enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine profile

Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6917707
CHEMBL ID	340032
SCHEMBL ID	11124725
MeSH ID	M0024921

Synonym
gtpl1607
[d-ala2, d-leu5]-enkephalin
dadle
bw-180c
dadl
enkephalin-leu,ala(2)
(d-ala2,d-leu5)enkephalin
d-leucine, n-(n-(n-(n-l-tyrosyl-d-alanyl)glycyl)-l-phenylalanyl)-
2-alanyl-leucine enkephalin
leucine enkephalin-2-alanine
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
5-leucine-2-alanine enkephalin
chembl340032 ,
[d-ala2-d-leu5]enkephalin
bdbm21025
dadle-oh
(d-ala2,d-leu5)-enkephalin
(2r)-2-[(2s)-2-{2-[(2r)-2-[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamido]propanamido]acetamido}-3-phenylpropanamido]-4-methylpentanoic acid
h-tyr-d-ala-gly-phe-d-leu-oh
63631-40-3
(2r)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[2-[[(2r)-2-[[(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoic acid
hb4qd9gl6f ,
unii-hb4qd9gl6f
SCHEMBL11124725
AKOS024457800
HY-105343
CS-0025794
h-tyr-d-ala-gly-phe-d-leu
Q424905
DB08856
l-tyrosyl-d-alanylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-d-leucine
enkephalin-(2-d-ala, 5-d-leu)
tyr-d-ala-gly-phe-d-leu
tyrosyl-d-alanylglycylphenylalanyl-d-leucine
d-leucine, l-tyrosyl-d-alanylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-
(d-ala2-d-leu5)enkephalin

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In vitro stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of a model opioid peptide, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH (DADLE), and its cyclic prodrugs (acyloxyalkoxy-based cyclic prodrug of DADLE, coumarinic acid-based cyclic prodrug of DADLE, and oxymethyl-modified coumarinic acid-based cyclic prodrug of DADLE) were conducted."	( In vitro stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of a model opioid peptide, H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH (DADLE), and its cyclic prodrugs. Borchardt, RT; Chen, W; Yang, JZ, 2002)	0.31

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Bioavailability was estimated following intramuscular (i/m) and intranasal (i/n) routes of administration of 3H-dalargin in anesthetized dogs."	( [Bioavailability of dalargin and its metabolism during intranasal administration to rats]. Kalenikova, EI; Sokolov, AS; Vinogradov, VA, 1988)	0.27
" Studies have proven the brain uptake of Tween 80 overcoated nanoparticles after intravenous administration, but studies for brain delivery of nanoparticles after oral administration had been limited due to reduced bioavailability of nanoparticles and extensive degradation of the peptide and/or nanoparticles by gastrointestinal enzymes."	( Double-coated poly (butylcynanoacrylate) nanoparticulate delivery systems for brain targeting of dalargin via oral administration. Das, D; Lin, S, 2005)	0.33

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" 1) In the presence of a fixed dose of DPDPE (150 nmol), there was a left shift in the dose-response curve of the mu agonist, with the magnitude of the shifts being greater than those anticipated from a simple additive interaction: PL017 (31-fold) > or = DAMGO (20-fold) > morphine (6."	( Isobolographic and dose-response analyses of the interaction between intrathecal mu and delta agonists: effects of naltrindole and its benzofuran analog (NTB). Malmberg, AB; Yaksh, TL, 1992)	0.28
" On day 7, the magnitude of tolerance was assessed by establishing dose-response curves for the effect of the chronic drug given as an intrathecal bolus."	( Studies of morphine and D-ala2-D-leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) cross-tolerance after continuous intrathecal infusion in the rat. Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL, 1992)	0.28
" To test for a specific toxic effect on the neurons of the ciliary ganglion, we generated a dose-response curve for toxicity in vitro and determined that naltrexone was not toxic over concentration ranges that are likely to exist in vivo."	( Endogenous opioids modulate neuronal survival in the developing avian ciliary ganglion. Ford, MJ; Meriney, SD; Oliva, D; Pilar, G, 1991)	0.28
"The effect of intravenous infusion of agonists of mu-(DAGO) and delta-(DADL, DAAE) opiate receptors on mean arterial pressure and heart rate was studied in experiments on rats with dosed blood loss of up to 30% of calculated blood volume."	( [The effect of opiate receptor agonists on the blood circulation in rats with hemorrhagic shock]. Grossler, Iu; Sheĭkh, DV; Slepushkin, VD, )	0.13
" The depressive effects induced by the mu agonist PL017 (5 micrograms), delta agonist DADLE (25 micrograms) and kappa agonist 66A-078 (1 microgram) were antagonized by CCK-8 within a dosage of 10 micrograms in a dose dependent manner."	( [Cholecystokinin-octapeptide antagonizes the central depressive effect of opioid peptides in rats]. Han, JS; Mei, L, 1991)	0.28
" The FHR response to DADLE was similar to DAGO in both dose-response and time-action characteristics."	( Central opioid modulation of fetal cardiovascular function: role of mu- and delta-receptors. Cai, LQ; Szeto, HH; Zhu, YS, 1990)	0.28
") injected 1 min before each agonist produced a significant parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curves for morphine and DAMGO, but only partly antagonized the effects of DADLE and DSLET."	( Role of peripheral mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in opioid-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in rats. La Regina, A; Petrillo, P; Sbacchi, M; Tavani, A, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves at 1 hr revealed similar potencies of oxymorphone and the derivatives, with the exception of OxyPNPH which was significantly less potent."	( Irreversible opiate agonists and antagonists. IV. Analgesic actions of 14-hydroxydihydromorphinone hydrazones. Bodnar, RJ; Burks, TF; Clark, JE; Hahn, EF; Pasternak, GW; Williams, CL, 1988)	0.27
" dose-response curves for the effect of the chronic drug given as a bolus."	( Potency of infused spinal antinociceptive agents is inversely related to magnitude of tolerance after continuous infusion. Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL, 1989)	0.28
" However, in mice tested with the naltrexone pellets still implanted, the 15 mg naltrexone pellet was able to shift the dose-response function for morphine analgesia more than 300-fold."	( Chronic opioid antagonist treatment: assessment of receptor upregulation. Lutfy, K; Sierra, V; Yoburn, BC, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curves were monotonic and the slopes were log-linear."	( Epidural injections of bupivacaine, morphine, fentanyl, lofentanil, and DADL in chronically implanted rats: a pharmacologic and pathologic study. Durant, PA; Yaksh, TL, 1986)	0.27
" Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) shifted the morphine hyperphagia dose-response curve to the right."	( Differential sensitivity of opioid-induced feeding to naloxone and naloxonazine. Arjune, D; Bodnar, RJ; Hahn, EF; Mann, PE; Pasternak, GW; Romero, MT, 1988)	0.27
" Full dose-response curves show a 4-fold shift to the right (P less than ."	( Separation of opioid analgesia from respiratory depression: evidence for different receptor mechanisms. Ling, GS; Lockhart, SH; Pasternak, GW; Spiegel, K, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for the biological response were suggestive of positive cooperativity and systematically occurred at lower ligand concentrations than those for the binding of [3H] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), which were instead shallow and suggestive of a site heterogeneity or of a cooperative phenomenon."	( Multiple states of opioid receptors may modulate adenylate cyclase in intact neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. Costa, T; Gramsch, C; Herz, A; Wüster, M, 1985)	0.27
" The slope of the analgesic dose-response curve for the highly specific delta agonist, cyclic [D-Penicillamine2, D-Penicillamine5]enkephalin (DPDPE), was significantly different (flatter) from those of mu agonists or DADLE."	( Continuous intrathecal opioid analgesia: tolerance and cross-tolerance of mu and delta spinal opioid receptors. Chang, KJ; Leslie, JB; Russell, RD; Su, YF; Watkins, WD, 1987)	0.27
"The effects of the delta-selective antagonist ICI 174864 and naltrexone on the dose-response curves to the mu-selective agonist RX 783006 and D-ala-D-leucine enkephalin (DADL) have been investigated in the rat isolated vas deferens preparation (RVD) set up in Krebs solution containing half the normal Ca++ concentration."	( Delta receptors in the rat vas deferens. Carter, A; Smith, CF, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response function was U-shaped, with neither 100 nor 600 micrograms/kg having any effect."	( Leu-enkephalin impairs memory of an appetitive maze response in mice. Linden, D; Martinez, JL, 1986)	0.27
" A similar effect was obtained only with a dose 25 times higher (500 ng X kg-1) administered intravenously; at this dosage DALAMIDE administered intravenously also reduced the colonic motility index by 66%."	( Central and peripheral control of gastrointestinal and colonic motility by endogenous opiates in conscious dogs. Bueno, L; Fargeas, MJ; Fioramonti, J; Hondé, C; Primi, MP, 1985)	0.27
") produced a dose-response curve with a reduced maximum effect."	( Relative involvement of receptor subtypes in opioid-induced inhibition of intestinal motility in mice. Takemori, AE; Ward, SJ, )	0.13
") shifted the dose-response curve for both responses to the right more for the beta-EP than for DADL."	( Inhibition of tail-flick and shaking responses by intrathecal and intraventricular D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin and beta-endorphin in anesthetized rats. Cheng, SS; Fujimoto, JM; Tseng, LF, 1983)	0.27
" Uptake of [3H]DADLE was a receptor-mediated process, since it was inhibited by opiate receptor ligands and the (i) time course, (ii) dose-response curve, and (iii) temperature dependence of uptake were similar to those for enkephalin-receptor down regulation."	( Characterization of the association of tritiated enkephalin with neuroblastoma cells under conditions optimal for receptor down regulation. Blanchard, SG; Chang, KJ; Cuatrecasas, P, 1983)	0.27
" It increased the IC50 values and slopes of their dose-response curve for enkephalins and their analogs, and shifted to the right the curves for FK33824, levorphanol and normorphine."	( Functional opiate receptor in mouse vas deferens: evidence for a complex interaction. Garzón, J; Lee, NM; Sánchez-Blázquez, P, 1983)	0.27
" In conscious man essentially similar results were found following intravenous dosing with a stable met-enkephalin analogue (DAMME, FK33824) or naloxone with decreases and increases respectively in the sensitivity of baroreflex responses to sodium nitroprusside."	( Opioid peptides and central control of blood pressure. Petty, MA; Reid, JL; Rubin, PC, 1984)	0.27
" Respiratory frequency was dose-dependently depressed by FK-33824 and DADLE ; dose-response curves with morphine and D-Ser2- Thr6 could not be obtained for technical reasons."	( A comparative study in rats of the respiratory depression and analgesia induced by mu- and delta-opioid agonists. Flórez, J; Pazos, A, 1984)	0.27
", delayed nociceptive reaction on a 55 degrees C hot-plate with a dose-response curve not readily fitting a single straight line; this effect was antagonized by high doses of naloxone."	( Bremazocine induces antinociception, but prevents opioid-induced constipation and catatonia in rats and precipitates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. Gambino, MC; Petrillo, P; Tavani, A, 1984)	0.27
" Finally dose-response curves were found highly reproducible across transfection experiments, opening the possibility for a direct comparison of distinct recombinant receptor preparations."	( [35S]GTP gamma S binding: a tool to evaluate functional activity of a cloned opioid receptor transiently expressed in COS cells. Befort, K; Kieffer, BL; Tabbara, L, 1996)	0.29
" Locomotor activity dramatically decreased in mice dosed with PBCA NP, but not with PS NP."	( Indirect evidence that drug brain targeting using polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles is related to toxicity. Cecchelli, R; Chauvet, R; Couet, W; Fenart, L; Olivier, JC; Pariat, C, 1999)	0.3
" However, the dose-response curves of the protective effects of DADLE are U-shaped as judged by three biochemical or morphological assays: the LDH release, the DNA laddering, and the apoptotic nuclei."	( Antiapoptotic and cytotoxic properties of delta opioid peptide [D-Ala(2),D-Leu(5)]enkephalin in PC12 cells. Hayashi, T; Su, TP; Tsao, LI, 2002)	0.31
"Previously, our laboratory reported that cyclic peptide prodrugs of the opioid peptide H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH (DADLE) are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, which limits their systemic exposure after oral dosing to animals."	( Factors that restrict the cell permeation of cyclic prodrugs of an opioid peptide, part 3: Synthesis of analogs designed to have improved stability to oxidative metabolism. Borchardt, RT; Fuchs-Knotts, T; Nofsinger, R, 2012)	0.38
" However, the relative dose-response effects of DADLE still remain unclear."	( Dose-dependent neuroprotection of delta-opioid peptide [D-Ala(2), D-Leu(5)] enkephalin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury by regional perfusion into the abdominal aorta in rabbits. Chen, B; Li, S; Liu, H; Yao, J, 2016)	0.43

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Substance-P receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0081	0.0007	0.1298	1.0000	AID1798029
Substance-P receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Ki	0.0013	0.0013	0.6913	3.4000	AID288852
Delta-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0915	0.0001	0.7298	10.0000	AID145926; AID148653; AID148661
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0017	0.0003	0.3887	7.0000	AID149505; AID149520
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0003	0.0000	0.6068	9.2330	AID149804
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0013	1.5380	10.0000	AID145926
Mu-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0419	0.0001	0.8874	10.0000	AID151303
Mu-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0095	0.0000	0.3845	8.6000	AID151758; AID1798029; AID288853
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0059	0.0000	0.5978	9.9300	AID1798029; AID288852
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	IC50 (µMol)	1.4691	0.0003	0.7123	7.0700	AID148565; AID148681
Mu-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0008	1.6992	10.0000	AID145926
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	7.5005	0.0021	2.5985	10.0000	AID149052; AID149533
Mu-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	6.0046	0.0002	1.2965	10.0000	AID149052; AID151464; AID152211
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	7.6562	0.0000	1.8069	10.0000	AID148456; AID149052
Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.9364	0.0000	0.3263	9.4000	AID1129817; AID1543763; AID1543764
Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.6250	0.0001	0.1825	0.8300	AID148456
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.4781	0.0000	0.4332	8.3000	AID1129820; AID1543765; AID1685504
Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.6250	0.0004	0.5147	1.9800	AID148456
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Kd	0.0021	0.0021	1.4444	4.8940	AID149533
Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.6250	0.0000	0.0670	0.8300	AID148456
Mu-type opioid receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0540	0.0000	0.0493	0.9320	AID1129820
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanol	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neurogenesis	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Wnt protein secretion	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to morphine	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to stress	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of NMDA receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behavior	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
eating behavior	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcium ion transport	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to growth factor stimulus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substance	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
maternal behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
eating behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycle	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of saliva secretion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of temperature stimulus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to acrylamide	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of eating behavior	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preference	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G-protein alpha-subunit binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
beta-endorphin receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
morphine receptor activity	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G-protein beta-subunit binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled enkephalin receptor activity	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dynorphin receptor activity	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)
endosome	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Mu-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
spine apparatus	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicle	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Delta-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmic reticulum	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
T-tubule	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryon	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Kappa-type opioid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Mu-type opioid receptor	Mus musculus (house mouse)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID151303	Inhibition of [3H]- DAMGO binding to Rat brain Opioid receptor mu 1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID149050	Inhibition of [3H]naloxone receptor binding to opioid receptor in the presence of 100 mM NaCl	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID1685506	Activity at human MOR expressed in CHOK1 cells co-expressing beta-arrestin2 EFC assessed as beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment measured after 90 mins by PathHunter assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID288860	Agonist activity at mu opioid receptor in Hartley guinea pig ileum assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
AID1543765	Agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1 assessed as increase in DOR/G beta1 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine by BRET assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID149505	Inhibition of [3H]- DADLE binding to Rat brain Opioid receptor delta 1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID149871	The opioid activity against the mu-receptor in the isolated guinea pig ileum(GPI)	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID1543772	Potency index, ratio of test compounds intrinsic activity to DADLE intrinsic activity for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1543764	Agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to MOR/beta-arrestin-2 assessed as increase in MOR/beta-arrestin-2 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in presence of coelenterazi	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1129817	Agonist activity at GFP-fused mu opioid receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 after 10 mins by BRET assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID1685502	Agonist activity at human KOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID149864	Inhibitory potency against Opioid receptor mu 1 in longitudinal muscle preparation of guinea pig ileum	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Evidence of the preferential involvement of mu receptors in analgesia using enkephalins highly selective for peripheral mu or delta receptors.
AID123808	Relative potency of compound verses morphine for analgesic activity in mice	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Evidence of the preferential involvement of mu receptors in analgesia using enkephalins highly selective for peripheral mu or delta receptors.
AID149804	Binding affinity against Opioid receptor delta 1 in P2 membrane preparation of rat brain by [3H]DADLE displacement.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Function of negative charge in the "address domain" of deltorphins.
AID1685505	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay relative to DAMGO	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID73710	Displacement of specifically bound [3H]naloxone from guinea pig ileum, in the presence of 100 mM NaCl	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Novel analogues of enkephalin: indentification of functional groups required for biological activity.
AID148671	Antagonist activity of against Opioid receptor delta 1 from Mouse vas deferens preparation at the concentration of 500 nm	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 33, Issue:6	Naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate: a nonequilibrium, highly selective delta opioid receptor antagonist.
AID123332	Analgesic activity of compound in mice after icv administration	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Evidence of the preferential involvement of mu receptors in analgesia using enkephalins highly selective for peripheral mu or delta receptors.
AID1543766	Agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to beta-arrestin-2 assessed as increase in DOR/beta-arrestin-2 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine b	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1129821	Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from mu opioid receptor in guinea pig brain membranes after 1 hr	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID1685508	Bias factor, ratio of biased agonist activity at human mu opiod receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as stimulation of beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment to biased agonist activity at human mu opiod receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibi	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID148565	Inhibition of [3H]- U69,593 binding to Guinea pig Opioid receptor kappa 1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID228347	Ratio of Ki values for mu and delta opioid receptors.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Function of negative charge in the "address domain" of deltorphins.
AID129183	Analgesic activity in mice by tail-flick test after intracerebroventricular administration at a dose of 240 ug/mouse after time duration of 2 minutes; no of mice survived / total no of mice tested-6	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 27, Issue:2	Replacement of the peptide-backbone amides connecting Tyr-Gly and Gly-Gly in leucine-enkephalin with ketomethylene groups: synthesis and biological activity.
AID77991	Inhibition of contraction of electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Novel analogues of enkephalin: indentification of functional groups required for biological activity.
AID175509	Displacement of specifically bound [3H]naloxone from rat brain homogenate, in the absence of NaCl	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Novel analogues of enkephalin: indentification of functional groups required for biological activity.
AID234731	Selectivity as the ratio of IC50 value against mu receptor (GPI) to that of delta receptor (MVD).	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID1543773	Potency index, ratio of test compounds intrinsic activity to DADLE intrinsic activity for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to beta-arrestin-2	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1685501	Agonist activity at human MOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay relative to DAMGO	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID615024	Half life in human plasma	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 17, Issue:10	QSAR models for predicting enzymatic hydrolysis of new chemical entities in 'soft-drug' design.
AID148653	Inhibitory potency against delta Opioid receptor delta 1 in longitudinal muscle preparation of mouse vas deferens	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Evidence of the preferential involvement of mu receptors in analgesia using enkephalins highly selective for peripheral mu or delta receptors.
AID148661	Opioid activity against delta-receptor of isolated mouse vas deferens(MVD) at 30 uM	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID288861	Ratio of IC50 for mu opioid receptor in GPI assay to IC50 for delta opioid receptor in MVD assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
AID149730	Agonistic activity for Opioid receptor mu 1 as inhibitory activity towards electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID1129809	Agonist activity at delta opioid receptor in mouse vas deferens assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID1543770	Potency index, ratio of test compounds EC50 to DADLE EC50 for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID288853	Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from rat mu opioid receptor expressed in HN9.10 cells	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
AID148456	Compound was evaluated for Opioid receptor kappa 1 affinity against the receptor site model site 4(kappa)	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID1685507	Activity at human MOR expressed in CHOK1 cells co-expressing beta-arrestin2 EFC assessed as beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment measured after 90 mins by PathHunter assay relative to control	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID229309	Ratio of IC50 compared to [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin in guinea pig ileum assay	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Novel analogues of enkephalin: indentification of functional groups required for biological activity.
AID150409	The compound was evaluated for opioid receptors binding affinity competition with [3H]diprenorphine.	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24	Brain-targeted delivery of a leucine-enkephalin analogue by retrometabolic design.
AID149533	Affinity against the Opioid receptor delta 1	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID1543779	Selectivity ratio of agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1 assessed as increase in MOR/G beta1 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in presence of coelenterazi	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1543776	Bias factor, change in deltalog(Tau/KA) for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1 assessed as increase in MOR/G beta1 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in p	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1685500	Agonist activity at human MOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID148892	Compound was tested for antagonistic activity against opioid receptor in mouse vas deferens	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 29, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological activity of analogues of beta-chlornaltrexamine and beta-funaltrexamine at opioid receptors.
AID1543763	Agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1 assessed as increase in MOR/G beta1 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in presence of coelenterazine by BRET assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID149048	Inhibition of [3H]naloxone receptor binding to opioid receptor in the absence of 100 mM NaCl	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID152060	Ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]-DAGO to Opioid receptor mu 1 in rat brain membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	Investigation of the structural parameters involved in the mu and delta opioid receptor discrimination of linear enkephalin-related peptides.
AID151464	Opioid receptor mu 1 affinity against the receptor site model site 1 (mu1)	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID125747	Analgesic potency in mice after icv injection and 10 min before exposing to hot plate	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	Investigation of the structural parameters involved in the mu and delta opioid receptor discrimination of linear enkephalin-related peptides.
AID1543767	Potency index, ratio of test compounds EC50 to DADLE EC50 for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID680763	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 0.004 uM, DADLE: 1000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2003	The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, Jul, Volume: 55, Issue:7	Contribution of organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-C to hepatic elimination of the opioid pentapeptide analogue [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin.
AID56303	Agonistic activity towards Opioid receptor delta 1 as inhibitory activity towards electrically stimulated mouse vas deferens	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID288852	Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from human delta opioid receptor expressed in HN9.10 cells	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
AID151758	Binding affinity against Opioid receptor mu 1 in P2 membrane preparation of rat brain by [3H]DAGO displacement.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Function of negative charge in the "address domain" of deltorphins.
AID233531	The ratio between [3H]naloxone binding in the presence and absence of 100 mM NaCl	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID229954	Relative affinity mu and delta opioid receptors of rat brain	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID139638	Antagonist activity in mouse vas deferens preparation.	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 27, Issue:10	Activities of morphinone and N-(cyclopropylmethyl)normorphinone at opioid receptors.
AID152211	Opioid receptor mu 2 affinity against the receptor site model site 2(mu2)	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID1129820	Agonist activity at GFP-fused delta opioid receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 after 10 mins by BRET assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID1129819	Intrinsic efficacy at GFP-fused mu opioid receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 after 10 mins by BRET assay relative to untreated control	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID229261	Ratio of IC50 evaluated in GPI to MVD	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Evidence of the preferential involvement of mu receptors in analgesia using enkephalins highly selective for peripheral mu or delta receptors.
AID1685509	Activity at human MOR expressed in U2OS cells co-expressing beta-arrestin2 EFC assessed as beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment by Tango assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID1685510	Activity at human MOR expressed in U2OS cells co-expressing beta-arrestin2 EFC assessed as beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment by Tango assay relative to control	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID151439	Inhibition of [3H]DADLE radioligand binding to rat brain delta-opioid receptor; not determined	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID145926	Concentration required to inhibit the specific binding of tritiated ligand [3H]DADL to opiate receptor by 50%	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 27, Issue:2	Replacement of the peptide-backbone amides connecting Tyr-Gly and Gly-Gly in leucine-enkephalin with ketomethylene groups: synthesis and biological activity.
AID1685504	Agonist activity at human DOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID288859	Agonist activity at delta opioid receptor in ICR mouse vas deferens assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
AID132843	Irreversible antagonistic potency in mouse vas deferens (MVD)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 26, Issue:9	Importance of C-6 chirality in conferring irreversible opioid antagonism to naltrexone-derived affinity labels.
AID1129808	Agonist activity at mu opioid receptor in guinea pig ileum assessed as inhibition of electrically-stimulated muscle contraction	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID149520	Inhibition of [3H]DADLE radioligand binding to rat brain opioid receptor delta 1.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID1543768	Potency index, ratio of test compounds EC50 to DADLE EC50 for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged MOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to beta-arrestin-2	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID148681	Inhibition of [3H]-U-69,593 radioligand binding to Guinea pig Opioid receptor kappa 1; not determined	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-28, Volume: 38, Issue:9	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 20. Alteration of opioid receptor subtype selectivity of the 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans by application of the message-address concept: preparation of delta-opioid receptor ligands.
AID149646	Inhibition of [3H]DSLET binding to delta 1 opioid receptors in rat brain membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	Investigation of the structural parameters involved in the mu and delta opioid receptor discrimination of linear enkephalin-related peptides.
AID1685503	Agonist activity at human KOR expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation incubated for 30 mins by luminescence assay relative to DAMGO	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID1129822	Displacement of [3H]DPDPE from delta opioid receptor in guinea pig brain membranes after 1 hr	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 22, Issue:7	Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity.
AID149052	Compound was evaluated for opioid receptor affinity against the receptor site model site 5	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 29, Issue:4	N-substituent modulation of opiate agonist/antagonist activity in resolved 3-methyl-3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines.
AID1543771	Potency index, ratio of test compounds EC50 to DADLE EC50 for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to beta-arrestin-2	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1543775	Potency index, ratio of test compounds intrinsic activity to DADLE intrinsic activity for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to beta-arrestin-2	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID232381	Relative EC50 compared to [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin without NaCl in rat brain assay	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10	Novel analogues of enkephalin: indentification of functional groups required for biological activity.
AID1543774	Potency index, ratio of test compounds intrinsic activity to DADLE intrinsic activity for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1543769	Bias factor, change in deltalog(Tau/KA) for agonist activity at Rluc-tagged DOR receptor (unknown origin) expressed in human SH-5YSY cells co-expressing RGFP-fused to Gbeta1 assessed as increase in DOR/G beta1 protein interaction incubated for 5 mins in p	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 168	(2S)-N-2-methoxy-2-phenylethyl-6,7-benzomorphan compound (2S-LP2): Discovery of a biased mu/delta opioid receptor agonist.
AID1685511	Bias factor, ratio of biased agonist activity at human mu opiod receptor expressed in U2OS cells assessed as stimulation of beta-arrestin2 EFC recruitment to biased agonist activity at human mu opiod receptor expressed in U2OS cells assessed as inhibition	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 11, Issue:8	G-Protein biased opioid agonists: 3-hydroxy-
AID229952	Relative affinity for rat brain kappa1 and guinea pig delta opioid receptors	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID148670	Antagonist activity of against Opioid receptor delta 1 from Mouse vas deferens preparation at the concentration of 100 nm	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 33, Issue:6	Naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate: a nonequilibrium, highly selective delta opioid receptor antagonist.
AID229953	Relative affinity for mouse vas deferens (mu receptor) and guinea pig ileum (delta receptor)	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 39, Issue:10	Probes for narcotic receptor-mediated phenomena. 21. Novel derivatives of 3-(1,2,3,4,5,11-hexahydro-3-methyl-2,6-methano-6H-azocino[4,5-b]indol- 6-yl)-phenols with improved delta opioid receptor selectivity.
AID1346373	Mouse delta receptor (Opioid receptors)	1994	Molecular pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 45, Issue:2	Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors.
AID1346364	Human mu receptor (Opioid receptors)	1998	NIDA research monograph, Mar, Volume: 178	Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications.
AID1346361	Human delta receptor (Opioid receptors)	1998	NIDA research monograph, Mar, Volume: 178	Standard binding and functional assays related to medications development division testing for potential cocaine and opiate narcotic treatment medications.
AID1798029	Radioligand Labeled Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm061369n: \\Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.\\	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-14, Volume: 50, Issue:12	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel bifunctional C-terminal-modified peptides for delta/mu opioid receptor agonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	692 (49.15)	18.7374
1990's	471 (33.45)	18.2507
2000's	164 (11.65)	29.6817
2010's	73 (5.18)	24.3611
2020's	8 (0.57)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	23 (1.45%)	5.53%
Reviews	20 (1.27%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (0.38%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	1,532 (96.90%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.68	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.97	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.38	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
choline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.67	10	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.7	3	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.17	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.65	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.72	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.41	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.68	3	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.96	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.97	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	1.98	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
taurine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.06	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	1.97	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.67	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.66	3	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.96	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.38	2	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.96	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.97	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.05	1	0
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.01	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	1.99	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
baclofen [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	3.36	1	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.43	2	0
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.37	2	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	4.05	3	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.84	4	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.66	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.61	3	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.37	2	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.32	20	0	clonidine; imidazoline
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	3.1	5	0
cyclo(leucylglycine) cyclo(leucylglycine): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
cystamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	1.96	1	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.38	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.89	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.98	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	1.97	1	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	3.85	12	0	N-acyl-amino acid
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.37	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.83	34	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.37	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	1.96	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.08	1	0
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gr 89696 GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer	2.04	1	0	acetamides
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.97	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	1.97	1	0	acetamides
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.06	5	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
ici 204448 ICI 204448: kappa opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.37	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.66	3	0
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.22	6	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.92	13	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	2.39	2	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.9	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
enkephalin, leucine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	peptide
levallorphan dextrallorphan: RN given refers to (9alpha,13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.05	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.66	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.46	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.99	5	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	3.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	5.52	13	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	1.98	1	0
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	1.96	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.38	2	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.23	6	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	3.07	5	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.97	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.41	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.89	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.96	1	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.76	2	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	3.36	1	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.67	3	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	2.05	1	0	xanthenes
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.61	6	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
rolipram [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	1.98	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	1.97	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	1.96	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tyramine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
meperidine hydrochloride pethidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of pethidine. An analgesic used for the treatment of postoperative and labour pain.	1.96	1	0	hydrochloride	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
corticosterone [no description available]	3.36	7	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.06	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.07	5	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.06	5	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
thymidine [no description available]	2.91	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.96	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	1.97	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	4.86	11	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.66	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.01	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.1	1	0
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.01	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	1.96	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	1.96	1	0	guanidines
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.68	3	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	1.96	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.39	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.4	2	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.37	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.38	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.88	4	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.07	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.66	3	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.17	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.36	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.07	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.37	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.99	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mannitol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.01	1	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.08	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.06	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.38	2	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.88	4	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.99	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acetyl sulfisoxazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.42	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.9	4	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.96	1	0	xanthene
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	1.98	1	0	toluenes
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	1.98	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	1.99	1	0	alkylamine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.08	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.38	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	1.96	1	0
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.97	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	purine nucleoside
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.04	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.43	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	1.97	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	1.99	1	0	piperidines
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.96	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.89	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.22	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	1.96	1	0
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.03	1	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.1	5	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.94	4	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	1.97	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
etonitazene etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals	1.99	1	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	3.84	12	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	1.97	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	1.96	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.96	1	0	thioxanthenes
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.41	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.89	4	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	7.26	79	0
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline
levomethadone levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.	1.99	1	0	6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.1	5	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	3.26	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
lanthanum [no description available]	2.38	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.57	9	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.89	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	1.97	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.37	2	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.39	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.97	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.98	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	1.98	1	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	5.37	59	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.1	5	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.66	3	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	1.96	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	2.38	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.77	12	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.98	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.66	3	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.46	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.89	4	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.48	8	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
difenoxin difenoxin: was EP to DIPHENOXYLATE (77-81); RN given refers to parent cpd. difenoxin : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.	1.98	1	0	nitrile; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
etoposide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	3.84	12	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.39	2	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.97	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.91	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	1.96	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	1.97	1	0	azepanes
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	3.47	8	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	5.84	95	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.23	6	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	5.42	24	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
pipecuronium Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.	2.38	2	0	steroid ester
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	5.08	14	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.66	3	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.37	2	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
spiradoline spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
ipsapirone [no description available]	3.06	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.98	1	0
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2	1	0	salicylamides
enadoline enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer	1.99	1	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.05	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.89	4	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-methylfentanyl 3-methylfentanyl: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-methylfentanyl : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 3-methyl-N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
f 7302 F 7302: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperidines
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	phenanthroline
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	1.98	1	0
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.66	3	0
fentanyl isothiocyanate fentanyl isothiocyanate: specific reagent for irreversible inactivation of delta opiate receptors in rat brain membranes; structure given in first source	3.06	5	0	piperidines
fenozan fenozan: do not confuse with the phenothiazine phenosan	1.96	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.77	3	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
9-hydroxyellipticine 9-hydroxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-hydroxyellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	antineoplastic agent
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography	2.38	2	0
benzoylphenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.	1.97	1	0	2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
enkephalinamide-leu enkephalinamide-Leu: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.38	2	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	4.85	35	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	5.98	108	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.04	1	0	oligopeptide
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.98	1	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	4.13	16	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine [no description available]	5.93	34	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.86	35	0
18,19-dihydroetorphine 18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	5.17	48	0	oligopeptide
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	2.89	4	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.89	4	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.38	2	0
quadazocine quadazocine: RN given refers to (2 alpha,6 alpha,11S*)-(+-)-isomer	3.08	5	0
tifluadom tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0	benzodiazepine
morphiceptin, n-me-phe(3)- morphiceptin, N-Me-Phe(3)-: RN given refers to D-prolinamide, all L-isomer	3.36	7	0
bw 373u86 BW 373U86: a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	4.27	19	0	oligopeptide
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
dup 734 DuP 734: structure given in first source	2	1	0
pd 117302 PD 117302: RSD-921 is the ((+)-trans)-isomer	2.38	2	0
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
neo-kyotorphin neo-kyotorphin: isolated from bovine brain; opioid peptide	1.98	1	0
sch 34826 Sch 34826: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: dermorphin analog	2.4	2	0
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminoethyl)carbodiimide: carboxyl modifying agent	1.98	1	0
n,n-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine: component of Ketogin; RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym spasmolytic A29 refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
lofentanil lofentanil: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. lofentanyl : The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.96	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
met-enkephalinamide [no description available]	2.88	4	0
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.4	2	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide	metabolite
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)- [no description available]	2.88	4	0	organic molecular entity
myelopeptide 1 myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced	1.98	1	0
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	4.14	16	0
kyotorphin kyotorphin: morphine-like dipeptide from bovine brain; RN given refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr)-isomer. Tyr-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	1.99	1	0	dipeptide
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)- [no description available]	2.66	3	0
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0	diarylmethane
mr 2034 MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer	3.57	9	0
kelatorphan kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
n-(3-hydroxyaminocarbonyl-2-benzyl-1-oxopropyl)glycine N-(3-hydroxyaminocarbonyl-2-benzyl-1-oxopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; RN refers to tritium labeled cpd	1.97	1	0
3-methylfentanyl isothiocyanate 3-methylfentanyl isothiocyanate: opiate receptor acylating reagent	2.37	2	0
hemorphin 4 hemorphin 4: opioid peptide derived from bovine hemoglobin	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	2.5	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole 2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole: site directed alkylating agent; selective agonist for mu receptors	2.88	4	0
3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl: protecting group used in peptide synthesis; RN given refers to chloride	1.98	1	0
tyrosyl-seryl(o-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine tyrosyl-seryl(O-tert-butyl)-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-threonine: has good selectivity & high affinity for delta opioid receptors	1.97	1	0
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
rb 104 RB 104: potent inhibitor of EC 3.4.24.11; used to detect nanogram quantities of the enzyme by inhibitor gel electrophoresis; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
leucine thiorphan leucine thiorphan: enkephalinase inhibitor	1.97	1	0
retrothiorphan retrothiorphan: RETRO-THIORPHAN was an EN to THIORPHAN 1989-93	2.38	2	0
mrz 2549 MRZ 2549: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	7.4	91	0
1-pyrenylalanine 1-pyrenylalanine: fluorescent alanine deriv incorporated into enkephalins	1.96	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
enkephalin-leu, des-tyr(1)- enkephalin-Leu, des-Tyr(1)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.37	2	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.98	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
dynorphin amide (1-10) [no description available]	2.66	3	0
enkephalin, pen(2,5)-4-chloro-phe(4)- enkephalin, Pen(2,5)-4-chloro-Phe(4)-: delta opioid receptor	1.97	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	1.98	1	0	carbodiimide
norketobemidone norketobemidone: structure	1.99	1	0
16-methylcyprenorphine 16-methylcyprenorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,16S)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
etilevodopa etilevodopa: is the ethyl ester of levodopa; an antiparkinson drug	2.05	1	0	tyrosine derivative
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	1.96	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.68	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.47	8	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indoles; maleimides
u 54494a U 54494A: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	1.99	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	1.97	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.03	1	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	1.96	1	0
bradykinin [no description available]	3.93	13	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.22	6	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.67	3	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	2.01	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
puromycin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.42	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.96	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	3.08	5	0	benzazocine
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	1.98	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
enkephalin, methionine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	6.19	44	0	morphinane alkaloid
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.4	2	0	cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.01	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	3.59	9	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.44	2	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.38	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.41	2	0	actinomycin	mutagen
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.36	7	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	14.86	931	11	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.03	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	1.99	1	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0	isomethyleugenol
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	3.08	5	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.65	3	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
etorphine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	alcohol; morphinane alkaloid	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; sedative
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	1.97	1	0
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.59	9	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
nadp [no description available]	1.98	1	0
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.89	4	0	alkali metal atom
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	3.76	11	0
ici 154129 ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.27	19	0
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	3.79	11	0	peptide
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.04	1	0
gamma-endorphin, des-tyr(1)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cystine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	6.32	60	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	2.37	2	0
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	1.99	1	0
dynorphin (1-11) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrophenol
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.25	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.97	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.97	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.67	10	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	3.36	1	1
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.7	3	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
codeine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.01	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.35	7	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.39	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	4.45	5	1	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	10.33	309	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.57	9	0	morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	1.99	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	11.36	266	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
7-benzylidenenaltrexone 7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0	phenanthrenes
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	2.36	2	0
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.92	37	0	morphinane alkaloid
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.04	1	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.1	1	0
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.4	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	1.97	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.37	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.36	7	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	3.22	6	0	morphinane alkaloid
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	2.66	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	6.26	48	0	morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	7.65	144	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	1.97	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.38	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.89	4	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
morphinone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	3.17	1	0	thyronine
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- [no description available]	3.52	8	0	peptide
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	3.76	11	0	morphinane alkaloid
metkephamid metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer	1.96	1	0
alanyl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine alanyl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.01	1	0
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.29	19	0	isoquinolines
binaltorphimine binaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
nalorphine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	3.84	12	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	8.84	253	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	1.97	1	0
chlornaltrexamine chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer	2.88	4	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-n-me(5)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-cys(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Cys(6)-: affinity label for delta-opiate receptors	5.75	28	0
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer	5.33	57	0
enkephalin-met, ala(2)- enkephalin-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin	3.07	5	0
naltrindole benzofuran naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source	3.09	5	0	morphinane alkaloid
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine: RN given refers to unlabeled (L-Tyr-D-Ala)-isomer	2.01	1	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-melphalan methyl ester- [no description available]	3.08	5	0
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-aminoethyl dimer- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-aminoethyl dimer-: dimeric pentapeptide enkephalin consisting of two molecules of Ala-leucine enkephalin linked at C-terminal leucine with ethylenediamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
biphalin biphalin: enkephalin dimer; two fragments of Ala(2)-enkephalin are connected by a diamine bridge to form above cpd; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
n-cyclopropylmethylnorazidomorphine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
n-methyllevallorphan N-methyllevallorphan: RN given refers to iodide	2.38	2	0
oxymorphazone oxymorphazone: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
14-thioglycolamido-7,8-dihydromorphinone [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucine chloromethyl ketone tyrosyl-alanyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-leucine chloromethyl ketone: enkephalin analog affinity reagent for opiate receptor; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.38	2	0
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	6.57	47	0	isoquinolines
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.01	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	2.01	1	0	fatty amide
mastoparan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
naloxone benzoylhydrazone naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.36	7	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
7-benzylidenenaltrexone [no description available]	2.39	2	0
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	4.61	27	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.37	2	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2.04	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	12.71	249	17
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.41	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.36	1	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	5.09	14	0
naltrexazone naltrexazone: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.9	4	0	oligopeptide
g(m2) ganglioside G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.	1.96	1	0	N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine; sialotriaosylceramide	antigen
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	aromatic ether
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.05	1	0	xanthene dye
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.9	4	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.38	2	0
deltorphin i, ala(2)- deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	2.9	4	0	peptide
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.38	2	0
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.77	2	1
6-deoxy-6-fluoronaltrexone 6-deoxy-6-fluoronaltrexone: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 2/91; opiate antagonist suitable for positron emission tomography	1.97	1	0
dynorphin (1-17) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.37	2	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	1.98	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.97	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	1.97	1	0
9-(benzoyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2h-naphtho(2,1-c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester 9-(benzoyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2H-naphtho(2,1-c)pyran-7-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.05	1	0
tp 7 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.37	2	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.97	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.66	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.97	1	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistamine alpha-fluoromethylhistamine: RN given refers to (S)-iosmer	1.97	1	0
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- [no description available]	2.39	2	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.07	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
morphine sulfate [no description available]	2.36	2	0	alkaloid sulfate salt
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.06	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.66	3	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	5.59	74	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.38	2	0	polypeptide
nociceptin [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
dynorphin (2-17) dynorphin (2-17): does not have opioid binding potential	2	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	2.38	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.66	3	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	1.96	1	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.85	65	1
emerimicins Peptaibols: A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol.	2.01	1	0
bam 22p [no description available]	1.96	1	0
bam 18p BAM 18P: opioid peptide derived form proenkephalin A	1.97	1	0
gamma-endorphin gamma-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 17-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from ALPHA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-16).	1.97	1	0
alpha-endorphin alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).	2.38	2	0
n-acetyl-beta-endorphin [no description available]	2.38	2	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	1.97	1	0
beta-endorphin (1-27) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.25	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.07	1	0
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.08	1	0
naltrexonazine naltrexonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.76	3	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.36	1	1
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.36	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.96	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.15	1	0	fumarate salt
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	2.89	4	0
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	4.22	18	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	3.51	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
conotoxin gi conotoxin GI: highly toxic; from venom of marine snail Conus geographus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.01	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.44	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.45	2	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.37	2	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.7	3	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.84	12	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.99	1	0
cgs 12066b CGS 12066B: RN given for ((Z)-2-butenedioate (1:2))-salt (CGS 12066B); CGS 12066A is the (ethanedioate (1:2))-salt; structure given in first source. 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline dimaleate : A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.	1.99	1	0	maleate salt	prodrug; serotonergic agonist
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	1.98	1	0	ketal
naloxazone naloxazone: has high affinity for opiate receptor binding sites; structure given in first source	4.49	4	0
tan 67 TAN 67: a non-peptidic selective delta-opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.92	4	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.37	2	0
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	1.96	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.67	3	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
zervamicin iib zervamicin IIB: one of a family of 16 residue peptaibol channel formers; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.01	1	0
deltakephalin deltakephalin: synthetic, potent specific agonist for opiate delta receptors	3.06	5	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	4.26	19	0
naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate naltrindole 5'-isothiocyanate: delta-opioid receptor antagonist & affinity label; structure given in first source	3.37	7	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.88	4	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.31	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	1.96	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.37	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.61	27	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	1.97	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	4.01	14	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.05	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.66	3	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	4.8	33	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
ag-879 AG-879: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
gtp gamma-4-azidoanilide [no description available]	2.39	2	0
eye [no description available]	2.38	2	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.39	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.67	3	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.98	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2.38	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.09	44	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.04	15	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	4.04	15	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.9	4	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.59	10	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.21	1	0
Ache [description not available]	7.37	43	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.37	43	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.41	1	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.2	16	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.2	16	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.44	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.8	11	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	3.8	11	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.77	12	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.77	12	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.31	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.48	3	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.48	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.44	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.69	19	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.69	19	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.59	28	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.11	5	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.17	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.08	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.11	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.58	9	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.11	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.68	3	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.24	56	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.24	56	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.65	85	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.96	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.05	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.87	8	1
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.87	8	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	3.85	12	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.05	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.05	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Asystole [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.41	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	3.66	3	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.43	2	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.41	2	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.92	4	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.06	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.06	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.44	8	2
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.06	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.44	8	2
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.06	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.48	17	1
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.06	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.97	15	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	4.97	15	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.69	3	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.46	1	1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.46	1	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.43	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	6.28	20	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.49	8	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	6.28	20	2
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.6	10	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	7.31	21	6
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	6.22	7	2
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	7.31	21	6
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	6.22	7	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.02	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.68	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.49	8	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.09	5	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.03	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.04	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	1.96	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	3.67	10	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	3.35	7	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	3.67	10	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.65	3	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.27	7	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	1.96	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	2.36	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.37	2	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.66	3	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.38	2	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.38	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	1.96	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.96	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	1.96	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.66	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Aphthae [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.98	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	1.98	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	1.98	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	1.98	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	1.98	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.98	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.67	3	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	1.98	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	3.37	7	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.67	3	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	1.98	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	1.98	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	1.98	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	1.98	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	1.98	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	1.98	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	1.98	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	1.98	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.38	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.07	5	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.67	3	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.99	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.39	2	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.49	8	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	1.99	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.38	2	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.99	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	1.99	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	1.99	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.89	4	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.39	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	3.07	5	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	1.98	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.38	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	1.98	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	1.98	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	1.98	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	1.98	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	1.98	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	1.98	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	1.97	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.67	3	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	1.97	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1.97	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	1.97	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	1.97	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.97	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	3.36	1	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	3.36	1	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.38	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	4.61	3	2
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	3.29	2	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	1.97	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	1.97	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Aura [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1.96	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	1.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	1.97	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.66	3	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1.97	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.97	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	1.97	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	1.97	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	1.97	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.96	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	1.96	1	0
Crush Syndrome Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.	2.37	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.96	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	1.96	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	1.96	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	1.96	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	1.96	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	1.96	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	1.96	1	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	1.97	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	3.35	1	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.35	1	1
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	1.96	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.37	2	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	1.96	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.96	1	0

enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine

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Research Demand Index: 6.79

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