Page last updated: 2024-11-12

protoapigenone

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

protoapigenone: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Thelypteris torresiana; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID11644907
CHEMBL ID414890
SCHEMBL ID13066080
MeSH IDM0515389

Synonyms (16)

Synonym
protoapigenone
smr000156275
MLS000574831 ,
CHEMBL414890
SCHEMBL13066080
REGID_FOR_CID_11644907
bdbm43766
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-keto-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)chromone
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)chromen-4-one
5,7-bis(oxidanyl)-2-(1-oxidanyl-4-oxidanylidene-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)chromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one
cid_11644907
862884-32-0
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)-4h-chromen-4-one
CS-0136497
HY-134008

Research Excerpts

Overview

Protoapigenone is a flavone aglycone with a p-quinol structure in its B-ring.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Protoapigenone (Pa) is a flavone aglycone with a p-quinol structure in its B-ring. "( Protoapigenone derivatives: albumin binding properties and effects on HepG2 cells.
Chang, FR; Dankó, B; Hunyadi, A; Kőszegi, T; Kunsági-Máté, S; Li, Y; Poór, M; Varga, Z; Wu, YC, 2013
)
3.28

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of protoapigenone in rats after oral administration of protoapigenone."( Determination of protoapigenone in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.
Wei, A; Wu, G; Zhou, D, 2013
)
0.96
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (49)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Beta-lactamaseEscherichia coli K-12Potency0.22390.044717.8581100.0000AID485294
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency30.13130.007215.758889.3584AID588342
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.12540.01846.806014.1254AID624417
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency70.79460.100020.879379.4328AID588453
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency35.48130.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.26430.004110.890331.5287AID504467
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.031637.5844354.8130AID743255
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.44190.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.90470.180013.557439.8107AID1460; AID1468
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency35.48130.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
Smad3Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.00527.809829.0929AID588855
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.531815.435837.6858AID504845
nonstructural protein 1Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1))Potency22.38720.28189.721235.4813AID2326
67.9K proteinVaccinia virusPotency11.22020.00018.4406100.0000AID720579; AID720580
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.30780.005210.865235.4813AID686970
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency44.66840.035520.977089.1251AID504332
beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency6.51310.00586.026332.6427AID492947
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.01262.451825.0177AID485313
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.354828.065989.1251AID504847
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.36010.00419.984825.9290AID504444
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.58933.548119.542744.6684AID743266
huntingtin isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.000618.41981,122.0200AID1688
urokinase-type plasminogen activator isoform 1 preproproteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.28093.68983.68983.6898AID720519
ras-related protein Rab-9AHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.41250.00022.621531.4954AID485297
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.010323.856763.0957AID2662
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.100028.9256213.3130AID588591
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.050127.073689.1251AID588590
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursorMus musculus (house mouse)Potency8.91250.15855.287912.5893AID540303
plasminogen precursorMus musculus (house mouse)Potency8.91250.15855.287912.5893AID540303
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursorMus musculus (house mouse)Potency8.91250.15855.287912.5893AID540303
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency2.99040.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.78380.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency5.53000.058010.694926.6086AID602310; AID651813
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3F isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.01610.025911.239831.6228AID651814; AID651815
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.891312.067628.1838AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
XBP1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.84000.16005.404910.0000AID504313
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 proteinMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)2.58000.16003.995910.0000AID504322
Glutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.60000.02801.60404.6000AID1384568
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
WEE1 homolog (S. pombe)Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)1.84201.84203.85007.8660AID1412
Hsf1 proteinMus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)4.28100.160024.4900236.5000AID2382
cyclin B1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)1.84201.84201.84201.8420AID1414
serine/threonine-protein kinase 33 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)120.00000.769114.609644.8900AID2821
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00001.262610.0000AID1414
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00000.764610.0000AID1414
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00000.990510.0000AID1414
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00001.052810.0000AID1414
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00001.160510.0000AID1414
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)EC50 (µMol)1.84200.00000.89397.8660AID1412
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
MSHDrosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)AC5027.07000.20909.578848.6900AID743444
WEE1 homolog (S. pombe)Homo sapiens (human)CC5049.75006.75906.75906.7590AID1413
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulumGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ionGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ionGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid metabolic processGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to arsenic-containing substanceGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular oxidant detoxificationGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic processGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (5)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
glutathione transferase activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
methylarsonate reductase activityGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytoplasmGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmGlutathione S-transferase omega-1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (40)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID597814Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as spleen index at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 9 relative to control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597812Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as white blood cell count at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 9 relative to control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597813Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as thymus index at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 9 relative to control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID1384568Inhibition of GSTO1-1 (unknown origin) by 4-NPG substrate based assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-13, Volume: 61, Issue:17
Reviewing Hit Discovery Literature for Difficult Targets: Glutathione Transferase Omega-1 as an Example.
AID597753Antitumor activity against human PANC1 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597751Antitumor activity against human PC3 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597748Antitumor activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597810Cytotoxicity against human PBMC assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597811Antitumor activity against mouse H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as inhibition of tumor growth at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 92011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597808Antitumor activity against human U266 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597807Antitumor activity against human RPMI8226 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597750Antitumor activity against human SKOV3 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID296681Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT colorimetric method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-09, Volume: 50, Issue:16
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents.
AID296685Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT colorimetric method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-09, Volume: 50, Issue:16
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents.
AID597809Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597815Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as body weight at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 9 relative to control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597752Antitumor activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID402362Activity at human estrogen receptor expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plant at >100 uM by pER8-GFP reporter assay2005Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7
The transgenic Arabidopsis plant system, pER8-GFP, as a powerful tool in searching for natural product estrogen-agonists/antagonists.
AID597749Antitumor activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell proliferation after 24 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID597817Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as decrease in ratio of granulocytic and erythroid cell system at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 92011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID296684Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT colorimetric method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-09, Volume: 50, Issue:16
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents.
AID296682Cytotoxicity against human Hep3B cells after 72 hrs by MTT colorimetric method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-09, Volume: 50, Issue:16
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents.
AID597816Toxicity in human H22 tumor-nearing ICR mouse assessed as decrease in total nucleated bone marrow cells at 10 mg/kg, ip for 7 days measured on day 92011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 21, Issue:11
A novel, broad-spectrum antitumor compound containing the 1-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-4-one group: the disclosure of a new antitumor pharmacophore in protoapigenone 1.
AID296683Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by MTT colorimetric method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-09, Volume: 50, Issue:16
First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (29)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's6 (20.69)29.6817
2010's19 (65.52)24.3611
2020's4 (13.79)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (3.45%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other28 (96.55%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]