, F; Li, J; Li, ZG; Liang, DF; Ma, L; Su, Y; Tang, FL; Wu, DH; Xu, H; Zhang, FC; Zhang, JL; Zheng, WJ; Zhou, HQ; Zhou, YX, 2006)	0.33
" It is generally well tolerated and has no severe adverse effect."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of diacerein in knee osteoarthritis in Chinese patients. Huang, F; Li, J; Li, ZG; Liang, DF; Ma, L; Su, Y; Tang, FL; Wu, DH; Xu, H; Zhang, FC; Zhang, JL; Zheng, WJ; Zhou, HQ; Zhou, YX, 2006)	0.33
"Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) represent an important human health problem, yet animal models for preclinical prediction of these reactions are lacking."	( Modest inflammation enhances diclofenac hepatotoxicity in rats: role of neutrophils and bacterial translocation. Blomme, EA; Deng, X; Ganey, PE; Liguori, MJ; Luyendyk, JP; Maddox, JF; Roth, RA; Stachlewitz, RF; Waring, JF, 2006)	0.63
" Phototransformation of diclofenac was reported from laboratory assays as well as in natural water systems, raising the question of possible adverse effects of the phototransformation products of diclofenac to aquatic organisms."	( Phytotoxicity assessment of diclofenac and its phototransformation products. Adler, N; Altenburger, R; Bartels, P; Schmitt-Jansen, M, 2007)	0.94
" The primary endpoint was the cumulative rate of discontinuations due to clinical and laboratory GI adverse experiences (AE)."	( Gastrointestinal side effects of etoricoxib in patients with osteoarthritis: results of the Etoricoxib versus Diclofenac Sodium Gastrointestinal Tolerability and Effectiveness (EDGE) trial. Baraf, HS; Bird, S; Brzezicki, J; Curtis, SP; Fuentealba, C; Greenwald, M; Kaur, A; O'Brien, K; Polis, A; Soffer, B, 2007)	0.55
" The incidence of adverse events in patients taking single or multiple doses of diclofenac potassium is similar to that of ibuprofen and placebo."	( Diclofenac potassium 12.5mg tablets for mild to moderate pain and fever: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety. Moore, N, 2007)	2.01
"In a number of adverse drug reactions leading to hepatotoxicity drug metabolism is thought to be involved by generation of reactive metabolites from nontoxic drugs."	( Development of an in vitro assay for the investigation of metabolism-induced drug hepatotoxicity. Badolo, L; Dalgaard, L; Dubois, J; Hansen, SH; Otto, M, 2008)	0.35
"Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) were designed to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) which occur with non-selective NSAIDs (ns-NSAIDs)."	( Global gastrointestinal safety profile of etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. Hunt, RH; Yuan, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The adverse event (AE) incidence was similar for HPbetaCD diclofenac sodium and PG-BA diclofenac sodium, except that in the current trial and in integrated safety results from the present and prior studies, phlebitis was more common with PG-BA diclofenac sodium."	( Dyloject, a novel injectable diclofenac formulation, offers greater safety and efficacy than voltarol for postoperative dental pain. Carr, DB; Ernst, CC; Gawarecki, DG; Hamilton, DA; Harrison, S; Leeson, RM; Mermelstein, FH; Moshman, M, )	0.67
" Pooled data on thrombophlebitis from the present investigation and our prior studies of the novel formulation indicate this adverse effect is less frequent and less severe with HPbetaCD diclofenac sodium than with PG-BA diclofenac sodium."	( Dyloject, a novel injectable diclofenac formulation, offers greater safety and efficacy than voltarol for postoperative dental pain. Carr, DB; Ernst, CC; Gawarecki, DG; Hamilton, DA; Harrison, S; Leeson, RM; Mermelstein, FH; Moshman, M, )	0.61
"To see the toxic effects of NSAID on kidney tissue of albino rats."	( Adverse effects of diclofenac sodium on renal parenchyma of adult albino rats. Perveen, S; Qureshi, GS; Yasmeen, T, 2007)	0.67
"Tubeless PCNL is safe and effective even after supracostal access and is associated with less postoperative pain and a shorter hospital stay."	( Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy: safe even in supracostal access. Demirci, D; Erşekerci, E; Huri, E; Karacagil, M; Sofikerim, M, 2007)	0.34
" We demonstrate that both DF and meloxicam are toxic to renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells following 12 h of exposure, due to an increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be temporarily ameliorated by pre-incubation with uric acid (UA)."	( Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction. Naidoo, V; Swan, GE, 2009)	1.8
" Rofecoxib was withdrawn worldwide due to an associated increased risk of CV events and lumiracoxib has been withdrawn from Australia, Canada, Europe and a few other countries following reports of suspected adverse liver reactions."	( A 6-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, clinical safety study of lumiracoxib and rofecoxib in osteoarthritis patients. Krammer, G; Stricker, K; Yu, S, 2008)	0.35
" The primary safety measures were the incidence of predefined GI adverse events (AEs) and peripheral oedema."	( A 6-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, clinical safety study of lumiracoxib and rofecoxib in osteoarthritis patients. Krammer, G; Stricker, K; Yu, S, 2008)	0.35
" General safety and tolerability were evaluated by adverse event (AE) reporting and physical examinations and laboratory tests at each visit."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of lumiracoxib 100 mg: an open-label extension of a 13-week randomized controlled trial in patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Beaulieu, A; Paster, Z; Rebuli, R; Sheldon, EA; Yu, S, )	0.13
" Another pharmaceutical that is regularly associated with adverse effects on the liver, sometimes leading to acute liver failure, is the widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac."	( Species-specific toxicity of diclofenac and troglitazone in primary human and rat hepatocytes. Kling, M; Lauer, B; Mueller, SO; Tuschl, G, 2009)	0.83
" subcapitata varied during the oxidation, probably due to the formation of some intermediate products more toxic than DCF."	( Degradation of diclofenac by TiO(2) photocatalysis: UV absorbance kinetics and process evaluation through a set of toxicity bioassays. Belgiorno, V; Guida, M; Kassinos, D; Meric, S; Rizzo, L; Russo, F, 2009)	0.71
"To compare the adverse event (AE)-related discontinuation rate with celecoxib vs."	( A randomized, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group study to assess the adverse event-related discontinuation rate with celecoxib and diclofenac in elderly patients with osteoarthritis. Dahlberg, LE; Holme, I; Høye, K; Ringertz, B, )	0.33
" The commonest adverse event associated with TDiclo was dry skin (18."	( Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical placebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis. Bookman, AAM; Grierson, LM; Naseer, Z; Shainhouse, ZJ; Simon, LS, 2009)	0.64
" Incidence and severity of adverse events were comparable for the three treatments; overall tolerability was rated as very good/good by 93% of the patients."	( Efficacy and safety of lornoxicam compared with placebo and diclofenac in acute sciatica/lumbo-sciatica: an analysis from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group study. Geertsen, MS; Herrmann, WA, 2009)	0.6
") occurring after the start of rabeprazole treatment were handled as adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of rabeprazole in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcer in Japan. Mizokami, Y, 2009)	0.35
" A control group was treated by mineral water (0+0) mg/kg and a second group was treated with only a toxic dose of 100 mg/kg of PARA (100+0)."	( [Protective effect of diclofenac towards the oxidative stress induced by paracetamol toxicity in rats]. Aouacheri, W; Djafer, R; Lefranc, G; Saka, S, )	0.45
" Moreover, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood C-reactive protein (CRP), blood and urinary routine tests, liver and kidney function examination, and the adverse reaction that occurred during the treatment period were observed."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of Gubitong Recipe () in treating osteoarthritis of knee joint. Jin, DE; Tao, QW; Xu, Y; Yan, XP, 2009)	0.35
" No evident adverse reaction occurred during the treatment period."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of Gubitong Recipe () in treating osteoarthritis of knee joint. Jin, DE; Tao, QW; Xu, Y; Yan, XP, 2009)	0.35
"GBT is an effective and safe recipe for the treatment of osteoarthritis of knee joint, which could alleviate the joint pain, stiffness, and dysfunction."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of Gubitong Recipe () in treating osteoarthritis of knee joint. Jin, DE; Tao, QW; Xu, Y; Yan, XP, 2009)	0.35
" Safety assessment included adverse events, skin irritation scores of the treated knee(s), ocular examinations, and routine laboratory tests."	( A long-term, open-label study to confirm the safety of topical diclofenac solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of the osteoarthritic knee. Grierson, LM; Naseer, Z; Shainhouse, JZ, )	0.37
" Patients were assessed for safety variables that included adverse events, local skin reactions, laboratory results, dosage of immunosuppressive medication and indication of graft rejection."	( Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of topical diclofenac 3% gel in organ transplant patients with multiple actinic keratoses. Johannsen, A; Röwert-Huber, J; Sterry, W; Stockfleth, E; Ulrich, C; Ulrich, M, )	0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
"NSAIDs used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) have dose-related risks for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal adverse events (AEs), particularly in elderly patients."	( Safety and efficacy of topical diclofenac sodium gel for knee osteoarthritis in elderly and younger patients: pooled data from three randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre trials. Altman, RD; Baraf, HS; Barthel, HR; Gloth, FM; Gold, MS, 2011)	0.66
"To evaluate the risk of adverse events (AEs) associated with topical diclofenac for the treatment of acute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions."	( Safety profile of topical diclofenac: a meta-analysis of blinded, randomized, controlled trials in musculoskeletal conditions. Fotopoulos, G; Maibach, H; Taylor, RS, 2011)	0.9
"Nephrotic syndrome, with or without concomitant tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a rare renal adverse effect of NSAIDs."	( Safe administration of celecoxib to a patient with repeated episodes of nephrotic syndrome induced by NSAIDs. Knotek, M; Ljubanovic, D; Mihovilovic, K, 2011)	0.37
" Both the study medications were well tolerated with no incidence of serious adverse event (SAE)."	( Efficacy and safety of aceclofenac-cr and aceclofenac in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a 6-week, comparative, randomized, multicentric, double-blind study. Chandurkar, N; Dalal, B; Gupta, A; Jesalpura, B; Mehrotra, A; Mukherjee, A; Pareek, A; Sirsikar, A, 2011)	0.37
" Aceclofenac-CR was found to be similar in terms of efficacy as conventional aceclofenac in knee OA patients with fewer adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of aceclofenac-cr and aceclofenac in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a 6-week, comparative, randomized, multicentric, double-blind study. Chandurkar, N; Dalal, B; Gupta, A; Jesalpura, B; Mehrotra, A; Mukherjee, A; Pareek, A; Sirsikar, A, 2011)	0.37
"Already considered a drug that can reverse the toxic side effects of NSAIDs, BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg) was strongly effective throughout the entire experiment when given (i) intraperitoneally immediately after diclofenac or (ii) per-orally in drinking water (0."	( Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and its effects on a NSAID toxicity model: diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal, liver, and encephalopathy lesions. Blagaic, AB; Brcic, L; Coric, M; Djakovic, Z; Djuzel, V; Drmic, D; Dzidic, S; Filipovic, M; Franjic, S; Gjurasin, M; Ilic, S; Klicek, R; Kolenc, D; Radic, B; Romic, Z; Seiwerth, S; Sever, M; Sikiric, P; Stambolija, V; Stupnisek, M; Zarkovic, K; Zoricic, I, 2011)	0.79
" Fifteen patients experienced a total of 19 adverse events (AEs), 17 of which were mild to moderate, and 2 of which were severe."	( Effectiveness and safety of diclofenac epolamine topical patch 1.3% for the treatment of acute pain due to back strain: an open-label, uncontrolled study. Gimbel, J; Jacobs, D; Paterson, C; Pixton, G, 2011)	0.66
" Overall, DCF was the most cytotoxic drug for zebra mussel cells, followed by GEM, CBZ, while ATL has not a noteworthy toxic potential."	( Cytotoxicity assessment of four pharmaceutical compounds on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) haemocytes, gill and digestive gland primary cell cultures. Binelli, A; Parolini, M; Provini, A; Quinn, B, 2011)	0.37
" We estimated 95% confidence interval, Q and 12 criteria, Mantel-Haenszel and DerSimonian-Laird statistics and relative risk of adverse reactions."	( [Diclofenac sodium in osteoarthritis. Is there risk of hepatotoxicity? A systematic review]. Koniaeva, EI; Matveev, AV, 2010)	1.27
" Both the study medications were well tolerated with no incidence of serious adverse events."	( Zaltoprofen, a noninferior alternative to diclofenac for the treatment of primary knee osteoarthritis -- a comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety in a 4-week, multicentric, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial. Ambade, RE; Chandurkar, NB; Gupta, AK; Jesalpura, BH; Pareek, A; Sirsikar, AD; Swamy, AP, 2011)	0.63
" Safety was evaluated through adverse event (AE) reporting, physical examination, and laboratory investigations."	( An open-label, long-term safety and tolerability trial of diclofenac sodium 1% gel in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Alwine, LK; Gold, MS; Peniston, JH, 2011)	0.61
" However, serious gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systemic adverse events (AEs) are associated with oral NSAIDs and can be treatment limiting."	( Diclofenac sodium topical solution 1.5% w/w with dimethyl sulfoxide compared with placebo for the treatment of osteoarthritis: pooled safety results. Fuller, P; Roth, SH, 2011)	1.81
" However, this group of drugs is associated with serious adverse drug reactions."	( Differential involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome P450 activity, and active transport in the toxicity of structurally related NSAIDs. Unlü, B; van Leeuwen, JS; Vermeulen, NP; Vos, JC, 2012)	0.38
" The need for rescue medication and the presence of adverse effects were considered as secondary outcome of the study."	( Intramuscular drotaverine and diclofenac in acute renal colic: a comparative study of analgesic efficacy and safety. Akantappa Bandakkanavar, TK; Arora, P; Dash, A; Maiti, R, 2012)	0.67
" This work provides an insight into non-covalent interactions between emerging contaminants and biomolecule, and is helpful for clarifying the toxic mechanism of such emerging contaminants."	( Interactions of acidic pharmaceuticals with human serum albumin: insights into the molecular toxicity of emerging pollutants. Chen, J; Gao, H; Qian, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2012)	0.38
" The WOMAC scale was applied at 4 weeks and adverse events were recorded."	( Safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone infiltration in anserine syndrome treatment. Esquivel-Valerio, JA; Galarza-Delgado, DÁ; Garza-Elizondo, MA; Negrete-López, R; Vega-Morales, D, )	0.13
" The incidence of adverse events did not show any differences either."	( Safety and efficacy of methylprednisolone infiltration in anserine syndrome treatment. Esquivel-Valerio, JA; Galarza-Delgado, DÁ; Garza-Elizondo, MA; Negrete-López, R; Vega-Morales, D, )	0.13
" However, treatment with NSAIDs may be accompanied by adverse effects such as gastrointestinal damage and platelet dysfunction."	( Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review of melatonin and diclofenac sodium association. Altunkaynak, ME; Aygün, D; Kaplan, S; Odaci, E; Onger, ME, 2012)	0.61
" More importantly, curcumin treatment was found to be safe and did not relate with any adverse events."	( A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Chandran, B; Goel, A, 2012)	0.38
"The most common adverse events involved the skin or subcutaneous tissue, primarily at the application site."	( Pooled safety analysis of diclofenac sodium topical solution 1.5% (w/w) in the treatment of osteoarthritis in patients aged 75 years or older. Fuller, P; Roth, SH, 2012)	0.68
" Incidence of moderate-to-severe abdominal symptoms and discontinuation of treatment due to GI adverse events (AEs) were lower in the celecoxib group."	( Efficacy and safety of celecoxib versus diclofenac and omeprazole in elderly arthritis patients: a subgroup analysis of the CONDOR trial. Essex, MN; Kellner, HL; Li, C, 2012)	0.65
" Safety concerns associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have prompted the development of new formulations that minimize adverse events (AEs) and maintain efficacy."	( A phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of a novel, proprietary, nano-formulated, lower dose oral diclofenac. Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Manvelian, G, 2012)	0.59
" This leads us to a conclusion that DCF has, with high probability, no adverse effect on both fish species up to 320 µg/L."	( Diclofenac: New data on chronic toxicity and bioconcentration in fish. Burri, R; Hartmann, A; Memmert, U; Peither, A; Schmidt, T; Sumpter, JP; Weber, K, 2013)	1.83
" The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was similar across groups."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel injectable formulation of diclofenac compared with intravenous ketorolac and placebo after orthopedic surgery: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, multiple-dose trial. Carr, DB; Daniels, S; Hamilton, DA; Lang, E; Melson, T, 2013)	0.63
"HPβCD diclofenac is safe and efficacious for acute moderate and severe pain after orthopedic surgery and significantly spares morphine use."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel injectable formulation of diclofenac compared with intravenous ketorolac and placebo after orthopedic surgery: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, multiple-dose trial. Carr, DB; Daniels, S; Hamilton, DA; Lang, E; Melson, T, 2013)	1.11
" Tizanidine-induced adverse effects were examined in 100 patients treated with coadministration of tizanidine and 8 CYP1A2 inhibitors."	( [Clinical survey of tizanidine-induced adverse effects--impact of concomitant drugs providing cytochrome P450 1A2 modification--]. Homma, M; Kohda, Y; Matsumoto, S; Momo, K; Sasaki, T, 2013)	0.39
" Their adverse effects on the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract are well documented and well known among clinicians and often mitigated against by coprescribing proton pump inhibitors."	( Lower gastrointestinal adverse effects of NSAIDS: an extreme example of a common problem. Conway, C; Elton, C; Mandegaran, R, 2013)	0.39
"To study the adverse effects of Celecoxib and compare them with those of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in an Asian Indian cohort."	( How safe is Celecoxib for Asian-Indian patients with rheumatic diseases? Chandra, C; Chandy, SJ; Danda, D; Iliyas, MM; Mathew, AJ, 2013)	0.39
" All the recorded adverse events were noted and compared between the Celecoxib and non-selective NSAID users."	( How safe is Celecoxib for Asian-Indian patients with rheumatic diseases? Chandra, C; Chandy, SJ; Danda, D; Iliyas, MM; Mathew, AJ, 2013)	0.39
" Multiple NSAID users had higher adverse events (6."	( How safe is Celecoxib for Asian-Indian patients with rheumatic diseases? Chandra, C; Chandy, SJ; Danda, D; Iliyas, MM; Mathew, AJ, 2013)	0.39
"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an effective and common treatment for chronic pain disorders, but long-term use is associated with risk of potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of long-term esomeprazole 20 mg in Japanese patients with a history of peptic ulcer receiving daily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Kinoshita, Y; Miwa, H; Sugano, K; Takeuchi, T, 2013)	0.39
"Decisions to use or avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for postsurgical pain are often influenced by concerns about bleeding and renal adverse effects."	( Safety of a novel parenteral formulation of diclofenac after major orthopedic or abdominal/pelvic surgery in a population including anticoagulated, elderly or renally insufficient patients: an open-label, multiday, repeated dose clinical trial. Carr, DB; Chelly, JE; Lacouture, PG; Melson, TI; Paadre, S; Singla, SK, 2013)	0.65
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Safety of a novel parenteral formulation of diclofenac after major orthopedic or abdominal/pelvic surgery in a population including anticoagulated, elderly or renally insufficient patients: an open-label, multiday, repeated dose clinical trial. Carr, DB; Chelly, JE; Lacouture, PG; Melson, TI; Paadre, S; Singla, SK, 2013)	0.65
" The GI tolerability was evaluated based on the incidence and severity of predefined GI adverse events (AEs), number of gastroprotective agents (GPAs) consumed by patients, and discontinuation from the study due to GI AEs."	( Comparison of gastrointestinal safety and tolerability of aceclofenac with diclofenac: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Chandurkar, N; Pareek, A, 2013)	0.62
" The incidence of adverse events of abnormal peripheral sensation was lower than in previous tanezumab trials."	( Efficacy and safety of tanezumab added on to diclofenac sustained release in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre phase III randomised clinical trial. Balanescu, AR; Brown, MT; Davignon, I; Feist, E; Smith, MD; West, CR; Wolfram, G, 2014)	0.66
" Although no new safety signals were observed, the higher incidence of adverse events in the tanezumab+diclofenac group suggests that combination therapy is unfavourable."	( Efficacy and safety of tanezumab added on to diclofenac sustained release in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre phase III randomised clinical trial. Balanescu, AR; Brown, MT; Davignon, I; Feist, E; Smith, MD; West, CR; Wolfram, G, 2014)	0.88
" Diclofenac spray was well tolerated, with a low overall rate of adverse events."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of diclofenac 4% spray gel in the treatment of acute uncomplicated ankle sprain. Giannetti, B; Menke, G; Novellini, R; Predel, HG; Seigfried, B, 2013)	1.51
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of diclofenac diethylamine 1.16% gel in acute neck pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Burnett, I; Giannetti, B; Hug, AM; Pabst, H; Predel, HG; Schaefer, A, 2013)	0.7
"Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is primarily limited by renal and gastrointestinal adverse effects."	( Effects of rebamipide on nephrotoxicity associated with selected NSAIDs in rats. Bullins, KW; Denham, JW; Hanley, AV; Hanley, GA; Harirforoosh, S; Panus, PC; Wood, RC; Wyatt, JE, 2013)	0.39
" The formation of more toxic mid-byproducts during the ClO2 disinfection process poses a potential risk to consumers."	( Oxidation of diclofenac by aqueous chlorine dioxide: identification of major disinfection byproducts and toxicity evaluation. Liu, G; Liu, H; Wang, Y; Xie, Y, 2014)	0.77
"Tricyclic antidepressants, not influencing the P450 3A4 activity, are safe in combination with drugs of other groups used in the treatment of comorbid patients."	( [Preclinical investigation of pharmaceuticals impact against cytochrome P450 activity and prognosis of substrate affinity as means for providing substrate therapy safety]. Baĭchorov, IKh; Fomin, EV; Shikh, EV; Sizova, ZhM, 2013)	0.39
" We investigated the membrane transport of diclofenac and its toxic effects on gene expression and the development of zebrafish embryos."	( Developmental toxicity of diclofenac and elucidation of gene regulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chen, JB; Gao, HP; Gao, HW; Li, CQ; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YL; Zhou, XF, 2014)	0.97
" Results of HET-CAM and ICE tests suggest that sulphacetamide is moderately toxic in the presence of light/UV-A and very slightly irritant without irradiation."	( Photochemical toxicity of drugs intended for ocular use. Kaithwas, G; Kishor, K; Sahu, RK; Saraf, SA; Singh, B, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we analyzed the developmental toxic effects of diclofenac using Xenopus embryos according to the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) protocol."	( Evaluation of developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of diclofenac using Xenopus embryos. Chae, JP; Hwang, YS; Kim, SH; Lee, HS; Min, BH; Park, MJ; Park, MS, 2015)	0.91
" Firstly, PCIS were incubated with 0-200 μM diclofenac (DCF), one of the most intensively studied NSAIDs, to investigate whether they could correctly reflect the toxic mechanisms."	( Precision cut intestinal slices are an appropriate ex vivo model to study NSAID-induced intestinal toxicity in rats. de Graaf, IA; Groothuis, GM; Niu, X; van der Bij, HA, 2014)	0.66
"NSAIDs, such as diclofenac, are the most commonly used medications to treat osteoarthritis (OA), but they are associated with dose-related adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose submicron diclofenac for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain: a 12 week, phase 3 study. Gibofsky, A; Hochberg, MC; Jaros, MJ; Young, CL, 2014)	1.01
" When the possibility of poor compliance and the potential adverse effects of misoprostol are considered, rebamipide appears to be a clinically effective and safe alternative."	( Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity. Cho, CS; Kang, YM; Kim, JH; Kim, SK; Lee, DH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Lee, YC; Park, SH; Park, W; Park, YW; Rew, JS; Yoo, WH, 2014)	0.4
" These toxicity tests suggest that the formation of enhanced toxic intermediates during the Fe(VI) disinfection process may pose potential health risk to consumers."	( Oxidation of diclofenac by potassium ferrate (VI): reaction kinetics and toxicity evaluation. Gao, S; Liu, G; Liu, H; Wang, Y; Xie, Y, 2015)	0.79
" Results suggest that the photolysis by-products of diclofenac were more toxic than those from the other compounds tested, showing an increase in GST and CAT levels, which are also supported by higher MDA levels."	( Ecotoxicity of ketoprofen, diclofenac, atenolol and their photolysis byproducts in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Carvalho, G; Diniz, MS; Noronha, JP; Oehmen, A; Pereira, VJ; Reis, MA; Salgado, R, 2015)	0.96
" Simvastatin was the most toxic tested compound for zebrafish embryo, followed by diclofenac."	( Toxicity screening of diclofenac, propranolol, sertraline and simvastatin using Danio rerio and Paracentrotus lividus embryo bioassays. Martins, R; Ribeiro, S; Santos, MM; Torres, T, 2015)	0.96
" We conclude that diclofenac is toxic to non-target soil invertebrates, although its mode of action is different from the mammalian toxicity."	( Ecotoxicogenomic assessment of diclofenac toxicity in soil. Chen, G; den Braver, MW; Roelofs, D; van Gestel, CA; van Straalen, NM, 2015)	1.04
" One of the main DCF metabolites is a reactive diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG) that covalently binds to biologic targets and may contribute to adverse drug reactions arising from DCF use."	( Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 3 Plays an Important Role in Protection against Acute Toxicity of Diclofenac. Csanaky, IL; Goedken, MJ; Manautou, JE; Scialis, RJ, 2015)	0.89
"Diclofenac is used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA); however, like other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) it can be associated with serious dose-related adverse events (AEs)."	( Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis: A 1-year, open-label, Phase III safety study. Altman, RD; Cryer, B; Gibofsky, A; Hochberg, MC; Hopkins, WE; Imasogie, O; Kivitz, A; Markenson, JA; Nezzer, J; Strand, V; Young, CL, 2015)	2.18
"Similar to other NSAIDs, diclofenac is associated with serious dose-related cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal adverse events."	( Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac : a review of safety across two Phase III studies in patients with acute and osteoarthritis pain. Altman, R; Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Imasogie, O; Young, C, 2015)	1.04
" Few serious gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic adverse events commonly associated with NSAID use were reported in these studies."	( Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac : a review of safety across two Phase III studies in patients with acute and osteoarthritis pain. Altman, R; Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Imasogie, O; Young, C, 2015)	0.74
"5-mg group reported adverse events that were considered by the investigator to be related to the study drug."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple intravenous bolus doses of diclofenac sodium compared with oral diclofenac potassium 50 mg: A randomized, parallel-group, single-center study in healthy subjects. Allenby, K; Gautam, A; McDowell, J; Munjal, S; Okumu, F, 2016)	0.66
" All adverse events were recorded for safety assessment."	( Efficacy and safety of etoricoxib compared with NSAIDs in acute gout: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Liu, P; Ma, JL; Wang, J; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), skin irritation, and vital signs were assessed and collected throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium 2% topical solution for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 4 week study. Holt, RJ; Kent, JD; Wadsworth, LT, 2016)	0.74
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of diclofenac sodium 2% topical solution for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 4 week study. Holt, RJ; Kent, JD; Wadsworth, LT, 2016)	0.74
" It has been shown to be a safe and effective for treatment of AK on both skin and mucosal lip."	( Topical treatment of actinic keratosis with 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel: review of the literature about the cumulative evidence of its efficacy and safety. Cozzani, E; Javor, S; Parodi, A, 2016)	0.69
"We have previously reported that mice lacking the efflux transporter Mrp3 had significant intestinal injury after toxic diclofenac (DCF) challenge, and proposed that diclofenac acyl glucuronide (DCF-AG), as a substrate of Mrp3, played a part in mediating injury."	( Elucidation of the Mechanisms through Which the Reactive Metabolite Diclofenac Acyl Glucuronide Can Mediate Toxicity. Manautou, JE; Scialis, RJ, 2016)	0.88
" Finally, the new formulation of progesterone was shown to be safe and not inferior to other products already on the market, with the exception of progesterone administered vaginally."	( Efficacy and Safety Profile of Diclofenac/Cyclodextrin and Progesterone/Cyclodextrin Formulations: A Review of the Literature Data. Bonagura, AC; Cenami, R; Cimmaruta, D; Fiorentino, S; Fossati, T; Rossi, F; Scavone, C; Torella, M, 2016)	0.72
" Acute adverse events in the morphine group occurred in 19 (3%) participants."	( Delivering safe and effective analgesia for management of renal colic in the emergency department: a double-blind, multigroup, randomised controlled trial. Afzal, MS; Al Hilli, SA; Al Rumaihi, K; Anjum, S; Cameron, PA; Mitra, B; Morley, K; Pathan, SA; Shukla, D; Straney, LD; Thomas, SH, 2016)	0.43
"Interindividual variability in drug metabolism is an important cause of adverse drug reactions and variability in drug efficiency."	( How polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 genes affect ibuprofen and diclofenac metabolism and toxicity. Bilić, I; Božina, N; Dimovski, A; Domjanović, IK; Krasniqi, V, 2016)	0.67
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of three typical NSAIDs, diclofenac (DFC), acetaminophen (APAP) and ibuprofen (IBP), toward the water flea Daphnia magna."	( Toxicity Thresholds for Diclofenac, Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen in the Water Flea Daphnia magna. Du, J; Mei, CF; Xu, MY; Ying, GG, 2016)	0.97
" Any observed adverse effects were also scrutinized."	( Efficacy and short-term safety of topical Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) versus diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. Emtiazy, M; Hashempur, MH; Jabbari, M; Kamalinejad, M; Razavi, SZ; Shahraki, HR, 2016)	0.66
" In addition, no serious adverse effect was reported."	( Efficacy and short-term safety of topical Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) versus diclofenac for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. Emtiazy, M; Hashempur, MH; Jabbari, M; Kamalinejad, M; Razavi, SZ; Shahraki, HR, 2016)	0.66
" Data are limited regarding CV risks associated with short-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, including injectable formulations, although it has been suggested that even a single dose may increase CV adverse event (AE) risk."	( Cardiovascular safety of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-diclofenac in the management of acute postsurgical pain: a pooled analysis of 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator-controlled phase III clinical trials. Carr, DB; Daniels, SE; Gan, TJ; Lacouture, PG; Min, LH; Reyes, CR; Singla, N, 2016)	0.68
"Oral ketamine appears to be a safe and effective option in improving depressive symptoms of patients with chronic pain with mild-to-moderate depression."	( Efficacy and safety of oral ketamine versus diclofenac to alleviate mild to moderate depression in chronic pain patients: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Afarideh, M; Agah, E; Akhondzadeh, S; Arbabi, M; Ghajar, A; Jafarinia, M; Noorbala, AA; Saravi, MA; Tafakhori, A, 2016)	0.7
"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are globally prescribed, exhibit mainly anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects but also can cause adverse effects including gastrointestinal erosions, ulceration, bleeding, and perforation."	( (1)H-Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic profiling of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in rats. Choi, KH; Chung, MW; Lee, HJ; Park, JH; Um, SY, 2016)	0.43
" At typical detected environmental concentrations, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects towards living organisms, albeit chronic exposure may lead to severe effects."	( Diclofenac and its transformation products: Environmental occurrence and toxicity - A review. Brar, SK; Das, RK; Lonappan, L; Surampalli, RY; Verma, M, 2016)	1.88
" The benefit-risk profile of mefenamic acid should now be re-evaluated in light of effective and less toxic alternatives."	( Central nervous system toxicity of mefenamic acid overdose compared with other NSAIDs: an analysis of cases reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service. Cooper, G; Crichton, S; Eddleston, M; Kamour, A; Lupton, DJ; Thomas, SH; Thompson, JP; Vale, JA, 2017)	0.46
" Concerning duration, while the identification of a safe temporal window is less defined, some studies reported an absence or a very low risk when the exposure is shorter than 30 days."	( Safety and efficacy of low doses of diclofenac on acute pain in the emergency setting. Capaldi, L; Di Leo, M; Franceschi, F; Gabrielli, M; Gilardi, E; Merra, G; Migneco, A; Ojetti, V; Petruzziello, C; Santarelli, L; Saviano, L, 2016)	0.71
" Renal safety was assessed by examining treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) and postoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine shifts."	( A Pooled Analysis Evaluating Renal Safety in Placebo- and Active Comparator-Controlled Phase III Trials of Multiple-Dose Injectable HPβCD-Diclofenac in Subjects with Acute Postoperative Pain. Carr, DB; Daniels, SE; Gan, TJ; Hamilton, DA; Johnson, O; Lacouture, PG; Min, LH; Reyes, CR; Singla, N, 2016)	0.64
" In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of DCF on the physiological parameters (e."	( Toxic effects of diclofenac on life history parameters and the expression of detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna. Bao, S; Liu, Y; Nie, X; Pan, B; Wang, C; Wang, L, 2017)	0.79
" However, toxicity in natural ecosystems is not usually the result of exposure to a single substance but to a mixture of toxic agents, yet only a few studies have evaluated the toxicity of mixtures."	( Cyto-genotoxicity and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a mixture of ibuprofen and diclofenac. Dublán-García, O; Galar-Martínez, M; Islas-Flores, H; Manuel Gómez-Oliván, L; Michelle Sánchez-Ocampo, E; Ortíz-Reynoso, M; SanJuan-Reyes, N, 2017)	0.67
" Patients with aceclofenac CR showed significant increases in heartburn and indigestion and adverse gastrointestinal effects, compared to aceclofenac."	( Efficacy and Safety of Different Aceclofenac Treatments for Chronic Lower Back Pain: Prospective, Randomized, Single Center, Open-Label Clinical Trials. Jung, WC; Kang, YM; Kim, HS; Kim, JH; Lee, BH; Lee, HM; Moon, SH; Suk, KS; Yang, JH, 2017)	0.46
" Aceclofenac CR slightly increased gastrointestinal adverse effects, such as heartburn and indigestion."	( Efficacy and Safety of Different Aceclofenac Treatments for Chronic Lower Back Pain: Prospective, Randomized, Single Center, Open-Label Clinical Trials. Jung, WC; Kang, YM; Kim, HS; Kim, JH; Lee, BH; Lee, HM; Moon, SH; Suk, KS; Yang, JH, 2017)	0.46
" RESULTS No foal developed any adverse effects attributed to diclofenac application, and no significant differences in values of evaluated variables were identified between treatment groups."	( Randomized, controlled clinical trial of safety and plasma concentrations of diclofenac in healthy neonatal foals after repeated topical application of 1% diclofenac sodium cream. Barnett, SE; Hines, MT; Knych, HK; Seino, KK; Sellon, DC, 2017)	0.93
"Diclofenac (DCF) adverse reactions involve diverse mechanisms in different models."	( N-acetylcysteine potentiates diclofenac toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: stronger potentiation in ABC transporter mutant strains. Abdel-Razzak, Z; Al-Attrache, H; Chamieh, H; Hamzé, M; Morel, I; Taha, S, 2018)	2.21
" None of the patients developed any adverse effects when using the transdermal patch, whereas 3 patients reported gastric irritation and a mild burning sensation when taking oral diclofenac."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of transdermal and oral diclofenac in postoperative pain management following dental implant placement. Arya, K; Gowda, T; Kumar, T; Mehta, DS; Raja Rajeswari, S, )	0.57
" Nephrotoxicity is a life-threatening side-effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."	( Curcumin ameliorates diclofenac sodium-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Ahmed, AY; El-Raouf, OMA; Gad, AM, 2017)	0.77
" No difference in adverse events was observed between the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of adalimumab by intra-articular injection for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis: An open-label randomized controlled trial. Wang, J, 2018)	0.48
" Main outcomes included pain relief measured using visual analogue scale at 2, 4 and 12 weeks and patient global assessment (PGA) at 4 and 12 weeks for efficacy, all-cause withdrawals, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of diclofenac in osteoarthritis: Results of a network meta-analysis of unpublished legacy studies. Andrew Moore, R; Chaves, RL; Guyot, P; Iqbal, A; Nixon, RM; Pandhi, S, 2017)	0.77
" Vultures exposed to carprofen as residues in the kidney tissue or pure drug equivalents showed no toxic signs."	( The use of toxicokinetics and exposure studies to show that carprofen in cattle tissue could lead to secondary toxicity and death in wild vultures. Chipangura, J; Duncan, N; Galligan, TH; Green, RE; Naidoo, V; Taggart, MA; Wolter, K, 2018)	0.48
"Kidney has a vital role in renal clearance, maintenance of blood pressure, elimination of toxic products and formation of prostaglandins."	( Diclofenac-induced renal toxicity in female Wistar albino rats is protected by the pre-treatment of aqueous leaves extract of Madhuca longifolia through suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and cytokine formation. Evan Prince, S; S, JP, 2018)	1.92
" Based on the results, tolpersione injection and per os formulations can be considered an effective and safe drugs in the combined therapy for patients with acute nonspecific back pain."	( [Results of a randomized double blind parallel study on the efficacy and safety of tolpersione in patients with acute nonspecific low back pain]. Brylev, LV; Chefranova, ZY; Guekht, AB; Kukushkin, ML; Laskov, VB; Makarov, NS; Pizova, NV; Sholomov, II; Sokov, EL, )	0.13
" Both the test and the reference treatment were well tolerated in terms of adverse effects, laboratory parameters and vital signs."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of intramuscular diclofenac 75 mg + thiocolchicoside 4 mg in the treatment of acute low back pain: a phase III, randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Albamonte, E; Caggiano, G; Costantino, C; Giossi, A; Mancuso, M; Rigamonti, A; Sproviero, E; Tornari, P, 2018)	0.72
"The new diclofenac+thiocolchicoside FDC formulation may allow treating effectively acute LBP while reducing the number of injections and hence the risk of local adverse reactions, and improving the patient's compliance."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of intramuscular diclofenac 75 mg + thiocolchicoside 4 mg in the treatment of acute low back pain: a phase III, randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Albamonte, E; Caggiano, G; Costantino, C; Giossi, A; Mancuso, M; Rigamonti, A; Sproviero, E; Tornari, P, 2018)	1.16
"To ascertain if etoricoxib increases the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events (GAEs) compared with placebo, diclofenac, and naproxen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA)."	( Gastrointestinal safety of etoricoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis. Feng, X; Mei, H; Tian, M; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.69
"Diclofenac (DCF) can cause adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular disorders; therefore, topical administration may be an attractive alternative to the management of local pain in order to avoid these side effects."	( Photo(geno)toxicity changes associated with hydroxylation of the aromatic chromophores during diclofenac metabolism. Andreu, I; Consuelo Jiménez, M; Garcia-Lainez, G; Limones-Herrero, D; Martínez-Reig, AM; Miranda, MA, 2018)	2.14
" parietina showed similar toxic effects, expressed as ergosterol content."	( Toxicity of Diclofenac in the Fern Azolla filiculoides and the Lichen Xanthoria parietina. Bačkor, M; Bačkorová, M; Loppi, S; Paoli, L; Vannini, A; Vichi, M, 2018)	0.86
" It is also particularly associated with its adverse effects on avian fauna and linked to environmental issues."	( Assessment of dose-dependent reproductive toxicity of diclofenac sodium in male rats. Purohit, A; Ram, H; Vyas, A, 2019)	0.76
" Overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar in the three groups (p = 0."	( Safety of Injectable HPβCD-Diclofenac in Older Patients with Acute Moderate-to-Severe Postoperative Pain: A Pooled Analysis of Three Phase III Trials. Chelly, JE; Lacouture, PG; Reyes, CRD, 2018)	0.78
" Reports of gastrointestinal adverse effects with traditional NSAIDs and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have prompted the hunt for a better NSAID with no or minimal adverse effects."	( Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Newer Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Patients of Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint: A Randomized, Prospective, Open-label Parallel-group Study. Garg, Y; Gore, R; Kumar, A; Singh, J; Sohal, HS, )	0.13
" Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and stomatitis, skin rashes, alopecia, central nervous system symptoms like headache and confusion, hepatotoxicity and myelosuppression are some of the adverse effects."	( Severe bone marrow suppression due to methotrexate toxicity following aceclofenac-induced acute kidney injury. Biju, IK; Manappallil, RG; Peringat, J; Prasan, D, 2018)	0.48
" Both meloxicam and diclofenac exerted toxic effects on the hepatic cells."	( The use of liver slices from the Cape vulture (Gyps coprotheres) to better understand the role of liver toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in vultures. Adawaren, EO; Bekker, L; Duncan, N; Mukandiwa, L; Naidoo, V; Njoya, EM, 2018)	0.8
" In addition, the rate of adverse reaction of research group was also lower than that of control group, P<0."	( Clinical therapeutic effect and safety of celecoxib in treating knee osteoarthritis. Bi, J; Yu, C; Yu, X; Yu, Z; Zhao, L, 2018)	0.48
" Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the toxic effects of pharmaceuticals in non-standard endpoints on two macrophyte species, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba."	( Evaluation of pharmaceutical toxic effects of non-standard endpoints on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. Alkimin, GD; Barata, C; Daniel, D; Frankenbach, S; Nunes, B; Serôdio, J; Soares, AMVM, 2019)	0.51
" Even though ozonation has proven to be very efficient in reducing pharmaceutical parent compound concentrations in wastewater effluents, much remains unclear regarding potentially toxic ozonation by-product (OBP) formation."	( Embryotoxicity of ozonated diclofenac, carbamazepine, and oxazepam in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ahrens, L; Carlsson, G; Golovko, O; Norrgren, L; Örn, S; Pohl, J; Weiss, J, 2019)	0.81
" Further studies utilizing other specific tests, such as corneal lineage are required before safe and efficient ophthalmologic use."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse effects were significantly less in the curcumin group (13% versus 38% in the diclofenac group; P <0."	( Safety and efficacy of curcumin versus diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized open-label parallel-arm study. Gade, P; Karad, S; Khanwelkar, C; Shep, D, 2019)	1.01
" While measured to have a moderate effect on pain in osteoarthritis, NSAIDs have been associated with wide-ranging adverse events affecting the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems."	( Safety of Oral Non-Selective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say? Al-Daghri, N; Bruyère, O; Chapurlat, R; Cooper, C; Herrero-Beaumont, G; Rannou, F; Reginster, JY; Roth, R; Uebelhart, D, 2019)	0.51
" Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials that assessed adverse events (AEs) with topical NSAIDs in patients with OA were eligible for inclusion."	( Safety of Topical Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Beaudart, C; Bruyère, O; Charles, A; Cooper, C; Geerinck, A; Honvo, G; Leclercq, V; Rabenda, V; Reginster, JY; Thomas, T; Veronese, N, 2019)	0.51
"Topical NSAIDs may be considered safe in the management of OA, especially with regard to low gastrointestinal toxicity."	( Safety of Topical Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Beaudart, C; Bruyère, O; Charles, A; Cooper, C; Geerinck, A; Honvo, G; Leclercq, V; Rabenda, V; Reginster, JY; Thomas, T; Veronese, N, 2019)	0.51
" Long term usage and over-dosage of diclofenac is associated with adverse effects like drug-induced liver injury, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity."	( Protective effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Madhuca longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. Katturaja, R; Namachivayam, A; Nithyanandham, S; Parthasarathy, M; Prince, SE; Simon, JP, 2019)	1.01
" However, adverse effects in the kidney limit its clinical application."	( Protective effect of cilastatin against diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity through interaction with diclofenac acyl glucuronide via organic anion transporters. Huo, X; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.83
" Cilastatin can be potentially used in the clinic as a therapeutic agent to alleviate the adverse renal reaction to diclofenac."	( Protective effect of cilastatin against diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity through interaction with diclofenac acyl glucuronide via organic anion transporters. Huo, X; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	1.04
" At a low concentration of toxic substances, a hormetic stimulating effect occurs, while an inhibitory effect occurs at higher concentrations."	( Elimination of the hormesis phenomenon by the use of synthetic sea water in a toxicity test towards Aliivibrio fischeri. Drzymała, J; Kalka, J, 2020)	0.56
" Safety after treatment was evaluated by recording adverse events and laboratory investigations."	( Efficacy and safety of combination of curcuminoid complex and diclofenac versus diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized trial. Gade, P; Karad, S; Khanwelkar, C; Shep, D, 2020)	0.8
" Adverse effects were significantly less in curcuminoid complex plus diclofenac group (13% vs 38% in diclofenac group; P < ."	( Efficacy and safety of combination of curcuminoid complex and diclofenac versus diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized trial. Gade, P; Karad, S; Khanwelkar, C; Shep, D, 2020)	1.03
"The safety of diclofenac (DIC) use in clinical practice has been questioned because of adverse cardiovascular effects."	( Calcitriol Reduces Adverse Effects of Diclofenac on Mitochondrial Function in Isolated Rat Heart Mitochondria. Atashbar, S; Azizian, S; Khezri, S; Kurdpour, P; Salimi, A; Shaikhgermchi, Z, 2020)	1.19
" Minor adverse effects appeared to be related to the higher doses of tramadol."	( Efficacy and Safety of Two Fixed-Dose Combinations of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium in Postoperative Dental Pain. Alvarado, F; Desjardins, P; Gil, M; González, M; Guajardo, R, 2020)	0.78
"The adverse effect of diclofenac administration on the male reproductive organ in both humans and rats has been reported."	( Selenium attenuates diclofenac-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity in rats. Aliyu-Banjo, NO; Odunola, OA; Owumi, SE, 2020)	1.2
" Adverse events were defined as irritation, gastrointestinal upset/bleed, rectal bleed, and hematemesis."	( Determination of efficacy and toxicity of diclofenac microemulsion formulation for musculoskeletal pain: an observational study. Banh, HL; Cave, A, 2020)	0.82
" No adverse effects were reported."	( Determination of efficacy and toxicity of diclofenac microemulsion formulation for musculoskeletal pain: an observational study. Banh, HL; Cave, A, 2020)	0.82
" It is reported that DCF has adverse effects on aquatic organisms."	( Ozonation of diclofenac in the aqueous solution: Mechanism, kinetics and ecotoxicity assessment. An, Z; Bo, X; Han, D; He, M; Li, M; Mei, Q; Qiu, Z; Sun, J; Wang, X; Wei, B; Wei, F; Xie, J, 2020)	0.93
" Adverse events of therapy were mild."	( [Assessment of the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of first Russian generic aceclofenac in patients with undifferentiated peripheral inflammatory arthritis]. Akhverdyan, YR; Papichev, EV; Polyakova, YV; Sivordova, LE; Zavodovsky, BV, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal anatomy and related vasculature of the Cape griffon vulture (Gyps coprotheres) (CGV), a species sensitive to the toxic effects of diclofenac, using gross anatomy, histology and vascular casting."	( Does the renal portal valve exist in a raptor species? A study aimed at further evaluating the mechanism of toxicity of diclofenac in vultures. Duncan, N; Groenewald, HB; Havenga, L; Naidoo, V; Wolter, K, 2020)	0.96
" Safety evaluations were performed after the initial dose and at the end of study on day 90; adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( An Open-Label Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of MWA or MWoA in Pediatric Participants. Amend, DL; Ferger, SM; Hogan, RM; McVige, JW; Shanahan, CM, 2020)	0.8
" The most frequently reported treatment emergent adverse events were arthralgia and motion sickness, each of which occurred in 2 (8%) of the participants."	( An Open-Label Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of MWA or MWoA in Pediatric Participants. Amend, DL; Ferger, SM; Hogan, RM; McVige, JW; Shanahan, CM, 2020)	0.8
"Diclofenac (DCF), a persistent pharmaceutical micropollutant which occurs in the ecosystems causing adverse effects on aquatic as well as terrestrial organisms."	( Ecotoxicological assessment of micropollutant Diclofenac biosorption on magnetic sawdust: Phyto, Microbial and Fish toxicity studies. Narayanasamy, S; Shahnaz, T; Sivaprakasam, S; Suganya, E; Vishnu Priyan, V, 2021)	2.32
"The proliferation and possible adverse effects of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in waters and the environment is a cause for increasing concern."	( Bacterial ecotoxicity and shifts in bacterial communities associated with the removal of ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan in biopurification systems. Aguilar-Romero, I; Romero, E; van Dillewijn, P; Wittich, RM, 2020)	0.77
"At present, information about clinical efficacy and adverse events of controlled release (CR) form of pelubiprofen, a prodrug of 2-arylopropionic acid with relatively selective effects on cyclooxygenase-2 activity, remains scarce."	( Efficacy and safety of short-term use of a pelubiprofen CR and aceclofenac in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A double-blinded, randomized, multicenter, active drug comparative, parallel-group, phase IV, non-inferiority clinical trial. Chang, MJ; Han, SB; Kang, SB; Kim, KI; Kim, MK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, S; Moon, YW; Park, HG; Shin, JY; Yoo, JD, 2020)	0.56
" For safety analysis, adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and physical examinations were assessed and conducted at each follow-up visit."	( Efficacy and safety of short-term use of a pelubiprofen CR and aceclofenac in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A double-blinded, randomized, multicenter, active drug comparative, parallel-group, phase IV, non-inferiority clinical trial. Chang, MJ; Han, SB; Kang, SB; Kim, KI; Kim, MK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, S; Moon, YW; Park, HG; Shin, JY; Yoo, JD, 2020)	0.56
"Pelubiprofen CR 90 mg is as effective as aceclofenac 200 mg with reduced adverse events for the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis."	( Efficacy and safety of short-term use of a pelubiprofen CR and aceclofenac in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A double-blinded, randomized, multicenter, active drug comparative, parallel-group, phase IV, non-inferiority clinical trial. Chang, MJ; Han, SB; Kang, SB; Kim, KI; Kim, MK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, S; Moon, YW; Park, HG; Shin, JY; Yoo, JD, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, the adverse effects of four pharmaceuticals, 17α-ethynylestradiol (synthetic estrogen), methotrexate (anticancer drug), diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) and fluoxetine (antidepressant), and their binary mixtures at mg/L concentrations were assessed using the 7-day Lemna minor test, with both apical and biochemical markers evaluated."	( Combined toxicity of therapeutic pharmaceuticals to duckweed, Lemna minor. Kumar, A; Markovic, M; Neale, PA; Nidumolu, B, 2021)	0.82
" Stimulated inflammatory conditions seemed to reduce toxic effects."	( Inflammation reduces osteoblast cytotoxicity induced by diclofenac: An in vitro study. Aguirre, J; Bonvini, JM; Borgeat, A; Camponovo, C; Rupnik, B; Saporito, A, 2021)	0.87
" However, studies evaluating the toxic effect of mixtures of these contaminants are scarce."	( Geno-cytotoxicity and congenital malformations produced by relevant environmental concentrations of aluminum, diclofenac and their mixture on Cyprinus carpio. An interactions study. Cano-Viveros, S; Galar-Martínez, M; García-Medina, S; Gasca-Pérez, E; Gómez-Oliván, LM; Islas-Flores, H; Quiroga-Santos, EH; Ruíz-Lara, K, 2021)	0.83
" To simulate variable environmental conditions, the aim of our study was to examine adverse effects of diclofenac under different temperatures of cell incubation (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 °C)."	( Diclofenac-induced cytotoxicity in cultured carp leukocytes. Nemcova, M; Pikula, J; Seidlova, V; Zukal, J, 2020)	2.22
" Safety was evaluated by adverse event monitoring."	( Efficacy and Safety of Diclofenac-Hyaluronate Conjugate (Diclofenac Etalhyaluronate) for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Phase III Trial in Japan. Kano, K; Nishida, Y; Nobuoka, Y; Seo, T, 2021)	0.93
" Biodegradation of DCF by this bacterial consortium generates relatively safe final by-products."	( Removal of diclofenac by a local bacterial consortium: UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of metabolites and ecotoxicity assessment. Aissaoui, S; Fagnani, E; Ouled-Haddar, H; Pérez, S; Sifour, M, 2021)	1.01
"Diclofenac, one of the most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, leads to severe adverse effects on the kidneys."	( Phosphodiesterase (1, 3 & 5) inhibitors attenuate diclofenac-induced acute kidney toxicity in rats. Abdel-Razek, NS; Salem, HA; Wadie, W, 2021)	2.32
" Observation indicators included: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score (HSS), liver and kidney function, adverse reactions, and so on."	( Efficacy and safety of Biqi capsule in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Huang, H; Jia, M; Tian, K; Wang, W; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.62
" As the carboxylic acid moiety present in common NSAIDs is responsible for some of their adverse effects, but is not required for their anti-inflammatory activity, we sought to mask this group through direct coupling to glucosamine, which is thought to prevent cartilage degradation."	( Molecular docking-guided synthesis of NSAID-glucosamine bioconjugates and their evaluation as COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors with potentially reduced gastric toxicity. Hall, CD; Jones Lipinski, RA; Katritzky, AR; Morisseau, C; Sebastiano, CS; Smith, BC; Thillier, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The overall adverse event profile of the groups was similar, and no difference was found in skin reaction rates between the 2 groups."	( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Ketoprofen Plaster and Diclofenac Plaster for Osteoarthritis-Related Knee Pain: A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Phase III Clinical Trial. Cha, JE; Ershova, O; Hyun, BJ; Kastanayan, A; Krechikova, D; Nikulenkova, N; Polyakova, S; Shvarts, Y; Vinogradova, I; Yakushin, S, 2021)	0.86
"Cisplatin (CDDP) is a well-known anticancer agent, and CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is one of the most serious adverse effects."	( Diclofenac potentiates the antitumor effect of cisplatin in a xenograft mouse model transplanted with cisplatin-resistant cells without enhancing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Furugen, A; Kobayashi, M; Narumi, K; Okamoto, K; Saito, Y; Ueda, H, 2021)	2.06
" Fourteen adverse events (none serious) in nine patients (8."	( Safety and Efficacy of the FLECTOR (Diclofenac Epolamine) Topical System in Children with Minor Soft Tissue Injuries: A Phase IV Non-randomized Clinical Trial. Frangione, V; Hoehler, FK; Jones, C; Jones, CA; Ledesma, G; Wisman, PP, 2022)	1
"The FLECTOR topical system safely and effectively provided pain relief for minor soft tissue injuries in the pediatric population, with minimal systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure and low potential risk of local or systemic adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of the FLECTOR (Diclofenac Epolamine) Topical System in Children with Minor Soft Tissue Injuries: A Phase IV Non-randomized Clinical Trial. Frangione, V; Hoehler, FK; Jones, C; Jones, CA; Ledesma, G; Wisman, PP, 2022)	1
" This study shows that FDETS can safely and effectively provide pain relief for soft tissue injuries in children, with minimal systemic NSAID exposure and a low potential risk of either local or systemic adverse events."	( Safety and Efficacy of the FLECTOR (Diclofenac Epolamine) Topical System in Children with Minor Soft Tissue Injuries: A Phase IV Non-randomized Clinical Trial. Frangione, V; Hoehler, FK; Jones, C; Jones, CA; Ledesma, G; Wisman, PP, 2022)	1
" Subsequently, a number of other NSAIDs have been identified as toxic to vultures, while one, meloxicam, is safe at concentrations likely to be encountered by vultures in the wild."	( Experimental safety testing shows that the NSAID tolfenamic acid is not toxic to Gyps vultures in India at concentrations likely to be encountered in cattle carcasses. Chandramohan, S; Chutia, K; Galligan, TH; Green, RE; Gupta, R; Kesavan, M; Mahendran, K; Mallord, JW; Mathesh, K; Pawde, A; Prakash, NV; Prakash, VM; Ravichandran, P; Saikia, D; Sharma, AK; Shringarpure, R; Timung, A, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events (AEs) were evaluated as the safety outcome."	( Efficacy and safety of S-flurbiprofen plaster in knee osteoarthritis patients: A 2-week randomized controlled Phase III clinical trial compared to diclofenac gel. Fuady, A; Matsumoto, H; Tomatsu, K; Yasuda, S, 2022)	0.92
"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most frequently used medications for pain, even though they increase the risk for adverse cardiovascular events."	( Reduced risk of NSAID-Induced adverse events with concomitant use of misoprostol (MICRO study). Cheung, AK; Munger, MA; Nelson, SD; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2022)	0.72
"Compared with NSAID use alone, the concomitant use of NSAID plus misoprostol is associated with a reduced risk of NSAID-induced cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal adverse events."	( Reduced risk of NSAID-Induced adverse events with concomitant use of misoprostol (MICRO study). Cheung, AK; Munger, MA; Nelson, SD; Sauer, BC; Teng, CC, 2022)	0.72
"Despite the extensive therapeutic uses of diclofenac, it may cause several adverse effects, including hepatorenal injury."	( Resveratrol mitigates diclofenac-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats via modulation of miR-144/Nrf2/GSH axis. Abdelmonem, M; Ahmed, KA; Elbaz, EM, 2022)	1.3
" Adverse drug reactions may be renal, gastrointestinal, hematological, or immunologic."	( Efficacy and Safety of NSAIDs in Infants: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature of the Past 20 Years. Gorenflo, M; Saur, P; van den Anker, JN; van Dyk, M; Welzel, T; Ziesenitz, VC, 2022)	0.72
" This study provides novel mechanistic insights into the toxic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on aquatic crustaceans."	( Acute toxic effects of diclofenac exposure on freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Insights from hepatopancreatic pathology, molecular regulation and intestinal microbiota. Li, M; Li, Z; Ren, N; Sun, K; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.03
" Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the overall incidence and patterns of adverse events (AEs), the effectiveness of aceclofenac CR, and the differences in incidence rates of the AEs based on each patient's baseline charateristics."	( Safety and effectiveness of 4-week therapy with aceclofenac controlled release once a day. Abd El-Aty, AM; Bang, JS; Chung, YH; Jeong, JC; Jeong, JH; Jung, TW; Park, SY; Park, T, 2022)	0.72
" DF toxic effects could be the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical effects."	( Hepatoprotective Effect of Coenzyme Q10 in Rats with Diclofenac Toxicity. Abed Al-Kareem, Z; Ali Zghair, M; Aziz, ND, 2022)	0.97
" The implementation of practical guidelines and training programs for health care workers to appropriately prescribe, dispense, and administer PRN medicines are necessary, and should at least include providing clarification for their indication, dose and frequency, as well as any cautionary instructions to ensure safe and effective use of such medicines."	( Surviving surgery; succumbing to pharmacotherapy: A case report underscoring the importance of PRN order clarification for patient safety. Farasatinasab, M; Karimian, Z; Nassiri, S; Tahermanesh, K, 2023)	0.91
"we conclude from these results that Artemisia may have a role in reducing the toxic effect of diclofenac on kidney and liver by decreasing the liver enzymes and kidney criteria in the blood."	( Hepatorenal protective activity of Artemisia against diclofenac toxicity in male rats. Kadhim, SH; Mosa, AU; Ubaid, MM, 2022)	1.19
" No serious adverse events (SAEs) were registered, and the most commonly detected adverse events were skin reactions at the application site."	( Efficacy and safety of Diclofenac sodium plaster in patients with acute pain of the limbs: a randomized, placebo and active-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Barbaro, B; Giordan, N; Gruber, G; Pabst, H; Picciotto, R, 2023)	1.22
" Significant limitations of DIC treatment stem from its adverse effects."	( Natural sporopollenin microcapsules: biological evaluation and application in regulating hepatic toxicity of diclofenac sodium Dyab, AKF; Meligi, NM, 2023)	1.12
" Drug-related adverse events were mild-to-moderate and resolved by the treatment end."	( Safety and Efficacy of Oral Nalbuphine on Postoperative Pain in Hemorrhoidectomy Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Pivotal Trial. Chen, WS; Hsiao, KH; Hu, OY; Jao, SW; Jiang, JK; Lee, CC; Lee, TY; Lin, CC; Lin, HC; Lin, TC; Wu, CC, 2023)	0.91
" The in silico prediction suggested that the formed transformation products maintained the persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and multi-endpoint toxic effects such as genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and acute/chronic toxicity on different aquatic species."	( Photodegradation of typical pharmaceuticals changes toxicity to algae in estuarine water: A metabolomic insight. Chi, L; Feng, M; Li, B; Lin, J; Yuan, Q, 2024)	1.44

Pharmacokinetics

The aim was to characterize the dissolution profile of a poorly soluble drug, diclofenac, from a commercially available multiple-unit enteric coated dosage form, Diclo-Puren® capsules. The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of DPSGC are investigated and compared with a commercially Available oral dic lofenAC potassium tablet in patients after unilateral first metatarsal bunionectomy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The relative bioavailability from the test formulation (a solution gel) in terms of Cmax and AUC, calculated from the amount of drug reaching the systemic circulation, was found to be twice the amount after application of reference product (an emulsion gel)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of percutaneous absorption of diclofenac from two topical formulations containing drug as a solution gel or as an emulsion gel. Seth, BL, 1992)	0.51
" Also tmax was shorter for Dr (1."	( [Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Dolotren retard and Dolotren]. Honorato, J; Lucero, ML; Montes, B; Suárez, J; Valiente, R, )	0.13
" Vt and total plasma clearance were higher than in adults but the elimination half-life was similar."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous diclofenac sodium in children. Korpela, R; Olkkola, KT, 1990)	0.56
" Diurnal profiles were recorded on the 1st and 4th days, from which pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: particular attention was given to cumulation."	( The pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release form of diclofenac sodium in humans. Mascher, H, 1989)	0.52
" The method is applied for the determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac after administration of two formulations (enteric-coated tablet and slow-release tablet), to a healthy male volunteer."	( A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diclofenac sodium in serum and its use in pharmacokinetic studies. Abdel-Hameed, ME; el-Sayed, YM; Najib, NM; Suleiman, MS, 1988)	0.72
"05) the area under the curve in tissue-cage fluid of ceftriaxone and cefotiam-treated animals, and the terminal half-life of ceftriaxone in their sera (3."	( Enhancement of the therapeutic effect of cephalosporins in experimental endocarditis by altering their pharmacokinetics with diclofenac. Brion, N; Carbon, C; Joly, V; Pangon, B; Vallois, JM, 1988)	0.48
" We thus found no clinical manifestations of the pharmacokinetic interaction."	( A study to determine the clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic interaction between aspirin and diclofenac. Bird, HA; Hill, J; Leatham, P; Wright, V, 1986)	0.49
"Only recently have the pharmacokinetic characteristics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) been recognized as decisive factors in understanding the effects and side effects of these drugs."	( Clinical relevance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug pharmacokinetics. Brune, K, 1987)	0.27
" Plasma levels of diclofenac were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium after intramuscular administration in combination with triamcinolone acetate. Barth, J; Derendorf, H; Grüner, A; Möllmann, H; Mullersman, G, 1986)	0.93
"Even the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) show considerable variations in their pharmacokinetic behaviour in volunteers and moreso in patients."	( Pharmacokinetic factors as causes of variability in response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Brune, K, 1985)	0.27
" A single oral dose of enteric-coated diclofenac sodium was given to 10 patients with active rheumatoid disease, adopting the same procedures used for a group of 10 healthy volunteers in whom pharmacokinetic data was already available."	( The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in patients with active rheumatoid disease. Crook, PR; Fowler, PD; Jack, DB; Kendall, MJ; Willis, JV, 1982)	0.84
" The dispersible formulation showed a relative extent of bioavailability between 78% and 99% (90% CI) for the AUC0-infinity, being the 90% CI for the Cmax 63%-129%."	( Comparative bioavailability of a dispersible formulation of diclofenac and finding of double plasma peaks. Carcas, AJ; Frias, J; Guerra, P; Lucero, ML; Macía, MA; Valiente, R, 1995)	0.53
" This method has been applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs, using a noncompartmental model, after the oral administration of 5 mg/kg nitrofenac to rats."	( Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of nitrofenac using a simple and sensitive HPLC method. Adami, A; Benoni, G; Cuzzolin, L; Del Soldato, P; Grigolini, L; Terzi, M, 1995)	0.29
" In experiment 1, single injections were administered IV to 1 cow and IV and IM to 1 heifer (7 days apart), and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated."	( High-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of flunixin in bovine plasma and pharmacokinetics after single and repeated doses of the drug. Johansson, IM; Odensvik, K, 1995)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic properties of Ortopak were similar to those of Voltaren-retard, which were close to those of diclophenac-sodium in the blood plasma within the therapeutic range."	( [The pharmacokinetics of the new Russian prolonged-action form of diclofenac sodium--Ortopek--in a single oral dose]. Ignat'ev, VG; Kemenova, VA; Kurapov, AP; Rubtsova, TM; Starodubtsev, AK, )	0.37
" The paper deals with local tolerability and pharmacokinetic (percutaneous absorption) studies carried out both on animals and on volunteers."	( Local tolerability and pharmacokinetic profile of a new transdermal delivery system, diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine plaster. Assandri, A; Canali, S; Giachetti, C, 1993)	0.51
" Thirty min after the first administration on the first day (single) and 30 min after the last administration in the morning of the 8th day (repeated premedication), pharmacokinetic examinations with retarded theophylline capsules (250 mg) or enteric coated tablets of diclofenac (50 mg) were performed."	( Potential pharmacokinetic interactions of nocloprost clathrate with retarded theophylline and enteric coated diclofenac after single and repeated premedication in healthy volunteers. Amon, I; Franke, G; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Stolz, E; Zschiesche, M, 1993)	0.68
" The mean pharmacokinetic characteristics of cyclosporine were unchanged during coadministration with diclofenac."	( Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and multiple-dose diclofenac during coadministration. Hitzenberger, G; Johnston, A; Koelle, EU; Kovarik, JM; Merdjan, H; Mueller, EA, 1993)	0.75
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a new gastroprotective pharmaceutical formulation of diclofenac (CAS 15307-79-6) were investigated in twelve healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers on a new gastroprotective pharmaceutic form of diclofenac. Carabelli, A; Contos, S; De Bernardi di Valserra, M; Feletti, F; Germogli, R; Maggi, L; Tripodi, AS, 1993)	0.73
" isradipine to assess a possible pharmacokinetic interaction."	( Effects of diclofenac on isradipine pharmacokinetics and platelet aggregation in volunteers. Blom, M; Grass, P; Kovarik, JM; Kutz, K; Meyer, EC; Ott, S; Snyman, JR; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1993)	0.68
" These suppositories were evaluated with respect to their pharmacokinetic behaviour in 12 healthy, male human volunteers."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of compressed suppositories of diclofenac sodium in humans. Diwan, PV; Fadnavis, NW; Ramakrishna, S, 1996)	0.53
" To derive a model relating drug targeting index (DTI) to the pharmacokinetic parameters of the target and systemic sites, and to compare predictions with observations."	( Regional drug delivery II: relationship between drug targeting index and pharmacokinetic parameters for three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using the rat air pouch model of inflammation. Brennan, BS; Gifford, LA; Houston, JB; Martin, SW; McLachlan, A; Rowland, M; Stevens, AJ, 1995)	0.29
" Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction was handled as an equivalence problem."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and diclofenac. Bliesath, H; Huber, R; Koch, HJ; Mascher, H; Steinijans, VW; Wurst, W, 1996)	0.54
" Referring to the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and tmax typical differences between oral and rectal formulations were observed."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug input characteristics for a diclofenac-codeine phosphate combination following oral and rectal administration. Hanses, A; Meiss, F; Mutschler, E; Spahn-Langguth, H, 1996)	0.54
" Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction was handled as an equivalence problem."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and diclofenac. Bliesath, H; Huber, R; Koch, HJ; Mascher, H; Steinijans, VW; Wurst, W, 1996)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of diclofenac were obtained at the end of each treatment period."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	2.03
" Diclofenac half-life was not altered."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	2.65
" Due to the pharmacokinetic interaction that increases diclofenac systemic exposure, it would be prudent to start combination therapy with diclofenac doses at the lower end of the therapeutic dose range."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	1.98
" The Cmax obtained with Voltaren was significantly higher than that obtained with Inflaban (1,161 +/- 102 and 799 +/- 83, respectively)."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium, Voltaren vs inflaban: effect of food on inflaban bioavailability. Deleq, S; Hasan, M; Najib, N; Sallam, E; Shubair, M; Zmeili, S, 1996)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetic analysis of an oral sustained-release preparation of diclofenac sodium has been investigated using multi-segment absorption models in which it has been assumed that the gastrointestinal tract can be divided into several segments in each of which the drug has its own lag-time and absorption rate constants."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of the absorption characteristics of diclofenac sodium in man by use of a multi-segment absorption model. Mahmood, I, 1996)	0.77
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were carried out using a computer program."	( Pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of diclofenac using an isolated perfused rat liver. Domínguez, AR; González-Martin, G; Guevara, A, 1997)	0.57
" Moreover, the effect lasted longer than expected from pharmacokinetic data."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effect of diclofenac in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; Granados-Soto, V; Lopez-Muñoz, FJ; Torres-López, JE, 1997)	0.53
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the comparative efficacy of intramuscularly injected nimesulide with that of diclofenac and to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profile of this formulation."	( Comparative analgesic activity of nimesulide and diclofenac by intramuscular route: correlation with pharmacokinetic profile of nimesulide. Gupta, SK; Mathur, P; Sengupta, S; Velpandian, T, 1998)	0.76
" The analgesic activity of nimesulide was subsequently correlated with its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of topical nimesulide gel in healthy human volunteers: double-blind comparison with piroxicam, diclofenac and placebo. Gupta, SK; Kabir, SR; Sengupta, S; Velpandian, T, 1998)	0.5
" Peak analgesic effect was observed at 120 min post-treatment, which correlated with the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug in gel formulation."	( Analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of topical nimesulide gel in healthy human volunteers: double-blind comparison with piroxicam, diclofenac and placebo. Gupta, SK; Kabir, SR; Sengupta, S; Velpandian, T, 1998)	0.5
"The superior analgesic activity of nimesulide (as gel formulation), correlating with its pharmacokinetic profile, indicates that the topical route of administration may be a safe and effective alternative to the presently used oral and rectal routes."	( Analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of topical nimesulide gel in healthy human volunteers: double-blind comparison with piroxicam, diclofenac and placebo. Gupta, SK; Kabir, SR; Sengupta, S; Velpandian, T, 1998)	0.5
" The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a new parenteral formulation of nimesulide and to correlate it with the pharmacokinetic profile."	( Anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetic profile of a new parenteral formulation of nimesulide. Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Sengupta, S; Tyagi, P; Velpandian, T, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the blood levels of the drug reveal a profile typical of a sustained-release formulation, with the ability to maintain adequate plasma levels for 24 hr (i."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new matrix-type transdermal delivery system: diclofenac diethyl ammonium patch. Devi, K; Paranjothy, KL, 1999)	0.53
" A pharmacokinetic model was then developed to relate the tissue retention half lives for diclofenac, diazepam, water, lignocaine and salicylate to their fraction unbound in the tissues, their fraction unbound in the perfusate and the perfusate flow rate."	( A physiological pharmacokinetic model for solute disposition in tissues below a topical below a topical application site. Cross, SE; Roberts, MS, 1999)	0.52
"Concomitant administration of diclofenac reduced the partial clearance of quinidine by N-oxidation by 27%, while no effect was found for other pharmacokinetic parameters of quinidine."	( Effect of diclofenac, disulfiram, itraconazole, grapefruit juice and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Brosen, K; Damkier, P; Hansen, LL, 1999)	0.99
"This paper reports the results of a pharmacokinetic study involving 24 healthy volunteers and designed to characterise the rate and extent of diclofenac absorption after the administration of a single dose of diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) potassium salt 50 mg in sachet (Voltfast) and tablet (Cataflam) formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac after oral administration of its potassium salt in sachet and tablet formulations. Abbondati, G; Ceppi Monti, N; Crivelli, F; Dal Bo, L; Ismaili, S; Marzo, A; Tettamanti, RA; Uhr, MR; Verga, F, 2000)	0.83
" The mean area under the serum concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity, oral clearance, half-life, maximal concentration, and time to peak concentration for diclofenac and its metabolites were determined and compared using analysis of variance."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Bauer, LA; Carithers, R; Chan, K; Horn, JR; Lau, H; Lill, JS; O'Sullivan, T; Strandness, DE; Thakker, K, 2000)	0.83
"Population pharmacokinetics of a fast release diclofenac were assessed with special focus on pharmacodynamic implications."	( Population pharmacokinetics of fast release oral diclofenac in healthy volunteers: relation to pharmacodynamics in an experimental pain model. Brune, K; Drover, D; Geisslinger, G; Kettenmann, B; Kobal, G; Lötsch, J; Renner, B, 2000)	0.82
"Earlier drug absorption and lower pharmacokinetic variability of the fast-release formulation are likely to be preserved in a population."	( Population pharmacokinetics of fast release oral diclofenac in healthy volunteers: relation to pharmacodynamics in an experimental pain model. Brune, K; Drover, D; Geisslinger, G; Kettenmann, B; Kobal, G; Lötsch, J; Renner, B, 2000)	0.56
"5 mgkg(-1)) pharmacokinetic parameters compared with administering AZT alone."	( Zidovudine, diclofenac and ketoprofen pharmacokinetic interactions in rats. Radwan, MA, 2000)	0.69
" The aim of this study was to further investigate these pharmacokinetic DMXAA-drug interactions in the rat model."	( A difference between the rat and mouse in the pharmacokinetic interaction of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid with thalidomide. Ching, LM; Kestell, P; Paxton, JW; Tingle, MD; Zhou, S, 2001)	0.31
" The cause of the species difference in the pharmacokinetic response to thalidomide by DMXAA is unknown, and indicates difficulties in predicting the outcome of such a combination in patients."	( A difference between the rat and mouse in the pharmacokinetic interaction of 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid with thalidomide. Ching, LM; Kestell, P; Paxton, JW; Tingle, MD; Zhou, S, 2001)	0.31
" The study was also extended to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a newer formulation of meloxicam gel after topical application on depilated skin of rats."	( Comparison of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of meloxicam gel with diclofenac and piroxicam gels in animal models: pharmacokinetic parameters after topical application. Bansal, P; Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Jaiswal, J; Velpandian, T, )	0.36
"These data indicate that concomitant administration of diclofenac with nateglinide does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug."	( A 3-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between nateglinide and diclofenac in healthy volunteers. Anderson, DM; Buraglio, M; Crick, N; Shelley, S, 2002)	0.78
" With an increase in injected dose, total body clearance was decreased while the distribution volume at steady state (V(dss)) was reduced and plasma half-life was prolonged."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and disposition of bisphosphonic prodrug of diclofenac based on osteotropic drug delivery system (ODDS). Fujisaki, J; Hata, T; Hirabayashi, H; Kimura, S; Sawamoto, T; Tokunaga, Y, 2002)	0.54
" Analysis of variance was performed to determine whether lumiracoxib alone differed from lumiracoxib plus omeprazole or from lumiracoxib plus Al/Mg antacid for overall exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity [AUC( infinity )]) and peak concentration (C(max)), with treatment sequence, subject, period and treatment as factors."	( Lack of effect of omeprazole or of an aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib. Langholff, W; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Shenouda, M; Vinluan Reynolds, C, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacodynamic study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Trikatu on the anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac sodium using carragenin-induced rat paw edema model."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on interaction of "Trikatu" with diclofenac sodium. D'Mello, PM; Lala, LG; Naik, SR, 2004)	0.76
" The steady-state pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib were evaluated in plasma and synovial fluid by both a population pharmacokinetic model and noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib in plasma and synovial fluid. Huff, JP; Kalbag, J; Looby, M; Milosavljev, S; Reynolds, C; Rordorf, C; Ruff, DA; Scott, G; Weaver, M, 2004)	0.32
"Lumiracoxib was rapidly absorbed (peak plasma concentration at 2 hours) and the terminal elimination half-life in plasma was short (6 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib in plasma and synovial fluid. Huff, JP; Kalbag, J; Looby, M; Milosavljev, S; Reynolds, C; Rordorf, C; Ruff, DA; Scott, G; Weaver, M, 2004)	0.32
" This pharmacokinetic profile renders diclofenac suppository a suitable formulation for short duration surgery."	( Diclofenac and metabolite pharmacokinetics in children. Anderson, BJ; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Rømsing, J; Tibboel, D; van der Marel, CD, 2004)	2.04
" An analysis of variance was used to detect differences in PK parameters (AUC, Cmax and Tmax) between the treatment groups."	( No influence of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib, an oral COX-2 selective inhibitor. Kalbag, J; Lasseter, K; Milosavljev, S; Oberstein, S; Rordorf, C; Yeh, CM, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with compartmental and non-compartmental analysis."	( No effect of short term ranitidine intake on diclofenac pharmacokinetics. Farcau, D; Leucuţa, A; Nanulescu, M; Vlase, L, 2004)	0.58
"To investigate the pharmacodynamic behaviour of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, lumiracoxib, in the rat air pouch."	( Pharmacodynamic behaviour of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor lumiracoxib in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat air pouch model. Cramer, JA; Esser, RE; Georgieva, A; Maniara, W; Miserendino-Molteni, R; Porter, W; Ramos, L; Sharr, M; Zhang, X; Zhuang, S, 2005)	0.33
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
"The present study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tetracycline in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of tetracycline with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs via organic anion transporters in rats. Han, HK; Oh, YH, 2006)	0.33
" It was observed that the simultaneous administration of diclofenac sodium and 300 mg kg(-1) of CME decreased significantly the values of Cmax (7."	( Gastroprotection and effect of the simultaneous administration of Cuachalalate (Amphipterygium adstringens) on the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac in rats. Arrieta, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Navarrete, A; Oliva, I; Sánchez-Mendoza, ME, 2005)	0.77
" Diclofenac pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in sheep following intravenous and intramuscular administration. Al-Hadiya, BM; Alkharfy, KM; Altaher, AY; Khan, RM, 2006)	1.57
" Cmax of diclofenac sodium in aqueous humor instilled with liposome and eye-drop solution were (0."	( [Preparation of diclofenac sodium liposomes and its ocular pharmacokinetics]. Huang, LJ; Liang, RC; Liu, K; Sun, KX; Wang, AP, 2006)	1.1
" The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of aceclofenac in rats."	( High-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetics of aceclofenac in rats. Musmade, P; Srinivasan, KK; Subramanian, G, 2007)	0.34
" administration of diclofenac was best described by a two compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and its interaction with enrofloxacin in sheep. Ahmad, AH; Kumar, A; Malik, JK; Rahal, A, 2008)	1
" The present observations suggest that reduction of the pharmacokinetic parameters may lead to drug accumulation in the regenerating-damaged liver with an attendant possible increase in toxic effects."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in rats intoxicated with CCL4, and in the regenerating liver. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Favari, L; Muriel, P; Reyes-Gordillo, K, 2007)	0.66
" Voriconazole did not affect significantly the elimination half-life or time to maximum concentration of diclofenac."	( Effect of voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Hynninen, VV; Laine, K; Leino, K; Lundgren, S; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Rane, A; Valtonen, M, 2007)	0.81
"Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) is a common pharmacokinetic phenomenon that has been poorly modelled in animals."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of the enterohepatic recirculation of diclofenac and rofecoxib in rats. Chain, A; Danhof, M; Della Pasqua, O; Huntjens, DR; Metcalf, A; Spalding, DJ; Strougo, A; Summerfield, S, 2008)	0.58
"Our findings show the relevance of exploring EHC in a quantitative manner to accurately interpret pharmacodynamic findings in vivo, in particular when scaling across species."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of the enterohepatic recirculation of diclofenac and rofecoxib in rats. Chain, A; Danhof, M; Della Pasqua, O; Huntjens, DR; Metcalf, A; Spalding, DJ; Strougo, A; Summerfield, S, 2008)	0.58
"48 microg/ml and a prolonged elimination half-life (T1/2beta: 47."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of an oxytetracycline/diclofenac combination in cattle. Errecalde, JO; Marchetti, L; Mariño Hernández, E; Mestorino, N, 2007)	0.58
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the preliminarily study of potential pharmacokinetic interaction between Mor and diclofenac."	( Sensitive HPLC-fluorescence detection of morphine labeled with DIB-Cl in rat brain and blood microdialysates and its application to the preliminarily study of the pharmacokinetic interaction between morphine and diclofenac. Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Ogata, Y; Wada, M; Yamada, H; Yokota, C, 2008)	0.74
" The plasma protein-binding activities, rather than metabolic clearance, in both types of rats would be a determining factor in the pharmacokinetic behaviour differences between control and AA rats."	( Prediction of metabolic clearance of diclofenac in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats using a substrate depletion assay. Fujii, A; Iwaki, M; Kawase, A; Komura, H; Uno, S, 2008)	0.62
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" Several pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, including C(max), T(max), t(1/2), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and k(e), were determined from the plasma concentrations of the 2 aceclofenac formulations."	( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two branded formulations of aceclofenac 100 mg: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Korean adult volunteers. Kang, JS; Lee, MH; Park, JH; Park, YS; Rhim, SY; Shaw, LM, 2008)	0.35
" The purpose of this work was to examine in the rat if such interaction involves pharmacokinetic mechanisms or is solely limited to the pharmacodynamic level."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2008)	0.61
" To evaluate the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction, the oral bioavailability of diclofenac (18 mg/kg) was studied in presence and the absence of glibenclamide (10 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2008)	0.83
" Notwithstanding, the interaction does no appear to involve pharmacokinetic mechanisms, as oral glibenclamide failed to produce any significant alteration in oral diclofenac bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2008)	0.81
" This interaction, however, appears due solely to a pharmacodynamic mechanisms as diclofenac pharmacokinetics are not altered."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2008)	0.84
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for a new diclofenac suspension (50 mg 5 ml(-1)) in adult volunteers and paediatric patients, and recommend a dose for acute pain in children."	( Population pharmacokinetics of oral diclofenac for acute pain in children. Howard, RF; Johnson, A; Savage, I; Standing, JF; Wong, IC, 2008)	0.87
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was undertaken with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of oral diclofenac for acute pain in children. Howard, RF; Johnson, A; Savage, I; Standing, JF; Wong, IC, 2008)	0.62
" The transplacental pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the time profiles of the drug concentrations in the effluent and placenta to obtain transplacental pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Transplacental pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in perfused human placenta. Fujii, T; Hori, S; Nagata, H; Nakano, H; Ohtani, H; Satoh, S; Sawada, Y; Shintaku, K; Taketani, Y; Tsujimoto, M; Tsukimori, K, 2009)	0.63
" The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and to compare the bioavailability of the new formulation of injection diclofenac sodium (75 mg/ml), given as an intradeltoid injection, with the reference formulation (75 mg/3 ml) given intragluteally."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new formulation of injection diclofenac designed for intradeltoid use. Jaiswal, V; Nivsarkar, M; Ojha, A; Padh, H; Patel, S; Shep, D, 2009)	0.8
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of ciprofloxacin tablets with concurrent administration of diclofenac tablets in healthy adult human volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GS; Khan, JA; Naz, A, 2009)	0.81
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model and a two-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ciprofloxacin with diclofenac: a single-dose, two-period crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GS; Khan, JA; Naz, A, 2009)	0.61
" AUC(0-infinity), Cmax, Tmax and other disposition kinetics were obtained with non-compartmental procedure."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and dehydrated rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2009)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic models were developed for both the dosage forms, and simulations were performed for different doses."	( Influence of dosage form on the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Durairaj, C; Edelhauser, HF; Kim, SJ; Kompella, UB; Shah, JC, 2009)	0.59
"By choosing a less soluble form of a drug such as diclofenac acid, vitreous elimination half-life can be prolonged up to 24 days, potentially resulting in therapeutic levels in the posterior segment tissues for a few months."	( Influence of dosage form on the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Durairaj, C; Edelhauser, HF; Kim, SJ; Kompella, UB; Shah, JC, 2009)	0.84
" In this study, the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of DPSGC are investigated and compared with a commercially available oral diclofenac potassium tablet in patients after primary unilateral first metatarsal bunionectomy."	( A pharmacokinetic analysis of diclofenac potassium soft-gelatin capsule in patients after bunionectomy. Boesing, SE; Bon, C; Kowalski, M; Moore, KA; Stoker, DG, )	0.63
"A novel, rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method had been developed for the pharmacokinetic study of diclofenac sodium (DS) after single intravenous injection of DS aqueous injection and DS lipid microsphere (LM) injection in rats."	( A new rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography method for the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of diclofenac sodium aqueous injection and lipid microsphere injection in rats. Cui, Y; Guan, TT; Lin, X; Tang, X; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.77
"The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of oral DPSGC at doses of 25 and 50 mg."	( Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium soft gelatin capsules: a single-dose, randomized, two-way crossover study. Moore, KA; Scallion, R, 2009)	0.61
" Therefore, in view of the vast clinical uses and interactions of NSAIDs with commonly used therapeutic agents, the interaction of the NSAID diclofenac and glibenclamide was investigated about pharmacokinetic profile and antinociceptive effect in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2009)	0.88
" In pharmacokinetic interaction study, no significant (P>0."	( Pharmacokinetic of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2009)	0.68
" Likewise, the validated assay had sufficient accuracy and precision for pharmacokinetic determination of diclofenac in the rat."	( Pharmacokinetic of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2009)	0.89
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsules (DPSGC) using patented ProSorb dispersion technology with an immediate-release, diclofenac potassium 50-mg comparator tablet in two open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover relative bioavailability studies in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of an oral diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsule with a diclofenac potassium tablet. Lissy, M; Moore, K; Scallion, R; Stiff, DD, 2010)	0.89
" A pharmacokinetic meta-analysis has been undertaken with the aim of recommending a dose for children aged 1-12 years."	( Diclofenac pharmacokinetic meta-analysis and dose recommendations for surgical pain in children aged 1-12 years. Korpela, R; Olkkola, KT; Standing, JF; Tibboel, D, 2011)	1.81
"Studies containing diclofenac pharmacokinetic data were identified during a Cochrane systematic review, and authors were asked to provide raw data."	( Diclofenac pharmacokinetic meta-analysis and dose recommendations for surgical pain in children aged 1-12 years. Korpela, R; Olkkola, KT; Standing, JF; Tibboel, D, 2011)	2.14
"As a consequence of a continuous demand for increased throughput of pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, industries have introduced strategies to reduce the number of samples such as cassette analysis (pooling of samples after the in-life phase)."	( High-throughput analysis of standardized pharmacokinetic studies in the rat using sample pooling and UPLC-MS/MS. Betnér, I; Briem, S; Bueters, T; Dahlström, J; Kvalvågnaes, K, 2011)	0.37
" Also, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac in healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 50 mg diclofenac."	( HPLC method for determination of diclofenac in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in Turkey. Asci, A; Palabiyik, SS; Yilmaz, B, 2011)	0.88
" Oral and topical diclofenac had no pharmacokinetic effects on furosemide."	( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers. Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)	0.9
" Furosemide also affected plasma and urine pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Randomized, open-label, 5-way crossover study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between furosemide and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and ibuprofen in healthy volunteers. Jacobs, D; McGuinness, N; Paterson, CA; Rasmussen, S; Youngberg, SP, 2011)	0.56
" In the case of diclofenak treatment without vitamins Cmax corresponds to 1137."	( [The influence of vitamin B group on monooxygenase activity of cytochrome P450 3A4: pharmacokinetics and electro analysis of catalytic properties]. Archakov, AI; Bylko, TV; Kukes, VG; Makhova, AA; Ramenskaia, GV; Shikh, EV; Shumiantseva, VV; Sizova, OS; Usanov, SA, )	0.13
"The present study was designed as an open label, multiple-dose, randomized, parallel trial to evaluate the pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction of lisinopril and concomitantly administered diclofenac sodium in non-diabetic and diabetic, mild to moderate hypertensive, osteoarthritic patients."	( Potential pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction between concomitantly administered lisinopril and diclofenac sodium: a call for appropriate management in hypertensive osteoarthritic patients. Chudasama, H; Goswami, SK; Jain, S; Santani, D, 2011)	0.78
" The applicability of this method for pharmacokinetic studies has been established after successful application during a 12-subject bioavailabity study."	( A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of mefenamic acid in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study. Bhavsar, R; Dhaneshwar, S; Mahadik, M, 2012)	0.38
" This phase 1 clinical trial characterizes the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of an investigational, proprietary, nano-formulated, lower-dose oral diclofenac (nano-formulated diclofenac) compared with oral diclofenac in healthy subjects."	( The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of a novel nano-formulated, lower-dose oral diclofenac. Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Manvelian, G, 2012)	0.8
" The maximum measured plasma concentration (Cmax), time to maximum measured concentration (Tmax), terminal elimination half-life (T1/2), and area under the concentration time curve (AUC), along with safety and tolerability, were assessed."	( The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of a novel nano-formulated, lower-dose oral diclofenac. Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Manvelian, G, 2012)	0.6
"Mean (± standard deviation) Tmax for nano-formulated diclofenac 18 (0."	( The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of a novel nano-formulated, lower-dose oral diclofenac. Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Manvelian, G, 2012)	0.85
"2 mg kg(-1) of diclofenac sodium either intravenously or orally, diclofenac concentration was measured in whole blood samples and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Contrasting effects of cord injury on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of diclofenac: a drug with intermediate hepatic extraction. Arauz, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Franco-Bourland, RE; Guízar-Sahagún, G, 2012)	0.96
"Acute SCI induces significant pharmacokinetic changes for diclofenac, a marker drug with intermediate hepatic extraction."	( Contrasting effects of cord injury on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of diclofenac: a drug with intermediate hepatic extraction. Arauz, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Franco-Bourland, RE; Guízar-Sahagún, G, 2012)	0.85
" Plasma phenytoin levels were assayed by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effect of aceclofenac on pharmacokinetic of phenytoin. Attrey, SD; Bansal, YS; Joshi, R; Medhi, B; Pandhi, P; Prakash, A; Singh, D, 2012)	0.38
"The present study was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and experimentally induced diabetic state in 24 rabbits using a validated reversed phase HPLC method with a washout period of one week."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2012)	0.84
" The development of NSAIDs having safer therapeutic profile depends on the better understanding of their mechanisms, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Self-organizing molecular field analysis of NSAIDs: assessment of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties using 3D-QSPkR approach. Kumar, M; Sinha, VR; Thareja, S, 2012)	0.38
"One single-dose, randomized, three-way, crossover relative bioavailability study and one linearity single escalating dose, randomized, three-way cross-over pharmacokinetic study were conducted at two different clinical sites."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac sodium formulation developed for subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Ducharme, MP; Gugliotta, B; Müller, M; Oraha, AZ; Rusca, A; Zeitlinger, M, 2012)	0.68
" with respect to Cmax and AUC."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac sodium formulation developed for subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Ducharme, MP; Gugliotta, B; Müller, M; Oraha, AZ; Rusca, A; Zeitlinger, M, 2012)	0.68
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"Similar pharmacokinetic behavior of diclofenac was found both in normal and FCA-induced arthritic rats."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of diclofenac in normal and Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Guo, HF; Li, P; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.92
"Arthritis induced by FCA does not alter the pharmacokinetic behaviors of diclofenac in rats, but the pharmacodynamics of diclofenac is slightly affected."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of diclofenac in normal and Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Guo, HF; Li, P; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.87
" Our pharmacokinetic studies of 7e demonstrated this prodrug is a potential candidate for a slower and sustained release form of rhein."	( Bone-targeting glycol and NSAIDS ester prodrugs of rhein: synthesis, hydroxyapatite affinity, stability, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenicity index and pharmacokinetics studies. Cai, J; Chao, M; Chen, J; Duan, Y; Ji, M; Yu, J, 2012)	0.38
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies have shown in vivo bioconversion of prodrug to diclofenac."	( Pharmacological evaluation and preliminary pharmacokinetics studies of a new diclofenac prodrug without gastric ulceration effect. Barbieri, KP; Bosquesi, PL; Campos, ML; Chelucci, RC; Chin, CM; de Castro Souto, PC; Matsubara, MH; Moreira, V; Peccinini, RG; Santos, JL; Teixeira, C, 2012)	0.83
" The vesicles were characterized for physicochemical properties, ex vivo permeation using human skin and pharmacokinetic parameters and anti-inflammatory activity in rats."	( Ceramide-2 nanovesicles for effective transdermal delivery: development, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Bhandari, A; Gaur, PK; Kumar, Y; Mishra, S; Purohit, S, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis (ACB) with diclofenac sodium (DS) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in rats."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats. Huang, Y; Lv, M; Peng, C; Tian, J; Tian, Y; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.84
" The proposed method was successfully applied to compare the herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of ACB with DS and CPM in rats following intragastric administration."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats. Huang, Y; Lv, M; Peng, C; Tian, J; Tian, Y; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.62
" There was no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction between DS and CPM."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats. Huang, Y; Lv, M; Peng, C; Tian, J; Tian, Y; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.62
"This study indicated that co-administration of ACB with DS and CPM can result in an apparent herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction in rats."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats. Huang, Y; Lv, M; Peng, C; Tian, J; Tian, Y; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.62
" Study 2: Cmax for diclofenac was 2904 and 6031 ng/ml after the first IV dose of 18."	( Single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of intravenous and intramuscular HPβCD-diclofenac (Dyloject) compared with other diclofenac formulations. Carr, DB; Hamilton, DA; Lacouture, PG; Mermelstein, F; Ramaiya, A; Wright, C, 2013)	0.93
"  Pharmacokinetic analysis of Inh-1 revealed an absolute bioavailability (F) of 21% and a short t1/2 of <1 h."	( Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Boelsterli, UA; Fujimoto, K; Lee, KK; Redinbo, MR; Saitta, KS; Zhang, C, 2014)	0.61
" The aim of this work was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of diclofenac from DICCIC (7."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new diclofenac prodrug without gastroulcerogenic effect. Baldan-Cimatti, HM; Candido, CD; Davanco, MG; de Campos, ML; Dos Santos, JL; Nogueira, MA; Padilha, EC; Peccinini, RG, 2012)	0.89
" Although eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac are frequently coadministered, no published studies have reported on the pharmacokinetic interactions between these 2 drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate any pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac in healthy Korean men."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.39
"No clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences exist between 150 mg eperisone hydrochloride and 200 mg aceclofenac when administrated as a monotherapy or in combination."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between eperisone hydrochloride and aceclofenac: a randomized, open-label, crossover study of healthy Korean men. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, MJ; Kim, SE; Kim, YH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Park, KM, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin were determined in rats following oral administration to rats in the presence and absence of diclofenac."	( Effect of diclofenac on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in rats. Chen, L; Guo, S; Wu, LX; Xu, M; Zhang, JH, 2014)	1.01
" In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic drug interactions of rebamipide with two selected NSAIDs, celecoxib or diclofenac."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between rebamipide and selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats. Cooper, DL; Harirforoosh, S; Wood, RC; Wyatt, JE, 2014)	0.61
" The Cmax was comparable after SC administration in the quadriceps or abdomen, and ~ 17% higher in the gluteus."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new subcutaneous diclofenac formulation administered to three body sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen. Cardì, F; Drago, F; Gugliotta, B; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Vitale, DC, 2014)	0.67
"The objective of this research was to characterize the dissolution profile of a poorly soluble drug, diclofenac, from a commercially available multiple-unit enteric coated dosage form, Diclo-Puren® capsules, and to develop a predictive model for its oral pharmacokinetic profile."	( Predicting the oral pharmacokinetic profiles of multiple-unit (pellet) dosage forms using a modeling and simulation approach coupled with biorelevant dissolution testing: case example diclofenac sodium. Blume, H; Dressman, JB; Kambayashi, A, 2014)	0.81
"This study compared the pharmacokinetic properties and safety profile of low-dose (18- and 35-mg) diclofenac capsules manufactured using SoluMatrix Fine Particle Technology (Trademark of iCeutica Inc."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac. Desjardins, PJ; Olugemo, K; Solorio, D; Young, CL, 2015)	0.87
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (T(max), C(max), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞)) were calculated from the concentrations of diclofenac in the plasma."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac. Desjardins, PJ; Olugemo, K; Solorio, D; Young, CL, 2015)	0.87
"The pharmacokinetic properties of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac capsules in the healthy volunteers in this study suggest rapid diclofenac absorption as measured by T(max)."	( Pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac. Desjardins, PJ; Olugemo, K; Solorio, D; Young, CL, 2015)	0.9
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were taken for up to 12 hours post-dose and analyzed for diclofenac concentrations."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium for oral solution vs immediate-release tablets from a randomized trial: effect of fed and fasting conditions. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Kareht, S; Rapoport, AM, 2015)	0.91
"When taken under fed conditions, the oral solution resulted in an approximately 80% faster median tmax (0."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium for oral solution vs immediate-release tablets from a randomized trial: effect of fed and fasting conditions. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Kareht, S; Rapoport, AM, 2015)	0.7
"When taken under fed conditions, the oral solution resulted in a similar median tmax (0."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium for oral solution vs immediate-release tablets from a randomized trial: effect of fed and fasting conditions. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Kareht, S; Rapoport, AM, 2015)	0.7
"Diclofenac potassium oral solution and tablet formulations produced statistically significantly different Cmax and tmax but similar AUC under fed and fasting conditions."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium for oral solution vs immediate-release tablets from a randomized trial: effect of fed and fasting conditions. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Kareht, S; Rapoport, AM, 2015)	2.14
"In a randomized, parallel-group, single-center study in 42 healthy adults, the safety and pharmacokinetic parameters of an intravenous formulation of 18."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple intravenous bolus doses of diclofenac sodium compared with oral diclofenac potassium 50 mg: A randomized, parallel-group, single-center study in healthy subjects. Allenby, K; Gautam, A; McDowell, J; Munjal, S; Okumu, F, 2016)	0.66
"The pharmacokinetic study of a diclofenac sodium capsule filled with enteric-coated pellets (abbreviated as CAPSULE) in healthy Chinese subjects was evaluated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with simple sample preparation."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of a Diclofenac Sodium Capsule Filled with Enteric-coated Pellets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem Mass Spectrometry. Deng, M; Liu, H; Liu, M; Ma, JY; Tong, Y; Yang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H, 2016)	1.02
"Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of diclofenac sodium (DIC) and papaverine hydrochloride (PAP) after oral administration of composed tablets to rabbits was developed."	( PHARMACOKINETICS OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM AND PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF TABLETS TO RABBITS. Jawień, W; Kasperek, R; Poleszak, E; Zimmer, Ł, )	0.71
" In the pyridine series, compound 7a was found to be a highly potent and selective EP4 antagonist, with suitable rat and dog pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Discovery of potent aryl-substituted 3-[(3-methylpyridine-2-carbonyl) amino]-2,4-dimethyl-benzoic acid EP4 antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic profile. Blanco, MJ; Chambers, M; Chandrasekhar, S; Fisher, MJ; Harvey, A; Lin, C; Mudra, D; Oskins, J; Vetman, T; Wang, XS; Warshawsky, AM; Yu, XP, 2016)	0.43
" Comparing pharmacokinetic data with MRI data it was observed that maximal blood levels occurred before the solvent and the dispersion agent were removed from the muscle tissue."	( Simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging and pharmacokinetic analysis of intramuscular depots. Evert, K; Hadlich, S; Kühn, JP; Oswald, S; Probst, M; Scheuch, E; Seidlitz, A; Siegmund, W; Weitschies, W, 2016)	0.43
" The concentration-time and drug release curves were drawn, and T max (min), C max (μg·mL(-1)), AUC0→∞ , and MRT were compared using a pharmacokinetic systems program."	( Preparation and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of the Tongshu Suppository. Dong, L; Liu, G; Liu, S; Lu, K; Zheng, Y, 2016)	0.43
"This study was conducted with the aim to determine the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence of diclofenac potassium 50 mg test (F4) tablet formulation with reference product (Caflam)."	( Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies of immediate release diclofenac potassium tablets (50mg) in healthy volunteers. Ali, H; Bushra, R; Hanif, M; Khursheed, R; Naz, A; Shoaib, MH; Zafar, F, 2016)	0.89
"Coadministration of diclofenac and sunitinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, led to sex-divergent pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction outcomes."	( Diclofenac sex-divergent drug-drug interaction with Sunitinib: pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in male and female mice. Chee, EL; Chee, YL; Chew, CC; Fernández, C; Koo, TW; Liew, MH; Mariño, EL; Modamio, P; Ng, S; Segarra, I, 2017)	2.22
"The knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antiepileptic drugs is helpful in optimizing drug therapy for epilepsy."	( Evaluation of Brain Pharmacokinetic and Neuropharmacodynamic Attributes of an Antiepileptic Drug, Lacosamide, in Hepatic and Renal Impairment: Preclinical Evidence. Kumar, B; Medhi, B; Modi, M; Saikia, B, 2017)	0.46
"The accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model prediction in children, especially those younger than 2 years old, has not been systematically evaluated."	( Predictive Performance of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Drugs Extensively Metabolized by Major Cytochrome P450s in Children. Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Cheung, SYA; Johnson, TN; Li, J; Xu, H; Zhou, D; Zhou, W, 2018)	0.48
" The prostate tissue penetration and related pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis."	( Penetration and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rat prostate tissue. Radhakrishnan, J; Radhakrishnan, R; Yellepeddi, VK, 2018)	0.48
" A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication indicated an overall statistically significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters for celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen."	( Penetration and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rat prostate tissue. Radhakrishnan, J; Radhakrishnan, R; Yellepeddi, VK, 2018)	0.68
" The pharmacokinetic data indicated that celecoxib has the highest penetration and retention in rat prostate tissues."	( Penetration and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rat prostate tissue. Radhakrishnan, J; Radhakrishnan, R; Yellepeddi, VK, 2018)	0.48
" This work describes the optimization of the pharmacokinetic properties of a previously published family of triazine lead compounds."	( Optimization of the pharmacokinetic properties of potent anti-trypanosomal triazine derivatives. Augustyns, K; Baán, A; Caljon, G; Kiekens, F; Maes, L; Matheeussen, A; Salado, IG; Van der Veken, P; Verdeyen, T, 2018)	0.48
"To develop a simple HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of febuxostat (FEB) and diclofenac (DIC) in biological samples to assess pharmacokinetic outcomes of their coadministration."	( A novel HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of febuxostat and diclofenac in biological samples: pharmacokinetic outcomes. Amin, OA; El-Kimary, EI; El-Yazbi, AF; El-Yazbi, FA; Elkhatib, MA; Khamis, EF; Younis, SE, 2019)	0.97
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis with DAS2."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium injection in swine. Bu, SJ; Huang, C; Huang, LX; Li, YJ; Li, YY; Yang, HF, 2019)	0.84
" In the quest for a suitable combination with improved therapeutic efficacy and better tolerability, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction studies were performed for diclofenac with or without IS01957 in mice model."	( Effect of IS01957, a para-coumaric acid derivative on pharmacokinetic modulation of diclofenac through oral route for augmented efficacy. Abdullah, ST; Bhatt, S; Dogra, A; Gour, A; Koul, S; Malik, TA; Nandi, U; Rath, SK; Sangwan, PL; Sharma, A; Singh, G, 2019)	0.93
" Values for total clearance of compounds from plasma should be one of the most important pharmacokinetic parameters for predictions."	( Predicted values for human total clearance of a variety of typical compounds with differently humanized-liver mouse plasma data. Ito, S; Iwamoto, K; Kamimura, H; Mizunaga, M; Nakayama, K; Negoro, T; Nishiwaki, M; Nomura, Y; Suemizu, H; Yamazaki, H; Yoneda, N, 2020)	0.56
" Diclofenac had a half-life of 66."	( An Open-Label Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of MWA or MWoA in Pediatric Participants. Amend, DL; Ferger, SM; Hogan, RM; McVige, JW; Shanahan, CM, 2020)	1.71
"Diclofenac potassium for OS exhibited a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile in 12- to 17-year-old patients with a diagnosis of episodic MWA or MWoA."	( An Open-Label Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of MWA or MWoA in Pediatric Participants. Amend, DL; Ferger, SM; Hogan, RM; McVige, JW; Shanahan, CM, 2020)	2.24
"The aim of the study was to determine the various pharmacokinetic parameters of the newly developed cost-effective aceclofenac 100 mg tablet formulation (F-15) and to establish the bioequivalence against the marketed brand (ACEMED)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence assessment of optimized directly compressible Aceclofenac (100 mg) tablet formulation in healthy human subjects. Ali, H; Bushra, R; Ghayas, S; Shoaib, MH, 2020)	0.56
" Quantitative methods and modeling, such as physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, can support alternative BE approaches with reduced or no human testing."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to support bioequivalence and approval of generic products: A case for diclofenac sodium topical gel, 1. Babiskin, A; Tsakalozou, E; Zhao, L, 2021)	0.83
" The aim of the present research was to investigate whether and how morin affect the pharmacokinetic profile of diclofenac sodium."	( Effect and underlying mechanism of morin on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in rats. Dai, Y; Huang, D; Shao, S; Wei, Z; Xia, Y; Zhang, J, 2021)	1.07
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between tegoprazan and commonly used NSAIDS, namely, naproxen, aceclofenac, and celecoxib."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Tegoprazan and Naproxen, Aceclofenac, and Celecoxib in Healthy Korean Male Subjects. Kang, M; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ; Shin, N, 2022)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected up to 24 hours after the last dose."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Tegoprazan and Naproxen, Aceclofenac, and Celecoxib in Healthy Korean Male Subjects. Kang, M; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ; Shin, N, 2022)	0.72
"Seventeen subjects from cohort 1, sixteen subjects from cohort 2, and thirteen subjects from cohort 3 were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Tegoprazan and Naproxen, Aceclofenac, and Celecoxib in Healthy Korean Male Subjects. Kang, M; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ; Shin, N, 2022)	0.72
"Changes in the maximum aceclofenac or celecoxib concentrations were detected after concurrent administration with tegoprazan, which were considered mainly due to the pharmacodynamic effect of tegoprazan."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Tegoprazan and Naproxen, Aceclofenac, and Celecoxib in Healthy Korean Male Subjects. Kang, M; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Moon, SJ; Shin, N, 2022)	0.72
" The proteomics-informed physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model explains the reported higher exposure of diclofenac in women consistent with ~ 3-fold lower expression of UGT2B17."	( Intestinal Metabolism of Diclofenac by Polymorphic UGT2B17 Correlates with its Highly Variable Pharmacokinetics and Safety across Populations. Ahire, D; Heyward, S; Prasad, B, 2023)	1.42
" Following the successful application of this improved technique to plasma samples, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each selected drug were evaluated using (UPLC) with UV detection at 210 nm."	( Green UPLC method for estimation of ciprofloxacin, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen with application to pharmacokinetic study of human samples. Ahmed-Anwar, AA; Farghali, AA; Hassouna, MEM; Mahmoud, R; Mohamed, MA, 2023)	1.16

Compound-Compound Interactions

Diclofenac prescriptions increased the risk for hospitalisation due to peptic ulcer significantly. In vitro enzyme kinetic data were used to predict the in vivo clearance and drug-drug interaction potential of four well known CYP2C9 substrates (tolbutamide, fluvastatin, ibuprofen)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Seventy-five mg diclofenac sodium were given intramuscularly to 15 subjects alone and in combination with 40 mg triamcinolone acetate."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium after intramuscular administration in combination with triamcinolone acetate. Barth, J; Derendorf, H; Grüner, A; Möllmann, H; Mullersman, G, 1986)	0.94
"Angiostasis and vascular regression in chronic granulomatous inflammation was assessed in mice induced with diclofenac in combination with hyaluronan."	( Angiostasis and vascular regression in chronic granulomatous inflammation induced by diclofenac in combination with hyaluronan in mice. Alam, CA; Seed, MP; Willoughby, DA, 1995)	0.73
"To determine the mode of protective effects of misoprostol against the chronic gastrointestinal ulceration from the NSAID, diclofenac, studies were undertaken in domestic pigs, a model of human gastrointestinal ulceration, to determine (1) the effects of repeated daily dosing for 10 days of diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day (as Voltaren tablets) on the gastrointestinal morphology, 59fe-red blood loss, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (as an indicator of leukocyte infiltration), and mucosal leukotrienes (LTS); and (2) the mucosal protective effects of 10-40 micrograms/kg/day misoprostol twice a day (as Cytotec tablets) given with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day compared with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day alone and aspirin 150 mg/kg/twice a day (USP tablets) as a standard."	( Chronic effects of misoprostol in combination with the NSAID, diclofenac, on gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Relation to diarrheagenic activity, leukocyte infiltration, and mucosal leukotrienes. Perkins, WE; Rainsford, KD; Stetsko, PI, 1995)	0.74
" The results of this study indicated that there was minimal drug-drug interaction between diclofenac and ranitidine."	( Application of dual radiotelemetric technique in studying drug-drug interaction between diclofenac sodium and ranitidine HCl in volunteers. Alioth, C; Blum, RA; Chan, KK; D'Andrea, DT; Kochak, GM; Schentag, JJ; Teng, L; Ziehmer, BA, 1993)	0.73
"Twenty patients with severe, treatment refractory RA were sequentially treated with stable doses of diclofenac (100-200 mg/day) for one month followed by diclofenac combined with cyclosporine (3 mg/kg/day) for one month."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	1.95
"Diclofenac can be safely combined with cyclosporine in the management of RA when appropriate clinical monitoring and dose titrations are performed."	( Diclofenac combined with cyclosporine in treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal safety assessment and evidence of a pharmacokinetic/dynamic interaction. Alten, R; Genth-Stolzenburg, S; Guerret, M; Kovarik, JM; Kurki, P; Markert, E; Mueller, E; Zeidler, H, 1996)	3.18
" During endotoxin shock, this drug combination efficiently counteracts pulmonary hypertension and improves cardiac performance and splenic and renal blood flow."	( The endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, in combination with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac, counteracts pulmonary hypertension in porcine endotoxin shock. Hemsén, A; Lundberg, JM; Rudehill, A; Wanecek, M; Weitzberg, E, 1997)	0.52
" We evaluated the quality of analgesia and the incidence of side effects with smaller doses of intrathecal morphine combined with intramuscular (i."	( Small doses of intrathecal morphine combined with systemic diclofenac for postoperative pain control after cesarean delivery. Amaro, AR; Cappelli, EL; Cardoso, MM; Carvalho, JC; Prado, AA, 1998)	0.54
"The effects of half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or diclofenac sodium administered alone or in combination with the benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 on the therapeutic efficacy of KRM-1648 against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in mice were studied."	( Therapeutic effects of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 administered alone or in combination with a half-sized secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor or the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium against Mycobacterium avium complex infection i Kawahara, S; Kawauchi, H; Sano, C; Sato, K; Shimizu, T; Tomioka, H, 1999)	0.73
"The effects of diclofenac sodium(DFNa) combined with dionine in cases with fibrin exudation membrane on intraocular lens (IOL) were studied."	( [Effects of diclofenac sodium combined with dionine in cases with fibrinous membrane after intraocular lens implantation]. Jia, SB; Tang, LS, 2001)	1.04
"Thirty-two eyes, derived from sixteen adult pure bred New Zealand rabbits, were divided at random into two groups after extracapsular lens extraction with posterior chamber IOL implantation: (1) rabbits received DFNa eyedrops combined with dionine eyedrops; (2) rabbits received Pred forte eyedrops."	( [Effects of diclofenac sodium combined with dionine in cases with fibrinous membrane after intraocular lens implantation]. Jia, SB; Tang, LS, 2001)	0.69
"DFNa combined with dionine is effective in treating fibrin exudation membrane after extracapsular lens extraction and IOL implantation, and it is more effective than the pred forte."	( [Effects of diclofenac sodium combined with dionine in cases with fibrinous membrane after intraocular lens implantation]. Jia, SB; Tang, LS, 2001)	0.69
" The plasma pharmacokinetics of melagatran, diclofenac, diazepam, N-desmethyl-diazepam and nifedipine were determined when administered alone and in combination with ximelagatran."	( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions. Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)	0.58
"No inhibition, or only minor inhibition, of CYP enzymes by ximelagatran, the intermediates or melagatran was shown in the in vitro studies, suggesting that ximelagatran would not cause CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions in vivo."	( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions. Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)	0.32
" Together, the in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that metabolic drug-drug interactions involving the major human CYP enzymes should not be expected with ximelagatran."	( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions. Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)	0.32
"To investigate the effects of diclofenac alone or when combined with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) patients."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	1.01
" In osteoarthritic patients, diclofenac alone and when combined with alpha-tocopherol showed no significant change in CL response of whole blood."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	1.02
"The effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol did not produce a consistent effect on the CL response of whole blood or isolated PMNs of healthy or osteoarthritic patients."	( Effect of diclofenac alone or in combination with alpha-tocopherol on the oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in healthy and osteoarthritic individuals. Al-Arfaj, AS; Al-Dalaan, AN; Al-Humayyd, MS; Al-Tuwaijri, AS; Alballa, SR; Mustafa, AA, 2004)	1.09
" In the present study, in vitro enzyme kinetic data were used to predict the in vivo clearance and drug-drug interaction potential of four well known CYP2C9 substrates (tolbutamide, fluvastatin, ibuprofen and diclofenac) that are frequently used as benchmark substances in screening programs."	( An evaluation of the in vitro metabolism data for predicting the clearance and drug-drug interaction potential of CYP2C9 substrates. Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Ericsson, H; Sjöberg, H, 2004)	0.51
"A technique using a fully automated on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) system (Symbiosis, Spark Holland) combined with liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been investigated for fast bioanalytical method development, method validation and sample analysis using both conventional C18 and monolithic columns."	( Development and application of a new on-line SPE system combined with LC-MS/MS detection for high throughput direct analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in plasma. Alnouti, Y; Bi, H; Gusev, AI; Kavetskaia, O; Srinivasan, K; Waddell, D, 2005)	0.33
" The present prospective, placebo-controlled and double-blind study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of diclofenac, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in combination with paracetamol and opioids."	( Analgesic efficacy of diclofenac in combination with morphine and paracetamol after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Legeby, M; Olofsson, C; Sandelin, K; Wickman, M, 2005)	0.85
"To evaluate the preemptive effects of diclofenac sodium, in combination with remifentanil and ketamine."	( The preemptive use of diclofenac sodium in combination with ketamine and remifentanil does not enhance postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic gynecological procedures. Aypar, U; Canbay, O; Celebi, N; Coskun, F; Karakas, O; Peker, L, 2006)	0.92
" We found that six of the eight potent inhibitors identified in this screen (IC50 <10 microM against at least one CYP isozyme) correlated with significant drug-drug interactions in the clinic."	( Drug-drug interactions of anti-infective drugs: utility of fluorescence cyp inhibition assays in drug discovery. Fridén, M; Nandi, VN; Vanaja, K, 2006)	0.33
"By developing a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, we estimated the blood concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with the transdermal patches prepared with povidone-ethylcellulose and oral diclofenac tablets."	( HPLC detection of plasma concentrations of diclofenac in human volunteers administered with povidone-ethylcellulose-based experimental transdermal matrix-type patches. Das, S; Dey, S; Mahapatra, S; Mukherjee, B; Roy, G, 2006)	0.81
"5% hyaluronic acid in combination with sunscreens."	( 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronic acid (Solaraze) does not induce photosensitivity or phototoxicity alone or in combination with sunscreens. Duteil, L; Ortonne, JP; Queille-Roussel, C, )	0.75
" The aim of this study was to ascertain whether DCL used in combination with the first-line antitubercular antibiotic streptomycin (STM) synergistically augments its efficacy in vitro as well as in a murine tuberculosis infection model."	( Activity of diclofenac used alone and in combination with streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Dastidar, SG; Dutta, NK; Mazumdar, K; Park, JH, 2007)	0.72
"Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a principal mechanism for metabolism-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Development of an in vitro drug-drug interaction assay to simultaneously monitor five cytochrome P450 isoforms and performance assessment using drug library compounds. Burdette, D; Dunklee, MB; Fahmi, O; Heinle, L; Hyland, R; Lee, C; Miller, H; Smith, D; Thurston, A; Zientek, M, )	0.13
"5 mg combined with either aceclofenac 100 mg or placebo."	( Almotriptan and its combination with aceclofenac for migraine attacks: a study of efficacy and the influence of auto-evaluated brush allodynia. De Klippel, N; Giurgea, S; Herroelen, L; Jacquy, J; Louis, P; Monseu, G; Schoenen, J; Vandenheede, M, 2008)	0.35
"A method for quantitative analysis of diclofenac sodium powder on the basis of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is investigated by using of orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) combined with artificial neural network (ANN)."	( Quantitative analysis of diclofenac sodium powder via near-infrared spectroscopy combined with artificial neural network. Dou, Y; Liang, L; Liu, G; Ren, Y; Wang, B; Zhang, H, 2009)	0.93
" CYP2C9*3 has been reported to reduce the metabolism of diclofenac and alter the extent of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Effects of CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13 on Diclofenac Metabolism and Inhibition-based Drug-Drug Interactions. Chen, C; Huang, H; Liu, D; Ma, P; Wei, D; Yang, J; Zhu, J; Zi, J, 2010)	0.88
"To observe the curative effect of Chinese drugs-paste separated moxibustion combined with electroacupuncture (EA) for knee osteoarthritis (KOA)."	( [Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of drugs-paste separated moxibustion combined with electroacupunture for knee osteoarthritis patients of cold-damp type]. Chen, RL; Ji, L; Miao, FR; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Chinese drugs-paste separated moxibustion was applied to Shenque (CV 8) for 9 moxa-cones, combined with EA (4 Hz/20 Hz, 1-2 mA) of Liangqiu (ST 34), Heding (EX-LE 2), Neixiyan (EX-LE 4), etc."	( [Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of drugs-paste separated moxibustion combined with electroacupunture for knee osteoarthritis patients of cold-damp type]. Chen, RL; Ji, L; Miao, FR; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
"Chinese drugs-paste-separated moxibustion combined with EA is effective in the treatment of KOA of cold-damp type."	( [Clinical observation on the therapeutic effect of drugs-paste separated moxibustion combined with electroacupunture for knee osteoarthritis patients of cold-damp type]. Chen, RL; Ji, L; Miao, FR; Zhu, Y, 2010)	0.36
"The present study was designed as an open label, multiple-dose, randomized, parallel trial to evaluate the pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction of lisinopril and concomitantly administered diclofenac sodium in non-diabetic and diabetic, mild to moderate hypertensive, osteoarthritic patients."	( Potential pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction between concomitantly administered lisinopril and diclofenac sodium: a call for appropriate management in hypertensive osteoarthritic patients. Chudasama, H; Goswami, SK; Jain, S; Santani, D, 2011)	0.78
"Cryopreserved human hepatocytes suspended in human plasma (HHSHP) have previously provided accurate CYP3A drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions from a single IC(50) that captures both reversible and time-dependent inhibition."	( Predictions of cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions using cryopreserved human hepatocytes: comparison of plasma and protein-free media incubation conditions. Hall, SD; Harrelson, JP; Mao, J; Mohutsky, MA; Wrighton, SA, 2012)	0.38
"Inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism by a concomitantly administered second drug is one of the major causes of drug-drug interactions in humans."	( Drug-drug interactions and cooperative effects detected in electrochemically driven human cytochrome P450 3A4. Di Nardo, G; Ferrero, S; Gilardi, G; Sadeghi, SJ, 2012)	0.38
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
" The underlying mechanism for TL-118-treatment success was associated with hepatic perfusion attenuation resulting from reduced nitric-oxide (NO) serum levels as elucidated by using hemodynamic response imaging (HRI, a functional MRI combined with hypercapnia and hyperoxia)."	( Improved efficacy of a novel anti-angiogenic drug combination (TL-118) against colorectal-cancer liver metastases; MRI monitoring in mice. Abramovitch, R; Corchia, N; Edrei, Y; Gross, E, 2012)	0.38
" TL-118, a novel drug combination has been recently developed to inhibit tumor angiogenesis."	( TL-118 and gemcitabine drug combination display therapeutic efficacy in a MYCN amplified orthotopic neuroblastoma murine model--evaluation by MRI. Abramovitch, R; Corchia, N; Dery, E; Fried, I; Gross, E; Komar-Stossel, C; Meir, K, 2014)	0.4
"A simple solid phase microextraction method based on molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent in the hollow fiber (MIP-HF-SPME) combined with fiber optic-linear array spectrophotometer has been applied for the extraction and determination of diclofenac in environmental and biological samples."	( Solid phase microextraction of diclofenac using molecularly imprinted polymer sorbent in hollow fiber combined with fiber optic-linear array spectrophotometry. Dadfarnia, S; Khodadoust, S; Pebdani, AA; Shabani, AM, 2015)	0.89
"A fast and low-cost sample preparation method of graphene based dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, was developed."	( Graphene oxide-based dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with in situ derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of acidic pharmaceuticals in water. Lee, HK; Li, SF; Naing, NN, 2015)	0.42
"The aims of this study were to prepare fine intra-articular-administrated chitosan thermosensitive hydrogels combined with alginate microspheres and to investigate the possibility of those hydrogels as a drug delivery system for promoting the anti-inflammation effect."	( Intra-articular Administration of Chitosan Thermosensitive In Situ Hydrogels Combined With Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Alginate Microspheres. Li, W; Luan, K; Qi, X; Qin, J; Qin, X; Song, L; Wu, Z; Yang, R, 2016)	0.65
" The results indicated uniform trend to an increase in the number of clathrincoated vesicles under conditions of hormone treatment combined with prostaglandin synthesis blockade in animals with different neurohypophyseal status."	( Electron Microscopic Study of the Inner Medulla in Rat Kidneys under Conditions of Vasopressin Treatment Combined with Prostaglandin Synthesis Blockade. Babina, AV; Lavrinenko, VA, 2016)	0.43
"Coadministration of diclofenac and sunitinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, led to sex-divergent pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction outcomes."	( Diclofenac sex-divergent drug-drug interaction with Sunitinib: pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in male and female mice. Chee, EL; Chee, YL; Chew, CC; Fernández, C; Koo, TW; Liew, MH; Mariño, EL; Modamio, P; Ng, S; Segarra, I, 2017)	2.22
"Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is known to interact with some anti-inflammatory drugs."	( In vitro drug interaction of levocetirizine and diclofenac: Theoretical and spectroscopic studies. Abdel Gaber, SA; Abo Dena, AS, 2017)	0.71
" This study was designed to find out whether there is an augmentation of the therapeutic effectiveness of the antiinflammatory drugs like diclofenac sodium (NSAID), prednisolone (steroid) and atorvastatin (statin) when used in combination with ascorbic acid (antioxidant)."	( Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diclofenac Sodium, Prednisolone and Atorvastatin in Combination with Ascorbic Acid. Ahmed, T; Ahsan, CR; Al Shoyaib, A; Archie, SR; Chowdhury, FA; Faruk, A, 2020)	1.01
" The inhibitions of such responses were measured after administering a drug alone and in combination with ascorbic acid."	( Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Diclofenac Sodium, Prednisolone and Atorvastatin in Combination with Ascorbic Acid. Ahmed, T; Ahsan, CR; Al Shoyaib, A; Archie, SR; Chowdhury, FA; Faruk, A, 2020)	0.81
"Concomitant treatment with drugs that inhibit drug metabolising enzymes and/or transporters, such as commonly prescribed statins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has been associated with prolonged drug exposure and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug-gene interactions as mediators of adverse drug reactions to diclofenac and statins: a case report and literature review. Borić Bilušić, A; Božina, N; Božina, T; Domjanović, IK; Fistrek Prlić, M; Ganoci, L; Gvozdanović, K; Križ, T; Laganović, M; Simičević, L, 2021)	0.86
"In this work, the novel hollow mesoporous coagulant was prepared by chitosan-polydopamine coating and permanganate loading into silica nanoparticles for investigating the simultaneous enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium (DCFS) combined with ultraviolet irradiation."	( Permanganate release from silica-based hollow mesoporous coagulant combined with UV for spatiotemporal enrichment and degradation of diclofenac sodium. An, Y; Hu, X; Khan, S; Qu, J; Sun, Q; Zhang, Z; Zheng, H, 2021)	1.01
"To investigate the effects of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs combined with platelet-rich plasma on inflammatory factor levels in patients with osteoarthritis."	( Effects of Different Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma on Inflammatory Factor Levels in Patients with Osteoarthritis. Cheng, Y; Huang, Y; Jiang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

Sodium diclofenac (Na-DFC) and celecoxib (CLXB) are common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs which suffer from poor bioavailability and severe side effects when consumed orally. Their transdermal delivery might present important advices.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Two independent studies have shown that aspirin markedly reduces the bioavailability of diclofenac, as measured by "area under the curve"."	( Diclofenac sodium (Voltarol): drug interactions and special studies. Fowler, PD, 1979)	1.92
" The superiority of the regulated-dogs over the intact dogs was confirmed in comparative bioavailability studies by using two classes of commercial preparations."	( Bioavailability study of commercial sustained-release preparations of diclofenac sodium in gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs. Kawata, M; Mizuta, H; Nagamatsu, Y; Ogawa, K; Sagara, K; Yamada, I, 1992)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of the combination product taken separately and together reveal a high between- and within-subject variability in plasma diclofenac levels, especially when the enteric-coated tablets were given after food; reliable values for peak plasma diclofenac concentration could not be ascertained."	( Biopharmaceutical profile of diclofenac-misoprostol combination tablet, Arthrotec. Karim, A; Smith, M, 1992)	0.77
"The effect of food on the bioavailability of diclofenac from a 150 mg diclofenac hydrogel bead (HGB) capsule was evaluated in 12 healthy male subjects in a fed and fasted state."	( Effect of food and relative bioavailability following single doses of diclofenac 150 mg hydrogel bead (HGB) capsules in healthy humans. Castellana, J; Kochak, GM; Mangat, S; Thakker, KM; Wagner, W, 1992)	0.78
" The relative bioavailability from the test formulation (a solution gel) in terms of Cmax and AUC, calculated from the amount of drug reaching the systemic circulation, was found to be twice the amount after application of reference product (an emulsion gel)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of percutaneous absorption of diclofenac from two topical formulations containing drug as a solution gel or as an emulsion gel. Seth, BL, 1992)	0.51
" For this purpose the bioavailability of both formulations, orally administered in single and multiple doses, was determined."	( [Comparative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Dolotren retard and Dolotren]. Honorato, J; Lucero, ML; Montes, B; Suárez, J; Valiente, R, )	0.13
" The bioavailability was determined according to the time (tmax) of the concentration maximum in plasma (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC)."	( The influence of food on the absorption of diclofenac as a pure substance. Feller, K; Gramatte, T; Hrdlcka, P; Richter, K; Terhaag, B, 1991)	0.54
" The mean relative bioavailability was 116% for diclofenac plus sucralfate compared to diclofenac alone, and 100% for piroxicam plus sucralfate compared to piroxicam alone."	( Study on the interaction between sucralfate and diclofenac/piroxicam in healthy volunteers. Ungethüm, W, 1991)	0.79
" After oral dosing, an early peak was also observed, but it was lower than that obtained after intraduodenal dosing: 71% diclofenac bioavailability was found in bile duct-cannulated rats intraduodenally dosed, whereas in normal animals dosed by mouth a bioavailability of 79% was obtained."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diclofenac in the rat. Aristorena, JC; Garcia-Carbonell, MC; Peris-Ribera, JE; Pla-Delfina, JM; Torres-Molina, F, 1991)	0.76
" The extent of bioavailability of ibuprofen was not increased by magnesium hydroxide."	( The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the oral absorption of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and diclofenac. Neuvonen, PJ, 1991)	0.5
"A comparative bioavailability study and in vitro characterization were conducted on two commercial products of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren "A" and Inflaban "B") in the form of enteric-coated tablets (25 and 50 mg)."	( Comparative bioavailability of two tablet formulations of diclofenac sodium in normal subjects. Alawneh, Y; Hasan, MM; Najib, NM; Rawashdeh, NM; Sallam, EN; Shubair, MS, 1991)	0.74
"A radiotelemetric technique with the Heidelberg capsule (HC) was used to improve the quality of data generated in a bioavailability study involving an enteric-coated (EC) formulation."	( Application of radiotelemetric technique in evaluating diclofenac sodium absorption after oral administration of various dosage forms in healthy volunteers. Chan, KK; John, VA; Mojaverian, P; Ziehmer, BA, 1990)	0.53
"Diclofenac 100 mg suppository is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of six human volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of rectal diclofenac and its hydroxy metabolites in man. Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Landsdorp, D; Vree, TB, 1990)	2.02
"The bioavailability of an in vitro sustained-release formulation of diclofenac sodium was compared with a conventional product in six healthy male volunteers."	( A study on the relative bioavailability of a sustained-release formulation of diclofenac sodium. Abdulahameed, M; el-Sayed, Y; Hasan, M; Najib, N; Suleiman, MS, 1989)	0.74
"A bioavailability study and an in vitro characterization were conducted on two brands of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets marketed in Jordan."	( Comparative bioavailability and in vitro characterization of two brands of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets. Abdulhameed, M; el-Sayed, Y; Hasan, M; Muti, H; Najib, N; Suleiman, MS, 1988)	0.73
" The applicability of the assays to study the bioavailability of two formulations in a multiple-dosage trial is described."	( Detection and quantification of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: diclofenac. Aubets, J; Camí, J; de la Torre, R; Mestres, M; Segura, J; Ugena, B, 1988)	0.49
"The bioavailability of diclofenac (D) was assessed in 12 healthy volunteers treated orally with single doses of 100 mg (retard formulation) and subsequently retreated with the same dose of (D) plus sulglicotide (S) 200 mg."	( Lack of effect of a single-dose of sulglicotide on the bioavailability of diclofenac. Bertè, F; Cenedese, A; Cornelli, U; De Bernardi di Valserra, M; Feletti, F; Nazzari, M, 1988)	0.82
"The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of diclofenac sodium from a new sustained-release formulation (Effekton-100) and from a standard sustained-release formulation (Voltaren-Retard) were compared in 11 healthy adult male volunteers."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of a novel sustained-release dosage form of diclofenac sodium in healthy subjects. Ben-David, J; Hussein, Z; Raz, I; Samara, E, 1988)	0.75
" The bioavailability of these two preparations of diclofenac sodium did not differ significantly as judged by absorption lag time, peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentrations or area under the plasma concentration-time curve."	( Comparative bioavailability of two enteric-coated tablet preparations of diclofenac sodium. Paton, DM, 1987)	0.76
" An evaluation of the response-related pharmacokinetics of the three most widely used NSAIDs, diclofenac, indomethacin, and piroxicam, shows some obvious reasons for these differences: The onset of absorption and the bioavailability of diclofenac can vary considerably, and relevant inter-patient differences are found in the terminal plasma half-life of indomethacin and piroxicam."	( Clinical relevance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug pharmacokinetics. Brune, K, 1987)	0.49
" An evaluation of the response-related pharmacokinetic parameters of the three presently most widely used NSAID's, namely diclofenac, indomethacin and piroxicam shows some obvious reasons: While the onset of absorption and the bioavailability of diclofenac varies considerably, we find relevant differences in the terminal plasma half-life of indomethacin and particularly piroxicam."	( Pharmacokinetic factors as causes of variability in response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Brune, K, 1985)	0.48
"Five different preparations of diclofenac-suppositories (A, B, C, D, E) are investigated for in vitro liberation (modified paddle method) and for in vivo bioavailability in man (8-12 subjects) in a crossover design."	( [In vitro and in vivo studies of diclofenac suppositories in humans]. le Petit, G; Richter, K; Rogner, M; Terhaag, B, 1985)	0.84
"We carried out a comparative study of the bioavailability of a typical, enteric-coated diclofenac with regard to a new dispersible formulation whose faster dissolution results in an earlier onset of its analgesic effect."	( Comparative bioavailability of a dispersible formulation of diclofenac and finding of double plasma peaks. Carcas, AJ; Frias, J; Guerra, P; Lucero, ML; Macía, MA; Valiente, R, 1995)	0.76
" The absorption rate from the intestinal tract into the portal system was determined using the portal-venous difference in plasma concentrations of diclofenac, considering 40% partitioning of diclofenac into erythrocytes."	( Evaluation of intestinal absorption into the portal system in enterohepatic circulation by measuring the difference in portal-venous blood concentrations of diclofenac. Fukuyama, T; Nakagawa, T; Tabata, K; Yamaoka, K, 1995)	0.69
" Pharmacokinetic studies of the fixed combination have found that no drug-drug interaction occurs between misoprostol and diclofenac after either single or multiple doses, and the bioavailability of misoprostol and diclofenac are comparable with that of misoprostol and diclofenac given alone."	( Efficacy and gastroduodenal safety of a fixed combination of diclofenac and misoprostol in the treatment of arthritis. McKenna, F, 1995)	0.74
" This results in an increase in the rate of absorption of the active compound and, consequently, in an earlier onset of analgesic action."	( Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin in the treatment of acute pain of rheumatic disease. Franchimont, P; Reginster, JY, 1993)	0.29
"The relative bioavailability of four monolithic enteric coated (MEC) diclofenac products was compared in 16 healthy volunteers."	( The bioavailability of diclofenac from enteric coated products in healthy volunteers with normal and artificially decreased gastric acidity. Barends, DM; Meulenbelt, J; Olling, M; Rauws, AG; Salomons, P; Van Gelderen, ME, 1994)	0.83
" The in-vivo data suggest a reduction of diclofenac bioavailability when colestipol or cholestyramine is administered concomitantly."	( The effects of cholestyramine and colestipol on the absorption of diclofenac in man. al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994)	0.79
"Relative bioavailability of enteric-coated diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) was investigated after a single-dose administration of a multiple-unit formulation (Diclo-Puren 50, test) in comparison to a single-unit formulation (reference)."	( [The bioavailability of enteric coated diclofenac formulations. 2. Bioavailability following single administration of a multiple-unit formulation in comparison to a single-unit formulation under fasting and non-fasting conditions]. Babej-Dölle, RM; Blume, H; Scheidel, B; Stanislaus, F; Walter, K, 1994)	0.82
" The absolute bioavailability after oral administration of 50 mL buffer, 50 mL water, and 200 mL water solutions were 107, 97, and 109%, respectively, compared to approximately 50% in man."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diclofenac sodium in Yucatan miniature pigs. Chan, KK; Das, H; Oberle, RL; Sawchuk, RJ; Wong, SL, 1994)	0.57
"The bioavailability of two suspension formulations of potassium diclofenac (Flogan, Merck and Cataflam, Ciba-Geigy) were compared in eighteen healthy male volunteers who received a single dose of 7 ml of each suspension (equivalent to 105 mg of potassium diclofenac) in an open randomized two period crossover design, with a fourteen-day washout period between doses."	( Comparative bioavailability of two suspension formulations of potassium diclofenac in healthy male volunteers. de Nucci, G; Fernandes, AG; Franco, LM; Mendes, GB; Moreno, RA; Muscara, MN, 1994)	0.76
"A single dose comparative bioavailability study and an in vitro evaluation were conducted on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren "V" and Diclogesic "D")."	( A comparative bioavailability study on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium following a single dose administration. Hasan, MM; Muti, H; Najib, NM, 1993)	0.72
" As far as diclofenac is concerned, single premedication increased significantly the rate of absorption and total body clearance but lowered the AUC of the NSAID."	( Potential pharmacokinetic interactions of nocloprost clathrate with retarded theophylline and enteric coated diclofenac after single and repeated premedication in healthy volunteers. Amon, I; Franke, G; Scheuch, E; Siegmund, W; Stolz, E; Zschiesche, M, 1993)	0.89
"Bioavailability Study of Enteric Coated Diclofenac Formulations/1st Communication: Bioavailability study following single-dose administration of a multiple-unit formulation compared with a single-unit formulation Relative bioavailability of diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) was investigated after single-dose administration of an enteric coated multiple-unit formulation (Diclo-Puren 50, test) in comparison to a single-unit dosage form (reference)."	( [Biological availability of gastric juice-resistant coated diclofenac preparations. 1. Bioavailability study following a single administration of a multiple-unit formulation in comparison with a single-unit formulation]. Babej-Dölle, RM; Blume, H; Scheidel, B; von Nieciecki, A; Walter, K, 1993)	0.8
" The new diclofenac-sucralfate association shows a different rate of absorption (namely an early and greater peak plasma concentration of diclofenac) and a similar extent of absorption (AUC(0-infinity) being not statistically different) as compared to the reference enteric-coated tablets of 50 mg diclofenac."	( Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers on a new gastroprotective pharmaceutic form of diclofenac. Carabelli, A; Contos, S; De Bernardi di Valserra, M; Feletti, F; Germogli, R; Maggi, L; Tripodi, AS, 1993)	0.92
" The relative rectal bioavailability was 107."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of compressed suppositories of diclofenac sodium in humans. Diwan, PV; Fadnavis, NW; Ramakrishna, S, 1996)	0.53
" The results obtained show a similar extent of diclofenac and codeine bioavailability for both administration routes, but the rate of drug input was lower for the suppositories."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug input characteristics for a diclofenac-codeine phosphate combination following oral and rectal administration. Hanses, A; Meiss, F; Mutschler, E; Spahn-Langguth, H, 1996)	0.8
"The bioavailability of a single dose of a potassium diclofenac (KDIC) suspension (Flogan, Merck, 7ml, 105 mg) was studied in 13 healthy male volunteers in the fasting state (placebo phase, PLA), after gastric acid secretion blockade (subacute pretreatment with omeprazole, OME phase) and after food intake (FOOD phase)."	( Influence of gastric acid secretion blockade and food intake on the bioavailability of a potassium diclofenac suspension in healthy male volunteers. De Nucci, G; Dias, HB; Moreno, H; Moreno, RA; Muscara, MN; Poli, A; Ribeiro, W, 1996)	0.76
"In this study, in vitro characterization, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 2 different sustained-release diclofenac sodium dosage forms were compared, Voltaren (100 mg tablets), manufactured by Ciba-Geigy and Inflaban (100 mg enteric-coated tablets), manufactured by the Arab Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium, Voltaren vs inflaban: effect of food on inflaban bioavailability. Deleq, S; Hasan, M; Najib, N; Sallam, E; Shubair, M; Zmeili, S, 1996)	0.73
"The pharmacokinetic analysis of an oral sustained-release preparation of diclofenac sodium has been investigated using multi-segment absorption models in which it has been assumed that the gastrointestinal tract can be divided into several segments in each of which the drug has its own lag-time and absorption rate constants."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of the absorption characteristics of diclofenac sodium in man by use of a multi-segment absorption model. Mahmood, I, 1996)	0.77
" The relative bioavailability of the two formulations were 59."	( Comparative study of in-vitro release and bioavailability of sustained release diclofenac sodium from certain hydrophilic polymers and commercial tablets in beagle dogs. al-Dardiri, MA; al-Helw, AR; Hosny, EA, 1997)	0.52
" The relative bioavailability in the human was about 86%."	( [Preparation of diclofenac sodium controlled release pellets and multiple-dose evaluation in healthy volunteers]. Long, XY; Lu, RB; Xu, SP; Zeng, XW, 1996)	0.64
" Although the 2 products are not equivalent regarding the secondary parameter Tmax, still the data indicate that they could be considered bioequivalent regarding rate of absorption (Cmax), extent of absorption (Cmax and AUC), and elimination (t1/2)."	( Comparative bioavailability of two capsule formulations of mefenamic acid. Jalal, IM; Najib, NM; Rawashdeh, NM, 1997)	0.3
" For in vivo bioavailability studies rabbits were used as animal models."	( In vivo and in vitro diclofenac sodium evaluation after rectal application of soft gelatine capsules enabling application induced transformation (AIT) into a semisolid system of liquid crystals (SSLC) for controlled release. Müller-Goymann, CC; Schneeweis, A, 1997)	0.62
" The in vivo bioavailability studies show bioequivalence in terms of AUC for both formulations (capsules and Voltaren suppositories)."	( In vivo and in vitro diclofenac sodium evaluation after rectal application of soft gelatine capsules enabling application induced transformation (AIT) into a semisolid system of liquid crystals (SSLC) for controlled release. Müller-Goymann, CC; Schneeweis, A, 1997)	0.62
"58 micrograms h/ml resulting in a relative bioavailability of 145."	( Effect of coating of aluminum carboxymethylcellulose beads on the release and bioavailability of diclofenac sodium. Hosny, EA, 1998)	0.52
" The in vivo absorption for the sustained-release formulation is slow first order and follows a flip-flop model since disposition rate constants are greater than absorption rate constants."	( Determination of the population pharmacokinetic parameters of sustained-release and enteric-coated oral formulations, and the suppository formulation of diclofenac sodium by simultaneous data fitting using NONMEM. Amidon, GL; Hassan, MM; Idkaidek, NM; Najib, NM; Smith, DE, 1998)	0.5
"This study determines comparative bioavailability of diclofenac sodium lotion compared to an aqueous solution after topical application to viable human skin in vitro."	( In vitro cutaneous disposition of a topical diclofenac lotion in human skin: effect of a multi-dose regimen. Hewitt, PG; Maibach, HI; Poblete, N; Shainhouse, JZ; Wester, RC, 1998)	0.81
" There was no significant change in the bioavailability of theses NSAIDs during omeprazole therapy in this study."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between three different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and omeprazole. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Lagerström, PO; Naesdal, J; Wilson, I, 1998)	0.3
" Sequential time blood and urine samples were taken to determine pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism."	( In vivo bioavailability and metabolism of topical diclofenac lotion in human volunteers. Hewitt, PG; Hui, X; Maibach, HI; Poblete, N; Shainhouse, JZ; Wester, RC, 1998)	0.55
"8), and bioavailability in beagle dogs relative to the commercial enteric-coated tablets Voltaren."	( Formulation and in vitro and in vivo availability of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated beads. el-Mahrouk, GM; Gouda, MW; Hosny, EA, 1998)	0.55
" However, while effective, it has low oral bioavailability and some problematic adverse effects."	( Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. , 1999)	0.52
" The rate of absorption with the sachets proved to be very fast, reaching peak values at 10 min in seven subjects and at 15 min in the remaining subjects: mean time was 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac after oral administration of its potassium salt in sachet and tablet formulations. Abbondati, G; Ceppi Monti, N; Crivelli, F; Dal Bo, L; Ismaili, S; Marzo, A; Tettamanti, RA; Uhr, MR; Verga, F, 2000)	0.63
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
"Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been proposed to reduce drug bioavailability after intramuscular administration owing to an impairment in blood flow to paralyzed limbs."	( Bioavailability of diclofenac after intramuscular administration to rats with experimental spinal cord injury. García-López, P; Salas, R, 1999)	0.63
" All S-NO-diclofenac derivatives acted as orally bioavailable prodrugs, producing significant levels of diclofenac in plasma within 15 min after oral administration to mice."	( Nitrosothiol esters of diclofenac: synthesis and pharmacological characterization as gastrointestinal-sparing prodrugs. Bandarage, UK; Chen, L; Fang, X; Garvey, DS; Glavin, A; Janero, DR; Letts, LG; Mercer, GJ; Saha, JK; Schroeder, JD; Shumway, MJ; Tam, SW, 2000)	1.02
"The bioavailability of a newly developed effervescent tablet containing 50 mg diclofenac Na (DIC-effervesc) was investigated and compared with an enteric-coated dragée (DIC-enteric)."	( Bioavailability of a new effervescent tablet of diclofenac. Barkworth, M; Hoffmann, A; Terhaag, B; Vens-Cappell, B, 2000)	0.79
" The bioavailability was compared as ratios of the geometric means of AUC0-infinity and Cmax."	( Bioavailability of a new effervescent tablet of diclofenac. Barkworth, M; Hoffmann, A; Terhaag, B; Vens-Cappell, B, 2000)	0.56
"The relative bioavailability of diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) was investigated after a single administration of a multiple-unit formulation containing 75 mg diclofenac sodium in enteric-coated pellets (A) in comparison to an enteric-coated tablet with 50 mg diclofenac sodium (B), a capsule containing 140 mg diclofenac resinate (C) and a dispersible tablet containing 46."	( [Relative bioavailability of diclofenac after a single administration of a new multiple-unit formulation of enteric-coated pellets]. von Nieciecki, A; Walter, K, 2001)	0.89
" Results of the bioavailability studies indicated that formulation 4 with drug:HPMC:NaCMC equal to 1:2:1 was similar to the marketed product Dicloran SR and showed better bioavailability than Voveran SR."	( Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium using hydrophilic matrices. Jayasagar, G; Rao, YM; Veni, JK, 2001)	0.6
" In rectal-resected rabbits, its bioavailability after rectal administration was significantly lower than that in normal rabbits, and furthermore that after intracolostomal administration was significantly lower than that in rectal-resected rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics of dicrofenac after its intrarectal and intracolostomal administration to rabbits with rectal resection or colostoma construction. Fujimoto, S; Matsuda, T; Nagasawa, K; Nakanishi, H; Ohnishi, N; Takara, K; Yokoyama, T, 2001)	0.31
" The last salification form has shown a prompter absorption rate and a faster onset of analgesic activity than the acid form and sodium salt."	( Increased absorption rate of diclofenac from fast acting formulations containing its potassium salt. Conti, M; Reiner, A; Reiner, G; Reiner, V, 2001)	0.6
"The effects of food, antibiotics, diclofenac sodium (DS) and methotrexate (MTX) on oral bioavailability (BA) of MTX were examined in rats."	( Variability of oral bioavailability for low dose methotrexate in rats. Akahori, M; Kuroda, T; Namba, K; Torimaru, T; Yamamoto, S, )	0.41
" The present study investigated the influence of tropical climate conditions (class IV: 40 degrees C, 75% relative humidity) on the drug content, in vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability of different formulations of two essential drugs marketed in Tanzania: diclofenac sodium and ciprofloxacin tablets."	( Drug formulations intended for the global market should be tested for stability under tropical climatic conditions. Bortel, LV; Remon, JP; Risha, PG; Vergote, G; Vervaet, C, 2003)	0.5
" Oral bioavailability was also not influenced by tropical conditions."	( Drug formulations intended for the global market should be tested for stability under tropical climatic conditions. Bortel, LV; Remon, JP; Risha, PG; Vergote, G; Vervaet, C, 2003)	0.32
" We performed a bioavailability randomized, cross-over study to compare the plasma profiles of diclofenamic acid after repeated epicutaneous administration of the new topical formulation with those of the marketed DHEP formulation without lecithin."	( Effect of lecithin on epicutaneous absorption of diclofenac epolamine. Conte, A; Mautone, G; Petrini, M; Ronca, G, 2002)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study in eight human subjects were performed by HPLC method."	( [Studies on diclofenac sodium pulsatile release pellets]. Dang, DS; Guo, T; Song, HT; Sui, Y; Sun, XH; Zheng, CL, 2003)	0.7
"8 h, and the bioavailability was (91 +/- 12)%."	( [Studies on diclofenac sodium pulsatile release pellets]. Dang, DS; Guo, T; Song, HT; Sui, Y; Sun, XH; Zheng, CL, 2003)	0.7
"Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out to assess bioavailability of diclofenac preparations."	( A comparison of gastrointestinal permeability induced by diclofenac-phospholipid complex with diclofenac acid and its sodium salt. Jamali, F; Khazaeinia, T, )	0.61
" In vivo evaluation was performed on six healthy human volunteers and various pharmacokinetic parameters (c(max), t(max), AUC(0-24), MRT) and relative bioavailability were calculated."	( Development and biopharmaceutical evaluation of osmotic pump tablets for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. Mishra, B; Rani, M; Sankar, C; Surana, R, 2003)	0.54
"Lumiracoxib was well absorbed and demonstrated similar potency to naproxen as a COX-2 inhibitor (77% and 66% inhibition, respectively, vs."	( Pharmacology and gastrointestinal safety of lumiracoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: An integrated study. Atherton, C; Bebb, J; Bonner, J; Branson, J; Brough, J; Burdsall, J; Cunliffe, R; Hawkey, CJ; Jones, J; McKaig, B; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Stevenson, D, 2004)	0.32
""Trikatu"-an Ayurvedic formulation comprising of a 1:1:1 ratio of dried fruits of Piper nigrum, Piper longum and dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale is widely used to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, like vasicine, indomethacin, etc."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on interaction of "Trikatu" with diclofenac sodium. D'Mello, PM; Lala, LG; Naik, SR, 2004)	0.55
" The rate of absorption of lumiracoxib was not significantly altered by hepatic impairment based on Cmax and Tmax."	( No influence of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib, an oral COX-2 selective inhibitor. Kalbag, J; Lasseter, K; Milosavljev, S; Oberstein, S; Rordorf, C; Yeh, CM, 2004)	0.32
" Oxaprozin has a high oral bioavailability (95%), with peak plasma concentrations at 3 to 5 hours after dosing."	( Oxaprozin: kinetic and dynamic profile in the treatment of pain. Kean, WF, 2004)	0.32
" Through in vitro drug release kinetics, using regression coefficient analysis and Peppas equation, different pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability were determined."	( Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of osmotic matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium. Mishra, B; Rani, M; Sankar, C; Surana, R, )	0.36
" Drug bioavailability of a selected diclofenac sodium buccoadhesive product was then compared with that of Voltarin 100 SR tablet."	( Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium buccoadhesive discs. Basalious, EB; El-Samaligy, MS; Yahia, SA, 2004)	0.89
" The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of low-dose diclofenac-K."	( Bioavailability of diclofenac potassium at low doses. Brune, K; Chevts, J; Hinz, B; Rau, T; Renner, B; Schmidt, A; Szelenyi, I; Werner, U; Wuttke, H, 2005)	0.89
" The absolute bioavailability of diclofenac-K after oral administration did not differ significantly in the 12."	( Bioavailability of diclofenac potassium at low doses. Brune, K; Chevts, J; Hinz, B; Rau, T; Renner, B; Schmidt, A; Szelenyi, I; Werner, U; Wuttke, H, 2005)	0.94
"Our data indicate that diclofenac-K is rapidly and well absorbed at low dose, and are consistent with a rapid onset of action of the drug."	( Bioavailability of diclofenac potassium at low doses. Brune, K; Chevts, J; Hinz, B; Rau, T; Renner, B; Schmidt, A; Szelenyi, I; Werner, U; Wuttke, H, 2005)	0.97
"The bioavailability of a generic diclofenac sodium sustained release tablet preparation (Zolterol, SR) was compared with the innovator product, Voltaren, SR."	( Comparative bioavailability study of a generic sustained release diclofenac sodium tablet. Choy, WP; Ling, SS; Magosso, E; Ng, BH; Ur-Rahman, N; Wong, JW; Yuen, KH, 2004)	0.84
" Various pharmacokinetic parameters (ie, C(max), T(max), area under the curve [AUC(0-24)], and mean residence time) and relative bioavailability were compared."	( Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of matrix, osmotic matrix, and osmotic pump tablets for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. Mishra, B; Rani, M, 2004)	0.53
" The beads were evaluated for their bioavailability in six beagle dogs relative to the commercial enteric-coated Voltaren tablets."	( Evaluation of crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads as a carrier for prolonged delivery of diclofenac sodium: in vitro and in vivo studies. Alsarra, IA, 2004)	0.55
" In the comparative bioavailability study, we found that the developed spheroids were able to sustain the drug release over 8 hr and could improve the extent of absorption and bioavailability of the drug."	( Development of controlled release spheroids using natural polysaccharide as release modifier. Dhobe, RR; Gowthamarajan, K; Kulkarni, GT; Suresh, B; Yohanan, F, )	0.13
"Two different transdermal diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) formulations (Olfen Patch 140 mg diclofenac sodium as test preparation and 180 mg diclofenac epolamine plaster, equivalent to 140 mg diclofenac sodium, as reference preparation) were investigated in 24 healthy male and female volunteers in order to compare the transdermal bioavailability between both treatments following topical multiple dose administration."	( Determination of the transdermal bioavailability of a newly developed diclofenac sodium patch in comparison with a reference preparation. Arnold, P; Cambon, N; Frentzel, A; Gschwend, MH; Martin, W; Scheiwe, W; Verdun, MO, 2005)	0.86
"The study was designed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of diclofenac in plasma, subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue after repeated topical administration using MIKA Diclofenac Spray Gel (4%), a novel formulation, and after oral dosing using VOLTAREN 50 mg enteric coated tablets."	( Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation. Brunner, M; Dehghanyar, P; Martin, W; Menke, G; Müller, M; Seigfried, B, 2005)	0.85
"The relative bioavailability of diclofenac in subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue was substantially higher after topical compared with oral dosing (324% and 209%, respectively) whereas relative plasma bioavailability was 50-fold lower."	( Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation. Brunner, M; Dehghanyar, P; Martin, W; Menke, G; Müller, M; Seigfried, B, 2005)	0.89
" Lumiracoxib has good oral bioavailability (74%)."	( Clinical pharmacology of lumiracoxib: a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Choi, L; Mangold, JB; Marshall, P; Rordorf, CM, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium diclofenac on the bioavailability of amoxicillin."	( Effect of sodium diclofenac on the bioavailability of amoxicillin. Ambrosano, GM; Cogo, K; de Cássia Bergamaschi, C; Del Fiol, Fde S; Franco, GC; Groppo, FC; Montan, MF; Motta, RH; Rosalen, PL, 2006)	0.92
" The absolute bioavailability of IM DCLF appears to be approximately 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in sheep following intravenous and intramuscular administration. Al-Hadiya, BM; Alkharfy, KM; Altaher, AY; Khan, RM, 2006)	0.66
"In this study, we investigated the bioavailability of iontophoretically delivered diclofenac with the methylnicotinate (MN) test."	( Determination of the in vivo bioavailability of iontophoretically delivered diclofenac using a methyl nicotinate skin inflammation assay. Barel, AO; Clarys, P; Clijsen, R; Lambrecht, R, 2006)	0.79
" Bioavailability was assessed by quantification of an MN-induced erythema under the different conditions."	( Determination of the in vivo bioavailability of iontophoretically delivered diclofenac using a methyl nicotinate skin inflammation assay. Barel, AO; Clarys, P; Clijsen, R; Lambrecht, R, 2006)	0.56
"The procedure used enabled us to evaluate the bioavailability of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the skin."	( Determination of the in vivo bioavailability of iontophoretically delivered diclofenac using a methyl nicotinate skin inflammation assay. Barel, AO; Clarys, P; Clijsen, R; Lambrecht, R, 2006)	0.56
" This drug, therefore affects the bioavailability of two major respiratory complex I substrates which would normally contribute substantially to supplying the reducing equivalents for mitochondrial electron transport for generation of ATP in the renal cell."	( Action of diclofenac on kidney mitochondria and cells. Halliwell, B; Ng, LE; Vincent, AS; Wong, KP, 2006)	0.74
" These physicochemical results indicate that solid molecular dispersions based on PHEMA hydrogels can effectively enhance the dissolution and therefore should be potentially useful in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Solid molecular dispersions of poorly water-soluble drugs in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. Lee, PI; Zahedi, P, 2007)	0.34
" The oral bioavailability in rats was determined for selected diclofenac derivatives."	( Aminocarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs of flufenamic acid and diclofenac: suppressing the rearrangement pathway in aqueous media. Iley, J; Järvinen, T; Mendes, E; Moreira, R; Mota-Filipe, H; Rautio, J; Ribeiro, L; Silva, N, 2007)	0.82
" The ocular bioavailability of liposome in aqueous humor was 211% compared with that of eyedrop."	( [Preparation of diclofenac sodium liposomes and its ocular pharmacokinetics]. Huang, LJ; Liang, RC; Liu, K; Sun, KX; Wang, AP, 2006)	0.68
"The objective of present study was to improve the solubility, dissolution rate, micromeritic properties and bioavailability of aceclofenac (NSAID) by formulating its spherical agglomerates."	( Improved bioavailability of aceclofenac from spherical agglomerates: development, in vitro and preclinical studies. Muatlik, S; Pandey, S; Ranjith, AK; Reddy, MS; Usha, AN, 2007)	0.34
" Co-administration of enrofloxacin did not affect Vd(area) and MRT but absorption rate constant (K(a)), beta, t1/2Ka, t1/2beta, AUC, AUMC, Cl(B) and bioavailability (F) were significantly increased."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and its interaction with enrofloxacin in sheep. Ahmad, AH; Kumar, A; Malik, JK; Rahal, A, 2008)	0.67
" The results show that liver damage and regeneration increases the bioavailability by decreasing elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in rats intoxicated with CCL4, and in the regenerating liver. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Favari, L; Muriel, P; Reyes-Gordillo, K, 2007)	0.66
"In this study the significant effect of chitosan on improving the dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac has been demonstrated by simple solvent change method."	( Enhancement of dissolution rate and bioavailability of aceclofenac: a chitosan-based solvent change approach. Anju, P; Manoj, K; Mutalik, S; Usha, AN, 2008)	0.35
" Following oral administration, the less lipophilic celecoxib has a lower bioavailability (20-40%) than the other two coxibs (74-100%)."	( Clinical use and pharmacological properties of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Klotz, U; Shi, S, 2008)	0.35
" Etoricoxib is partly metabolised by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP 3A4 and increases the bioavailability of ethinylestradiol."	( Etoricoxib: new drug. Avoid using cox-2 inhibitors for pain. , 2007)	0.34
"This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of 2 branded formulations of aceclofenac 100 mg (test and reference) marketed in Korea."	( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two branded formulations of aceclofenac 100 mg: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover comparison in healthy Korean adult volunteers. Kang, JS; Lee, MH; Park, JH; Park, YS; Rhim, SY; Shaw, LM, 2008)	0.35
" To evaluate the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction, the oral bioavailability of diclofenac (18 mg/kg) was studied in presence and the absence of glibenclamide (10 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2008)	0.83
"6 h, oral bioavailability of 37% and 90%) with anti-inflammatory activity (ED 50 = 37 micromol/kg, mouse) and efficacy in pain models (thermal hyperalgesia, ED 50 = 72 micromol/kg, rat)."	( Rotationally constrained 2,4-diamino-5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines: a new class of histamine H4 receptor antagonists with improved druglikeness and in vivo efficacy in pain and inflammation models. Adair, RM; Altenbach, RJ; Bettencourt, BM; Brioni, JD; Cowart, MD; Drizin, I; Esbenshade, TA; Fix-Stenzel, SR; Honore, P; Hsieh, GC; Liu, H; Marsh, KC; McPherson, MJ; Milicic, I; Miller, TR; Sullivan, JP; Wetter, JM; Wishart, N; Witte, DG, 2008)	0.35
"Most of the floating systems have an inherent drawback of high variability in the GI transit time, invariably affecting the bioavailability of drug."	( Hollow microspheres of diclofenac sodium - a gastroretentive controlled delivery system. Abraham, S; Bv, B; Furtado, S; R, D; S, B; V, M, 2008)	0.66
" The bioavailability in terms of systemic exposure from the patch compared with oral intake (75 mg/day) is in the order of 1%."	( Diclofenac epolamine (Flector) patch: evidence for topical activity. Petersen, B; Rovati, S, 2009)	1.8
" The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and to compare the bioavailability of the new formulation of injection diclofenac sodium (75 mg/ml), given as an intradeltoid injection, with the reference formulation (75 mg/3 ml) given intragluteally."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of a new formulation of injection diclofenac designed for intradeltoid use. Jaiswal, V; Nivsarkar, M; Ojha, A; Padh, H; Patel, S; Shep, D, 2009)	0.8
"Two different salts of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium, in tablet dosage form were tested for their bioavailability and disposition kinetics in a group of eighteen rabbits in normal and experimentally induced dehydrated conditions with a wash out period of 7 days between both stages of study."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and dehydrated rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2009)	0.91
"In an open-label, single-dose, three-way crossover, relative bioavailability study, 24 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive each of the 25-mg DPSGC formulations (development processes A and B) and the 1-mL (25-mg) liquid diclofenac formulation (similar to the fill liquid used in the DPSGC products) during three inpatient visits."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of rapidly dispersing diclofenac potassium formulations in healthy volunteers. Kowalski, MM; Lissy, M; Moore, KA; Stiff, DD, 2009)	0.78
"The results support our hypothesis that CD improves bioavailability of drugs to the synovial joints."	( "ChilDrive": a technique of combining regional cutaneous hypothermia with iontophoresis for the delivery of drugs to synovial fluid. Murthy, SN; Sammeta, SM, 2009)	0.35
"Pharmacosomes are amphiphilic lipid vesicular systems that have shown their potential in improving the bioavailability of poorly water soluble as well as poorly lipophilic drugs."	( Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac. Rawat, MS; Semalty, A; Semalty, M; Singh, D, 2009)	0.59
"Systemic bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of topical diclofenac sodium gel 1% were compared with those of oral diclofenac sodium 50-mg tablets."	( Systemic bioavailability of topical diclofenac sodium gel 1% versus oral diclofenac sodium in healthy volunteers. Gold, M; Kienzler, JL; Nollevaux, F, 2010)	0.88
"In this open-label, randomized, single-dose (2 distinct doses), 2-way crossover bioavailability study, healthy adult volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of DPSGC 25 or 50 mg after an overnight fast (fasted condition) or high-fat breakfast (fed condition) (period 1)."	( Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium soft gelatin capsules: a single-dose, randomized, two-way crossover study. Moore, KA; Scallion, R, 2009)	0.61
" The bioavailability of DFS in microspheres was about 61% that of Voltaren, for the parameters AUC and Cmax, and they are therefore not bioequivalent to Voltaren in relation to the extent of absorption."	( Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluations of oral sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium in beagle dogs. Lemos-Senna, E; Mazon-Cardoso, T; Medeiros, DC; Poli, A, 2009)	0.58
" A first-order model, including lag time and decreased relative bioavailability as a function of the dose, described the absorption process."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the analgesic effects of lumiracoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, in rats. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Ortiz, MI; Salazar-Morales, UE; Trocóniz, IF; Vásquez-Bahena, DA, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, current water quality monitoring does not differentiate between soluble and colloidal phases in water samples, hindering our understanding of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic organisms."	( Colloids as a sink for certain pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Maskaoui, K; Zhou, JL, 2010)	0.36
" Such strong pharmaceutical/colloid interactions may provide a long-term storage of pharmaceuticals, hence, increasing their persistence while reducing their bioavailability in the environment."	( Colloids as a sink for certain pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Maskaoui, K; Zhou, JL, 2010)	0.36
" As aquatic colloids are abundant, ubiquitous, and highly powerful sorbents, they are expected to influence the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of such chemicals by aquatic organisms."	( Colloids as a sink for certain pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Maskaoui, K; Zhou, JL, 2010)	0.36
" Besides, this antagonism was not produced by diminution in the bioavailability of diclofenac."	( Pharmacokinetic of diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. Castañeda-Hernández, G; León-Reyes, MR; Ortiz, MI, 2009)	0.91
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsules (DPSGC) using patented ProSorb dispersion technology with an immediate-release, diclofenac potassium 50-mg comparator tablet in two open-label, single-dose, randomized, crossover relative bioavailability studies in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of an oral diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsule with a diclofenac potassium tablet. Lissy, M; Moore, K; Scallion, R; Stiff, DD, 2010)	0.89
" Thus, dissolution profiles suggested that combination of kappa-carrageenan and sodium starch glycolate resulted into fast-disintegrating, immediate-release pellets, overcoming the bioavailability problem of the poorly soluble drug, aceclofenac, and enteric coating of these pellets avoids the exposure of aceclofenac to ulcer-prone areas of the gastrointestinal tract."	( Development and characterization of enteric-coated immediate-release pellets of aceclofenac by extrusion/spheronization technique using kappa-carrageenan as a pelletizing agent. Awari, JG; Kilor, VA; Sapkal, NP; Shewale, BD, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability of P2026 was estimated from plasma concentration of diclofenac and nitrate/nitrite (NOx)."	( Oral bioavailability, efficacy and gastric tolerability of P2026, a novel nitric oxide-releasing diclofenac in rat. Desai, DC; Deshattiwar, JJ; Deshmukh, NJ; Dhiman, M; Gaikwad, PP; Karwa, M; Mali, SV; Nemmani, KV; Pamidiboina, V; Pathan, AR; Satyam, A; Sharma, SD; Thanga Mariappan, T, 2010)	0.81
"An attempt has been made in the present study to formulate soluble ocular inserts of aceclofenac to facilitate the bioavailability of the drug into the eye, as no eye drop solution could be formulated."	( Glycerogelatin-based ocular inserts of aceclofenac: physicochemical, drug release studies and efficacy against prostaglandin E₂-induced ocular inflammation. Gilhotra, RM; Mathurm, M, 2011)	0.37
" However, no published data is available regarding the combined pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of this particular fixed dose combination."	( Bioequivalence study of a fixed dose combination tablet containing rabeprazole and diclofenac sodium in healthy Indian subjects. Chakrabarty, US; Chatterjee, B; Das, A; Mukherjee, J; Pal, TK; Roy, B; Sahoo, B; Sengupta, P, 2010)	0.59
" Although the relative bioavailability of colonic administration of diclofenac, metformin and cevimeline compared to oral administration was similar regardless of the drug doses in the colon, colonic absorption of diltiazem varied according to the doses."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.6
" These results suggest that this novel ocular drug delivery system appears to offer promise as a means to improving the bioavailability of drugs after ophthalmic applications."	( Zn-Al-NO(3)-layered double hydroxides with intercalated diclofenac for ocular delivery. Cao, F; Liao, Z; Ping, Q; Wang, Y, 2011)	0.62
" Bioavailability study of different coated pellets revealed that the drug concentration in plasma of beagle dogs was too low to be detected and, implied that the drug was nearly not released from the preparations before reaching colon due to the appearance of lag time in the dissolution process."	( Preparation and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of double layer coated and matrix sustained release pellet formulations of diclofenac potassium. Fu, J; He, H; Li, G; Meng, J; Tang, X; Wang, X; Weng, Y; Xu, L, 2011)	0.58
" The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of test formulation with the reference formulation given intramuscularly in healthy volunteers."	( Comparative bioavailability study of a new formulation of injection of 75 mg diclofenac sodium in 1 ml with the conventional injection of 75 mg diclofenac sodium given in 3 ml volume. Jaiswal, V; Nivsarkar, M; Ojha, A; Padh, H; Patel, S; Shep, D, 2011)	0.6
" However, it was accepted as safe for ophthalmic use and could increase diclofenac sodium bioavailability in aqueous humor significantly."	( Optimization and evaluation of thermoresponsive diclofenac sodium ophthalmic in situ gels. Asasutjarit, R; Fuongfuchat, A; Thanasanchokpibull, S; Veeranondha, S, 2011)	0.86
" When PK parameters were grouped as low-medium-high, clearance, volume of distribution, half life and bioavailability were similar between discrete and cassette analysis for 90%, 86%, 95% and 90% of the total number of compounds tested, respectively."	( High-throughput analysis of standardized pharmacokinetic studies in the rat using sample pooling and UPLC-MS/MS. Betnér, I; Briem, S; Bueters, T; Dahlström, J; Kvalvågnaes, K, 2011)	0.37
"Spray-dried emulsion (SDE) was prepared and characterized to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of ZLR-8, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of diclofenac, currently under preclinical development."	( Spray-dried oil-in-water emulsion to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of ZLR-8, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of diclofenac. Gao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2011)	0.76
" Accurate and precise RP-HPLC methods for the detection of ZLR-8 and its metabolite diclofenac were constructed to perform the bioavailability study."	( Spray-dried oil-in-water emulsion to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of ZLR-8, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of diclofenac. Gao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2011)	0.79
" SDE significantly enhanced the intestinal absorption rate of ZLR-8 in duodenum and jejunum but had indistinctive effect on permeability."	( Spray-dried oil-in-water emulsion to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of ZLR-8, a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of diclofenac. Gao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2011)	0.57
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of a new controlled-release formulation of aceclofenac (200 mg od; Clanza CR®) in comparison with immediate-release aceclofenac (100 mg twice daily [bid], Airtal®) and to assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of the new controlled-release aceclofenac formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release formulation of aceclofenac in Korean healthy subjects compared with immediate-release aceclofenac and the effect of food: a randomized, open-label, three-period, crossover, single-centre study. Bae, SK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, HW; Lee, SH; Lim, MS; Seong, SJ; Shin, SY; Yoon, YR, 2012)	0.38
" Additionally, the bioavailability of controlled-release aceclofenac was not affected by high-fat foods."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release formulation of aceclofenac in Korean healthy subjects compared with immediate-release aceclofenac and the effect of food: a randomized, open-label, three-period, crossover, single-centre study. Bae, SK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, HW; Lee, SH; Lim, MS; Seong, SJ; Shin, SY; Yoon, YR, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was the comparison of in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability of two different brands of diclofenac sodium (CAS 15307-86-5) enteric coated tablets in healthy male Iranian volunteers in a single-dose, randomized, open-label, single blind study, which was conducted according to a crossover design in healthy volunteers."	( Comparative in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioequivalence of two diclofenac enteric coated formulations. Basmenji, S; Valizadeh, H; Zakeri-Milani, P, 2011)	0.81
"Diclofenac bioavailability after intravenous administration was increased in injured rats compared with controls due to a reduced clearance."	( Contrasting effects of cord injury on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of diclofenac: a drug with intermediate hepatic extraction. Arauz, J; Castañeda-Hernández, G; Cruz-Antonio, L; Franco-Bourland, RE; Guízar-Sahagún, G, 2012)	2.05
"The present study was undertaken to compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and experimentally induced diabetic state in 24 rabbits using a validated reversed phase HPLC method with a washout period of one week."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2012)	0.84
" The bioavailability of two controlled release tablet formulations was studied and compared to that of commercial tablets, and rabbit stomachs were also histologically examined 24 h after administration of the various tablets."	( Stability, bioavailability, and ulcerative activity of diclofenac sodium-mastic controlled release tablets. Abd El-Gawad, AH; Guda, TK; Nouh, AT, 2010)	0.61
" MTH is more effective to counteract gastric stasis associated with migraine, and it enhances the rate of absorption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."	( Formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablets of metoclopramide hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium. Amrutkar, JR; Gattani, SG; Khabiya, SS; Kushare, SS, )	0.36
" However, few studies have assessed the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals to fish in natural waters."	( Bioavailability of pharmaceuticals in waters close to wastewater treatment plants: use of fish bile for exposure assessment. Brozinski, JM; Kronberg, L; Lahti, M; Oikari, A; Segner, H, 2012)	0.38
" It could be concluded that polacrilin potassium may be used as a high-functionality excipient for improving the bioavailability of anionic drugs having poor gastrointestinal permeability."	( Effect of polacrilin potassium as disintegrant on bioavailability of diclofenac potassium in tablets : a technical note. Bele, MH; Derle, DV, 2012)	0.61
"To assess the relative bioavailability of diclofenac sodium hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) administered via the subcutaneous (s."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac sodium formulation developed for subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Ducharme, MP; Gugliotta, B; Müller, M; Oraha, AZ; Rusca, A; Zeitlinger, M, 2012)	0.94
"One single-dose, randomized, three-way, crossover relative bioavailability study and one linearity single escalating dose, randomized, three-way cross-over pharmacokinetic study were conducted at two different clinical sites."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac sodium formulation developed for subcutaneous and intramuscular administration. Ducharme, MP; Gugliotta, B; Müller, M; Oraha, AZ; Rusca, A; Zeitlinger, M, 2012)	0.68
"To compare the bioavailability of diclofenac-K 2 × 12."	( Diclofenac potassium 12.5 mg liquid capsules: earlier and higher exposure to diclofenac. A fasted, single-dose, comparative, bioavailability study versus diclofenac potassium 12.5 mg tablets. Gold, M; Kienzler, JL, 2012)	2.1
" The new formulation is expected to have a faster rate of absorption and comparable overall bioavailability compared with the tablet formulations."	( Diclofenac potassium 25 mg liquid capsules: earlier and higher exposure to diclofenac. A fasted, single-dose, comparative bioavailability study vs. diclofenac potassium 2 x 12.5 mg tablets. Armogida, M; Gold, M, 2012)	1.82
"To compare the systemic bioavailability of diclofenac from the new 25 mg liquid capsule vs."	( Diclofenac potassium 25 mg liquid capsules: earlier and higher exposure to diclofenac. A fasted, single-dose, comparative bioavailability study vs. diclofenac potassium 2 x 12.5 mg tablets. Armogida, M; Gold, M, 2012)	2.08
"In this randomized, open-label, crossover, comparative bioavailability study, 42 healthy subjects (mean age 23."	( Diclofenac potassium 25 mg liquid capsules: earlier and higher exposure to diclofenac. A fasted, single-dose, comparative bioavailability study vs. diclofenac potassium 2 x 12.5 mg tablets. Armogida, M; Gold, M, 2012)	1.82
" However, the rate of absorption of diclofenac was much faster from the liquid capsule than from the tablets, with a much greater early exposure to diclofenac."	( Diclofenac potassium 25 mg liquid capsules: earlier and higher exposure to diclofenac. A fasted, single-dose, comparative bioavailability study vs. diclofenac potassium 2 x 12.5 mg tablets. Armogida, M; Gold, M, 2012)	2.1
"Due to the multi-factorial physiological implications of bariatric surgery, attempts to explain trends in oral bioavailability following bariatric surgery using singular attributes of drugs or simplified categorisations such as the biopharmaceutics classification system have been unsuccessful."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"The trends in oral bioavailability pre to post surgery were found to be dependent on a combination of drug parameters, including solubility, permeability and gastrointestinal metabolism as well as the surgical procedure carried out."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggest a great potential of our micelle formulations as a novel ocular drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of the drugs."	( Diclofenac/biodegradable polymer micelles for ocular applications. Chen, H; Li, J; Li, X; Sun, S; Weng, Y; Zhang, Z, 2012)	1.82
" The calculated relative bioavailability of the aceclofenac DIA patch was 18."	( Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of a transdermal patch containing aceclofenac. Chi, SC; Nguyen, T; Park, ES; Rhee, YS, 2013)	0.39
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated that the developed nano-composite hydrogel could significantly increase the bioavailability of diclofenac and maintain the concentration of diclofenac in aqueous humor above MEC at least 24h after administration as compared with that of the commercial diclofenac sodium eye drops, which might be able to reduce the frequency of administration for patients."	( Development and evaluation of fast forming nano-composite hydrogel for ocular delivery of diclofenac. Chen, H; Li, X; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.81
"Study 1: Bioavailability in terms of AUC after IV administration was equivalent for HPβCD-diclofenac compared with Voltarol and after IM administration of HPβCD-diclofenac and Voltarol."	( Single-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of intravenous and intramuscular HPβCD-diclofenac (Dyloject) compared with other diclofenac formulations. Carr, DB; Hamilton, DA; Lacouture, PG; Mermelstein, F; Ramaiya, A; Wright, C, 2013)	0.82
"  Pharmacokinetic analysis of Inh-1 revealed an absolute bioavailability (F) of 21% and a short t1/2 of <1 h."	( Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Boelsterli, UA; Fujimoto, K; Lee, KK; Redinbo, MR; Saitta, KS; Zhang, C, 2014)	0.61
" The absorption rate of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lysozyme in the proximal intestine was higher than that for a marker of non-specific absorption, FD-10, and was suppressed by colchicine (endocytosis inhibitor)."	( Intestinal absorption of lysozyme, an egg-white allergen, in rats: kinetics and effect of NSAIDs. Hamura, K; Matsuo, H; Yokooji, T, 2013)	0.39
"There is a need for information on the bioavailability in pediatric patients of drugs from manipulated dosage forms when applied in combination with food and/or co-medication under realistic daily practice circumstances."	( In vitro gastrointestinal model (TIM) with predictive power, even for infants and children? Anneveld, B; de Koning, BA; de Wildt, SN; Hanff, LM; Havenaar, R; Lelieveld, JP; Minekus, M; Mooij, MG, 2013)	0.39
"Effective clinical utilization of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac sodium (DS) is significantly limited by their ulcerogenic potential and poor bioavailability after oral administration, thus necessitating the need for a better carrier to minimize these obvious limitations."	( Pharmacodynamics of diclofenac from novel Eudragit entrapped microspheres. Adedokun, MO; Attama, AA; Kenechukwu, FC; Momoh, MA; Odo, CE, 2014)	0.95
" A comparative bioavailability study using a selected CPOP formulation (T) versus the innovator product (R) revealed that CPOP tablet maintained a less fluctuated DS plasma concentration for up to 24 h with a detected mean Cmax of 836."	( Controlled porosity osmotic pump system for the delivery of diclofenac sodium: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. El-Ashmawy, AA; Emara, LH; Mursi, NM; Raslan, HM; Taha, NF, 2014)	0.64
"To assess the relative bioavailability of a new subcutaneous (SC) diclofenac hydroxypropyl b-cyclodextrin (HPbCD) formulation administered to three body sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new subcutaneous diclofenac formulation administered to three body sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen. Cardì, F; Drago, F; Gugliotta, B; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Vitale, DC, 2014)	0.91
"This was a pilot, single-dose, randomized, three-way crossover relative bioavailability study."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new subcutaneous diclofenac formulation administered to three body sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen. Cardì, F; Drago, F; Gugliotta, B; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Vitale, DC, 2014)	0.67
"The relative bioavailability of SC diclofenac HPbCD was comparable when administered to the quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new subcutaneous diclofenac formulation administered to three body sites: quadriceps, gluteus, and abdomen. Cardì, F; Drago, F; Gugliotta, B; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Vitale, DC, 2014)	0.95
" A significant enhancement of 189% and 164% in oral bioavailability (AUC0-8) was observed for optimized aceclofenac loaded mesoporous formulation (MS11/72) and nonporous silica (NP), respectively, when compared to plain aceclofenac in male Wistar rats."	( Impact of surface area of silica particles on dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs: a case study with aceclofenac. Kumar, D; Sailaja Chirravuri, SV; Shastri, NR, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, to investigate its absolute bioavailability and metabolism in rats, aceclofenac was dissolved in a sterile aqueous solution containing urea (20 %) and trisodium citrate (10 %), and administered via oral (20 mg/kg) and intravenous (10 mg/kg) routes."	( Absolute bioavailability and metabolism of aceclofenac in rats. Jeong, TC; Kang, W; Kim, E; Kwon, KI; Noh, K; Shin, BS; Yun, HY, 2015)	0.42
"Sodium diclofenac (Na-DFC) and celecoxib (CLXB) are common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs which suffer from poor bioavailability and severe side effects when consumed orally, and their transdermal delivery might present important advantages."	( HIV-TAT enhances the transdermal delivery of NSAID drugs from liquid crystalline mesophases. Aserin, A; Cohen-Avrahami, M; Garti, N; Ottaviani, MF; Shames, AI, 2014)	0.86
"Anti-POR siRNA can be used to significantly reduce hepatic metabolism by various CYPs as well as greatly increase the bioavailability of high clearance compounds following an oral dose, thus enabling it to be used as a tool to increase drug exposure in vivo."	( siRNA-mediated knockdown of P450 oxidoreductase in rats: a tool to reduce metabolism by CYPs and increase exposure of high clearance compounds. Brown, D; Burke, RS; Carr, BA; Deshmukh, SV; DiMuzio, J; DiPietro, MA; Eisenhandler, R; Fauty, SE; Gibson, C; Gindy, ME; Hamilton, KA; Hochman, JH; Knemeyer, I; Koeplinger, KA; Kwon, HW; Lifsted, TQ; Menzel, K; Patel, M; Prueksaritanont, T; Pudvah, N; Rearden, P; Rudd, DJ; Seitzer, J; Somasuntharam, I; Strapps, WR; Thompson, CD, 2014)	0.4
" Elastic vesicles (EVs) of curcumin were prepared to improve its cutaneous bioavailability and to use it for topical anti-inflammatory effect."	( Development and evaluation of curcumin-loaded elastic vesicles as an effective topical anti-inflammatory formulation. Agrawal, R; Kaur, IP; Sandhu, SK; Sharma, I, 2015)	0.42
" To determine the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction, the oral bioavailability of diclofenac (10 mg/kg) was studied in presence and the absence of curcumin (31 mg/kg)."	( Synergistic effect of the interaction between curcumin and diclofenac on the formalin test in rats. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Chávez Piña, AE; De Paz-Campos, MA; Ortiz, MI; Zazueta-Beltrán, L, 2014)	0.87
" Increase in the bioavailability of both diclofenac and carbamazepine following multiple GFJ ingestion was revealed."	( Evidence of reduced oral bioavailability of paracetamol in rats following multiple ingestion of grapefruit juice. Alhussainy, TM; Arafat, TA; Idkaidek, NM; Ismail, OA; Qinna, NA, 2016)	0.7
" It was concluded that the batch which was prepared by using combination of crosspovidone and sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant shows excellent disintegration time, enhance dissolution rate, taste masking and hence lead to improve efficacy and bioavailability of drug."	( Novel approach of aceclofenac fast dissolving tablet. Ali, N; Dave, V; Sharma, S; Vishwakarma, P; Yadav, S, 2015)	0.42
"Enhanced oral bioavailability of aceclofenac has been achieved using chitosan cocrystals of aceclofenac and its entrapment into alginate matrix a super saturated drug delivery system (SDDS)."	( Chitosan cocrystals embedded alginate beads for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of aceclofenac. Ganesh, M; Hemalatha, P; Jang, HT; Jeon, UJ; Peng, MM; Saravanakumar, A; Ubaidulla, U, 2015)	0.42
" The in vivo ophthalmic drug absorption study performed on rabbits indicated that DC-TMCNs could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of DC."	( Development and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded-N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Ophthalmic Use. Asasutjarit, R; Fuongfuchat, A; Kewsuwan, P; Ritthidej, GC; Theerachayanan, T; Veeranodha, S, 2015)	0.71
" To estimate the bioavailability of DF in the skin, MN responses at different times following initial DF application (1."	( In vivo determination of the diclofenac skin reservoir: comparison between passive, occlusive, and iontophoretic application. Baeyens, JP; Barel, AO; Clarys, P; Clijsen, R, 2015)	0.71
" Additionally, in vivo bioavailability has been investigated on beagle dogs."	( Formulation and in vivo evaluation of diclofenac sodium sustained release matrix tablet: effect of compression force. Al-Enazi, FK; Barakat, NS; Elbagory, IM; Harisa, GI; Shazly, GA; Taha, EI, 2015)	0.69
" In vivo pharmacokinetics studies showed enhanced pre-corneal retention and penetration of the DIC/MPEG-PCL-CS nanosuspension, which resulted in a higher concentration of DIC (Cmax) in the aqueous humor and better bioavailability compared with commercial DIC eye drops (P < 0."	( Chitosan grafted methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanosuspension for ocular delivery of hydrophobic diclofenac. Chen, H; Li, X; Liang, R; Luo, Z; Shi, S; Yu, J; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.63
" The ability of the nanocrystals to improve dermal drug bioavailability was investigated in vitro using Franz diffusion vertical cells and newborn pig skin, in comparison with diclofenac acid coarse suspensions and a commercial topical formulation containing diclofenac sodium."	( Novel nanosized formulations of two diclofenac acid polymorphs to improve topical bioavailability. Ennas, G; Fadda, AM; Lai, F; Marongiu, F; Muzzalupo, R; Pireddu, R; Sinico, C, 2015)	0.88
"Effective clinical utilisation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac sodium (DS) is significantly limited by their ulcerogenic potential and poor bioavailability after oral administration."	( Development of reconstitutable suspensions containing diclofenac sodium-loaded microspheres for pediatric delivery. Bozkır, A; Canefe, K; Devrim, B; Oz, UC, 2015)	0.89
" In vivo experiments on rats have shown that HPβCD has no statistically significant effect on absorption or bioavailability of DF-Na in spite of the observed improvement of its in vitro dissolution by HPβCD."	( Potential interaction between zinc ions and a cyclodextrin-based diclofenac formulation. Abdel Jalil, M; El-Sabawi, D; Hamdan, II, 2016)	0.67
" Thanks to these properties, the bioavailability of the ophthalmic preparations can be increased, especially with the application of CLNaHA."	( Comparative study of nanosized cross-linked sodium-, linear sodium- and zinc-hyaluronate as potential ocular mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Berkó, S; Bonferoni, MC; Budai-Szűcs, M; Caramella, C; Csányi, E; Facskó, A; Horvát, G; Maroda, M; Mori, M; Sandri, G; Soós, J; Szabó-Révész, P, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that oral administration of a tablet composed of DIC and PAP do not change the pharmacokinetic parameters such as MRT, MAT, Cl and bioavailability of the active substances compared with single administration of DIC and PAP after single dose."	( PHARMACOKINETICS OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM AND PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF TABLETS TO RABBITS. Jawień, W; Kasperek, R; Poleszak, E; Zimmer, Ł, )	0.45
" Moreover, results of studies investigating the characteristics of progesterone and cyclodextrins showed that the new formulation (progesterone/HPβCD 25 mg solution) has the same bioavailability as other products containing progesterone."	( Efficacy and Safety Profile of Diclofenac/Cyclodextrin and Progesterone/Cyclodextrin Formulations: A Review of the Literature Data. Bonagura, AC; Cenami, R; Cimmaruta, D; Fiorentino, S; Fossati, T; Rossi, F; Scavone, C; Torella, M, 2016)	0.72
" Finally, the use of cyclodextrins led to significant increases in solubility and bioavailability of drugs, such as diclofenac and progesterone, and improvement in the efficacy and safety of these drugs."	( Efficacy and Safety Profile of Diclofenac/Cyclodextrin and Progesterone/Cyclodextrin Formulations: A Review of the Literature Data. Bonagura, AC; Cenami, R; Cimmaruta, D; Fiorentino, S; Fossati, T; Rossi, F; Scavone, C; Torella, M, 2016)	0.93
" The ability of nanocrystals to improve dermal drug bioavailability was investigated ex vivo by using Franz diffusion vertical cells and mouse skin, in comparison with both diclofenac acid coarse suspensions and a commercial formulation."	( Diclofenac acid nanocrystals as an effective strategy to reduce in vivo skin inflammation by improving dermal drug bioavailability. Caddeo, C; Ennas, G; Fadda, AM; Lai, F; Marongiu, F; Pireddu, R; Scano, A; Sinico, C; Valenti, D, 2016)	2.07
"The oral bioavailability of diclofenac potassium 50 mg administered as a soft gelatin capsule (softgel capsule), powder for oral solution (oral solution), and tablet was evaluated in a randomized, open-label, 3-period, 6-sequence crossover study in healthy adults."	( Relative bioavailability of diclofenac potassium from softgel capsule versus powder for oral solution and immediate-release tablet formulation. Bende, G; Bhad, P; Biswal, S; Chen, Y; Salunke, A; Sunkara, G; Wagner, R; Winter, S, 2016)	1.02
" Compared with the Aceclofenac suppository, the relative bioavailability of the Tongshu suppository was 104."	( Preparation and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of the Tongshu Suppository. Dong, L; Liu, G; Liu, S; Lu, K; Zheng, Y, 2016)	0.43
" It was found that there is a significant increase in the bioavailability of diclofenac sodium from AHD2 formulation which was evident from the high AUC and MRT values compared with the pure drug."	( Araucaria Gum: Novel Natural Polymer for Controlled Drug Delivery. Development, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Araucaria Gum Based Matrix Tablets for Controlled Release. Lohithasu, D; Naga Durga, DH; Ramana Murthy Kolapalli, V, 2017)	0.68
" With 8-10 times, greater bioavailability of drug-loaded LPHNPs than free MTX and ACL was obtained."	( Functionalized Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Mediated Codelivery of Methotrexate and Aceclofenac: A Synergistic Effect in Breast Cancer with Improved Pharmacokinetics Attributes. Garg, NK; Jain, A; Jain, S; Katare, OP; Sharma, G; Singh, B; Tyagi, RK, 2017)	0.46
"During the last decades, the study of the in vitro dissolution of pharmaceuticals has been strongly encouraged by the FDA in order to determine its relationship with the in vivo bioavailability of a drug."	( Modeling and comparison of release profiles: Effect of the dissolution method. Cascone, S, 2017)	0.46
"Assessment of the bioavailability of topically applied drugs designed to act within or beneath the skin is a challenging objective."	( Topical bioavailability of diclofenac from locally-acting, dermatological formulations. Bunge, AL; Chiu, WS; Cordery, SF; Delgado-Charro, MB; Guy, RH; Pensado, A; Shehab, MZ, 2017)	0.75
" Although post-operative prescription of anti-inflammatory drugs is used to manage the inflammation, the need for local drug delivery systems has been rising because of low bioavailability and fast clearance of drugs."	( Surgical suture releasing macrophage-targeted drug-loaded nanoparticles for an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect. Choy, YB; Heo, CY; Huh, BK; Kim, BH; Kim, H; Park, JH; Yoo, YC, 2017)	0.46
"This study was aimed to enhance the dissolution rate, oral bioavailability and analgesic potential of the aceclofenac (AC) in the form of nanosuspension using cost-effective simple precipitation-ultrasonication approach."	( Aceclofenac nanocrystals with enhanced in vitro, in vivo performance: formulation optimization, characterization, analgesic and acute toxicity studies. Hussain, Z; Ibrahim, K; Khan, MA; Khan, S; Rahim, H; Sadiq, A; Shah, SMH; Shahat, AA; Ullah, R, 2017)	0.46
" These compounds were found to be orally bioavailable and highly effective."	( Synthesis, antituberculosis studies and biological evaluation of new quinoline derivatives carrying 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety. Eswaran, S; Narayanan, S; Shivarudraiah, P; Shruthi, TG; Subramanian, S, 2019)	0.51
"The data was consistent with the concept that heparin increased the clinical activity of the DHEP plus medicated plaster versus the reference DHEP medicated plaster through improved bioavailability due to enhanced movement of diclofenac from the plaster."	( Rationale and evidence for the incorporation of heparin into the diclofenac epolamine medicated plaster. Jones, C; Nencioni, A; Rainsford, KD; Roberts, MS, 2019)	0.94
" We demonstrated promising results in the safety of employing BC lenses functionalized with a drug delivery system permitting the bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs."	( Toxicity of therapeutic contact lenses based on bacterial cellulose with coatings to provide transparency. Cavicchioli, M; Coelho, F; do Vale Braido, GV; Franchi, LP; Lima Ribeiro, SJ; Mendes, LS; Messaddeq, Y; O Capote, TS; Scarel-Caminaga, RM; Specian, SS, 2019)	0.51
"Rb1 micelle formulations have great potential as a novel ocular drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of drugs such as diclofenac."	( Novel ultra-small micelles based on ginsenoside Rb1: a potential nanoplatform for ocular drug delivery. Lan, J; Li, M; Li, X; Lu, X; Wang, H; Wu, X; Xin, M; Zhang, F; Zhuang, Z, 2019)	0.72
"The transdermal transit of diclofenac from the hydrogel demonstrated a faster onset and a greater absorption rate than either emulsion gel formulation, suggesting that the hydrogel formulation may have a faster onset of action in underlying tissues vs."	( Hydrogel increases diclofenac skin permeation and absorption. Haltner-Ukomadu, E; Hussein, K; Richter, A; Sacha, M, 2019)	1.14
" On the other hand, IS01957 has been designed under the purview of anti-inflammatory drug and bioavailability enhancer."	( Effect of IS01957, a para-coumaric acid derivative on pharmacokinetic modulation of diclofenac through oral route for augmented efficacy. Abdullah, ST; Bhatt, S; Dogra, A; Gour, A; Koul, S; Malik, TA; Nandi, U; Rath, SK; Sangwan, PL; Sharma, A; Singh, G, 2019)	0.74
" In vivo pharmacokinetics studies showed the bioavailability of DS was better after oral administration of DS-loaded SA/CMCS-ZnO hydrogel beads."	( In vitro and in vivo release of diclofenac sodium-loaded sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan-ZnO hydrogel beads. Cao, W; Chen, S; Fan, YY; Gong, X; Jia, J; Li, W; Lian, X; Niu, B; Wang, H; Yan, J, 2019)	0.8
" Altogether these data indicate that differences beyond ±10% between rheological parameters of test and reference formulation might not translate into meaningful release nor bioavailability divergence."	( Relationship between rheological properties, in vitro release and in vivo equivalency of topical formulations of diclofenac. Hernández, MJ; Hidalgo, I; Merino, V; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A; Peris, D; Pleguezuelos-Villa, M; Sallan, M; Soler, L, 2019)	0.72
"The knowledge on human serum albumin (HSA) binding is of utmost importance as it affects pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability of drugs."	( Human Serum Albumin Binding in a Vial: A Novel UV-pH Titration Method To Assist Drug Design. Bajusz, D; Balogh, GT; Dargó, G; Müller, J; Simon, K, 2020)	0.56
"The objective of this work was to design a diclofenac epolamine (DE) flash tablets (FTs) intended to dissolve in the mouth saliva, thereby improving the DE bioavailability and reducing its first-pass liver metabolism."	( Fabrication, optimization, and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of diclofenac epolamine flash tablet. El Sisi, AM; El-Nabarawi, MA; Elshafeey, AH; Mahmoud, DM, 2020)	1.06
" Microemulsion delivery formulations are thermodynamically stable, have superior bioavailability and better penetration of lipophilic and hydrophilic drug into the dermis."	( Determination of efficacy and toxicity of diclofenac microemulsion formulation for musculoskeletal pain: an observational study. Banh, HL; Cave, A, 2020)	0.82
"Persistence and environmental implication of pharmaceuticals in agricultural soil is determined depending on adsorption, bioavailability and toxicity."	( Adsorption, Bioavailability and Microbial Toxicity of Diclofenac in Agricultural Soil. Lhamo, P; Mahanty, B; Prakathi, J, 2020)	0.81
"Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) were formulated to increase the solubility and ultimately the oral bioavailability of ACF."	( Development and in vitro Evaluation of Gastro-protective Aceclofenac-loaded Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System. Asim, MH; Ijaz, M; Jianxian, C; Murtaza, G; Saleem, K; Ur-Rehman, M, 2020)	0.56
"Results obtained indicate that iontophoretic mediated transport of deformable liposomes could improve the regional bioavailability of diclofenac sodium to the synovial joints, an efficient mode for treating MSD in the elderly."	( Iontophoretic Mediated Intraarticular Delivery of Deformable Liposomes of Diclofenac Sodium. Murthy, SN; S, S; Shivakumar, HN; Vanaja, K, 2021)	1.06
" The prepared tablets were tested for average weight, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution and in vivo bioavailability in rabbits."	( Formulation of Aceclofenac Tablets Using Nanosuspension as Granulating Agent: An Attempt to Enhance Dissolution Rate and Oral Bioavailability. Amin, F; Bari, A; Farooq, U; Mahmood, HM; Rahim, H; Sadiq, A; Ullah Jan, N; Ullah, R, 2020)	0.56
" The in vivo bioavailability (in rabbits model) of aceclofenac nanosuspension-based tablets (ACN-1, ACN-2) proved an improved absorption as in comparison to the marketed formulation."	( Formulation of Aceclofenac Tablets Using Nanosuspension as Granulating Agent: An Attempt to Enhance Dissolution Rate and Oral Bioavailability. Amin, F; Bari, A; Farooq, U; Mahmood, HM; Rahim, H; Sadiq, A; Ullah Jan, N; Ullah, R, 2020)	0.56
"This boosted in vitro and in vivo bioavailability may be attributed to reduced particle size of aceclofenac nanoformulations used in tablets."	( Formulation of Aceclofenac Tablets Using Nanosuspension as Granulating Agent: An Attempt to Enhance Dissolution Rate and Oral Bioavailability. Amin, F; Bari, A; Farooq, U; Mahmood, HM; Rahim, H; Sadiq, A; Ullah Jan, N; Ullah, R, 2020)	0.56
" Hence, the improvement in solubility and bioavailability of ACF is very crucial for successful product development."	( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"The specific objective of this research work was the measurement of bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of ACF cocrystals prepared by the mechanochemical grinding method."	( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"Cocrystals of ACF with l-cystine and urea were prepared by neat grinding (NG) method and in-vivo oral bioavailability of prepared cocrystals was measured in Wistar rats."	( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"Percent relative bioavailability of ACF-l-CYS NG and ACF-UREA NG cocrystals in Wistar rats was found to be 242."	( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"The present study indicates that the enhanced aqueous solubility of the prepared cocrystals leads to enhanced oral bioavailability of ACF."	( Novel Aceclofenac-l-Cystine and Aceclofenac-Urea Cocrystals with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Gupta, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, CK; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
"Improved bioavailability of Aceclofenac (ACE) may be achieved through proniosomes, which are considered as one of the most effective drug delivery systems and are expected to represent a valuable approach for the development of better oral dosage form as compared to the existing product."	( Effect of Different Carriers on In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Release Behavior of Aceclofenac Proniosomes. Chatterjee, B; Saleh, MSM; Sammour, RMF; Shahiwala, A; Taher, M, 2021)	0.62
" Moreover, the relative oral bioavailability of proniosomes with maltodextrin and glucose as carriers compared to the pure drug was 183% and 112%, respectively."	( Effect of Different Carriers on In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Release Behavior of Aceclofenac Proniosomes. Chatterjee, B; Saleh, MSM; Sammour, RMF; Shahiwala, A; Taher, M, 2021)	0.62
" Our pharmacogenomic findings supported the suspicion that ADRs, most notably the multi-organ toxicity experienced by our patient, may be owed to drug-drug-gene interactions and increased bioavailability of the prescribed drugs due to slower detoxification capacity and decreased hepatic and renal elimination."	( Drug-drug-gene interactions as mediators of adverse drug reactions to diclofenac and statins: a case report and literature review. Borić Bilušić, A; Božina, N; Božina, T; Domjanović, IK; Fistrek Prlić, M; Ganoci, L; Gvozdanović, K; Križ, T; Laganović, M; Simičević, L, 2021)	0.86
"1% is a commonly used NSAID with well-documented clinical efficacy in reducing postoperative inflammation; however, its corneal tolerability and ophthalmic tissue bioavailability require further improvement."	( Design of ophthalmic micelles loaded with diclofenac sodium: effect of chitosan and temperature on the block-copolymer micellization behaviour. Dodov, MG; Geskovski, N; Gorachinov, F; Goracinova, K; Koummich, SA; Makreski, P; Zoukh, IM, 2022)	0.99
"Skin sampling by tape stripping measures the local bioavailability of topical drug products in the stratum corneum (SC)."	( Investigator Impact on Reproducibility of Drug Bioavailability in Stratum Corneum Sampling by Tape Stripping. Bunge, AL; Hassan, HE; Shukla, S; Stinchcomb, AL, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, a drug's binding to SA is especially important for its bioavailability and it is a key problem in the drug design process."	( Structural Investigation of Diclofenac Binding to Ovine, Caprine, and Leporine Serum Albumins. Bujacz, A; Talaj, JA; Zielinski, K, 2023)	1.2
" The bioavailability and inhibitory activity of UADs against UA-glucuronidation were evaluated using differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers."	( Urolithin A conjugation with NSAIDs inhibits its glucuronidation and maintains improvement of Caco-2 monolayers' barrier function. Granica, S; Korczak, M; Piwowarski, JP; Popowski, D; Roszkowski, P; Skowrońska, W; Żołdak, KM, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

An innovative simple, fast, precise and accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed. In common with other fixed combination products, dosage flexibility is somewhat compromised with diclofenac/misoprostol.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Clofezone was given at a daily dosage of 1200 mg during the first week and 600 mg during the second week; the corresponding dosages of diclofenac were 150 mg and 75 mg."	( Comparison of clofezone and diclofenac in the treatment of out-patients suffering from activated (painful) osteoarthrosis. Brackertz, D, )	0.63
"In a double-blind, crossover study conducted in ten hospitalised patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis, the anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in a daily dosage of 125 mg was compared with that of placebo under strictly standardised conditions."	( A study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Voltaren in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Bijlsma, A; ten Pas, JG, 1978)	0.46
"A report is given on a long-term controlled trial in which diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) was compared with indomethacin in 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, both drugs being administered in a dosage of 75-125 mg daily."	( The long-term efficacy and tolerability of Voltaren (diclofenac sodium) and indomethacin in rheumatoid arthritis. Bijlsma, A, 1978)	0.75
" Clinical parameters showed that the best degree of improvement was obtained with the diclofenac 50 mg twice-daily dosage regime."	( Comparative clinical trials with diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) and naproxen in rheumatic conditions: investigation of possible changes in diclofenac dose and dose interval. Bach, GL, 1979)	0.76
" Dosage was one tablet (25 mg diclofenac) three times daily during the first week."	( Diclofenac (Voltarol) in rheumatoid arthritis: a report of a double-blind trial. Boardman, PL; Doreen, MS; Fowler, PD; Poole, PH, 1979)	1.99
", with subsequent dosage adjustments according to response."	( An open assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) in patients with rheumatic disease and a comparative study of diclofenac sodium (Voltarol) with indomethacin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Cash, HC; McMahon, MF, 1979)	0.51
" The degree of gastric or intestinal irritation seen with dosing of other drugs was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than phenylbutazone or indomethacin greater than CH-800 = diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than phenylbutazone, respectively."	( [Irritative activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent 4-(p-chorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800) on the gastrointestinal tract in rats (author's transl)]. Ohtsuki, H; Okabe, S; Tabata, K, 1979)	0.47
" The daily maintenance dosage from the fourth week of treatment onwards was 75 mg diclofenac and 500 mg naproxen."	( [Long-term comparative study: diclofenac (voltaren) and naproxen (proxen) in arthritis]. Placheta, P; Siegmeth, W, 1978)	0.77
" The employment of a special diet favourably influenced the course of the disease and enabled the dosage of antirheumatic drugs to be reduced, thereby reducing the frequency of side-effects of the drugs."	( On the medicinal efficacy of dietetic therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Denissov, LN; Samsonov, MA; Sharafetdinov, Kh, 1992)	0.28
" However, these results do not favor vidarabine dosage supplementation in this indication because the duration of PE is less than 8 per cent of a daily administration period."	( Diclofenac, paracetamol, and vidarabine removal during plasma exchange in polyarteritis nodosa patients. Fauvelle, F; Guillevin, L; Leon, A; Nicolas, P; Perret, G; Petitjean, O; Tod, M, )	1.57
" The present study was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug after iv and gastrointestinal dosing to rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diclofenac in the rat. Aristorena, JC; Garcia-Carbonell, MC; Peris-Ribera, JE; Pla-Delfina, JM; Torres-Molina, F, 1991)	0.55
" The four NSAID diclofenac, acemetacin, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid administered to healthy volunteers at the recommended dosage led to significant suppression of thromboxane synthesis; this effect was more pronounced with acemetacin and ibuprofen than with diclofenac."	( [Inhibition of thrombocyte function by non-steroidal anti-rheumatic agents: a comparative study between diclofenac, acemetacin, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen]. Raineri-Gerber, I; von Felten, A, 1991)	0.84
" The coculture of indomethacin with interleukin-2 (IL-2) augmented LAK cell activity in an indomethacin dose-response manner, and diminished PGE2 content in the corresponding culture supernatant in a reverse dose-response manner."	( Prostaglandin E2 from macrophages of murine splenocyte cultures inhibits the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. Chu, TM; Lin, TH; Nakajima, I; Ohnishi, H, 1991)	0.28
"Repeat oral dosing of nabumetone for 1 month maintains anti-inflammatory efficacy in a carrageenan model of paw oedema yet does not cause gastrointestinal damage."	( Anti-inflammatory efficacy and gastrointestinal irritancy: comparative 1 month repeat oral dose studies in the rat with nabumetone, ibuprofen and diclofenac. Blower, PR; Gentry, C; Melarange, R; O'Connell, C, 1991)	0.48
" The dose-response curve of SNP was shifted to the right, and the relaxation to verapamil was slightly reduced."	( Endothelium-derived relaxing factor influences renal vascular resistance. Förstermann, U; Frölich, JC; Radermacher, J, 1990)	0.28
" But considering that the application of NSAIDs is frequently associated with side effects, a reduction of dosage would be to the patient's benefit."	( [Reduced diclofenac administration by B vitamins: results of a randomized double-blind study with reduced daily doses of diclofenac (75 mg diclofenac versus 75 mg diclofenac plus B vitamins) in acute lumbar vertebral syndromes]. Koehler, CO; Kuhlwein, A; Meyer, HJ, 1990)	0.7
" Further, changes in plasma levels of the drug from other dosage forms were related to changes in pH environment as determined by the HC."	( Application of radiotelemetric technique in evaluating diclofenac sodium absorption after oral administration of various dosage forms in healthy volunteers. Chan, KK; John, VA; Mojaverian, P; Ziehmer, BA, 1990)	0.53
"A phamacokinetic study in man has been made of a new dosage form of diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine (DIEP); soluble salt packed in sachets was compared with diclofenac sodium as enteric coated tablets."	( Comparative bioavailability of diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine vs diclofenac sodium in man. Lualdi, P; Maggi, CA; Mautone, G, 1990)	0.8
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of diclofenac sodium are reviewed."	( Diclofenac sodium. Small, RE, 1989)	1.94
" Gastroscopy was performed at base-line after the dosing period of 14 days and again after a follow-up period of 14 days without any treatment."	( [Gastroduodenal tolerance of tenoxicam versus diclofenac-Na: an endoscopy double-blind controlled study in healthy probands]. Dammann, HG; Marinis, E; Müller, P; Simon, B, )	0.39
" Gastric tolerance was assessed by endoscopy, which was performed at base-line, after the 14 day dosing period and after a 14 day follow-up period without treatment."	( Comparison of the gastroduodenal tolerance of tenoxicam and diclofenac Na. A double-blind, endoscopically controlled study in healthy volunteers. Dammann, HG; Leucht, U; Müller, P; Simon, B, 1989)	0.52
" To ensure the human therapeutic dose, each drug was given twice a day per os in 3 different dosage regimes."	( Impact of NSAIDS on murine antigen induced arthritis. I. Investigation of antiinflammatory and chondroprotective effects. de Vries, BJ; van den Berg, WB, 1989)	0.28
" Animals given dexamethasone were divided into three groups and the drug was administered at a constant dosage of 2 mg/kg: (a) 2 days, 1 day, and 3 h intraperitoneally before (chronic pretreatment), (b) 3 h intraperitoneally before (acute pretreatment), and (c) 5 min intravenously and 6 h and 1 day intraperitoneally after (chronic posttreatment) induction of ischemia."	( Chronic dexamethasone pretreatment aggravates ischemic neuronal necrosis. Koide, T; Siesjö, BK; Wieloch, TW, 1986)	0.27
"ml-1 for A and B, respectively) or to the lag time between dosing and the appearance of the drug in serum (1."	( Comparative bioavailability and in vitro characterization of two brands of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets. Abdulhameed, M; el-Sayed, Y; Hasan, M; Muti, H; Najib, N; Suleiman, MS, 1988)	0.51
" Conveniently, dosage adjustments are not required in the elderly or in those patients with renal or hepatic impairment."	( Diclofenac sodium. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Sorkin, EM; Todd, PA, 1988)	1.72
"Plasma and knee joint synovial fluid (SF) concentration of diclofenac sodium and its hydroxylated metabolites were measured after chronic dosing with the 100 mg polymer matrix formulation."	( Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of diclofenac sodium and its hydroxylated metabolites during once-daily administration of a 100 mg slow-release formulation. Dawes, PT; Fowler, PD; John, VA; Shotton, PA, 1986)	0.78
" We conclude that the proposed dosage (in the selected patient population) constitutes effective antipyretic treatment devoid of major side effects."	( Antipyretic therapy in ICU patients: evaluation of low dose diclofenac sodium. Basilico, E; Grossi, E; Pesenti, A; Riboni, A, 1986)	0.51
" The study indicates that visual analogue scales may also be useful in assessment of swelling and that Voltaren in a fixed dosage offers a promising alternative against postoperative pain and swelling."	( Voltaren as an analgesic after surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth. Henrikson, PA; Thilander, H; Wåhlander, LA, 1985)	0.27
" Another advantage of piroxicam is its low effective dosage level achieved by a single daily dose."	( [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Open parallel study with the non-steroidal antirheumatics piroxicam and diclofenac]. Rohde, J; Schwegler, F; Standel, W, 1980)	0.47
" For this the dosage of diclofenac was reduced to 100 mg/d."	( Diclofenac and piroxicam in a double-blind trial results and methodological problems. Working Party of the Society for Rheumatology of the GDR for the Testing of Anti-rheumatic Drugs. Friedländer, R; Häntzschel, H; Hüge, W; Keitel, W; Keysser, M; Seidel, W; Tanner, E; Wächter, G; Weber, J; Wille, R, 1984)	2.02
" To define the relationship between OT sensitivity and uterine PG production, we measured uterine sensitivity to OT by a quantitative dose-response procedure in rats on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22 of pregnancy and monitored uterine and placental tissue concentrations of PGF2 alpha and PGE2."	( Uterine and placental prostaglandins and their modulation of oxytocin sensitivity and contractility in the parturient uterus. Chan, WY, 1983)	0.27
" Diclofenac was detected in synovial fluid 2 h after dosing but at a lower level than in plasma."	( Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of diclofenac sodium and its major hydroxylated metabolites during long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Crook, PR; Fowler, PD; John, VA; Shadforth, MF, 1983)	1.44
" For diclofenac, indometacin and piroxicam proposals for a more rational procedure of their dose-response relationship determination are discussed."	( [Transsynovial kinetics and correlation of dosage and effect of non-steroidal anti-rheumatic agents]. Fenner, H, 1982)	0.78
" In a comparison of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in this condition we attempted to overcome the difficulties by using a run-in period during which the dosage of one of the trial drugs was adjusted to suit the individual patient."	( The run-in period in trial design: a comparison of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in psoriatic arthropathy. Bird, HA; Fowler, PD; Leatham, PA; Wright, V, 1982)	0.26
" After intravenous dosing both plasma levels and areas under curves were significantly reduced although none of the rate constants was affected."	( A study of the effect of aspirin on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous diclofenac sodium. Jack, DB; Kendall, MJ; Willis, JV, 1980)	0.49
" Six subjects then took part in a study involving single and repeated dosing under fasting and non-fasting conditions."	( The influence of food on the absorption of diclofenac after single and multiple oral doses. Jack, DB; Kendall, MJ; Willis, JV, 1981)	0.53
" Statistical analysis of the excretion of diclofenac and its metabolites showed that, during chronic administration, absorption was not significantly influenced by dosing before or after food."	( The influence of food on the absorption of diclofenac as determined by the urinary excretion of the unchanged drug and its major metabolites during chronic administration. Jack, DB; John, VA; Kendall, MJ; Willis, JV, 1981)	0.79
" An overestimation of rare side-effects of drugs should not block the application of certain medicaments, however, they should be given only in such a high dosage as it is necessary."	( [Hematotoxic lesions caused by non-steroidal antirheumatic agents]. Hüge, W; Stobbe, H, 1980)	0.26
" On therapeutic dosing of mice daily with HYAL EX-0001 from day 7 after induction of the granulomatous tissue, the granulomatous tissue development was dramatically reduced from 111."	( Angiostasis and vascular regression in chronic granulomatous inflammation induced by diclofenac in combination with hyaluronan in mice. Alam, CA; Seed, MP; Willoughby, DA, 1995)	0.52
" Intestinal permeability was measured in rats given diclofenac either by sc bolus or iv infusion and dose-response data compared."	( Concentration-response relationships for three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the rat intestine. Ford, J; Houston, JB, 1995)	0.54
"To determine the mode of protective effects of misoprostol against the chronic gastrointestinal ulceration from the NSAID, diclofenac, studies were undertaken in domestic pigs, a model of human gastrointestinal ulceration, to determine (1) the effects of repeated daily dosing for 10 days of diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day (as Voltaren tablets) on the gastrointestinal morphology, 59fe-red blood loss, mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (as an indicator of leukocyte infiltration), and mucosal leukotrienes (LTS); and (2) the mucosal protective effects of 10-40 micrograms/kg/day misoprostol twice a day (as Cytotec tablets) given with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day twice a day compared with diclofenac 5 mg/kg/day alone and aspirin 150 mg/kg/twice a day (USP tablets) as a standard."	( Chronic effects of misoprostol in combination with the NSAID, diclofenac, on gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Relation to diarrheagenic activity, leukocyte infiltration, and mucosal leukotrienes. Perkins, WE; Rainsford, KD; Stetsko, PI, 1995)	0.74
"We have treated 10 patients suffering from kala-azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) at a dose of 2 mg/kg/d for 5 d, following an earlier study in which this dosage for 7 d was found to cure all of 9 patients, with no relapse during 12 months."	( Treatment of kala-azar in Brazil with Amphocil (amphotericin B cholesterol dispersion) for 5 days. Brito, EF; Dember, J; Dietze, R; Fagundes, SM; Feitosa, TF; Fonschiffrey, G; Ksionski, G; Milan, EP; Suassuna, FA, )	0.13
" Patients were then randomised to receive a diclofenac 50mg/misoprostol 200 micrograms fixed combination tablet (n = 331) or diclofenac 50mg (n = 339) for 8 weeks at the same dosage frequency as in the open-label phase."	( Efficacy of diclofenac/misoprostol vs diclofenac in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. McKenna, F, 1993)	0.93
"The pharmacokinetics of a new diclofenac/misoprostol combination dosage form have been investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and misoprostol when administered alone or as a combination product. Karim, A, 1993)	0.9
" and rectal dosage of 50 mg diclofenac sodium and was found to be highly suitable for routine analyses."	( A new rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for diclofenac in human plasma. Hanses, A; Mutschler, E; Spahn-Langguth, H, 1995)	0.81
"In the dosage used, diclofenac was as effective an anti-inflammatory agent for uncomplicated post-cataract inflammation as prednisolone."	( A comparison of topical diclofenac with prednisolone for postcataract inflammation. Brennan, KM; Roberts, CW, 1995)	0.92
" Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity and good tolerance of three dosage forms (tablets, suppositories, ampoules) of diclonate P were established on a statistically significant basis."	( [Diclonate P in rheumatoid arthritis]. Alekberova, ZS; Balabanova, RM; Chichasova, NV; Ivanova, MM; Nasonov, EL; Tsvetkova, ES, 1994)	0.29
" The administered dosage was 10 mg every 6 h for ketorolac and 50 mg every 8 h for diclofenac sodium."	( Ketorolac versus diclofenac sodium in cancer pain. Corli, O; De Conno, F; Gallucci, M; Piva, L; Speranza, R; Tamburini, M; Toscani, F; Ventafridda, V, 1994)	0.85
"The aim of this study was the assessment of blood and synovial levels of diclofenac after repeated epicutaneous dosing with DHEP plasters in patients with joint effusion."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac hydroxyethylpyrrolidine (DHEP) plasters in patients with monolateral knee joint effusion. Gallacchi, G; Marcolongo, R, 1993)	0.84
" The significance of the results is discussed with reference to the dosage and timing of analgesia and to nursing practice."	( Pain relief after major gynaecological surgery. Cashman, JN; Hennessy, D; Lovett, PE; Stanton, SL, )	0.13
"Nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor,N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-300 mg/kg) and L-NG-monomethyl-arginine (L-NMMA, 30-300 mg/kg) suppressed the swellings of adjuvant-injected paw of rats (25-54%) at day 2 and 8 when dosed intraperitoneally and orally for 4 days from day -1 to day 2 after adjuvant."	( Nitric oxide and superoxide radical are involved in both initiation and development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. Oyanagui, Y, 1994)	0.29
" The importance of systemically mediated damage was further determined by gastrotoxicity dose-response curves and pyloric ligation experiments in which indomethacin was administered either orally or parenterally, or into stomach or duodenum with the pylorus occluded."	( Gastric mucosal damage induced by nonsalicylate nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rats is mediated systemically. Giraud, AS; Skeljo, MV; Yeomans, ND, 1993)	0.29
" The two products were not found to be statistically different with respect to the lag time between dosing and appearance of the drug in the serum (0."	( A comparative bioavailability study on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium following a single dose administration. Hasan, MM; Muti, H; Najib, NM, 1993)	0.51
"Pursuant to anecdotal case reports of a possible drug-drug interaction between cyclosporine and diclofenac, an open, two-period crossover study in 24 healthy male volunteers was undertaken in which a single oral dose of 300 mg cyclosporine was administered alone and on day 8 of multiple oral dosing of 50 mg diclofenac every 8 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine and multiple-dose diclofenac during coadministration. Hitzenberger, G; Johnston, A; Koelle, EU; Kovarik, JM; Merdjan, H; Mueller, EA, 1993)	0.76
" Serial blood samples were obtained for up to 12 hr after dosing and drug levels were determined by validated HPLC methods."	( Application of dual radiotelemetric technique in studying drug-drug interaction between diclofenac sodium and ranitidine HCl in volunteers. Alioth, C; Blum, RA; Chan, KK; D'Andrea, DT; Kochak, GM; Schentag, JJ; Teng, L; Ziehmer, BA, 1993)	0.51
"Bioavailability Study of Enteric Coated Diclofenac Formulations/1st Communication: Bioavailability study following single-dose administration of a multiple-unit formulation compared with a single-unit formulation Relative bioavailability of diclofenac (CAS 15307-86-5) was investigated after single-dose administration of an enteric coated multiple-unit formulation (Diclo-Puren 50, test) in comparison to a single-unit dosage form (reference)."	( [Biological availability of gastric juice-resistant coated diclofenac preparations. 1. Bioavailability study following a single administration of a multiple-unit formulation in comparison with a single-unit formulation]. Babej-Dölle, RM; Blume, H; Scheidel, B; von Nieciecki, A; Walter, K, 1993)	0.8
"Diclofenac/misoprostol at twice daily dosing is associated with significantly fewer gastroduodenal ulcers than either piroxicam or naproxen."	( Double-blind comparison of efficacy and gastroduodenal safety of diclofenac/misoprostol, piroxicam, and naproxen in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Bruyn, GA; Geis, GS; Melo Gomes, JA; Roth, SH; Woods, EM; Zeeh, J, 1993)	1.97
" Dosage increases were permitted after a 2-week trial period."	( Efficacy of nabumetone versus diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, and piroxicam in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. DeLapp, RE; Lister, BJ; Poland, M, 1993)	0.57
" Other significant factors contributing to an increase in SGOT concentrations were duration of therapy and, perhaps, daily dosage (mg/lb)."	( Differential effects of diclofenac and aspirin on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase elevations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Anderson, W; Furst, DE, 1993)	0.59
" It was also demonstrable after subcutaneous dosing or when injury was measured by a change in mucosal potential difference."	( Gastric mucosal adaptation to diclofenac injury. Cook, GA; Elliott, SL; Giraud, AS; Skeljo, MV; Yeomans, ND, 1996)	0.58
" In common with other fixed combination products, dosage flexibility is somewhat compromised with diclofenac/misoprostol."	( Diclofenac/misoprostol. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in painful inflammatory conditions. Davis, R; Goa, KL; Yarker, YE, 1995)	1.95
" The remaining patients (group A, n = 10) were given diclofenac in a dosage of 150 mg per day for three days then 75 mg per day for three days."	( Corticosteroid therapy for the treatment of acute attacks of crystal-induced arthritis: an effective alternative to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Gabay, C; Vischer, TL; Werlen, D, 1996)	0.54
"Adaptation is the name given to the progressive decrease in gastric mucosal damage following repeated dosing with damaging agents."	( Adaptation of the gastric epithelium to injury is maintained in vitro and is associated with increased TGF-alpha expression. Doljanin, K; Giraud, AS; Skeljo, MV; Yeomans, ND, 1996)	0.29
" This seems to be caused by a slow release from the dosage form or dissolution of the drugs, which is confirmed by a longer MITtot compared to the MRTsys in most of the volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug input characteristics for a diclofenac-codeine phosphate combination following oral and rectal administration. Hanses, A; Meiss, F; Mutschler, E; Spahn-Langguth, H, 1996)	0.54
", was given during the second week of each dosage regimen after three endoscopic biopsies had been taken from each of the duodenum, antrum and corpus."	( Effects of misoprostol on healing and prevention of biopsy-induced gastroduodenal lesions occurring during the administration of diclofenac to volunteers. Armstrong, D; Blum, AL; Dorta, G; Margalith, D; Nicolet, M; Saraga, E; Vouillamoz, D, 1996)	0.5
") diclofenac followed by oral dosing in patients with acute lumbago."	( The efficacy and tolerability of an 8-day administration of intravenous and oral meloxicam: a comparison with intramuscular and oral diclofenac in patients with acute lumbago. German Meloxicam Ampoule Study Group. Colberg, K; Degner, FL; Hettich, M; Sigmund, R, 1996)	1.22
" Injectable microspheres and in situ gel-forming implant systems of PLG (50:50) copolymer may therefore be considered as prospective implantable controlled-release dosage forms to deliver drugs in long-term therapy of chronic ailments."	( Biodegradable injectable implant systems for long term drug delivery using poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymers. Chandrashekar, G; Udupa, N, 1996)	0.29
" A significant analgesic effect was obtained within two weeks of treatment with 150mg diclofenac daily; this improvement was maintained on reduction of the dosage to 75-100mg over the next ten weeks."	( Comparative efficacy and tolerability of two diclofenac formulations in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis. Bakshi, R, 1996)	0.78
"In this study, in vitro characterization, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 2 different sustained-release diclofenac sodium dosage forms were compared, Voltaren (100 mg tablets), manufactured by Ciba-Geigy and Inflaban (100 mg enteric-coated tablets), manufactured by the Arab Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium, Voltaren vs inflaban: effect of food on inflaban bioavailability. Deleq, S; Hasan, M; Najib, N; Sallam, E; Shubair, M; Zmeili, S, 1996)	0.73
"Taking into account the limited improvement noted over rest and cast immobilization and the number of associated adverse events, it is difficult to recommend the use of diclofenac in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis at the dosage used in this study."	( Efficacy of diclofenac in lateral epicondylitis of the elbow also treated with immobilization. The University of Montreal Orthopaedic Research Group. Guibert, R; Labelle, H, )	0.7
"A new oral dosage form of diclofenac sodium, enabling the single administration of the daily dose of 150 mg, has been tested for treatment of 20 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the spine."	( Effective treatment of osteoarthritis with a 150 mg prolonged-release of diclofenac sodium. Andreotti, L; Arcangeli, P; Palazzini, E, )	0.66
" After achieving adequate analgesia with regular dosing of oral methadone (T1), patient-controlled analgesia with methadone was administered for 3 days (T2)."	( Opioid-sparing effect of diclofenac in cancer pain. Barresi, L; Caligara, M; Dardanoni, G; Mercadante, S; Sapio, M; Serretta, R, 1997)	0.6
" IB showed a dose-response relationship which appeared to plateau at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg."	( Effects of the combined oral administration of NSAIDs and dextromethorphan on behavioral symptoms indicative of arthritic pain in rats. Caruso, FS; Frenk, H; Lu, J; Mao, J; Mayer, DJ; Price, DD, 1996)	0.29
" The dose-response curves were first obtained for each drug alone."	( Isobolographic analysis of interactions between intravenous morphine, propacetamol, and diclofenac in carrageenin-injected rats. Benoist, JM; Fletcher, D; Gautron, M; Guilbaud, G, 1997)	0.52
" Dosage adjustments for the elderly, children or for patients with various disease states (such as hepatic disease or rheumatoid arthritis) may not be required."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Anderson, KE; Davies, NM, 1997)	0.59
"Some adaptation occurred in over 90% of subjects after 4 weeks dosing with an NSAID, but adaptation was less frequent in older subjects and in smokers."	( The influence of age, gender, Helicobacter pylori and smoking on gastric mucosal adaptation to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Campbell, F; Lipscomb, GR; Rees, WD, 1997)	0.3
"To assess the possible therapeutic effect of 40 mg sublingual piroxicam (fast-dissolving dosage form, FDDF) compared with intramuscular 75 mg diclofenac, as a reference drug, on acute renal colic in a randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial."	( Piroxicam fast-dissolving dosage form vs diclofenac sodium in the treatment of acute renal colic: a double-blind controlled trial. Echarte, JL; Gelabert, A; Iglesias, ML; Mínguez, S; Nogués, X; Pedro-Botet, J; Supervía, A, 1998)	0.77
"Cross-linked high amylose starches have been developed as excipients for the formulation of controlled-release solid dosage forms for the oral delivery of drugs."	( Cross-linked high amylose starch for controlled release of drugs: recent advances. Cartilier, L; Chouinard, F; Dumoulin, Y; Lenaerts, V; Marchessault, R; Mateescu, MA; Mebsout, F; Moussa, I; Szabo, P, 1998)	0.3
"Diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam can be administered together with omeprazole 20 mg daily without need for dosage alteration."	( Lack of drug-drug interaction between three different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and omeprazole. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Lagerström, PO; Naesdal, J; Wilson, I, 1998)	1.74
" The rare but severe complications preclude further use of the intramuscular dosage in view of the availability of oral alternatives."	( [Erythema and fever after diclofenac i.m]. Schaad, HJ; Zürcher, RM, 1998)	0.6
" This suggests a continuous delivery of [14C]-diclofenac sodium from the lotion into and through skin which only ceased when the dosing site was washed."	( In vivo bioavailability and metabolism of topical diclofenac lotion in human volunteers. Hewitt, PG; Hui, X; Maibach, HI; Poblete, N; Shainhouse, JZ; Wester, RC, 1998)	0.81
" Both formulations are, therefore, in compliance with the USP requirements for release from enteric-coated dosage forms."	( Formulation and in vitro and in vivo availability of diclofenac sodium enteric-coated beads. el-Mahrouk, GM; Gouda, MW; Hosny, EA, 1998)	0.55
"05) DS:(EC + CS) solid dispersion was prepared and developed into a capsule dosage from, using lactose as diluent."	( Development of diclofenac sodium controlled release solid dispersion powders and capsules by freeze drying technique using ethylcellulose and chitosan as carriers. Dangprasirt, P; Pongwai, S, 1998)	0.65
" Following a dosage increase to 150 microg/day, she suffered from an acute attack of pseudogout."	( Pseudogout attack associated with chronic thyroiditis and Sjögren's syndrome. Arai, S; Hama, Y; Kondo, T; Mineshita, M; Warabi, H; Yasuda, H, 1999)	0.3
" The usual oral dosage of aceclofenac is 100 mg twice daily in adults."	( [Pharma-clinics. The drug of the month. Aceclofenac (Biofenac)]. Scheen, AJ, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response relationships show that higher doses of ibuprofen may be particularly effective."	( Postoperative analgesia and vomiting, with special reference to day-case surgery: a systematic review. McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 1998)	0.3
"Multiple unit dosage forms for oral delivery of bioactive agents offer many advantages over single unit products (e."	( In vitro release modulation from crosslinked pellets for site-specific drug delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. I. Comparison of pH-responsive drug release and associated kinetics. Fassihi, R; Pillay, V, 1999)	0.3
"98 per patient depending on the dosage of diclofenac used."	( Economic evaluation of nimesulide versus diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis in Greece. Diamantopoulos, E; Ifandi, G; Ignatiades, T; Katostaras, F; Liaropoulos, L; Spinthouri, M, 1998)	0.83
" Blood samples were taken before and up to 6 h after dosing and the plasma obtained from it was tested for its ability to inhibit prostanoid formation in IL-1beta-treated A549 cells (COX-2 system) and human washed platelets (COX-1 system)."	( Ex vivo assay to determine the cyclooxygenase selectivity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Giuliano, F; Warner, TD, 1999)	0.3
" Secondary analyses showed that diclofenac-potassium provided significant pain relief from 60 min after dosing and for all remaining endpoints in the 8-h observation period."	( Acute treatment of migraine attacks: efficacy and safety of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac-potassium, in comparison to oral sumatriptan and placebo. The Diclofenac-K/Sumatriptan Migraine Study Group. , 1999)	0.8
"5 mg rofecoxib, 25 mg rofecoxib, 400 mg ibuprofen, or placebo and the mean +/- SE change in oral temperature at 4 hours after dosing was -0."	( Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by rofecoxib reverses naturally occurring fever in humans. Adcock, S; Bachmann, KA; Chan, CC; Cohen, RA; Davidson, MH; Dobratz, D; Gertz, BJ; Grasing, K; Hedges, J; Jones, TM; McBride, KJ; Moritz, C; Mukhopadhyay, S; Schwartz, JI, 1999)	0.3
"The use of natural polymers for design of dosage form has received considerable attention recently, especially from the safety point of view."	( Aging phenomena of chitosan and chitosan-diclofenac sodium system detected by low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy. Bak, GW; Bodek, KH, 1999)	0.57
" dosing to rats, telmisartan 1-O-acylglucuronide was rapidly cleared from plasma with a clearance of 180 ml/min/kg, compared with 15."	( Disposition and chemical stability of telmisartan 1-O-acylglucuronide. Beschke, K; Ebner, T; Heinzel, G; Prox, A; Wachsmuth, H, 1999)	0.3
"Postoperative renal dysfunction in rats is induced by ketorolac dosed concurrently with gentamicin."	( Renal dysfunction associated with the perioperative use of diclofenac. Cousins, MJ; Eckstein, RP; Jordan, V; Kim, H; Lin, Y; Mather, LE; Power, I; Xu, M, 1999)	0.55
" This produced a dosage form with a high intraparticulate porosity in the dry state."	( Tablet and capsule hydrophilic matrices based on heterodisperse polysaccharides having porosity-independent in vitro release profiles. Kelly, ML; Staniforth, JN; Tobyn, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" Timed plasma concentrations of diclofenac during a 12-h-period after dosing were measured by means of HPLC with UV detection at 275 nm and a quantification limit of 10 ng/ml; the method was fully validated for pharmacokinetic purposes."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac after oral administration of its potassium salt in sachet and tablet formulations. Abbondati, G; Ceppi Monti, N; Crivelli, F; Dal Bo, L; Ismaili, S; Marzo, A; Tettamanti, RA; Uhr, MR; Verga, F, 2000)	0.91
" Nevertheless, many commercially available pharmaceutical dosage forms have no protective coat to avoid the inactivation in the gastric juices."	( Analysis of diclofenac sodium and derivatives. Ballesteros, MP; Frutos, P; Palomo, ME, 1999)	0.68
" Applicability of the proposed methods was examined by analysing dosage forms of the investigated drugs."	( Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of etodolac and aceclofenac. El Kousy, NM, 1999)	0.3
" In this present study, it was aimed to prepare microsphere formulations of DS using a natural biodegradable polymer as a carrier for intraarticular administration to extend the duration period of the dosage form in the knee joint."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of diclofenac sodium loaded albumin microspheres. Caliş, S; Ercan, MT; Hincal, AA; Kaş, HS; Peksoy, I; Tunçay, M, )	0.41
" In contrast, the small intestines in old rats of both genders given the 50 mg/kg dosage had >30% fewer ulcers and a fourfold decrease in area of ulceration compared to young rats."	( Aging enhances susceptibility of diclofenac-treated rats to gastric ulceration, while attenuating enteropathy. Atchison, CR; Balakumaran, A; Hoffmann, WE; Treinen-Moslen, M; West, AB, 2000)	0.59
" Systematic studies on SCI-induced alterations are thus required to provide information leading to a rational dosing regimen design for SCI patients."	( Bioavailability of diclofenac after intramuscular administration to rats with experimental spinal cord injury. García-López, P; Salas, R, 1999)	0.63
"The incidence of all adverse events was lower at each dosage of meloxicam than for diclofenac but greater than for placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.53
"Rofecoxib is effective in treating OA with once-daily dosing for 6 weeks and 1 year."	( Rofecoxib, a new cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, shows sustained efficacy, comparable with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a 6-week and a 1-year trial in patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Studies Group. Bolognese, J; Daniels, B; DeTora, L; Fisher, C; Saag, K; Samara, A; Sperling, R; van der Heijde, D, )	0.13
"8 mg), CPK activity was shown to depend on both the type of dosage form and, in the case of nanocapsules, on the chemical nature of the central oily core."	( Poly(rac-lactide) nanocapsules containing diclofenac: protection against muscular damage in rats. Barratt, G; Devissaguet, JP; Fessi, H; Guterres, SS; Puisieux, F, 2000)	0.57
"A known impurity is formed in the production of a parenteral dosage form of diclofenac sodium if terminally sterilized by autoclave."	( Diclofenac sodium injection sterilized by autoclave and the occurrence of cyclic reaction producing a small amount of impurity. Akhteruzzaman, M; Alam, AH; Das, SC; Deb, AK; Islam, M; Khan, AH; Roy, J, 2001)	1.98
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the antinociceptive effect of diclofenac, phenylephrine, clonidine, desipramine, prazosin, and yohimbine administered both systemically and intrathecally, and ED(50)s were calculated."	( An isobolographic analysis of the adrenergic modulation of diclofenac antinociception. Miranda, HF; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 2001)	0.79
" We proposed a multiple propensity score, which is an extension of the propensity score, to reduce the bias in a dose-response analysis in a drug safety study."	( The multiple propensity score for analysis of dose-response relationships in drug safety studies. Donnan, PT; MacDonald, TM; Steinke, D; Wang, J, )	0.13
" There has been endoscopically validated usefulness of employing enterosoluble and injectable dosage forms during the first days of NAID-therapy."	( [Comparative efficacy of diclobrou for prophylaxis of NSAID-associated gastropathies in patients with osteoarthritis]. Bohomaz, VM; Dubovenko, ZO; Khomchenkova, NI; Kushyk, MF; Puzanova, OH; Svintsits'kyĭ, AS, )	0.13
" Our results suggested that a thermosensitive liquid suppository system with sodium chloride and poloxamers was a more physically stable and convenient rectal dosage form for diclofenac sodium."	( Effect of sodium chloride on the gelation temperature, gel strength and bioadhesive force of poloxamer gels containing diclofenac sodium. Choi, HG; Choi, JS; Kim, CK; Kim, KM; Lim, SJ; Oh, PS; Quan, QZ; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS, 2001)	0.71
" The 2 h plasma concentration ratios from studies 1 and 2 were combined and a pooled analysis performed to compare ratios within each study (to determine the change in ratio when MDZ was dosed with and without chlorzoxazone) and between studies (to determine the consistency of the ratios when MDZ was given either as part of the two six drug cocktails or when given alone and as part of the five drug cocktail)."	( An interaction between the cytochrome P450 probe substrates chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) and midazolam (CYP3A). Dickins, M; Gibson, A; Palmer, JL; Pleasance, S; Scott, RJ, 2001)	0.31
"In this investigation, modified-release dosage forms of diltiazem HCl (DT) and diclofenac sodium (DS) were prepared."	( A novel approach for the preparation of highly loaded polymeric controlled release dosage forms of diltiazem HCl and diclofenac sodium. Ibrahim, HG; Kakish, HF; Najib, NM; Tashtoush, B, 2002)	0.75
" These results show that diclofenac lotion and lipogel maybe more suitable formulations than the conventional topical dosage form."	( In-vitro release of diclofenac diethylammonium from lipid-based formulations. Parnianpour, M; Parsaee, S; Sarbolouki, MN, 2002)	0.94
" In contrast to standard doses of 2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a supratherapeutic valdecoxib dosage does not impair platelet function (COX-1)."	( Valdecoxib does not impair platelet function. Kent, JD; Leese, PT; Recker, DP; Talwalker, S, 2002)	0.31
"These results show that an accelerated dosing schedule of sulphasalazine has identical effects to diclofenac in reducing symptoms, indicating it is a rapidly effective DMARD."	( Treating rheumatoid arthritis early with disease modifying drugs reduces joint damage: a randomised double blind trial of sulphasalazine vs diclofenac sodium. Choy, EH; Erhardt, C; Henderson, E; Kingsley, GH; Macfarlane, D; Panayi, GS; Papasavvas, G; Plant, MJ; Scott, DL; Williams, P; Wojtulewski, J; Young, A, )	0.55
" This study evaluated the effect of diclofenac sodium, administered at clinical dosage and duration, on bone union."	( Effect of diclofenac sodium on union of tibial fractures in rats. Akman, S; Aksoy, B; Bilgiç, B; Gögüs, A; Seckin, F; Sener, N, )	0.81
" The twice a day dosage of lornoxicam revealed to be appropriate."	( [Analgesic dose range finding of lornoxicam compared to diclofenac. Crossover double blind study in rheumatoid arthritis]. Di Munno, O; Pasero, GP, )	0.38
" Therefore, to optimize the osteotropic delivery of diclofenac via a bisphosphonic prodrug, the dosage regimen should be such that plasma concentration of DIC-BP is maintained at a level lower than that required for precipitate formation of complexes, similar to the usage of other bisphosphonates."	( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and disposition of bisphosphonic prodrug of diclofenac based on osteotropic drug delivery system (ODDS). Fujisaki, J; Hata, T; Hirabayashi, H; Kimura, S; Sawamoto, T; Tokunaga, Y, 2002)	0.79
"The demographic features, hernia types, anaesthetic time, dosage of anaesthetic medication and operative details of the two groups were comparable."	( Prospective randomized trial of pre-emptive analgesics following ambulatory inguinal hernia repair: intravenous ketorolac versus diclofenac suppository. Goh, LC; Lau, H; Lee, F; Patil, NG; Wong, C, 2002)	0.52
" Compared to conventional tablets, release of the model drug from these HPMC matrix tablets was prolonged; as a result, an oral release dosage form to avoid the gastrointestinal adverse effects was achieved."	( In-vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled-release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices. Bravo, SA; Lamas, MC; Salamón, CJ, )	0.45
"For diclofenac, area under the concentration-time curve over the dosage interval (AUC(tau)) was larger in young subjects (3."	( Influence of age and cytochrome P450 2C9 genotype on the steady-state disposition of diclofenac and celecoxib. Brenner, SS; Dilger, K; Herrlinger, C; Hofmann, U; Klotz, U; Marx, C; Mürdter, TE, 2003)	1.1
" This would indicate that both drugs need no dosage reduction in the elderly (at least up to 75 years) and that, besides CYP2C9, additional CYP species contribute to the elimination of both agents."	( Influence of age and cytochrome P450 2C9 genotype on the steady-state disposition of diclofenac and celecoxib. Brenner, SS; Dilger, K; Herrlinger, C; Hofmann, U; Klotz, U; Marx, C; Mürdter, TE, 2003)	0.54
" Our results suggested that a thermosensitive liquid suppository system with sodium chloride and poloxamers was a more physically stable, convenient and effective rectal dosage form for diclofenac sodium."	( Physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of thermosensitive diclofenac liquid suppository. Choi, HG; Choi, YK; Kim, CK; Kim, YI; Park, BJ; Quan, QZ; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS, 2003)	0.74
" Dosing and duration varied, but in all 3 cases diclofenac was used at least 4 times a day for at least 3 days after LASIK."	( Histopathology of corneal melting associated with diclofenac use after refractive surgery. Hsu, JK; Johnston, WT; McDonnell, PJ; Pangalinan, R; Rao, N; Read, RW; Smith, RE, 2003)	0.83
" A flexible dosing regimen is proposed, starting with an initial dose of 2 tablets (2 x 12."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of diclofenac-K and ibuprofen for the treatment of adults with influenza-like symptoms. Frank, WO; Gold, MS; Grebe, W; Ionescu, E; Liu, JM, 2003)	0.53
" The flexible dosing regimens comprised 2 tablets of diclofenac-K (12."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of diclofenac-K and ibuprofen for the treatment of adults with influenza-like symptoms. Frank, WO; Gold, MS; Grebe, W; Ionescu, E; Liu, JM, 2003)	0.78
"5 mg taken in a flexible dosing regimen was more effective than placebo in relieving influenza-like symptoms, with comparable tolerability Efficacy and tolerability of diclofenac-K were similar to those of ibuprofen 200 mg."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of diclofenac-K and ibuprofen for the treatment of adults with influenza-like symptoms. Frank, WO; Gold, MS; Grebe, W; Ionescu, E; Liu, JM, 2003)	0.72
" Our results suggested that a rectal poloxamer gel system with sodium chloride and poloxamers was a more physically stable, convenient, and effective rectal dosage form for diclofenac sodium."	( Physicochemical characterization of diclofenac sodium-loaded poloxamer gel as a rectal delivery system with fast absorption. Baek, SH; Chang, HW; Choi, HG; Jahng, Y; Jeong, TC; Kim, CK; Lee, SH; Rhee, JD; Sah, H; Son, JK; Yong, CS, 2003)	0.79
"Although fitting orders to renal function avoids overdosage and therefore iatrogenic risk, dosage adjustment is rarely made."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
" Although no adjustment to renal function was required, 28% of the residents decreased the dosage of amlodipine and ordered an underdose."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
"Considering the iatrogenic risk related to the lack of dosage adjustment, attention should be drawn to increasing residents' awareness of dosage adjustment in renal impairment and to providing them with better information on patients' renal function."	( Assessing residents' prescribing behavior in renal impairment. Brücker, G; Deray, G; Launay-Vacher, V; Levu, S; Ravaud, P; Salomon, L, 2003)	0.32
" The mean dosage and the total amount of Pethidine at 24 hours were significantly lower in G2 compared with G1."	( Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomised prospective double-blind clinical trial. Goroshina, J; Lepner, U; Samarütel, J, 2003)	0.32
" Therapeutic use of diclofenac is associated with rare but sometimes fatal hepatotoxicity characterized by delayed onset of symptoms and lack of a clear dose-response relationship."	( The metabolism of diclofenac--enzymology and toxicology perspectives. Tang, W, 2003)	0.98
" Topical diclofenac was more effective than oral diclofenac 1 hour after dosing and produced higher tissue concentrations (46."	( Peripheral and central antihyperalgesic effects of diclofenac in a model of human inflammatory pain. Burian, M; Geisslinger, G; Seegel, M; Tegeder, I, 2003)	0.99
": Sixty-five healthy male subjects were randomized to receive 8 days' dosing with lumiracoxib 200 mg twice daily (b."	( Gastroduodenal tolerability of lumiracoxib vs placebo and naproxen: a pilot endoscopic study in healthy male subjects. Branson, J; Ford, M; Kellett, N; Mair, S; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G, 2003)	0.32
" The primary efficacy outcome for the flexible multiple dosing regimen was the End of Study global efficacy assessment."	( Relief of acute low back pain with diclofenac-K 12.5 mg tablets: a flexible dose, ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dreiser, RL; Gold, M; Ionescu, E; Liu, JH; Marty, M, 2003)	0.6
" The flexible multiple dosing regimens of diclofenac-K and ibuprofen were both significantly superior to placebo on the End of Study global efficacy assessment, time to rescue medication over the entire study period, the End of Day global efficacy assessment on Days 1-2, pain intensity difference on the VAS at Visit 3 and the Eifel algofunctional index at Visit 3 (also at Visit 2 in diclofenac-K 12."	( Relief of acute low back pain with diclofenac-K 12.5 mg tablets: a flexible dose, ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dreiser, RL; Gold, M; Ionescu, E; Liu, JH; Marty, M, 2003)	0.86
"The flexible multiple dosing regimen of diclofenac-K 12."	( Relief of acute low back pain with diclofenac-K 12.5 mg tablets: a flexible dose, ibuprofen 200 mg and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dreiser, RL; Gold, M; Ionescu, E; Liu, JH; Marty, M, 2003)	0.86
"5 mg) vs paracetamol (500 mg) and placebo given in a flexible dosage regimen to treat pain resulting from extraction of impacted third molar teeth."	( Analgesic efficacy of low-dose diclofenac versus paracetamol and placebo in postoperative dental pain. Gold, MS; Ionescu, E; Kubitzek, F; Liu, JM; Ziegler, G, 2003)	0.6
"To determine whether a topical ophthalmic diclofenac sodium formulation containing a proprietary polymeric drug delivery system (ISV-205), when dosed concomitantly with 1% prednisolone acetate, is effective in blocking the intraocular pressure (IOP) response in humans."	( Prevention of corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation using ISV-205. Stewart, WC, 2003)	0.58
" We also determined the role of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) polymorphism on coumarin dosage and INR in NSAID users."	( Potential interaction between acenocoumarol and diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen and role of CYP2C9 genotype. Brouwers, JR; de Jong-van den Berg, LT; de Vries-Bots, AM; Piersma-Wichers, M; Plat, AW; Slomp, J; van Dijk, AA; van Dijk, KN, 2004)	0.58
" Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally (equivalent to 15 mg/kg diclofenac sodium) as the acid or its sodium salt as well as diclofenac-DPPC complex."	( A comparison of gastrointestinal permeability induced by diclofenac-phospholipid complex with diclofenac acid and its sodium salt. Jamali, F; Khazaeinia, T, )	0.61
" Differences observed in blood pressure response between COX inhibitors may not be related in their sensitivity but rather their dosing frequency."	( Effects of COX inhibition on blood pressure and kidney function in ACE inhibitor-treated blacks and hispanics. Alausa, T; Bakris, GL; Folker, A; Hung, E; Izhar, M, 2004)	0.32
" Thromboxane B(2) (TxB(2)) inhibition was measured prior to lumiracoxib dosing and 2 hours afterwards."	( Lumiracoxib: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile when coadministered with fluconazole in healthy subjects. Laurent, A; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Yeh, CM; Yih, L, 2004)	0.32
" At the start and end of each dosing period, COX-2 selectivity was assessed by ex vivo serum thromboxane B(2) (COX-1) and lipopolysaccharide stimulated prostaglandin (PG) E(2) (COX-2), mucosal injury by endoscopy, and small and large bowel permeability by 0- to 5-hour and 5- to 24-hour (51)Cr-EDTA absorption."	( Pharmacology and gastrointestinal safety of lumiracoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: An integrated study. Atherton, C; Bebb, J; Bonner, J; Branson, J; Brough, J; Burdsall, J; Cunliffe, R; Hawkey, CJ; Jones, J; McKaig, B; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Stevenson, D, 2004)	0.32
" Lumiracoxib can, therefore, be administered concurrently with either of these agents without need for lumiracoxib dosage alteration."	( Lack of effect of omeprazole or of an aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib. Langholff, W; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Shenouda, M; Vinluan Reynolds, C, 2004)	0.32
" Drug release decreased with the increase of amount of drug and it is dependent of dosage form."	( Evaluation of xanthan and highly substituted galactomannan from M. scabrella as a sustained release matrix. Andreazza, IF; Bresolin, TM; Ganter, JL; Ughini, F, 2004)	0.32
" Postoperatively the propacetamol dosage was repeated twice and diclofenac once on the ward."	( Propacetamol and diclofenac alone and in combination for analgesia after elective tonsillectomy. Hiller, A; Savolainen, S; Silvanto, M; Tarkkila, P, 2004)	0.9
"This study compared the analgesic dose-response relationship and tolerability of 3 doses of ProSorb diclofenac K and placebo in the treatment of pain after dental impaction surgery."	( Dose-ranging analgesic study of Prosorb diclofenac potassium in postsurgical dental pain. Adamson, D; Christensen, S; Hersh, EV; Kiersch, TA; Levin, LM; Lyon, JA; Noveck, R; Watson, G, 2004)	0.81
"The clinical variables examined included intensity of pain as measured by a visual analogue scale; pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index; dosage of diclofenac taken during treatment; and the profile of quality of life in the chronically ill (PQLC) instrument, evaluated before and after the treatment programme."	( Acupuncture as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. Aguilar, I; Borge, MA; Gaspar, O; Jurado, R; León, JM; Méndez, C; Panadero, MD; Perea-Milla, E; Sánchez-Rodríguez, F; Vas, J; Vega, E, 2004)	0.51
"Forty healthy volunteers instilled Dicloabak in the randomised eye and thiomersal-preserved diclofenac in the other eye, according to a strictly identical dosing regimen, for 28 days."	( [Ocular tolerance of a new formulation of nonpreserved diclofenac]. Chiambaretta, F; Creuzot-Garcher, C; Dubray, C; Pilon, F; Pouliquen, P; Rebika, H; Rigal, D, 2004)	0.79
" First, dose-response relationships of each of diclofenac, piroxicam and alpha-tocopherol were evaluated using bone marrow lymphocytes counts and monoamines levels in plasma, brain and spleen."	( Effects of diclofenac, piroxicam and alpha-tocopherol on monoaminelymphopoietic interfacing in mice. Hamed, MR; Hasan, WA; Hassanein, NM, 2004)	0.97
" Because thoracic epidural analgesia is easily administered and the dosage of the drugs used effectively controlled, it is a practical method for perioperative pain control for UAE."	( [Thoracic epidural analgesia is effective in perioperative pain relief for uterine artery embolization]. Katayama, M; Kitazono, M; Nagao, T; Ohshima, K; Ohwada, T; Shimizu, H, 2005)	0.33
"Overview of three dose-response studies demonstrating the efficacy of lumiracoxib, a novel COX-2 selective inhibitor, for chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis (0A), or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and acute pain following dental extraction."	( Lumiracoxib in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and acute postoperative dental pain: results of three dose-response studies. Gitton, X; Jayawardene, S; Schnitzer, TJ; Sloan, VS, 2005)	0.33
" Comparison of release rate-time plots of dissolution data of marketed product with the newly developed dosage form indicated the ability of the later to sustain more diclofenac sodium release."	( Evaluation of crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads as a carrier for prolonged delivery of diclofenac sodium: in vitro and in vivo studies. Alsarra, IA, 2004)	0.74
" Clinical studies support a once-daily dosing regimen, despite its relatively short plasma elimination half-life (3 - 6 h)."	( Clinical pharmacology of lumiracoxib, a second-generation cyclooxygenase 2 selective inhibitor. Bannwarth, B; Berenbaum, F, 2005)	0.33
"The degradation products of diclofenac in aqueous dosage form in accelerated storage conditions were characterized by electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)."	( Identification of degradation products of diclofenac by electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Bouchon, B; Galmier, MJ; Lartigue, C; Madelmont, JC; Mercier, F; Pilotaz, F, 2005)	0.89
" Thus, the poloxamer-based solid suppository with P 124 and P 188 was a mucoadhesive, safe and effective rectal dosage form for diclofenac sodium."	( Physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation of poloxamer-based solid suppository containing diclofenac sodium in rats. Choi, HG; Kim, CK; Kim, DD; Kim, JO; Kim, YI; Lee, KC; Oh, YK; Park, YJ; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2005)	0.75
" A cell culture model of the gastric epithelial cell surface would prove useful for biopharmaceutical screening of new chemical entities and dosage forms."	( A collagen IV matrix is required for guinea pig gastric epithelial cell monolayers to provide an optimal model of the stomach surface for biopharmaceutical screening. Coombes, AG; Hanson, PJ; Kavvada, KM; Moore, VA; Murray, JG, 2005)	0.33
" Thus, the clear aceclofenac-loaded soft capsule with ethanolamine was a more effective oral dosage form with fast absorption for poorly water-soluble aceclofenac."	( Trials of clear aceclofenac-loaded soft capsules with accelerated oral absorption in human subjects. Choi, HG; Gil, YS; Kim, CK; Kim, JO; Lee, KH; Oh, YK; Park, SM; Park, YJ; Rhee, JD; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK; Yu, CH, 2005)	0.33
" Least square means (95% CI) of all observations during the first 6 h after dosing showed that diclofenac caused a reduction in GFR from 71 (64-78) to 59 (52-66) ml/min."	( Cyclooxygenase inhibition causes marked impairment of renal function in elderly subjects treated with diuretics and ACE-inhibitors. Björkman, S; Höglund, P; Juhlin, T, 2005)	0.55
"The study was designed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of diclofenac in plasma, subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue after repeated topical administration using MIKA Diclofenac Spray Gel (4%), a novel formulation, and after oral dosing using VOLTAREN 50 mg enteric coated tablets."	( Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation. Brunner, M; Dehghanyar, P; Martin, W; Menke, G; Müller, M; Seigfried, B, 2005)	0.85
"The relative bioavailability of diclofenac in subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue was substantially higher after topical compared with oral dosing (324% and 209%, respectively) whereas relative plasma bioavailability was 50-fold lower."	( Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation. Brunner, M; Dehghanyar, P; Martin, W; Menke, G; Müller, M; Seigfried, B, 2005)	0.89
" Storage under uncontrolled environmental conditions or contact with water vapour during manufacturing process could thus influence the performance of the final dosage form."	( Physico-chemical characterisation and intrinsic dissolution studies of a new hydrate form of diclofenac sodium: comparison with anhydrous form. Antoniella, E; Bartolomei, M; Bertocchi, P; Rodomonte, A, 2006)	0.55
" The method was applied to serum collected at 3h after rats were treated with an experimentally useful dosage range of 3, 10 and 50mg/kg diclofenac."	( Efficient high performance liquid chromatograph/ultraviolet method for determination of diclofenac and 4'-hydroxydiclofenac in rat serum. Kanz, MF; Kaphalia, BS; Kaphalia, L; Kumar, S; Treinen-Moslen, M, 2006)	0.76
" Results support the good safety profile of both formulations when dosed three times daily for 4 weeks in absence of concomitant use of drugs potentially toxic for cornea."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two formulations of diclofenac sodium 0.1% eyedrops in controlling postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery. Arnoux, YV; Bodaghi, B; Colin, J; Jaulerry, SD; Le Hoang, P; Weber, ME, )	0.37
" In a diary, patients recorded compliance to dosing and use of rescue medication and assessed daily pain on movement, spontaneous pain, and pain relief."	( Efficacy of topical diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee. Albrecht, HH; Elkik, F; Gold, MS; Liu, JM; Niethard, FU; Solomon, GS; Unkauf, M, 2005)	0.65
" Twice-daily dosage of aceclofenac 100 mg and etoricoxib 60 mg were recommended for the double blind study."	( Comparative efficacy of aceclofenac and etoricoxib in post extraction pain control: randomized control trial. Chalini, S; Raman, U, )	0.13
" In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, peak lumiracoxib synovial fluid concentrations occur 3-4 hours later than in plasma and exceed plasma concentrations from 5 hours after dosing to the end of the 24-hour dosing interval."	( Clinical pharmacology of lumiracoxib: a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Choi, L; Mangold, JB; Marshall, P; Rordorf, CM, 2005)	0.33
"02 hr) produces a null difference as the net effect on bioavailability, particularly when the drug is to be used in multiple dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in normal man. Ahmed, T; Hasan, F; Hasan, SM; Talib, N, 2005)	0.65
" An increased risk was observed for diclofenac and rofecoxib, the latter one with a clear dose-response trend."	( Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. García Rodríguez, LA; Hernández-Díaz, S; Varas-Lorenzo, C, 2006)	0.61
" The results detailed within this paper indicate that agar is a viable filler for extended release hot melt produced dosage forms."	( The use of agar as a novel filler for monolithic matrices produced using hot melt extrusion. Devine, DM; Geever, LM; Higginbotham, CL; Kennedy, JE; Lyons, JG; O'Sullivan, P, 2006)	0.33
" Optimal calibration range was fixed (1-way ANOVA) and then the method was applied to dosage form analysis."	( Rapid colorimetric assay of diclofenac sodium tablets using 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene diazonium ion (CDNBD). Adegoke, OA; Idowu, OS; Oderinu, BA; Olaniyi, AA, 2006)	0.63
" The injectable dosage form of Diclofenac was introduced into the Iran drug market in 1993."	( Injectable diclofenac: a painful shot into Iran's health system. Cheraghali, AM, 2006)	1.01
"A total of 223 patients satisfying the American College of Rheumatology criteria for knee OA were chosen for this 17-week, randomized, double-dummy, diclofenac sodium-controlled trial, with diacerein dosage of 100 mg/d and diclofenac sodium of 75mg/d."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of diacerein in knee osteoarthritis in Chinese patients. Huang, F; Li, J; Li, ZG; Liang, DF; Ma, L; Su, Y; Tang, FL; Wu, DH; Xu, H; Zhang, FC; Zhang, JL; Zheng, WJ; Zhou, HQ; Zhou, YX, 2006)	0.53
" Owing to sticky and waxy nature of GMO, preparation of oral solid dosage form utilizing GMO is still a challenge for pharmaceutical researchers."	( Spray dried glyceryl monooleate-magnesium trisilicate dry powder as cubic phase precursor. Biradar, SV; Paradkar, AR; Shah, MH, 2006)	0.33
" Floating pulsatile concept was applied to increase the gastric residence of the dosage form having lag phase followed by a burst release."	( Development of hollow/porous calcium pectinate beads for floating-pulsatile drug delivery. Badve, SS; Korde, A; Pawar, AP; Sher, P, 2007)	0.34
" The results suggest an optimal relationship between the amount of CCS and the thickness of the coating film, which provides appropriate dissolution rate of diclofenac sodium from the dosage forms."	( The influence of formulation on the dissolution profile of diclofenac sodium tablets. De Castro, WV; Derendorf, H; Mertens-Talcott, SU; Moreira-Campos, LM; Nunan, EA; Oliveira, MA; Pianetti, GA; Pires, MA; Vianna-Soares, CD, 2006)	0.77
" The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that M could be a new, alternative dosage form for effective therapy."	( Transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium through rat skin from various formulations. Ertan, G; Güneri, T; Kantarci, G; Sarigüllü Ozgüney, I; Sözer, S; Yeşim Karasulu, H, 2006)	0.64
" Well documented safety and efficacy, a rapid onset of action and a flexible daily dosing regimen are essential in this context."	( Diclofenac potassium 12.5mg tablets for mild to moderate pain and fever: a review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety. Moore, N, 2007)	1.78
" When lumiracoxib is coadministered with warfarin or aspirin, no dosage adjustment is required."	( Lumiracoxib. Barkin, R; Buvanendran, A, 2007)	0.34
" Depending on the intended indication and dosing regimen, PPL can delay or stop development of a compound in the drug discovery process."	( Evaluation of a published in silico model and construction of a novel Bayesian model for predicting phospholipidosis inducing potential. Gehlhaar, D; Greene, N; Johnson, TO; Pelletier, DJ; Tilloy-Ellul, A, )	0.13
"75% with 5 doses each side, total dosage 40 mL (300 mg), via parasternal intercostal injection or saline before insertion of the sternal wires and closure of the sternal wound."	( Parasternal intercostal block with ropivacaine for pain management after cardiac surgery: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Almeida, AA; Barr, AM; Tutungi, E, 2007)	0.34
" This work stresses the importance of assessing the correct crystalline form also in API of well-established use to guarantee quality, safety and efficacy of the final dosage form."	( Hydrate modifications of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium: Solid-state characterisation of a trihydrate form. Antoniella, E; Bartolomei, M; Bertocchi, P; Minelli, G; Rodomonte, A, 2007)	0.58
" Pain intensity was measured using the categorical scale and the primary efficacy variable was the summed pain intensity difference over 8 hours after dosing (SPID-8)."	( Lumiracoxib 400 mg compared with celecoxib 400 mg and placebo for treating pain following dental surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Davis, N; Fricke, J; Krammer, G; Yu, V, 2008)	0.35
"Coated pellets controlling drug release are a very popular dosage form which is widely used in medical practice."	( [Effect of thermal curing of the ethyl cellulose film on the rapidity of release of diclofenac sodium from pellets]. Cepáková, L; Gryczová, E; Prokopová, A; Rabisková, M; Tomásek, V, 2007)	0.56
" These types of topical dosage forms could give sustained delivery of drug onto the skin, could tolerate the incorporation of an enhancer, a humectant and an occlusive phase, so they are interesting promises to improve skin absorption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and to prevent side effects associated."	( Release study of diclofenac from new carbomer gels. Bregni, C; Carlucci, A; Chiappetta, D; Faiden, N; García, R; Pasquali, R, 2008)	0.69
" The in vitro drug release study revealed that HPMC K100CR at a concentration of 40% of the dosage form weight was able to control the simultaneous release of both DS and CS for 9 hours."	( Design and evaluation of matrix-based controlled release tablets of diclofenac sodium and chondroitin sulphate. Avachat, A; Kotwal, V, 2007)	0.58
" Blood samples were collected at pre-defined time points after dosing to determine plasma concentrations over time."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of the enterohepatic recirculation of diclofenac and rofecoxib in rats. Chain, A; Danhof, M; Della Pasqua, O; Huntjens, DR; Metcalf, A; Spalding, DJ; Strougo, A; Summerfield, S, 2008)	0.58
"The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) guidance for industry on dissolution testing of immediate-release solid oral dosage forms describes that drug dissolution may be the rate limiting step for drug absorption in the case of low solubility/high permeability drugs (BCS class II drugs)."	( Mathematical evaluation of similarity factor using various weighing approaches on aceclofenac marketed formulations by model-independent method. Chotai, NP; Desai, JU; Gandhi, TR; Nagda, CD; Soni, TG, 2008)	0.35
" Analytical parameter (DeltappmO(2)) and toxicological index (respiratory inhibition, delta%) measured after 1h of exposure were utilized for dose-response relationship study."	( A new respirometric endpoint-based biosensor to assess the relative toxicity of chemicals on immobilized human cells. Campanella, L; Dragone, R; Frazzoli, C; Grappelli, C, 2009)	0.35
"The prediction of the in vivo drug release characteristics of modified release oral dosage forms by in vitro dissolution tests is a prerequisite for successful product development."	( Irregular absorption profiles observed from diclofenac extended release tablets can be predicted using a dissolution test apparatus that mimics in vivo physical stresses. Garbacz, G; Giessmann, T; Mönnikes, H; Nagel, S; Siegmund, W; Wedemeyer, RS; Weitschies, W; Wilson, CG, 2008)	0.61
"Literature data are reviewed regarding the scientific advisability of allowing a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing either diclofenac potassium and diclofenac sodium."	( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium. Amidon, GL; Barends, DM; Binjesoh, V; Chuasuwan, B; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Midha, KK; Polli, JE; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S; Zhang, H, 2009)	0.77
"The aim of this study was to develop an enteric-coated multiunit dosage form containing aceclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug."	( Multiparticulate drug delivery system of aceclofenac: development and in vitro studies. Arumugam, K; Averineni, RK; Meka, SR; Nayak, U; Nayanabhirama, U; Shavi, GV; Sureshwar, P, 2009)	0.35
" The proposed procedure can be a fast and convenient alternative to the standard pharmacopoeial methods of diclofenac sodium quantification in solid dosage forms."	( Quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium in solid dosage forms by FT-Raman spectroscopy. Mazurek, S; Szostak, R, 2008)	0.85
" Hundred and forty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were dosed with 3, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1) diclofenac and ibuprofen in saline via intraperitoneal injection for 15 days."	( Morphological alteration in mitochondria following diclofenac and ibuprofen administration. Fakurazi, S; Ithnin, H; Moorthy, M, 2008)	0.82
"Two different salts of diclofenac, diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium, in tablet dosage form were tested for their bioavailability and disposition kinetics in a group of eighteen rabbits in normal and experimentally induced dehydrated conditions with a wash out period of 7 days between both stages of study."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and dehydrated rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2009)	0.91
" Efficient removal of background ions permitted the detection of drug-related ions in in vivo samples (plasma, bile, urine and feces) obtained from rats orally dosed with (14)C-loratadine with minimal interference."	( A retention-time-shift-tolerant background subtraction and noise reduction algorithm (BgS-NoRA) for extraction of drug metabolites in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data from biological matrices. Alton, K; Chowdhury, S; Ding, W; Ghosal, A; Tong, W; Zhu, P, 2009)	0.35
"In vitro biorelevant dissolution tests enabling the prediction of in vivo performance of an oral modified-release (MR) dosage form were developed in this study."	( Application of biorelevant dissolution tests to the prediction of in vivo performance of diclofenac sodium from an oral modified-release pellet dosage form. De Maio, V; Dressman, JB; Jantratid, E; Mattavelli, V; Ronda, E; Vertzoni, M, 2009)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic models were developed for both the dosage forms, and simulations were performed for different doses."	( Influence of dosage form on the intravitreal pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Durairaj, C; Edelhauser, HF; Kim, SJ; Kompella, UB; Shah, JC, 2009)	0.59
" More research on optimum dosing and safety in asthmatic children is required."	( Diclofenac for acute pain in children. Pritchard, D; Savage, I; Standing, JF; Waddington, M, 2009)	1.8
" The dosage of study treatment was 8-24 mg/day LNX, 100-150 mg/day diclofenac or placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of lornoxicam compared with placebo and diclofenac in acute sciatica/lumbo-sciatica: an analysis from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group study. Geertsen, MS; Herrmann, WA, 2009)	0.83
" The observed susceptibility of the tested dosage forms toward biorelevant stress bears in our interpretation the risk to cause unwanted fluctuations in drug plasma concentration profiles."	( Investigation of dissolution behavior of diclofenac sodium extended release formulations under standard and biorelevant test conditions. Garbacz, G; Weitschies, W, 2010)	0.63
" Additional measures included NPRS scores at predefined times over 48 hours, the summed pain intensity difference over 48 hours (SPID48), the time-weighted sum of pain relief scores over the first 8 hours, the mean dosing interval (the time from dosing to the time rescue medication or the next dose of study medication was administered, whichever was less), the proportion of patients requiring rescue medication, and the onset of perceptible and meaningful pain relief (2-stopwatch method)."	( Diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsules in the management of patients with postbunionectomy pain: a Phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted over 5 days. Boesing, SE; Diamond, E; Duckor, S; Gottlieb, I; Raymond, G; Riff, DS; Soulier, S, 2009)	1.8
"001), and overall mean dosing interval (331."	( Diclofenac potassium liquid-filled soft gelatin capsules in the management of patients with postbunionectomy pain: a Phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted over 5 days. Boesing, SE; Diamond, E; Duckor, S; Gottlieb, I; Raymond, G; Riff, DS; Soulier, S, 2009)	1.8
"Sodium diclofenac (SD) release from dosage forms has been studied under different conditions."	( Dissolution parameters for sodium diclofenac-containing hypromellose matrix tablet. Bresolin, TM; da Silva, C; Mourão, SC; Porta, V; Serra, CH, 2010)	1.09
" Besides, diclofenac sodium could be given as supplementary dugs with the dosage used recorded if necessary."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of Gubitong Recipe () in treating osteoarthritis of knee joint. Jin, DE; Tao, QW; Xu, Y; Yan, XP, 2009)	0.76
" ESR and CRP levels remained unchanged in all patients, and the proportion and mean dosage of diclofenac sodium used were similar in the two groups."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of Gubitong Recipe () in treating osteoarthritis of knee joint. Jin, DE; Tao, QW; Xu, Y; Yan, XP, 2009)	0.57
" The dose-response surface of irgasan and diclofenac indicated a concentration addition."	( Measuring and modeling of binary mixture effects of pharmaceuticals and nickel on cell viability/cytotoxicity in the human hepatoma derived cell line HepG2. Bauer, M; Herbarth, O; Rudzok, S; Schlink, U, 2010)	0.62
"The aim of the present study was to develop stable parenteral submicron lipid emulsions (SLEs) for sustained delivery of diclofenac acid, used to treat arthritic conditions, to minimize dosing frequency."	( Preparation, characterization, and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation of parenteral diclofenac submicron lipid emulsions. Kishan, V; Prabhakar, K; Varshika, E, )	0.56
" Patients were assessed for safety variables that included adverse events, local skin reactions, laboratory results, dosage of immunosuppressive medication and indication of graft rejection."	( Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of topical diclofenac 3% gel in organ transplant patients with multiple actinic keratoses. Johannsen, A; Röwert-Huber, J; Sterry, W; Stockfleth, E; Ulrich, C; Ulrich, M, )	0.36
" The combination of diclofenac sodium and metamizole sodium is acceptable, although, at a lower dosage of metamizole, the duration of analgesia is shortened."	( Evidence-based intravenous pain treatment with analgesic infusion regimens. Cihal, P; Kamyar, MR; Lemmens-Gruber, R; Nemec, K; Timin, E, 2010)	0.68
" Related to the salicin content of the willow bark extract, a higher dosage of ASA was needed."	( In vitro anti-proliferative effects of the willow bark extract STW 33-I. Bonaterra, GA; Kelber, O; Kinscherf, R; Metz, J; Weiser, D, 2010)	0.36
" Importance of aceclofenac as a new generational NSAID has inspired the development of topical dosage forms."	( Evaluation of extemporaneously manufactured topical gels containing aceclofenac on inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. Dua, K; Pabreja, K; Padi, SS, 2010)	0.36
" These preparations may offer a number of therapeutic advantages over immediate release dosage forms in drug delivery."	( Utilization of hydrophilic swellable polymers as carriers for sustained drug delivery from matrices and three layer tablet systems. Efentakis, M; Naseef, H; Vlachou, M, 2010)	0.36
" Novelty of the work: A transdermal delivery of non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs like lumiracoxib (LM) can be an interesting alternative to the oral route of this drug, since it was recently withdraw of the market due to the liver damage when systemically administered in tablets as dosage form."	( Influence of oleic acid on the rheology and in vitro release of lumiracoxib from poloxamer gels. de Sousa, VP; Moreira, TS; Pierre, MB, 2010)	0.36
"After the dosing of an extended-release (ER) formulation, compounds may exist in solutions at various concentrations in the colon because the drugs are released at various speeds from the ER dosage form."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.36
"Matrix type, monolithic, dosage forms suitable for controlled release that exhibit pH-dependent behavior are considerably less common than similarly behaving multiparticulated, enterically coated dosage forms, although simpler and less expensive to make."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
"Evaluate the properties of alginates and alginate-containing systems to produce pH-sensitive, monolithic, controlled release dosage forms that perform acceptably and determine their limits of application in regard with stability, pH and Ca(++) sensitivity, and appropriated rate of release."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
") with other gel-forming gums such as propylene glycol alginate (PGA), xanthan, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose have been evaluated for applicability in the manufacture of controlled release dosage forms with three drugs of different solubility and ionic character."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
" with a number of other gums have been demonstrated suitable to manufacture pH-sensitive, matrix-type solid dosage forms with release-controlling properties for up to 12 hours."	( Formulations of zero-order, pH-dependent, sustained release matrix systems by ionotropic gelation of alginate-containing mixtures. Drefko, W; Moroni, A; Thone, G, 2011)	0.37
"The prediction of the in vivo drug release characteristics of modified release (MR) oral dosage forms by in vitro dissolution tests is a prerequisite for successful product development."	( A biorelevant dissolution stress test device - background and experiences. Garbacz, G; Klein, S; Weitschies, W, 2010)	0.36
"To improve the predictive power of dissolution testing, the authors recently developed a new dissolution test apparatus that simulates physical conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) passage of MR dosage forms."	( A biorelevant dissolution stress test device - background and experiences. Garbacz, G; Klein, S; Weitschies, W, 2010)	0.36
" Results of these experiments thus indicated that a high sensitivity of dosage forms to GI-specific physical conditions has to be regarded as a major cause of irregularities in the drug release profiles, which may result in fluctuations of the individual drug plasma concentration profiles, as, for example, caused by dose dumping."	( A biorelevant dissolution stress test device - background and experiences. Garbacz, G; Klein, S; Weitschies, W, 2010)	0.36
" Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Patients' Satisfaction Score (PSS), and dosage and cost of the drugs used for pain management were recorded at baseline, 30 and 60 days after treatment."	( Efficacy of diclofenac sodium in pain relief after conventional radiofrequency denervation for chronic facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Huang, X; Liu, X; Ma, K; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Wu, T; Yiqun, M, 2011)	0.75
" RPTEC/TERT1 cells were cultured with either the dosing vehicle (DMSO) or with exposure to one of six compounds (nifedipine, potassium bromate, monuron, D-mannitol, ochratoxin A and sodium diclofenac), several of which are known to cause renal effects."	( Metabolic response to low-level toxicant exposure in a novel renal tubule epithelial cell system. Athersuch, TJ; Cavill, R; Ebbels, TM; Ellis, JK; Jennings, P; Keun, HC; McMorrow, T; Radford, R; Ryan, MP; Slattery, C, 2011)	0.56
" These studies propose for the first time a molecular basis for the observed often-unexpected, concentration-dependant changes in HPMC solution properties when co-formulated with different NSAIDs, and underline the importance of characterising such fundamental interactions that have the potential to influence drug release in solid HPMC-based dosage forms."	( Solution interactions of diclofenac sodium and meclofenamic acid sodium with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Griffiths, PC; Melia, CD; Pygall, SR; Timmins, P; Wolf, B, 2011)	0.67
" Importance of aceclofenac as a NSAID has inspired development of topical dosage forms."	( Aceclofenac topical dosage forms: in vitro and in vivo characterization. Dua, K; Pabreja, K; Ramana, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Hence, such formulations of previously well established molecules provide a new direction towards developing better and convenient dosing alternatives."	( Comparative bioavailability study of a new formulation of injection of 75 mg diclofenac sodium in 1 ml with the conventional injection of 75 mg diclofenac sodium given in 3 ml volume. Jaiswal, V; Nivsarkar, M; Ojha, A; Padh, H; Patel, S; Shep, D, 2011)	0.6
" Recently, a Cochrane review concluded the major knowledge gap in diclofenac use is dosing information."	( Diclofenac pharmacokinetic meta-analysis and dose recommendations for surgical pain in children aged 1-12 years. Korpela, R; Olkkola, KT; Standing, JF; Tibboel, D, 2011)	2.05
" A group of male and female rats was treated with one of these compounds for 15 days, after which a single dosage of scopolamine was administered."	( Comparative protective action of curcumin, memantine and diclofenac against scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction. Ali, EH; Arafa, NM, 2011)	0.61
" The influence of excipients and of a size of the solid dosage forms on the amount of the released substances at the intervals of time using the different rates of flow of the dissolution medium was investigated."	( Simultaneous release of diclofenac sodium and papaverine hydrochloride from tablets and pellets using the flow-through cell apparatus described by dimensionless equations. Kasperek, R, )	0.44
" The importance of a correct in vitro simulation for the design of pharmaceutical dosage systems was thus emphasized."	( The influence of dissolution conditions on the drug ADME phenomena. Cascone, S; De Santis, F; Lamberti, G; Titomanlio, G, 2011)	0.37
" Equal volumes of three plasma samples corresponding to each time point of three discretely dosed rats with different compounds were pooled (cassette analysis)."	( High-throughput analysis of standardized pharmacokinetic studies in the rat using sample pooling and UPLC-MS/MS. Betnér, I; Briem, S; Bueters, T; Dahlström, J; Kvalvågnaes, K, 2011)	0.37
" An ibuprofen dosage of 1,600 mg/day did not induce LUF syndrome either at continuous periovulatory or discontinuous exposure."	( Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome increased by inactive disease and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors in women with inflammatory arthropathies. Micu, MC; Micu, R; Ostensen, M, 2011)	0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" Collagen and U46619 caused in vivo thrombus formation with the former, but not latter, sensitive to oral dosing with aspirin."	( Thrombosis is reduced by inhibition of COX-1, but unaffected by inhibition of COX-2, in an acute model of platelet activation in the mouse. Armstrong, PC; Emerson, M; Kirkby, NS; Mitchell, JA; Warner, TD; Zain, ZN, 2011)	0.37
" Toxicity studies with Diclofenac, Paracetamol and Verapamil in both cell lines show dose-response characteristics and EC(50) values similar to hHeps."	( Comparative analysis of phase I and II enzyme activities in 5 hepatic cell lines identifies Huh-7 and HCC-T cells with the highest potential to study drug metabolism. Dooley, S; Ehnert, S; Hao, L; Lin, J; Liu, L; Mühl-Benninghaus, R; Neumann, J; Nussler, AK; Nussler, N; Schyschka, L; Stöckle, U, 2012)	0.69
"Conventional dosage form is nowadays mostly replaced by sustained release formulation in order to increase drug efficacy and patient compliance."	( Preparation and in-vitro in-vivo evaluation of sustained release matrix diclofenac sodium tablets using PVP-K90 and natural gums. Iqbal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, JA; Khan, R; Nasir, F; Rashid, A, 2011)	0.6
"The obtained results revealed that the presence of Acryl-EZE in the matrix tablets is effective in protecting the dosage forms from release in acid environments such as gastric fluid."	( Development of gastro intestinal sustained release tablet formulation containing acryl-EZE and pH-dependent swelling HPMC K 15 M. Chaumeil, JC; Daoud, K; Lamoudi, L, 2012)	0.38
"Pharmaceutical pellets are spherical or nearly spherical multi-unit dosage forms designed to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics features of drug release."	( Analysis of pharmaceutical pellets: an approach using near-infrared chemical imaging. Breitkreitz, MC; Calefe, L; da Fonseca, P; de Souza, AM; Moffa, M; Poppi, RJ; Sabin, GP, 2011)	0.37
", South Korea, for once-daily (od) dosing provides biphasic aceclofenac release consisting of immediate release of 85 mg followed by sustained release of 115 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release formulation of aceclofenac in Korean healthy subjects compared with immediate-release aceclofenac and the effect of food: a randomized, open-label, three-period, crossover, single-centre study. Bae, SK; Kim, SH; Lee, HJ; Lee, HW; Lee, SH; Lim, MS; Seong, SJ; Shin, SY; Yoon, YR, 2012)	0.38
" No dose-response for diclofenac exposure was found."	( Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Brassard, P; Delaney, JA; Dial, S; Suissa, D, 2012)	0.69
" First, we established the dosing condition for liver injury in normal mice."	( Involvement of immune-related factors in diclofenac-induced acute liver injury in mice. Fukami, T; Higuchi, S; Nakajima, M; Tsuneyama, K; Yano, A; Yokoi, T, 2012)	0.64
"Our aim was to prepare and determine the pharmacokinetics of injectable lipid nanoemulsions of diclofenac acid for treating arthritic conditions by reducing the frequency of dosing and pain at site of injection."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac lipid nanoemulsions for parenteral application. Kandadi, P; Ramreddy, S; Veerabrahma, K, )	0.62
"There were insufficient data to evaluate other doses of oral diclofenac, or to compare different formulations or different dosing regimens; only one study compared oral diclofenac with an active comparator (oral sumatriptan 100 mg)."	( Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Rabbie, R, 2012)	2.06
" The results obtained in this study suggest that 84 days of continuous oral treatment of three different dosages of Polycan led to lesser degrees of articular stiffness and histological cartilage damage compared with OA controls 91 days after OA inducement, suggesting that the optimal Polycan dosage to treat OA is 42."	( Efficacy test of Polycan, a beta-glucan originated from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001, on anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial medial meniscectomy-induced-osteoarthritis rats. Cho, HR; Kim, JW; Ku, SK, 2012)	0.38
" The variation in bioavailability and disposition of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in diabetic state will require adjustment of the dosage regimen prescribed for diabetics in clinical setting."	( Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Ahmad, M; Iqbal, M; Murtaza, G, 2012)	0.88
"The key physicochemical properties of functional excipients should be identified, and the influence of their variability on the properties of the final dosage form should be evaluated during the development phase."	( Characterization of physicochemical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) type 2208 and their influence on prolonged drug release from matrix tablets. Baumgartner, S; Devjak Novak, S; Šporar, E; Vrečer, F, 2012)	0.38
" It is the first described method by azo dye derivatization for the analysis of aceclofenac in bulk samples and dosage forms."	( Sensitive spectrophotometric determination of aceclofenac following azo dye formation with 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrobenzene diazonium ion. Adegoke, OA; Aderibigbe, SA; Idowu, OS; Olaleye, SO, )	0.13
"In the absence of clinical studies, the ability to project the direction and the magnitude of changes in bioavailability of drug therapy, using evidence-based mechanistic pharmacokinetic in silico models would be of significant value in guiding prescribers to make the necessary adjustments to dosage regimens for an increasing population of patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery."	( A mechanistic pharmacokinetic model to assess modified oral drug bioavailability post bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients: interplay between CYP3A gut wall metabolism, permeability and dissolution. Ammori, BJ; Ashcroft, DM; Darwich, AS; Jamei, M; Pade, D; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2012)	0.38
"A reproducible, rapid and sensitive method has been developed for the assay of chlorzoxazone (CHL), paracetamol (PCM) and aceclofenac (ACE) in their combined solid dosage forms using packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)."	( Development and validation of packed column supercritical fluid chromatographic technique for quantification of chlorzoxazone, paracetamol and aceclofenac in their individual and combined dosage forms. Desai, PP; Mehta, PJ; Patel, NR; Sherikar, OD, 2012)	0.38
"05), respectively, but this effect did not show a dose-response relationship (P>0."	( [Diclofenac inhibits Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 expressions in human macrophages and affects the membrane potential and foam cell formation]. Lei, X; Lin, X; Wang, D; Yuan, Z; Zhang, W, 2012)	1.29
" Therapeutic products containing diclofenac sodium salt in doses of 100 mg and 75 mg with a qualitatively and quantitatively diversified share of excipients and a variable dosage form of the drug (solid capsules, tablets with modified release) were subjected to technological and pharmaceutical analysis."	( [Technological and pharmacotherapeutic properties of selected drugs with modified release of diclofenac sodium]. Kołodziejczyk, MK; Kołodziejska, J; Zgoda, MM, 2012)	0.88
"Market therapeutic products with diclofenac sodium in doses of 75 mg and 100 mg, technological analysis of the drug dosage form was conducted, disintegration time of solid oral dosage forms of the drug with diclofenac sodium salt was examined and research on pharmaceutical availability of diclofenac sodium salt from tested therapeutic products was conducted using the acid phase and the buffer phase according to the FP standards for delayed release enteral dosage forms."	( [Technological and pharmacotherapeutic properties of selected drugs with modified release of diclofenac sodium]. Kołodziejczyk, MK; Kołodziejska, J; Zgoda, MM, 2012)	0.88
" All therapeutic products bear features of a dosage form of modified release of diclofenac sodium salt, frequently of a delayed release formula in the duodenum or the small intestine with regard to the limitation of typical undesirable effects after taking NSAIDs."	( [Technological and pharmacotherapeutic properties of selected drugs with modified release of diclofenac sodium]. Kołodziejczyk, MK; Kołodziejska, J; Zgoda, MM, 2012)	0.83
"Tested therapeutic products with diclofenac sodium salt are differentiated by the type of a dosage form."	( [Technological and pharmacotherapeutic properties of selected drugs with modified release of diclofenac sodium]. Kołodziejczyk, MK; Kołodziejska, J; Zgoda, MM, 2012)	0.88
"A novel injectable formulation of diclofenac, Dyloject, utilizes hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) as a solubilizing agent, allowing dosing as a small-volume intravenous bolus for postoperative pain."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of a novel injectable formulation of diclofenac compared with intravenous ketorolac and placebo after orthopedic surgery: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, multiple-dose trial. Carr, DB; Daniels, S; Hamilton, DA; Lang, E; Melson, T, 2013)	0.91
"The aim of this work was to develop by means of co-extrusion a multilayered dosage form characterized by a dual release profile of the same drug."	( Co-extrusion as manufacturing technique for multilayer mini-matrices with dual drug release. Dierickx, L; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C, 2013)	0.39
"There were insufficient data to evaluate other doses of oral diclofenac, or to compare different formulations or different dosing regimens; only one study compared oral diclofenac with an active comparator (oral sumatriptan 100 mg)."	( Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Derry, S; Moore, RA; Rabbie, R, 2013)	2.07
" Marketed formulations for parenteral administration usually contain 75 mg/3 mL of diclofenac sodium, which provide limited dosing flexibility, and are usually given intramuscularly."	( Efficacy and safety of low dose subcutaneous diclofenac in the management of acute pain: a randomized double-blind trial. Dietrich, T; Gugliotta, B; Leeson, R; Petersen, B, 2014)	0.89
"There is a need for information on the bioavailability in pediatric patients of drugs from manipulated dosage forms when applied in combination with food and/or co-medication under realistic daily practice circumstances."	( In vitro gastrointestinal model (TIM) with predictive power, even for infants and children? Anneveld, B; de Koning, BA; de Wildt, SN; Hanff, LM; Havenaar, R; Lelieveld, JP; Minekus, M; Mooij, MG, 2013)	0.39
"In the past decades, the vertical diffusion cell has emerged as a useful device for testing drug release of topical dosage forms."	( Influence of different test parameters on in vitro drug release from topical diclofenac formulations in a vertical diffusion cell setup. Klein, S, 2013)	0.62
" The FSM represents a fully computer-controlled dynamic flow-through system, in which dosage forms are hosted in so-called gastric vessels."	( Development of a bio-relevant dissolution test device simulating mechanical aspects present in the fed stomach. Garbacz, G; Görke, K; Koziolek, M; Neumann, M; Weitschies, W, 2014)	0.4
"Individual pharmacokinetics after administration of enteric coated tablets are often highly variable and this has been ascribed to the interaction of the dosage form with the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract."	( Understanding the in vivo performance of enteric coated tablets using an in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach: case example diclofenac. Blume, H; Dressman, J; Kambayashi, A, 2013)	0.6
" Diclofenac submicron particle capsules have been developed using SoluMatrix technology to provide analgesia at lower doses than available solid oral dosing forms."	( Lower-dose diclofenac submicron particle capsules provide early and sustained acute patient pain relief in a phase 3 study. Argoff, C; Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Jensen, S; Silberstein, S; Young, CL, 2013)	1.69
" Approximately 20 mg of diclofenac was applied daily to a 10 × 15 cm dosing site centered over the patella of the right knee."	( Biodistribution of diclofenac following repeated topical applications of two diclofenac sodium formulations to minipigs. Barrett, T; Devarakonda, K; Giuliani, M; Wible, JH, 2014)	1.04
" The effects of calcination temperature, initial pH, catalyst and oxone dosage on the degradation efficiency were investigated."	( CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a highly active heterogeneous catalyst of oxone for the degradation of diclofenac in water. Deng, J; Gao, N; Hu, X; Shao, Y; Tan, C; Zhou, S, 2013)	0.6
" Despite the many available forms of NSAIDs, including injectable as well as topical, oral dosing is the most common route, usually the one route consistently associated with chronic use and thus the one that carries the most risk."	( Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their risk: a story still in development. Simon, LS, 2013)	0.39
" We administered body-weight adjusted full dose of low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) in a therapeutic dosage for 10 days."	( Penile Mondor's syndrome after endovenous treatment of the great saphenous vein with 1470 nm diode laser. Knittel, M; Schwarz, T; Zeller, T; Zerweck, C, 2015)	0.42
" A microemulsion-based technology has various advantages over other technically complex dosage forms."	( Duel-acting subcutaneous microemulsion formulation for improved migraine treatment with zolmitriptan and diclofenac: formulation and in vitro-in vivo characterization. Christie, M; Dubey, R; Martini, LG, 2014)	0.62
" It was also found that the hydrated form of diclofenac sodium arises during the preparation of the dosage form the using technology of impregnating the solid carrier by non-aqueous solvents, which resulted in reducing of the drug release rate from prepared tablets up to twice."	( [Monitoring of formation of diclofenac sodium salt hydrates and their influence on the drug dissolution from prepared tablets]. Doležel, P; Králová, M; Muselík, J; Vetchý, D, 2013)	0.94
" Individual dose-response curves of the antinociceptive effect of these compounds were built to calculate the ED50, as well as the pharmacological interaction, by using isobolographic analysis."	( Isobolographic analysis of the antinociceptive interaction between ursolic acid and diclofenac or tramadol in mice. Cortés, A; Déciga-Campos, M; Díaz-Reval, I; González-Trujano, ME; Pellicer, F, 2014)	0.63
"The objective of this research was to characterize the dissolution profile of a poorly soluble drug, diclofenac, from a commercially available multiple-unit enteric coated dosage form, Diclo-Puren® capsules, and to develop a predictive model for its oral pharmacokinetic profile."	( Predicting the oral pharmacokinetic profiles of multiple-unit (pellet) dosage forms using a modeling and simulation approach coupled with biorelevant dissolution testing: case example diclofenac sodium. Blume, H; Dressman, JB; Kambayashi, A, 2014)	0.81
" These matrix tablets might be helpful to minimize dosing frequency and reduction of various side effects during prolong period of treatment."	( In vitro aceclofenac release from IPN matrix tablets composed of chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide. Basu, SK; Jana, S; Sen, KK, 2014)	0.4
" Formulation design, development and in-vitro evaluation used in this study may serve as rational approach for manufacturing taste-masked orodispersible dosage forms."	( Design, development and in-vitro evaluation of diclofenac taste-masked orodispersible tablet formulations. Breitkreutz, J; Gerber, F; Guhmann, M; Pöllinger, N; Preis, M; Weitschies, W, 2015)	0.67
" Increasing carbon dosage and contact time enhanced the removal of micropollutants."	( Adsorption characteristics of selected hydrophilic and hydrophobic micropollutants in water using activated carbon. Choi, DJ; Her, N; Kim, SK; Nam, SW; Zoh, KD, 2014)	0.4
"Diclofenac dosing in children for analgesia is currently extrapolated from adult data."	( Postoperative analgesia using diclofenac and acetaminophen in children. Anderson, BJ; Hannam, JA; Holford, NH; Mahadevan, M, 2014)	2.13
" These preliminary studies could be useful in formulation development of DS especially in terms of liquid dosage forms and injectable formulations."	( Solution thermodynamics and solubilization behavior of diclofenac sodium in binary mixture of Transcutol-HP and water. Haq, N; Shakeel, F; Shazly, GA, 2014)	0.65
"To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify and aggregate the continuous relationship between the risk of GI or CV events and the dosage of an NSAID."	( Relationship between diclofenac dose and risk of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular events: meta-regression based on two systematic literature reviews. Miles, L; Mladsi, DM; Odom, DM; Ronquest, N; Saag, KG; Sherif, BN; Wang, J, 2014)	0.72
"The sole objective of this work was to design successful dosage oral forms of diclofenac sodium (DiNa)-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLM) based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS)."	( Formulation in vitro and in vivo evaluation of SRMS-based heterolipid-templated homolipid delivery system for diclofenac sodium. Attama, AA; Kunle, OO; Mumuni, M, 2016)	0.87
" bi-hourly) was not observed to affect the removal efficiency of the cited conventional water quality parameters, significantly lower removal efficiencies were found for tonalide and bisphenol A for the VF wetland that received bi-hourly dosing (VS2p) (higher volume per pulse), probably due to the more reducing conditions observed in that system."	( Emerging organic contaminants in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands: influence of media size, loading frequency and use of active aeration. Avila, C; Bayona, JM; García, J; Headley, T; Kassa, K; Mueller, RA; Nivala, J; Olsson, L, 2014)	0.4
" The reference dose of Diclofenac used in all randomized controlled trials is 150 mg/die; this controlled release dosage allows to decrease the number of daily administrations, ensuring a better patient compliance, especially if elderly and/or in polytherapy."	( [Diclofenac: update on tolerableness and spinal anti-inflammatory action]. Sandri, A, 2014)	1.62
" tablets, suppository, gel-formulations) with different indications, dosage recommendations and contraindications may easily lead to confusion, thus accounting for inadequate use on the one hand or withholding of an effective analgesic."	( [Diclofenac up2date - Part 1: Pharmacology and comparison with other drugs]. Bolbrinker, J; Bushuven, S; Heise, D, 2014)	1.31
" The dosage is 50 mg of powdered diclofenac potassium dissolved in 1 to 2 ounces (30 to 60 mL) of water prior to administration, with dosing time in relation to food intake not specified - this was the case for the pivotal efficacy and safety trials in subjects with acute migraine attacks in which the primary endpoints were achieved."	( Differential pharmacokinetics of diclofenac potassium for oral solution vs immediate-release tablets from a randomized trial: effect of fed and fasting conditions. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Kareht, S; Rapoport, AM, 2015)	0.98
" tablets, suppository, gel-formulations) with different indications, dosage recommendations and contraindications may easily lead to confusion, thus accounting for inadequate use on the one hand or withholding of an effective analgesic."	( [Diclofenac up2date - Part 2: The use in specific groups of patients]. Bolbrinker, J; Bushuven, S; Heise, D, 2014)	1.31
" Effects of orally dosed standard analgesics on CRANE were examined 48 h following bilateral CFA injection."	( Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub-acute inflammatory pain model in rats. Bannon, AW; Joshi, SK; Zhu, CZ, 2015)	0.42
"Among their beneficial effects, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also exert several side effects which depend on the dosage and the type of these medications."	( [Cardiovascular side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the light of recent recommendations. Diclofenac is not more dangerous]. Horváth, VJ; Koós, CG; Lakatos, P; Putz, Z; Szabó, G; Tabák, GÁ, 2015)	0.63
" Both DCF and SMX were removed from solution (adsorbed to GO), up to 35% and 12%, respectively, within 6h, and an increase in GO dosage enhanced the removal of DCF."	( Adsorption characteristics of diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole to graphene oxide in aqueous solution. Boateng, LK; Flora, JR; Her, N; Jung, C; Li, H; Nam, SW; Yoon, Y; Yu, M; Zoh, KD, 2015)	0.71
"This Phase III multicenter, open-label study assessed the safety of SoluMatrix diclofenac in patients with OA dosed up to 52 weeks (ClinicalTrials."	( Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis: A 1-year, open-label, Phase III safety study. Altman, RD; Cryer, B; Gibofsky, A; Hochberg, MC; Hopkins, WE; Imasogie, O; Kivitz, A; Markenson, JA; Nezzer, J; Strand, V; Young, CL, 2015)	0.97
" Delayed- and extended-release forms of diclofenac sodium were initially developed with the goal of improving the safety profile of diclofenac and providing convenient, once-daily dosing for the treatment of patients with chronic pain."	( Advances in NSAID development: evolution of diclofenac products using pharmaceutical technology. Altman, R; Bosch, B; Brune, K; Patrignani, P; Young, C, 2015)	0.95
"The safety results from the Phase III studies indicate that all dosing regimens of low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac up to 12 weeks are generally well tolerated."	( Low-dose SoluMatrix diclofenac : a review of safety across two Phase III studies in patients with acute and osteoarthritis pain. Altman, R; Daniels, S; Gibofsky, A; Imasogie, O; Young, C, 2015)	0.96
"5% topical solutions as well as lower systemic exposure compared to oral dosing (approximately 93% less)."	( Bioequivalence of diclofenac sodium 2% and 1.5% topical solutions relative to oral diclofenac sodium in healthy volunteers. Holt, RJ; Kent, JD; Taiwo, T, 2015)	0.75
" In the first pair, patients of the main group (n = 31) received APTPA (a combination of 500 mg of glucosamine hydrochloride and 500 mg of chondroitin sulfate) in dosage 1 tablet twice a day during 1 month and then 1 tablet during 2 months plus melaxen (3 mg of melatonin 30-40 min before sleep), patients of the control group (n = 29) received only APTPA."	( [A role of melatonin in the treatment of low back pain]. Danilov, AB; Kurganova, YM, 2015)	0.42
"Rats were given either vehicle or rebamipide (30 mg/kg) orally twice daily for two days, then on the third day respective groups were dosed with either vehicle, celecoxib (40 mg/kg), or diclofenac (10 mg/kg) in addition to a respective dose of vehicle or rebamipide."	( Celecoxib or diclofenac hepatic status in the presence or absence of rebamipide. Denham, JW; Harirforoosh, S; Murrell, DE; Panus, PC; Rahmasari, Y, 2015)	0.98
" In a cross-over study, 12 healthy male volunteers were given 50 mg CAPSULE and diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablet (abbreviated as TABLET, used as a control dosage form) at fasting."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of a Diclofenac Sodium Capsule Filled with Enteric-coated Pellets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization-tandem Mass Spectrometry. Deng, M; Liu, H; Liu, M; Ma, JY; Tong, Y; Yang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H, 2016)	0.96
" The presence of a low dosage of Cl(-)(0-10 mM) promoted the degradation of DCF, whereas high Cl(-) addition (>10 mM) inhibited DCF degradation."	( Oxidative degradation of diclofenac by thermally activated persulfate: implication for ISCO. Chen, J; Huang, T; Liu, H; Qian, Y, 2016)	0.74
" COX selectivity was determined from dose-response curves by calculating a ratio (COX-2/COX-1) of IC50 values."	( In vitro pharmacological evaluation of multitarget agents for thromboxane prostanoid receptor antagonism and COX-2 inhibition. Bertinaria, M; Buccellati, C; Capra, V; Carnevali, S; Cena, C; Fruttero, R; Garella, D; Hoxha, M; Rolando, B; Rovati, GE; Sala, A, 2016)	0.43
" The blood samples were collected after DIC dosing and analyzed by HPLC."	( Effect of Resveratrol Treatment on the Pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac in Healthy Human Volunteers. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.68
" The performed microarray studies informed on > 600 differential expressed genes of which 35, 37 and 50 coded for inflammation, 51, 44 and 61 for immune and 116, 129 and 169 for stress response, respectively after single and repeated dosing for 3 and 14 days."	( Immunogenomics reveal molecular circuits of diclofenac induced liver injury in mice. Borlak, J; Choi, MS; Lee, EH; Oh, JH; Park, SM; Selvaraj, S; Spanel, R; Yoon, S, 2016)	0.7
"Oral delivery of drugs is the most common method, but due to the inability of drugs to restrain and localize in the gastro-intestinal tract, oral administration of drugs in conventional dosage forms have short-term limitations."	( Effect of Calcium Chloride on Release Behavior of Babul (Acacia nilotica) gum Microbeads. Malviya, R; Sharma, PK, )	0.13
"SoluMatrix diclofenac at two dosage strengths demonstrated an opioid-sparing effect postoperatively in this phase 3 study."	( SoluMatrix® Diclofenac: Sustained Opioid-Sparing Effects in a Phase 3 Study in Patients with Postoperative Pain. Argoff, C; Gudin, J; McCarberg, B; Nalamachu, S; Young, C, 2016)	1.2
" Both 27 and 48 demonstrated robust activity in the acute rat monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis model of pain, and subchronic dosing of 48 showed a shift to a lower EC50 over 7 days."	( Substituted Indazoles as Nav1.7 Blockers for the Treatment of Pain. Daanen, JF; DeGoey, DA; El-Kouhen, OF; Fricano, MM; Frost, JM; Ghoreishi-Haack, N; Gum, RJ; Hsieh, GC; Kort, ME; Lundgaard, GL; Matulenko, MA; Neelands, T; Pai, M; Shi, L; Zhan, C; Zhang, XF, 2016)	0.43
" The influence of pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, FeZ wt% within the composite, and photocatalyst dosage on DCF removal and conversion efficiency by solar/TiO2-FeZ/H2O2 process was investigated."	( Solar-driven photocatalytic treatment of diclofenac using immobilized TiO2-based zeolite composites. Bozic, AL; Dionysiou, DD; Fanetti, M; Kete, M; Kovacic, M; Kusic, H; Salaeh, S; Stangar, UL; Suligoj, A, 2016)	0.7
"This study is a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group trial with two intervention arms (ketamine, fixed daily dosage of 150mg vs."	( Efficacy and safety of oral ketamine versus diclofenac to alleviate mild to moderate depression in chronic pain patients: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Afarideh, M; Agah, E; Akhondzadeh, S; Arbabi, M; Ghajar, A; Jafarinia, M; Noorbala, AA; Saravi, MA; Tafakhori, A, 2016)	0.7
"To examine consumers' proposed behaviors regarding dosage and storage as a measure of a medicine label's usability and consumers' functional health literacy."	( User testing as a method for identifying how consumers say they would act on information related to over-the-counter medicines. Aslani, P; Raynor, DK; Tong, V, )	0.13
"Appropriate dosing for constant back pain was reported by 29 consumers."	( User testing as a method for identifying how consumers say they would act on information related to over-the-counter medicines. Aslani, P; Raynor, DK; Tong, V, )	0.13
"Consumers may act inappropriately on OTC label information about dosage and/or storage, which could potentially adversely impact medication use."	( User testing as a method for identifying how consumers say they would act on information related to over-the-counter medicines. Aslani, P; Raynor, DK; Tong, V, )	0.13
" Rectal diclofenac (100 mg) has been shown to reduce the incidence of pancreatitis; however, this dosage form is unavailable in several countries."	( No Benefit of Oral Diclofenac on Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. Doi, S; Hayashi, T; Hisai, H; Ishiwatari, H; Iwashita, T; Kato, J; Kawakami, H; Kawakubo, K; Matsusaki, S; Ono, M; Sakamoto, N; Sonoda, T; Urata, T; Yasuda, I, 2016)	1.2
"An innovative simple, fast, precise and accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for the determination of diclofenac (Dic) along with its impurities including the new dimer impurity in various pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( A novel stability-indicating UPLC method development and validation for the determination of seven impurities in various diclofenac pharmaceutical dosage forms. Azougagh, M; Bakhous, K; Benaji, B; Elkarbane, M; Iben Moussad, S; Issmaili, S; Skalli, A, 2016)	0.84
" The present findings may contribute to more efficient and reliable PAT solutions in the manufacturing of prolonged release dosage forms."	( Applicability of near-infrared spectroscopy in the monitoring of film coating and curing process of the prolonged release coated pellets. Hudovornik, G; Korasa, K; Vrečer, F, 2016)	0.43
" Worldwide health authorities, including the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, and the US Food and Drug Administration, have advised that NSAIDs be prescribed at the lowest effective dosage and for the shortest duration."	( Cost-effectiveness of Low-dose Submicron Diclofenac Compared With Generic Diclofenac. Miles, L; Mladsi, D; Odom, D; Ronquest, N; Saag, K, 2016)	0.7
"Our results suggest that over the duration and dosage examined, DICLO-NP may reduce renal necrosis without influencing other side effects or drug characteristics."	( Examination of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a diclofenac poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle formulation in the rat. Denham, JW; Hanley, GA; Harirforoosh, S; Murrell, DE; Panus, PC; West, KO, 2016)	0.67
" The granules possessed a satisfactory dosage uniformity, a flowability suitable for an oral dosage form manufacturing, along with a sustained drug release up to 9h, driven by both ion exchange and transport kinetics."	( Surface modified zeolite-based granulates for the sustained release of diclofenac sodium. Biondi, M; Catalanotti, L; de Gennaro, B; De Rosa, G; Iaffaioli, RV; Mayol, L; Quagliariello, V; Serri, C, 2017)	0.69
"The objective of the present investigation was to assess of Araucaria gum (AHG) obtained from bark exudates of the Araucaria heterophylla (family: Araucariaceae) for the design of oral controlled release forms, in particular tablet dosage forms by using matrix systems."	( Araucaria Gum: Novel Natural Polymer for Controlled Drug Delivery. Development, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Araucaria Gum Based Matrix Tablets for Controlled Release. Lohithasu, D; Naga Durga, DH; Ramana Murthy Kolapalli, V, 2017)	0.46
"The above results clearly indicated that AHG gum can be used for the development of oral controlled release dosage forms by using matrix systems."	( Araucaria Gum: Novel Natural Polymer for Controlled Drug Delivery. Development, In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Araucaria Gum Based Matrix Tablets for Controlled Release. Lohithasu, D; Naga Durga, DH; Ramana Murthy Kolapalli, V, 2017)	0.46
"Nausea at the time of dosing does not diminish the effectiveness of diclofenac potassium for oral solution."	( Post Hoc Subanalysis of Two Randomized, Controlled Phase 3 Trials Evaluating Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution: Impact of Migraine-Associated Nausea and Prior Triptan Use on Efficacy. Diener, HC; Lipton, RB; Schmidt, P, 2017)	0.92
" Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in the proportion of renal hematopoietic tissue (renal hematopoietic hyperplasia) after 28days at the lowest concentration and at all higher concentrations, following a clear dose-response pattern."	( Diclofenac affects kidney histology in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) at low μg/L concentrations. Asker, N; Ekman, E; Fick, J; Larsson, DGJ; Näslund, J; Norrgren, L, 2017)	1.9
"This research aims to evaluate the role of tamsulosin in the medical expulsion therapy for distal ureteral stones, including her effects in stone expulsion time, expulsion rates, stone size, pain episodes and analgesic dosage usage."	( The Role of the Tamsulosin in the Medical Expulsion Therapy for Distal Ureteral Stones. Hyseni, N; Nuraj, P, 2017)	0.46
"61 h from healthy birds dosed intravenously at 5 mg/kg."	( The use of toxicokinetics and exposure studies to show that carprofen in cattle tissue could lead to secondary toxicity and death in wild vultures. Chipangura, J; Duncan, N; Galligan, TH; Green, RE; Naidoo, V; Taggart, MA; Wolter, K, 2018)	0.48
" Dose-response curves were then obtained and analyzed after the co-administration of geraniin with morphine or diclofenac in fixed ratio (1:1) combinations based on specific fractions (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8) of their respective ED50 values for the formalin test."	( An isobolographic analysis of the anti-nociceptive effect of geraniin in combination with morphine or diclofenac. Abotsi, WKM; Agyare, C; Ameyaw, EO; Biney, RP; Boakye-Gyasi, E; Kasanga, EA; Woode, E, 2018)	0.91
" TSQM scores for global satisfaction (P < 0·001) and effectiveness (P = 0·002) were higher with IngMeb, as was dosing instruction adherence (≥ 90% vs."	( Phase IV head-to-head randomized controlled trial comparing ingenol mebutate 0·015% gel with diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the treatment of actinic keratosis on the face or scalp. Harwood, CA; Larsson, T; Serra-Guillén, C; Skov, T; Stockfleth, E; Østerdal, ML, 2018)	0.7
" The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and was successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in their tablet dosage forms with high accuracy."	( Simultaneous Determination of Tizanidine, Nimesulide, Aceclofenac and Paracetamol in Tablets and Biological Fluids Using Micellar Liquid Chromatography. Belal, F; Derayea, S; Hammad, MA; Omar, MA; Saleh, SF; Zayed, S, 2018)	0.48
" Dose-response curves were generated for tapentadol, diclofenac, and their combination in the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice."	( Assessment of the antinociceptive and ulcerogenic activity of the tapentadol-diclofenac combination in rodents. Alonso-Castro, ÁJ; Granados-Soto, V; Isiordia-Espinoza, MA; Sánchez-Enriquez, S; Zapata-Morales, JR, 2018)	0.96
" In this study, the permeability of human skin was compared using two synthetic membranes: cellulose acetate and Strat-M® membrane and lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds either as saturated or formulated solutions as well as marketed dosage forms."	( Membrane properties for permeability testing: Skin versus synthetic membranes. Dorrani, M; Goodyear, B; Haq, A; Joshi, V; Michniak-Kohn, B, 2018)	0.48
" Additionally, diclosomes were incorporated into gel dosage forms and their performance in terms of permeation enhancement were evaluated."	( Innovative topical formulations from diclofenac sodium used as surfadrug: The birth of Diclosomes. Mazzotta, E; Muzzalupo, R; Tavano, L, 2018)	0.75
" The simulated gastric/intestinal fluid of DDASS was improved in this study to realize the influence of dynamic pH change on the complete oral dosage form."	( In Vitro-In Vivo Predictive Dissolution-Permeation-Absorption Dynamics of Highly Permeable Drug Extended-Release Tablets via Drug Dissolution/Absorption Simulating System and pH Alteration. Feng, G; Gu, H; He, X; Li, ZQ; Nyagblordzro, M; Tian, S; Wu, ZG, 2018)	0.48
" Dosage, maximum daily dose, and contraindications information was found and understood by most (≥9/10 per group), except the Voltaren dosage which was misunderstood by 4/20."	( Comparative User Testing of Australian and UK Over-the-Counter Labels and Leaflets for Diclofenac. Aslani, P; Raynor, DK; Tong, V, 2018)	0.7
" The recommended dosing regimens have generally ranged from 3 to 5 injections."	( Efficacy of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of 2% Sodium Hyaluronate Plus 0.5% Mannitol in Patients with Symptomatic Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Preliminary Report. Lamsam, C; Lertwanich, P, 2016)	0.43
" Kuntze have good potential to improve drug entrapment efficiency of the CA beads, and the DS-loaded GS-CA beads can be used as multiunit dosage forms for sustaining drug release in simulated GI condition."	( Modification of alginate beads using gelatinized and ungelatinized arrowroot (Tacca leontopetaloides L. Kuntze) starch for drug delivery. Khlibsuwan, R; Pongjanyakul, T; Tansena, W, 2018)	0.48
" In the source water system, the integrated AC-NF process with coagulation pretreatment (the alum dosage of 60 mg/L) achieved satisfactory performance (the removal efficiencies of three target compounds reached > 95%)."	( Performance evaluation of integrated adsorption-nanofiltration system for emerging compounds removal: Exemplified by caffeine, diclofenac and octylphenol. Chiang, PC; Dang, Z; Gong, B; Huang, CP; Huang, Z; Pan, SY; Wu, P, 2019)	0.72
" The experiment shows absorption of DS increased by increasing IL dosage in modifying Mt."	( Preparation of ionic liquids/montmorillonite composites and its application for diclofenac sodium removal. Gao, L; Tang, N; Wang, Q; Wu, L, 2019)	0.74
"This study investigated gastrointestinal drug concentrations of the weakly acidic drug diclofenac when dosed to healthy volunteers after intake of the FDA standard meal."	( Gastric and Duodenal Diclofenac Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers after Intake of the FDA Standard Meal: In Vivo Observations and in Vitro Explorations. Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Rubbens, J; Tack, J, 2019)	1.06
"Human liver slice function was stressed by daily dosing of acetaminophen (APAP) or diclofenac (DCF) to investigate injury and repair."	( Progression of Repair and Injury in Human Liver Slices. Fisher, RL; Ulyanov, AV; Vickers, AEM, 2018)	0.71
" The developed clay/polymer hybrids can act as potential candidates for the design of modified dosage forms of anionic drugs."	( Chitosan/beidellite nanocomposite as diclofenac carrier. Cheikh, D; García-Villén, F; Majdoub, H; Viseras, C; Zayani, MB, 2019)	0.79
" The most significant benefit of this dosage format will only be realised once more pharmaceutical products become available."	( Characterisation and optimisation of diclofenac sodium orodispersible thin film formulation. Dunn, C; Ford, S; Halbert, G; Khadra, I; Mullen, A; Obeid, MA; Watts, S, 2019)	0.79
" Some recent studies have also contributed to its prospective case in oral drug delivery and dosage forms albeit with limited commercial viability."	( Clay nanotubes as a novel multifunctional excipient for the development of directly compressible diclofenac potassium tablets in a SeDeM driven QbD environment. Ahmed, FR; Ahmed, K; Ali, T; Geckeler, KE; Qazi, F; Shoaib, MH; Siddiqui, F; Yousuf, RI, 2019)	0.73
" Adult Wistar rats treated with CPZ (3 mg/kg/day, IP) were orally dosed with diclofenac and L-dopa/carbidopa for 21 days."	( Neuroprotective effect of diclofenac on chlorpromazine induced catalepsy in rats. Khan, SS; Mirza, T; Naeem, S; Najam, R; Sikandar, B, 2019)	1.04
"5-15 mg/kg), the effective dosage range of diclofenac was identified (> 5 mg/kg/day)."	( Dose-dependency of the cardiovascular risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ahmed, SA; Al-Lawati, H; Jamali, F, 2019)	0.78
" Through the definition of IVRT analytical target profile, a risk assessment analysis was carried out, in which the critical analytical attributes (in vitro release rate, cumulative amount released at an initial/final point and dose depletion) and critical method variables (medium, membrane and dosage regimen) were identified."	( aQbD as a platform for IVRT method development - A regulatory oriented approach. Cardoso, C; Miranda, M; Pais, AACC; Vitorino, C, 2019)	0.51
" Acidic to neutral pH conditions were more favorable for DCF adsorption, while increasing initial DCF concentration and adsorbent dosage resulted in higher DCF removal efficiencies for the three oxides."	( Optimization, isotherm, and kinetic studies of diclofenac removal from aqueous solutions by Fe-Mn binary oxide adsorbents. de Luna, MDG; Ensano, BMB; Ong, DC; Pingul-Ong, SMB; Rivera, KKP, 2019)	0.77
"This research aims at formulation of controlled release dosage form containing curcumin microspheres and diclofenac diethylamine and then incorporating it into gel formulation for treatment of inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis."	( Controlled Release Gel Encompassing Curcumin Microspheres and Diclofenac Diethylamine for Feat Against Arthritis Inflammation. Dabre, S; Singh, P, 2020)	1.01
"1- fold higher ex vivo corneal permeation than their respective conventional aqueous solution dosage forms."	( Optimization of the Interaction between Diclofenac and Ibuprofen with Benzalkonium Chloride to Prepare Ocular Nanosuspension. Ahuja, M; Kumar, T; Tak, D, 2019)	0.78
"The optimized nanosuspension formulations of diclofenac and ibuprofen were found to be physically stable and microbiologically safe with greater corneal penetration than the conventional solution dosage forms."	( Optimization of the Interaction between Diclofenac and Ibuprofen with Benzalkonium Chloride to Prepare Ocular Nanosuspension. Ahuja, M; Kumar, T; Tak, D, 2019)	1.04
"Hormesis is an ecotoxicological phenomenon referred to as the biphasic dose-response effect."	( Elimination of the hormesis phenomenon by the use of synthetic sea water in a toxicity test towards Aliivibrio fischeri. Drzymała, J; Kalka, J, 2020)	0.56
" A clinical dosage (4 mg/mL) of dexamethasone (Dex) showed toxic effects on chondrocytes, and the long-time treatment by lower doses (4-400 μg/mL) induced hypertrophic changes in the chondrocytes."	( Primary Human Chondrocytes Affected by Cigarette Smoke-Therapeutic Challenges. Arnscheidt, C; Aspera-Werz, RH; Chen, T; Ehnert, S; Nussler, AK; Tendulkar, G; Zhu, S, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate currently approved analgesics, that is, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), anticonvulsants, and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) used as analgesics, for 1) differences in pharmacokinetic parameters under fed vs fasting conditions and 2) factors involved in dosage recommendations in relation to food."	( Effects of Food on Bioavailability of Analgesics; Resulting Dosage and Administration Recommendations. Hertz, SH; Lee, DJ; Naraharisetti, SB; Sahajwalla, C; Srour, S; Xu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Based on 79 analgesic products reviewed, food effect dosage recommendations depend on whether an analgesic will be dosed on a regular interval around-the-clock vs on an as-needed basis, the shape of concentration-time profile, steady-state concentrations, the type of meals used in the pharmacokinetic study, and drug administration with regard to food in clinical trials."	( Effects of Food on Bioavailability of Analgesics; Resulting Dosage and Administration Recommendations. Hertz, SH; Lee, DJ; Naraharisetti, SB; Sahajwalla, C; Srour, S; Xu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" 80% DCF was removed at mild condition (pH 6-7) within 60 s, and its removal rate could be enhanced with the increase in Fe(II) dosage and PAA concentration."	( Degradation of diclofenac by Fe(II)-activated peracetic acid. Fu, Y; Liu, Y; Shi, H; Wang, S; Wang, Z, 2021)	0.97
" The objective of this study was to develop a tunable extruded 3D printing platform based on thermo-sensitive gelatin pastes to meet the needs of achieving different drug release characteristics with flexible dosing and design."	( A tunable extruded 3D printing platform using thermo-sensitive pastes. Ivone, R; Lin, X; Shen, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Yang, G; Yang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Notably, slow addition of any of the four therapeutics to cultured macrophages, mimicking the slowly increasing plasma concentration reported for standard oral dosage in patients, yielded no detectable change in pseudopod morphology."	( Rapid exposure of macrophages to drugs resolves four classes of effects on the leading edge sensory pseudopod: Non-perturbing, adaptive, disruptive, and activating. Buckles, TC; Djukovic, D; Falke, JJ; Ziemba, BP, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, the developed method can be used for the combined dosage form analysis and its chemical stability studies."	( Synchronous UPLC Resolution of Aceclofenac and Diacerin in Their Powdered Forms and Matrix Formulation: Stability Study. Abd El-Rahman, MK; Ahmed, DA; Lotfy, HM; Weshahy, SA, 2020)	0.56
" Spurred by topical advancement in polymer chemistry and drug delivery, hydrogels that release a drug in temporal, spatial and dosage controlled fashion have been trendy."	( Inflammation targeted chitosan-based hydrogel for controlled release of diclofenac sodium. Butt, MTZ; Butt, OM; Gull, N; Islam, A; Jabeen, S; Khan, A; Khan, RU; Khan, SM; Khan, SU; Shah, A, 2020)	0.79
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of a single 50-mg oral dose of diclofenac potassium for oral solution (OS) in a pediatric cohort with a diagnosis of episodic migraine; the 3-month safety trial following an outpatient dosing period was also evaluated."	( An Open-Label Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Diclofenac Potassium for Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of MWA or MWoA in Pediatric Participants. Amend, DL; Ferger, SM; Hogan, RM; McVige, JW; Shanahan, CM, 2020)	1.02
"12 % at pH 6, biosorbent dosage 25 mg for 50 mg/L of DCF."	( Ecotoxicological assessment of micropollutant Diclofenac biosorption on magnetic sawdust: Phyto, Microbial and Fish toxicity studies. Narayanasamy, S; Shahnaz, T; Sivaprakasam, S; Suganya, E; Vishnu Priyan, V, 2021)	0.88
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; Immordino, P; Isla, MI; Jacquemond, V; Jacques, T; Jankowska, E; Jansen, JA; Jäntti, T; Jaque-Fernandez, F; Jarvis, GA; Jatt, LP; Jeon, JW; Jeong, SH; Jhunjhunwala, R; Ji, F; Jia, X; Jia, Y; Jian-Bo, Z; Jiang, GD; Jiang, L; Jiang, W; Jiang, WD; Jiang, Z; Jiménez-Hoyos, CA; Jin, S; Jobling, MG; John, CM; John, T; Johnson, CB; Jones, KI; Jones, WS; Joseph, OO; Ju, C; Judeinstein, P; Junges, A; Junnarkar, M; Jurkko, R; Kaleka, CC; Kamath, AV; Kang, X; Kantsadi, AL; Kapoor, M; Karim, Z; Kashuba, ADM; Kassa, E; Kasztura, M; Kataja, A; Katoh, T; Kaufman, JS; Kaupp, M; Kehinde, O; Kehrenberg, C; Kemper, N; Kerr, CW; Khan, AU; Khan, MF; Khan, ZUH; Khojasteh, SC; Kilburn, S; Kim, CG; Kim, DU; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, OH; Kim, YH; King, C; Klein, A; Klingler, L; Knapp, AK; Ko, TK; Kodavanti, UP; Kolla, V; Kong, L; Kong, RY; Kong, X; Kore, S; Kortz, U; Korucu, B; Kovacs, A; Krahnert, I; Kraus, WE; Kuang, SY; Kuehn-Hajder, JE; Kurz, M; Kuśtrowski, P; Kwak, YD; Kyttaris, VC; Laga, SM; Laguerre, A; Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Also, dosage and frequency of the received Diclofenac and adverse effects of the intervention were recorded."	( Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia MILL) on Post-Dural Puncture Headache: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Asayesh, H; Bahadori, H; Hosseini Amiri, M; Nasiri, M; Rajaee, M; Yousefi Khosroabadi, Z, 2022)	0.98
" The second phase was similar to the first, except each treatment was administered at a dosage of 1 drop/eye, twice daily for 5 days and CS was measured before treatment initiation and at 15 minutes and 24 and 48 hours after the last dose."	( Effects of topical instillation of 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, and 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium on corneal sensitivity in ophthalmologically normal cats. Meekins, JM; Rankin, AJ; Roberts, JK; Roush, JK, 2021)	0.89
"Improved bioavailability of Aceclofenac (ACE) may be achieved through proniosomes, which are considered as one of the most effective drug delivery systems and are expected to represent a valuable approach for the development of better oral dosage form as compared to the existing product."	( Effect of Different Carriers on In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Release Behavior of Aceclofenac Proniosomes. Chatterjee, B; Saleh, MSM; Sammour, RMF; Shahiwala, A; Taher, M, 2021)	0.62
" Specifically, we demonstrated that treatment with diclofenac (DCF), an NSAID commonly used to treat inflammation associated with acute infection and other conditions, globally suppressed cytokine secretion when dosed in isolation."	( Synergistic Action of Diclofenac with Endotoxin-Mediated Inflammation Exacerbates Intestinal Injury Carrier, RL; Chen, WLK; Griffith, LG; Lauffenburger, DA; Miyazaki, H; Suter, E; Velazquez, J, 2021)	1.19
"An emulsion is a biphasic dosage form comprising of dispersed phase containing droplets that are uniformly distributed into a surrounding liquid which forms the continuous phase."	( Solid-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsion: An Innovative Paradigm to Improve Drug Stability and Biological Activity. Kamath, S; Kg, H; Kulyadi, GP; Sawant, A, 2021)	0.62
" himalayensis by oral gavage, with 15 control birds dosed with benzyl alcohol (the carrier solution for tolfenamic acid)."	( Experimental safety testing shows that the NSAID tolfenamic acid is not toxic to Gyps vultures in India at concentrations likely to be encountered in cattle carcasses. Chandramohan, S; Chutia, K; Galligan, TH; Green, RE; Gupta, R; Kesavan, M; Mahendran, K; Mallord, JW; Mathesh, K; Pawde, A; Prakash, NV; Prakash, VM; Ravichandran, P; Saikia, D; Sharma, AK; Shringarpure, R; Timung, A, 2022)	0.72
" It is demonstrated that the combination of Diclofenac concentration prediction via NIR spectroscopy and mass prediction via 3D MRT allow to estimate the dosage of each individual tablet."	( Towards real-time release of pharmaceutical tablets: 100% in-line control via near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy and 3D microwave resonance technology. Brouckaert, D; Chauchard, F; Dollinger, M; Krumme, M; Pellegatti, L; Roggo, Y; Vandenbroucke, F, 2022)	0.98
" Here, we describe the tissue distribution analysis of diclofenac from a dosed whole-body mouse thin tissue section using a dropletProbe mass spectrometry system."	( Development and Application of DropletProbe Mass Spectrometry for Examining Biodistribution of Therapeutics. Cancilla, MT; Chen, B; Kertesz, V; Vavrek, M, 2022)	0.97
" Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a foamable microemulsion as an alternative topical and transdermal dosage form for diclofenac sodium (DS)."	( In Vitro Evaluation of a Foamable Microemulsion Towards an Improved Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium. Azarmi, S; Bou-Chacra, NA; Hajjar, B; Löbenberg, R; Park, C; Silva, DA; Zuo, J, 2022)	1.15
" The blood samples were taken before dosing and at 4th, 8th, 24th and 72nd hour post-dosing for measurement of cardiac markers such as H-FABP, cTn-I, CK-MB."	( The effect of tilmicosin and diclofenac sodium combination on cardiac biomarkers in sheep. Atik, O; Corum, O; Durna Corum, D; Ider, M; Ok, M; Uney, K; Yildiz, R, 2023)	1.2
" In this survey, the prescribed dosage was reduced or discontinued in 150 and 56 patients, respectively, receiving celecoxib and diclofenac prescribed alone, as recorded in a Japanese database of adverse drug events."	( Plasma and Hepatic Exposures of Celecoxib and Diclofenac Prescribed Alone in Patients with Cytochrome P450 2C9*3 Modeled after Virtual Oral Administrations and Likely Associated with Adverse Drug Events Reported in a Japanese Database. Adachi, K; Murayama, N; Nakano, H; Ohyama, K; Saito, Y; Sato, T; Shimizu, M; Tanaka, Y; Yamazaki, H, 2023)	1.37
" Furthermore, the influence of the following parameters of the vertical flow constructed wetlands on wastewater toxicity was investigated: the dosing system, the presence of pharmaceuticals and the plants Miscanthus giganteus."	( Effects of diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and wastewater from constructed wetlands on Eisenia fetida: impacts on mortality, fertility, and oxidative stress. Drzymała, J; Kalka, J, 2023)	1.3
" The cumulative dosage of diclofenac in the PHN131 group was only around half of that in the placebo group ( P <0."	( Safety and Efficacy of Oral Nalbuphine on Postoperative Pain in Hemorrhoidectomy Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Pivotal Trial. Chen, WS; Hsiao, KH; Hu, OY; Jao, SW; Jiang, JK; Lee, CC; Lee, TY; Lin, CC; Lin, HC; Lin, TC; Wu, CC, 2023)	1.21
" High performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) analyses of the degradation products of diclofenac in aqueous dosage revealed the presence of at least seven products while HR Orbitrap MS analysis showed that the enzymatic treatment produced high molecular weight metabolites through a radical oligomerization mechanism of diclofenac."	( Removal and degradation of sodium diclofenac via radical-based mechanisms using S. sclerotiorum laccase. Coman, C; Hădade, N; Moț, AC; Pesek, S; Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R, 2023)	1.38