Compounds > nsc 614846
Page last updated: 2024-10-15

nsc 614846

Description

carbovir: structure given in first source; potent & selective anti-HIV agent [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

carbovir : Cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl group such that the two substitutents on the cyclopentene ring are in a cis relationship. The (-)-enantiomer, also known as carbovir, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication replication in cell cultures. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

(-)-carbovir : The (active) (-)-enantiomer of the carbocyclic analogue of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroguanosine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID135433604
CHEMBL ID372283
CHEBI ID421843
SCHEMBL ID180360
MeSH IDM0160879

Synonyms (42)

Synonym
nsc-614846
gr 90352x
(-)-carbovir
(+/-)-cis-2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-6h-purin-6-one
(+/-)-c-d4g
(+/-)-carbovir
120443-30-3
carbovir
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]-
118353-05-2
(-)-cbv
gr 90352
2-amino-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-1h-purin-6-one
(-)-c-d4g
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-, cis-(+-)-
nsc 614846
ccris 2644
2-amino-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-3h-purin-6-one
CHEMBL372283
chebi:421843 ,
(1r-cis)-2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-6h-purin-6-one
2-amino-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-9h-purin-6-ol
2-amino-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-1,9-dihydro-6h-purin-6-one
carbovir, (-)-
unii-51560211j4
51560211j4 ,
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-, (1r-cis)-
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-((1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-
unii-05469v2rw8
05469v2rw8 ,
gr-90352x
carbovir, (+/-)-
SCHEMBL180360
(1r,4s)-9-(4-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclopentenyl)guanine
XSSYCIGJYCVRRK-RQJHMYQMSA-N
DTXSID50152861
AKOS030254924
2-amino-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl]-6,9-dihydro-1h-purin-6-one
2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]-6h-purin-6-one
Q27225744
2-amino-9-((1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-1h-purin-6(9h)-one
6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]-; 6h-purin-6-one, 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]-, (1r-cis)-; 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9-[(1r,4s)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]-6h-purin-

Toxicity

ExcerptReference
" CBV was only moderately toxic to human and murine cells following either 1 h or continuous exposure, with human and murine progenitors similarly suppressed by continuous CBV exposure."( In vitro toxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, carbovir and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine to human and murine haematopoietic progenitor cells.
Du, DL; Grieshaber, CK; Murphy, MJ; Volpe, DA, 1992)

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReference
" infusion, (-)6AC concentrations in the blood declined rapidly in a monoexponential pattern with an elimination half-life of 11."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of (-)-6-aminocarbovir as a prodrug for (-)-carbovir in rats.
Beers, SA; Ibrahim, SS; Remmel, RP; Vince, R; Zimmerman, CL, )
" Following the pilot studies, five rats were randomly assigned to receive (-)-carbovir in a three-way crossover design as either a single 18-mg/kg iv bolus, a single 54-mg/kg oral dose, or a single iv infusion of 18 mg/kg to achieve a target steady-state concentration (Css) of 1 micrograms/ml, the peak concentration after an oral dose."( The bioavailability and nonlinear clearance of (-)-carbovir in the rat.
Huang, SH; Remmel, RP; Zimmerman, CL, 1991)
" Terminal elimination half-life was 21."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency virus, in rats.
Hua, M; Huang, SH; Remmel, RP; Vince, R; Yeom, YH; Zimmerman, CL, 1989)
"Studies were designed to allow an in vivo estimation of the hepatic extraction ratio and to test the hypothesis that the pharmacokinetic parameters of (-)-CBV are significantly different during anesthesia."( Pharmacokinetics and hepatic first-pass effect of (-)-carbovir in the anesthetized rat.
Soria, I; Zimmerman, CL, 1995)
" TFV-DP also had persistent intracellular levels on TDF discontinuation (median half-life of 150 hours, range: 60 to >175 hours)."( Intracellular pharmacokinetics of tenofovir diphosphate, carbovir triphosphate, and lamivudine triphosphate in patients receiving triple-nucleoside regimens.
Clark, N; Guyer, B; Hawkins, T; Kearney, BP; St Claire, RL; Veikley, W, 2005)
"In the present era of drug development, quantification of drug concentrations following pharmacokinetic studies has preferentially been performed using plasma as a matrix rather than whole blood."( Whole blood or plasma: what is the ideal matrix for pharmacokinetic-driven drug candidate selection?
Dash, RP; Mehta, N; Rosenfeld, C; Srinivas, NR; Thomas, JA; Veeravalli, V, 2021)

Bioavailability

ExcerptReference
" Following oral administration of (-)6AC, the bioavailability of (-)CBV was 46."( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of (-)-6-aminocarbovir as a prodrug for (-)-carbovir in rats.
Beers, SA; Ibrahim, SS; Remmel, RP; Vince, R; Zimmerman, CL, )
" The oral bioavailability of (-)-6-aminocarbovir was 46% by plasma AUC comparison and 33% based on urinary excretion data."( (-)-6-Aminocarbovir pharmacokinetics and relative carbovir exposure in rats.
Brouwer, KR; Miwa, GT; Yeager, RL, )
"This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of (-)-carbovir in rats following iv and po administration at doses of 10 to 120 mg/kg."( The pharmacokinetics of (-)-carbovir in rats. Evidence for nonlinear elimination.
Brouwer, KR; Lagarde, J; Miwa, GT; Patanella, JE; St Claire, RL; Walsh, JS, )
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of (+/-)-carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency virus, have been described previously."( The bioavailability and nonlinear clearance of (-)-carbovir in the rat.
Huang, SH; Remmel, RP; Zimmerman, CL, 1991)
" Sprague-Dawley male rats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carbovir."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency virus, in rats.
Hua, M; Huang, SH; Remmel, RP; Vince, R; Yeom, YH; Zimmerman, CL, 1989)
" Previous pharmacokinetic studies of (-)CBV in the rat showed nonlinearity in both the renal and nonrenal clearances and an oral bioavailability of 20%."( Disposition of (-)carbovir in the in situ perfused rat liver and intestinal vasculature preparations.
Soria, I; Zimmerman, CL, )
" 1592U89 had excellent oral bioavailability (105% in the rat) and penetrated the CNS (rat brain and monkey cerebrospinal fluid) as well as AZT."( 1592U89, a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent, selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity.
Averett, DR; Boone, LR; Daluge, SM; Dornsife, RE; Faletto, MB; Good, SS; Krenitsky, TA; Miller, WH; Parry, NR; Reardon, JE; St Clair, MH; Tisdale, M, 1997)
" The membrane permeation characteristics of abacavir are consistent with its superior oral bioavailability and its impressive ability to penetrate the central nervous system."( Membrane permeation characteristics of abacavir in human erythrocytes and human T-lymphoblastoid CD4+ CEM cells: comparison with (-)-carbovir.
Daluge, SM; Domin, BA; Mahony, WB; Zimmerman, TP, 2004)

Dosage Studied

ExcerptReference
" Exposure to (-)-carbovir was lower following (-)-6-aminocarbovir dosing than observed following (-)-Carbovir dosing, by both the oral and iv routes."( (-)-6-Aminocarbovir pharmacokinetics and relative carbovir exposure in rats.
Brouwer, KR; Miwa, GT; Yeager, RL, )
"The metabolism and disposition of carbovir [(1R-cis)-2-amino 1,9-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-6H-purin-6-one], an antiviral agent, was examined in rats using an isolated perfused liver, and in vivo following iv and po administration at two dosing levels."( The metabolism and excretion of carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside, in the rat.
Brouwer, KR; Miwa, GT; Patanella, JE; Unger, SE; Walsh, JS, )
"To determine the disposition of carbovir and [3H]carbovir in mice, HPLC and thin-layer chromatographic assays were developed and mice were dosed iv and by gavage."( Disposition and metabolism of carbovir in mice dosed intravenously or orally.
el Dareer, SM; Hill, DL; Rose, LM; Struck, RF; Tillery, KF, )
" Dose-response curves for individual agents were obtained, and experimental data fitted to appropriate equations by nonlinear regression."( A checkerboard method to evaluate interactions between drugs.
Alberdi, E; Martinez-Irujo, JJ; Santiago, E; Villahermosa, ML, 1996)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitorAn entity which inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
carbovirCyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl group such that the two substitutents on the cyclopentene ring are in a cis relationship. The (-)-enantiomer, also known as carbovir, is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication replication in cell cultures.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (44)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID104264Inhibitory concentration that reduces formazan production in infected MT-2 cells.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID236965Time of maximum concentration was observed in monkey after oral dosage2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID245914Cytostatic concentration required to inhibit C3H/3T3 cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID281407Antiviral activity against lamivudine-resistant HIV1 M184V mutant in human PBMC cells by RT assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID247535In vitro effective concentration against HIV-1 in MT-4 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-02, Volume: 48, Issue:11
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and mechanism of drug resistance of D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluorocarbocyclic nucleosides.
AID236624Maximum concentration was observed in monkey after oral dosage2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID237307Terminal elimination half-life in monkey after intravenous dosage; NA = not applicable2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID152251Inhibitory concentration of compound for P-388 Leukemia cell culture1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID246207Effective concentration against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in PBL cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID281403Antiviral activity against HIV1 xxBRU in human PBM cells by RT assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID246046Effective concentration against HBV in Hep G2.2.15 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246347Effective concentration against thymidine kinase competent herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) in G cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246171In vitro effective concentration against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-02, Volume: 48, Issue:11
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and mechanism of drug resistance of D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-2'-fluorocarbocyclic nucleosides.
AID281405Cytotoxicity against African green monkey CEM cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID245898Cytostatic concentration required to inhibit CEM cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID236448Area under the plasma concentration-time curve in monkey after intravenous dosage2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246205Effective concentration against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in CEM cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246190Effective concentration against murine moloney sarcoma virus in C3H/3T3 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID245913Cytostatic concentration required to inhibit Hep G2 cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246209Effective concentration against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in CEM cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID436399Antiviral activity against HIV in human PBM cells by RNA replicon assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 44, Issue:10
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases.
AID237577Apparent half life value in monkey after oral dosage2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID244631Ratio of CC50 to that of EC50 against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in CEM cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID436401Cytotoxicity against human PBMC cells2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 44, Issue:10
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases.
AID436400Antiviral activity against HCV in human Huh7 cells by RNA replicon assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 44, Issue:10
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases.
AID246257Effective concentration against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (ROD) in CEM cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246363Effective concentration against thymidine kinase competent herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in KOS cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID244632Ratio of CC50 to that of EC50 against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in CEM cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID47474Percent reduction in p24 gag expression in CEM cells1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID235206Therapeutic index for the compound was determined (IC50/EC50)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID245899Cytostatic concentration required to inhibit HEL cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID245917Cytostatic concentration required to inhibit Hep G2.2.15 cell proliferation2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID47634Inhibitory effect against synthesis of p24 gag protein in CEM cells.1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID436402Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 44, Issue:10
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases.
AID246045Effective concentration againstHBV in Hep G2.2.15 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID246401Effective concentration against thymidine kinase deficient herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) in VMW-1837 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID281408Ratio of EC50 for lamivudine-resistant HIV1 M184V mutant to EC50 for HIV1 xxBR2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID281406Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID281404Cytotoxicity against human PBMC2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 50, Issue:8
D- and L-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-fluoro-carbocyclic nucleosides: synthesis, anti-HIV activity and mechanism of resistance.
AID236215Total plasma clearance in monkey after intravenous dosage; (n=3); NA = not applicable2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID104246Effective concentration that increases formazan production in infected MT-2 cells1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of carbocyclic 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy 2,6-disubstituted purine nucleosides.
AID246383Effective concentration against thymidine kinase deficient herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) in B2006 cells2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID236437Area under the plasma concentration-time curve in monkey after peroral dosage2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-19, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Application of phosphoramidate pronucleotide technology to abacavir leads to a significant enhancement of antiviral potency.
AID436403Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 44, Issue:10
Synthesis, antiviral activity, and stability of nucleoside analogs containing tricyclic bases.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (76)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904 (5.26)18.7374
1990's41 (53.95)18.2507
2000's23 (30.26)29.6817
2010's7 (9.21)24.3611
2020's1 (1.32)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews4 (4.65%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other82 (95.35%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
adenine
[no description available]		3.1506-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.99102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		3.1110aldotriosefundamental metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9810aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.3920ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.4110sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.4110C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.4420cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		2.420cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.7930cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
meldrum's acid
Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source		2.0610
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.4120dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.6930adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.4320metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.0850pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.23180azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		1.97101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.9340monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.9240adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine: structure given in first source		2.110
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate
ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.		1.9710pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate
psicofuranine
[no description available]		1.9710psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
aristeromycin
aristeromycin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer		2.4320
2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
oxetanocin a
oxetanocin: from Bacillus megaterium NK84-0218; structure given in first source. oxetanocin A : A nucleoside analogue found in Bacillus megaterium in which an adenine moiety is attached to position 2 of a of an oxetane ring which is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxymethyl groups.		2.3920diol;
nucleoside analogue;
oxetanes;
primary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2'-fluorocytidine
2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-2'-fluorocytidine: has antiviral action against HIV-1; structure given in first source		2.0210
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0110
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4420divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
6-aminocarbovir
6-aminocarbovir: structure given in first source; RN from Toxlit		440
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		210coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.741102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		1.9710cyclodextrin
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.39202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
lamivudine triphosphate
[no description available]		2.4420
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glycosides
[no description available]		3.1110
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		1.9910enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		210purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.04102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		2.4220guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
2-aminopurine dioxolane
(4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source		2.0510
3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
[no description available]		1.9710
carbovir triphosphate
carbovir triphosphate: metabolite of abacavir. carbovir triphosphate : The organic triphosphate that is the 5'-triphosphate of (-)-carbovir.		2.4120organic triphosphate
2',3'-dideoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9710
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		04.28190
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.9540
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.9540
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.4320
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		01.9810
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		01.9810
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.3820
Polyploid
[description not available]		01.9910
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		01.9910
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6730
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.6730