Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
| Member | Definition | Role |
|---|
| 1,4-dioxane | A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4. | 1,4-dioxane |
| 2-ethylfuran | A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 has been replaced by an ethyl group. | 2-ethylfuran |
| 2-methylfuran | A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group. | 2-methylfuran |
| 2,2,4-trimethylpentane | An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4. | isooctane |
| 2,3,4-trimethylpentane | An alkane that is pentane substituted by a methyl group at positions 2,3 and 4. It is a constituent of gasoline. | 2,3,4-trimethylpentane |
| 2,4-hexadienal | A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices. | (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal |
| 3-hexen-1-ol | A primary alcohol that is hex-3-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. | hex-3-en-1-ol |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-hexanoic acid | A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is hexanoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group and a methyl group at position 3. It is a metabolite found in human sweat. | 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid |
| 3-methylfuran | A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a methyl group. It is a chemical that is produced in foods during food processing and preservation techniques that involve heat treatment such as cooking and pasteurization. | 3-methylfuran |
| 3-methylhexane | An alkane that is hexane substituted by a methyl group at position 3. | 3-methylhexane |
| 3-methylpentane | An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black. | 3-methylpentane |
| acetone | A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2. | acetone |
| acetonitrile | A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group. | acetonitrile |
| acrylonitrile | A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an ethenyl group. | acrylonitrile |
| benzene | A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system. | benzene |
| benzotrichloride | An organochlorine compound that is toluene in which all three hydrogens of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorines. It is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and dye chemistry. | (trichloromethyl)benzene |
| bromobenzene | The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis. | bromobenzene |
| bromoethane | A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. | bromoethane |
| cyclohexane | An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon. | cyclohexane |
| cyclopentane | A cycloalkane that consists of five carbons each bonded with two hydrogens above and below the plane. The parent of the class of cyclopentanes. | cyclopentane |
| decane-1,2-diol | A glycol that is decane bearing two hydroxy substituents located at positions 1 and 2. | decane-1,2-diol |
| dimethyl sulfoxide | A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | dimethyl sulfoxide |
| dimethylformamide | A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. | N,N-dimethylformamide |
| ether | An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups. | diethyl ether |
| ethyl acetate | The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol. | ethyl acetate |
| ethyl tert-butyl ether | An ether having ethyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components. It is used as an engine fuel additive to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and soot. | tert-butyl ethyl ether |
| guaethol | An aromatic ether that is catechol in which one of the hydroxy groups has been alkylated to give the corresponding ethyl ether. A low-melting (20-25 degreeC), high-boiling (216-217 degreeC) smoke flavour compound. | 2-ethoxyphenol |
| isobutyronitrile | An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. | isobutyronitrile |
| isopentyl alcohol | An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group. | isoamylol |
| isoprene | A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds. | isoprene |
| methanol | The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | methanol |
| methyl acetate | An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils. | methyl acetate |
| methyl formate | A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops. | methyl formate |
| methylcyclohexane | A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group. | methylcyclohexane |
| methylcyclopentane | A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group. | methylcyclopentane |
| methylene chloride | A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea. | dichloromethane |
| methylethyl ketone | A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2. | butan-2-one |
| n-heptane | A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi). | heptane |
| n-hexane | An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms. | hexane |
| nitromethane | A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models. | nitromethane |
| pentane | A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms. | pentane |
| perflexane | A fluoroalkane that is hexane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. | perfluorohexane |
| propargyl alcohol | A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. | prop-2-yn-1-ol |
| propionitrile | A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond. | propionitrile |
| propylene dichloride | A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines. | 1,2-dichloropropane |
| styrene | A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species. | styrene |
| tetrahydrofuran | A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen. | oxolane |
| thiophenes | A monocyclic heteroarene that is furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur. | thiophene |
| toluene | The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent. | toluene |