Compounds > amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID23668620
MeSH IDM0166171

Synonyms (11)

Synonym
desoxycholate amphotericin b
amphotericin b-deoxycholate
amphotericin b, mixt. with (3-alpha,5-beta,12-alpha)-3,12-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid monosodium salt
amphotericin b deoxycholate
amphotericin b - deoxycholate
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
amphotericin b sodium desoxycholate mixt.
amb-doc
44wg8e9mtu ,
unii-44wg8e9mtu
amphotericin b deoxycholate [who-dd]

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Thus, ABCD shows promise as an effective but less toxic alternative to ABDS for the treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion compared with those of amphotericin B deoxycholate suspension for treatment of disseminated murine cryptococcosis.
Clemons, KV; Hanson, LH; Hostetler, JS; Stevens, DA, 1992)		0.28
"01) with the LD50 of AmB."( Influence of diet on experimental toxicity of amphotericin B deoxycholate.
Bolard, J; Carbon, C; Chavanet, P; Joly, V; Rigaud, D; Yeni, P, 1994)		0.29
"Nephrotoxicity is an important side effect of amphothericin B deoxycholate (ampho B) and cyclosporine A (CsA)."( Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A and amphotericin B-deoxycholate as continuous infusion in allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Furrer, K; Halter, J; Imhof, A; Schaffner, A; Schanz, U; Vavricka, SR, 2002)		0.31
" Expensive lipid formulations of amphotericin B (AmB) are generally used because of fear of adverse effects due to concomitant cyclosporine A and other nephrotoxic drugs."( Tolerability, safety and efficacy of conventional amphotericin B administered by 24-hour infusion to lung transplant recipients.
Boehler, A; Dutly, A; Naef, R; Russi, EW; Speich, R; Weder, W, 2002)		0.31
"Based on histologic data, increasing doses of all three agents appear to be associated with increasing toxicity, however based on ophthalmologic data, L-AmB appears to be less toxic than either amphotericin B deoxycholate or ABLC."( Comparative toxicity and concentrations of intravitreal amphotericin B formulations in a rabbit model.
Cannon, JP; Danziger, LH; De Alba, F; Edward, DP; Fiscella, R; Garey, KW; Pattharachayakul, S; Piscitelli, S, 2003)		0.32
" Treatment-related adverse events and invasive fungal infections were quantitated for 2 months after study drug initiation."( Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients.
Benjamin, DK; Dodds Ashley, E; Drew, RH; Duane Davis, R; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR, 2004)		0.32
" Patients receiving ABLC were less likely to experience a treatment-related adverse event."( Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients.
Benjamin, DK; Dodds Ashley, E; Drew, RH; Duane Davis, R; Palmer, SM; Perfect, JR, 2004)		0.32
" We conclude that continuous infusion of amphotericin B is safe in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies."( Brief report: practicability and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate as continuous infusion in neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies.
Knöbl, P; Rabitsch, W; Schulenburg, A; Sperr, W; Thalhammer, F, 2005)		0.33
"Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) has been a standard therapy for IFI but is associated with high adverse event and mortality rates."( Should we continue using amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of fungal infections? Adverse events and clinical outcomes.
Garbino, J; Lew, D; Markham, L; Matulionyte, R; Rives, V, 2006)		0.33
" However, d-AMB is a toxic drug, the most important dose-limiting toxicities being nephrotoxicity and infusion-related allergic reactions."( Amphotericin B deoxycholate (d-AMB) use in cases with febrile neutropenia and fungal infections: lower toxicity with suitable premedication.
Disel, U; Oto, OA; Paydas, S; Seydaoglu, G; Yavuz, S, 2007)		0.34
"In lung transplant recipients, both inhaled AmBd and L-AmB were safe and well tolerated over a large number of medication exposures."( Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective study.
Baden, LR; Deykin, A; Fiumara, K; Lee, JT; Lowry, CM; Marty, FM; Vargas, SO, 2007)		0.34
" But the need for prolonged hospitalisation and frequent, occasionally serious, adverse events are its major drawbacks."( Safety of a pre-formulated amphotericin B lipid emulsion for the treatment of Indian Kala-azar.
Agarwal, D; Agrawal, N; Chakravarty, J; Rai, M; Shah, A; Sundar, S, 2008)		0.35
"To evaluate medical indications of this compound in a tertiary care center, analyze adverse reactions, infusion protocols and outcome of treated patients."( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital].
Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)		0.36
"Retrospective analysis of 39 treatments indicated in 33 patients during 2007, exploring indications, infusion protocols and renal protective measures, infusion-related adverse reactions, nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia and outcomes."( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital].
Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)		0.36
" Adverse reactions were observed in 40% of treatments, predominating fever (25%)."( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital].
Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)		0.36
"infusion-related adverse reactions are frequent during amphotericin B deoxycholate therapy, but renal toxicity is occasionally observed."( [Amphotericin B deoxycholate prescription and adverse events in a Chilean university hospital].
Abusada A, N; Fica C, A; Gallardo A, C; Muñoz C, L; Novoa M, C; Quinteros A, R, 2010)		0.36
" However, administration of this drug is accompanied by substantial adverse effects."( Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Barker, DE; El-Sadr, W; Graybill, JR; Hamill, RJ; Javaly, K; Johnson, PC; Sobel, JD, 2010)		0.36
" Anemia remained a concerning adverse effect."( Toxicity of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate-Based Induction Therapy in Patients with HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.
Bicanic, T; Bottomley, C; Brouwer, AE; Harrison, TS; Hosseinipour, MC; Jackson, A; Jarvis, JN; Limmathurotsakul, D; Loyse, A; Meintjes, G; Muzoora, C; Phulusa, J; Taseera, K; van der Horst, C; White, NJ; Wilson, D; Wood, R, 2015)		0.42
" However, some untoward adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity may limit its appropriate therapeutic use."( Efficacy of Intralipid infusion in reducing amphotericin-B-associated nephrotoxicity in head and neck invasive fungal infection: A randomized, controlled trial.
Asadollahi, M; Hasibi, M; Jafari, S; Kouhi, A; Manshadi, SA; Salehi, M; Zarch, VV, 2017)		0.46
" Few studies showing conflictive data about their efficacy and adverse events in pediatric population are available."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
" All patients reported adverse events (AE)."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
"N-methylglucamine antimoniate and amphotericin B deoxycholate have similar efficacy and adverse events rate in pediatric patients with VL."( Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B deoxycholate versus N-methylglucamine antimoniate in pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: an open-label, randomized, and controlled pilot trial in Brazil.
Borges, MM; Carranza-Tamayo, CO; Noronha, EF; Pranchevicius, MC; Romero, GA, )		0.13
" However, the emergence of severe adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hemolytic anemia, can limit its clinical use."( Assessment of in vitro antifungal efficacy and in vivo toxicity of Amphotericin B-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles.
Altmeyer, C; Maissar Khalil, N; Mara Mainardes, R; Moraes Moreira Carraro, TC, 2017)		0.46
"The development of an effective amphotericin B (AmB) topical formulation to replace the systemically toxic injections currently used in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment is challenging due to poor absorption through the skin."( Novel and safe single-dose treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with implantable amphotericin B-loaded microparticles.
Pacienza-Lima, W; Ré, MI; Rossi-Bergmann, B; Sousa-Batista, AJ, 2019)		0.51
" We conducted a retrospective descriptive study describing the effectiveness and adverse effects of AB deoxycholate (ABD), AB colloidal dispersion (ABCD), and liposomal AB (LAB) as third-line treatments for CL and MCL."( Effectiveness and Safety of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, Amphotericin B Colloidal Dispersion, and Liposomal Amphotericin B as Third-Line Treatments for Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Retrospective Study.
Casas Vargas, MY; Ordoñez Rubiano, MF; Pérez Franco, JE; Rodríguez Galvis, MC, 2020)		0.56
"Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection, and its current treatment is toxic and subject to resistance."( N-acetylcysteine reduces amphotericin B deoxycholate nephrotoxicity and improves the outcome of murine cryptococcosis.
Carmo, PHF; Carvalho, VSD; Costa, MC; de Brito, CB; de Resende-Stoianoff, MA; de Souza, DG; Emídio, ECP; Ferreira, GF; Freitas, GJC; Holanda, RA; Magalhães, TFF; Paixão, TA; Ribeiro, NQ; Rocha, CEV; Santos, DA, 2020)		0.56
" We carried out an update of a previous systematic review of all published clinical trials in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1980 to 2019 to document any reported serious adverse events (SAEs)."( Serious adverse events following treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alves, F; Brack, M; Dahal, P; Guerin, PJ; Halleux, CM; Hawryszkiewycz, A; Maguire, BJ; Ngu, R; Olliaro, PL; Rashan, S; Singh-Phulgenda, S; Stepniewska, K, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"0 mg/kg), by comparison, achieved a lower Cmax (4."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a unilamellar liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rabbits.
Amantea, MA; Bacher, J; Francis, PA; Lee, JW; Navarro, EE; Pizzo, PA; Walsh, TJ, 1994)		0.29
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of a traditional formulation of amphotericin B (Fungizone) and novel nanosphere and mixed micelle delivery systems developed for amphotericin B were compared and described."( Comparative pharmacokinetics, tissue distributions, and effects on renal function of novel polymeric formulations of amphotericin B and amphotericin B-deoxycholate in rats.
Barturen, C; Dios-Viéitez, MC; Echevarría, I; Renedo, MJ; Trocóniz, IF, 2000)		0.31
"Model independent pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenous (iv) amphotericin B cochleates (CAMB), a new lipid-based drug delivery system, in mice (0."( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after intravenous administration of a single dose of amphotericin B cochleates, a new lipid-based delivery system.
Movshin, DA; Segarra, I; Zarif, L, 2002)		0.31
" The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of D-AmB with the alternative formulation of AmB in microemulsion (M-AmB), which has proved effective in a murine candidiasis model."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and safety of a novel lyophilized amphotericin B lecithin-based oil-water microemulsion and amphotericin B deoxycholate in animal models.
Ballesteros, MP; Brime, B; Bringas, P; Frutos, G; Frutos, P; Nieto, A, 2003)		0.32
" In vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) data, however, do not consistently support the concept of CI dosing based on the concentration-dependent activity of this agent and in vitro studies with AMB rarely account for the drug's high degree of protein binding."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.
Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" A one-compartment in vitro pharmacodynamic model was used to simulate the steady-state PK parameters of bolus and CI AMB."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.
Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were determined by a nonparametric population pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma drug concentrations following single intraperitoneal doses (0."( Pharmacodynamic activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with peak plasma concentrations in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that subsequent to administration of various formulations of amphotericin B, there was 32 mg/L amphotericin B in the systemic circulation of mice treated with tuftsin-bearing amphotericin B liposomes, while it was 25 mg/L for amphotericin B liposomes, 4 h post drug administration."( Toxicity, stability and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B in immunomodulator tuftsin-bearing liposomes in a murine model.
Khan, MA; Owais, M, 2006)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma were derived by model-independent techniques, and concentrations in ELF and PAM were calculated based on the urea dilution method and macrophage cell volume, respectively."( Compartmentalized intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B and its lipid formulations.
Alfaro, RM; Armstrong, D; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 2006)		0.33
"The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK-PD) properties of amphotericin B (AmB) formulations against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are not well understood."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, and amphotericin B lipid complex in an in vitro model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Goodwin, J; Gregson, L; Hope, WW; Howard, SJ; Jensen, GM; Lestner, JM; Majithiya, J; Walsh, TJ, 2010)		0.36
" The goals of this work were to develop and evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to characterize the disposition properties of AmB administered as deoxycholate formulation in healthy rats and to examine the utility of the PBPK model for interspecies scaling of AmB pharmacokinetics."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of amphotericin B disposition in rats following administration of deoxycholate formulation (Fungizone®): pooled analysis of published data.
Gershkovich, P; Kagan, L; Mager, DE; Wasan, KM, 2011)		0.37
" Its long terminal half-life and retention in tissues suggest that single or intermittent dosing regimens are feasible, and these should be actively investigated in both preclinical models and in clinical trials."( Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®)): A Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Experience and Future Directions.
Bicanic, T; Hope, W; Salim, R; Stone, NR, 2016)		0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate was evaluated in treatment of murine coccidioidomycosis."( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model.
González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)		0.34
"This study indicates that caspofungin has efficacy against systemic coccidioidomycosis in a murine model given in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate."( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model.
González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)		0.34
" Mycograb C28Y variant, a human recombinant antibody fragment to heat shock protein 90, is closely related to Mycograb, which showed a survival advantage in combination with AMB in a phase III human trial."( Dose range evaluation of Mycograb C28Y variant, a human recombinant antibody fragment to heat shock protein 90, in combination with amphotericin B-desoxycholate for treatment of murine systemic candidiasis.
Conde, H; Drusano, GL; Fregeau, C; Liu, W; Louie, A; Stein, DS; Vanscoy, BD; Zack, JZ, 2011)		0.37
" The relevant transport systems were then investigated in terms of the drug-drug interactions of AmB-DOC with antivirals that might potentially be used concomitantly."( Renal handling of amphotericin B and amphotericin B-deoxycholate and potential renal drug-drug interactions with selected antivirals.
Kočíncová, J; Mandíková, J; Trejtnar, F; Volková, M, 2014)		0.4
" Laboratory adverse events (grade 3 or 4), such as severe anemia, were less frequent with VCZ + 5FC use than with AmB-D combined with 5FC or Flu use."( Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China.
Chen, Y; Harypursat, V; Lan, K; Lu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Yang, T; Yu, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, T; Zhou, G, 2022)		0.72
"Our results suggest that AmB-D combined with 5FC remains the more efficacious induction regimen compared to AmB-D plus Flu, and that VCZ + 5FC might be a potential alternative when the standard regimen is not readily available, accessible, tolerated, or effective."( Comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate in combination with either flucytosine or fluconazole, and voriconazole plus flucytosine for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective multicenter study in China.
Chen, Y; Harypursat, V; Lan, K; Lu, Y; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Yang, T; Yu, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, T; Zhou, G, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Miltefosine is an alkyl phosphocholine with good oral bioavailability and in vitro activity against Cryptococcus species that has gained interest as an additional agent for cryptococcal infections."( Limited activity of miltefosine in murine models of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and disseminated cryptococcosis.
Bocanegra, R; Kirkpatrick, WR; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Sorrell, TC; Wiederhold, NP, 2013)		0.39

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The use and dosage of conventional amphotericin B (deoxycholate-suspended formulation) is limited by its toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity."( [Remission of invasive sinusal and pulmonary aspergillosis with liposomal amphotericin B in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia following failure with conventional amphotericin].
Acebedo, G; Jodar, JM; López, A; Palacio, C, 1994)		0.29
" Clinical trials in humans must examine carefully the therapeutic-toxic ratio in dose-escalation protocols to determine the optimal dosage strategy for this agent."( Amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of experimental cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated candidosis.
Perfect, JR; Wright, KA, 1994)		0.29
" This study showed that amphotericin B should be given at a dosage of 1 mg/kg bw/day for 20 days for Indian kala-azar patients to minimise relapses and prevent development of drug unresponsiveness."( Comparison of regimens of amphotericin B deoxycholate in kala-azar.
Pandey, AK; Sinha, GP; Thakur, CP, 1996)		0.29
" In addition, both AmBisome regimens reduced hepatosplenic dissemination, and the 10 m/kg dosage fully prevented this complication."( Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) reduces dissemination of infection as compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate (Fungizone) in a rate model of pulmonary aspergillosis.
Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Leenders, AC; ten Kate, MT; Verbrugh, HA, 1996)		0.29
" Forty-six patients were assigned to receive Intralipid/amphotericin B at a 50% higher dosage (1 mg/[kg."( Randomized comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate dissolved in dextrose or Intralipid for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis.
Aboulker, JP; Aubry, P; Carrière, I; Coulaud, JP; Joly, V; Kawa, E; Larouze, B; Mlika-Cabanne, N; Ndayiragide, A; Yeni, P, 1996)		0.29
" The optimal dosage of L-nystatin was 5 mg/kg daily on days 1, 2, 4, and 7 (90% survival)."( Dose range evaluation of liposomal nystatin and comparisons with amphotericin B and amphotericin B lipid complex in temporarily neutropenic mice infected with an isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus with reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B.
Denning, DW; Warn, P, 1999)		0.3
" However, a 24-hour dosing regimen of AmB may be well tolerated even in these patients."( Tolerability, safety and efficacy of conventional amphotericin B administered by 24-hour infusion to lung transplant recipients.
Boehler, A; Dutly, A; Naef, R; Russi, EW; Speich, R; Weder, W, 2002)		0.31
" Except for the kidneys, the mean concentrations of LNYS in liver, spleen, and lung 24 h after dosing were severalfold lower than those after administration of DAMB (P, <0."( Comparative drug disposition, urinary pharmacokinetics, and renal effects of multilamellar liposomal nystatin and amphotericin B deoxycholate in rabbits.
Alfaro, RM; Groll, AH; King, C; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2003)		0.32
" Dogs were treated twice weekly with an increasing dosage of amphotericin (0."( Initial and long-term efficacy of a lipid emulsion of amphotericin B desoxycholate in the management of canine leishmaniasis.
Cortadellas, O, )		0.13
"Recent open label studies have suggested that dosing amphotericin B (AMB) by continuous infusion (CI) may reduce drug-associated infusion reactions and nephrotoxicity."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.
Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" No substantial differences in the rate or extent of AMB killing were observed between rapid infusion or CI dosing and neither regimen produced fungicidal activity in the presence of HSA."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.
Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" In our model, CI and rapid infusion dosing of AMB exhibited similar activity when attempts were made to correct for protein binding that is likely to occur in vivo."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of rapid versus continuous infusion of amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida species in the presence of human serum albumin.
Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
" Three dosage groups (0."( Pharmacodynamic activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with peak plasma concentrations in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2006)		0.33
"In this study, rational dosing guidelines for amphotericin B-deoxycholate (AmB) are proposed for children."( Amphotericin B dose optimization in children with malignant diseases.
Coakley, JC; Earl, JW; McLachlan, AJ; Nath, CE; Shaw, PJ, 2007)		0.34
" As illustrated in published reports, a higher dose of L-AmB may be prescribed in the case of unresponsiveness to treatment at normal dosage levels."( Use of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B: efficacy and tolerance.
Adam, A; Garbino, J, 2006)		0.33
"The D-AMB-coated PLGA-DMSA nanoparticle showed antifungal efficacy, fewer undesirable effects and a favourable extended dosing interval."( Amphotericin B in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles against paracoccidioidomycosis.
Amaral, AC; Bentes, R; Bocca, AL; Felipe, MS; Lacava, ZG; Morais, PC; Nunes, J; Peixoto, DL; Primo, FL; Ribeiro, AM; Simioni, AR; Tedesco, AC; Titze-de-Almeida, R, 2009)		0.35
" Significantly fewer patients who received the 3 mg/kg/day dosage of liposomal amphotericin B developed nephrotoxicity, indicated by a doubling of the serum creatinine value, compared with recipients of conventional amphotericin B (P = ."( Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Barker, DE; El-Sadr, W; Graybill, JR; Hamill, RJ; Javaly, K; Johnson, PC; Sobel, JD, 2010)		0.36
" This finding may be related to inadequate penetration of amphotericin B lipid products into the kidneys, inappropriate dosing in premature infants, or unknown differences in acuity of illness in infants treated with amphotericin B lipid products."( Antifungal therapy and outcomes in infants with invasive Candida infections.
Ascher, SB; Benjamin, DK; Clark, RH; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Moran, C; Smith, PB; Watt, K, 2012)		0.38
" In 10-day studies dosing uninfected mice, minor renal tubular changes occurred after AmBisome or Abelcet at 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg with or without cyclophosphamide treatment; nephrosis occurred only with Abelcet in cyclophosphamide-treated mice."( Experimental central nervous system aspergillosis therapy: efficacy, drug levels and localization, immunohistopathology, and toxicity.
Clemons, KV; Schwartz, JA; Stevens, DA, 2012)		0.38
"The dosing differences between nonliposomal and liposomal preparations of amphotericin B can be as high as 50-fold."( Survival after amphotericin B overdose treated with plasmapheresis.
Banerji, S; Heard, KJ; Roussil, TK; Wang, GS, 2013)		0.39
" Further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of the drug in children could also provide information for rational dosing regimens designed to decrease nephrotoxicity."( Deoxycholate amphotericin B and nephrotoxicity in the pediatric setting.
Arrizurieta, E; Bes, DF; Rosanova, MT; Sberna, N, 2014)		0.4
" Fewer than one-half of the patients (n=371) received a TDD within the dosing range recommended in the current guidelines."( Systemic antifungal prescribing in neonates and children: outcomes from the Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children (ARPEC) Study.
Bielicki, J; Doerholt, K; Goossens, H; Lestner, JM; Roilides, E; Sharland, M; Versporten, A; Warris, A, 2015)		0.42
" Advances in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial medications have led to improved dosing guidance for neonates."( New antifungal and antiviral dosing.
Monk, HM; Wade, KC, 2015)		0.42
" A clinical dosage of liposomal amphotericin B of 3 mg/kg/day is predicted to cause complete suppression of galactomannan and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan levels in the majority of patients."( Pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B deoxycholate, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B against Aspergillus fumigatus.
Al-Nakeeb, Z; Goodwin, J; Hope, WW; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Walsh, TJ, 2015)		0.42
" In vitro, experimental animal models and human clinical trial data are summarized, and novel routes of administration and dosing schedules are discussed."( Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome(®)): A Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Experience and Future Directions.
Bicanic, T; Hope, W; Salim, R; Stone, NR, 2016)		0.43
" Renal and hepatic markers were raised for Fungizone®-like formulation-treated rats but not for AmB-SDCS formulations following 7 days of regular dosing by intratracheal instillation."( Biodistribution and histopathology studies of amphotericin B sodium deoxycholate sulfate formulation following intratracheal instillation in rat models.
Javed, I; Nopparat, J; Srichana, T; Usman, F, 2020)		0.56
" To standardize the clinical application of AmBd, well-known experts in this field were invited to reach a consensus on the antifungal properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics, dosage regimen, clinical application, prevention and treatment of adverse reactions of AmBd."( [Expert consensus on rational clinical application of amphotericin B deoxycholate (2022)].
, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (316)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902 (0.63)18.7374
1990's34 (10.76)18.2507
2000's110 (34.81)29.6817
2010's140 (44.30)24.3611
2020's30 (9.49)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials29 (8.76%)5.53%
Reviews55 (16.62%)6.00%
Case Studies62 (18.73%)4.05%
Observational4 (1.21%)0.25%
Other181 (54.68%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (14)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Multicentric Efficacy and Safety Study of Antileishmanial Drugs for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil [NCT01310738]Phase 4378 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Terminated(stopped due to DSMB recommendation based on programmed interim analysis.)
A Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B Deoxycholate With or Without Flucytosine Followed by Fluconazole, for the Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis [NCT02136030]84 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-02-28Recruiting
Randomized, Open-label, Parallel-group, Safety & Efficacy Study to Evaluate Different Combination Treatment Regimens, of Either AmBisome and Paromomycin, AmBisome and Miltefosine, or Paromomycin and Miltefosine Compared With Amphotericin B Deoxycholate (t [NCT00696969]Phase 3634 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate Compared to Meglumine Antimoniate for Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazilian Children [NCT01032187]Phase 4101 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Micafungin Versus Amphotericin B Deoxycholate for the Treatment of Neonatal Candidiasis [NCT00815516]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Terminated(stopped due to It was decided to discontinue the study due to insufficient recruitment.)
The Effect and Safety of Three Initial Introduction Treatments on HIV-infected Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis: A Multi-center, Random and Prospective Study [NCT04072640]Early Phase 1120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-25Active, not recruiting
A Phase I/II Dose-Finding Study of High-Dose Fluconazole Treatment in AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis [NCT00885703]Phase 1/Phase 2168 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-16Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Single Infusion of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis [NCT00628719]Phase 3400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Randomised, Open-label, Parallel-group, Safety and Efficacy Study to Evaluate Different Combination Treatment Regimens (Co-administration), of AmBisome, Paromomycin and Miltefosine in Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) [NCT00523965]Phase 3624 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, COMPARATIVE, MULTICENTER STUDY TO EVALUATE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NYSTATIN AND AMPHOTERICIN B FOR EMPIRIC ANTIFUNGAL TREATMENT IN NEUTROPENIC PATIENTS [NCT00002742]Phase 30 participants Interventional1996-01-31Completed
Randomised Double Blind Dose Ranging Study of Amphotericin B in Visceral Leishmaniasis [NCT00310505]1,500 participants Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Using Serum Galactomannan Levels in a Prospective, Randomised, Non-blinded Trial to Guide Early Anti-fungal Therapy in Haematology Patients at Risk of Invasive Aspergillosis. [NCT00361517]Phase 347 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-01Completed
An Open Randomised Comparative Multicentre Study of the Efficacy, Safety and Toleration of Voriconazole Versus Amphotericin-B in the Treatment of Acute Invasive Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Patients [NCT00003031]Phase 3212 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1997-06-30Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Caspofungin Versus Amphotericin B Deoxycholate in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis in Neonates and Infants Less Than 3 Months o [NCT01945281]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-15Terminated(stopped due to Operational feasibility with low recruitment due to changing epidemiology of disease)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Fungal-free Survival
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Fungal-free Survival at End of Study Drug Therapy in Infants With End-organ Dissemination
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Fungal-free Survival One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug in Infants With End-organ Dissemination
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Emergent Fungal Infections
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Recurrent Fungal Infections
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Time to Mycological Clearance of Invasive Candidiasis
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Time to Positive Clinical Response
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Clinical Response at the End of Study Drug Therapy
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Clinical Response One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Follow-up Status for Infants With End-organ Assessments
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Mycological Response at End of Study Drug Therapy
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Mycological Response One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug
NCT00815516 (13) [back to overview]Plasma Micafungin Concentration
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Change in Log10 Quantitative CSF Culture Results
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Kaplan Meier (KM) Proportion of Participant Mortality
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Length of Hospitalization
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study-provided High Dose Fluconazole or Ampho B
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With CNS IRIS
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Progression of Symptoms
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 and 4 Adverse Events
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Results of Functional Status Evaluation
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Categorized Quantitative Culture Results
NCT00885703 (10) [back to overview]Results of the Neurological Examination
NCT01945281 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT01945281 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Fungal-free Survival Through the 2-week Post-therapy Period
NCT01945281 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Fungal-free Survival Through the End of Study Treatment

Fungal-free Survival

"Fungal-free survival was assessed by an independent data review panel (DRP). Fungal-free survival is defined as the percentage of participants alive at one week following the last dose of study drug with a mycological response of eradication and no requirement for alternative systemic antifungal therapy for continued treatment.~Eradication was defined as culture or histologically documented absence of the infecting Candida species from all positive normally sterile sites during therapy, documented by 2 negative samples, drawn at least 24 hours apart, or for Candida meningitis and/or candiduria, 1 negative culture." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: One week after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 49 days)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Micafungin60.0
Amphotericin B70.0

[back to top]

Fungal-free Survival at End of Study Drug Therapy in Infants With End-organ Dissemination

Fungal-free survival was assessed by an independent data review panel (DRP). Fungal-free survival is defined as the percentage of participants alive at the end of study drug therapy with a mycological response of eradication based upon the DRP assessment and no requirement for alternative systemic antifungal therapy for continued treatment. (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: The end of study drug therapy; maximum of 42 days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Micafungin42.9
Amphotericin B33.3

[back to top]

Fungal-free Survival One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug in Infants With End-organ Dissemination

Fungal-free survival was assessed by an independent data review panel (DRP). Fungal-free survival is defined as the percentage of participants alive one week after last dose of study drug with a mycological response of eradication based upon the DRP assessment and no requirement for alternative systemic antifungal therapy for continued treatment. (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: One week after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 49 days)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Micafungin42.9
Amphotericin B33.3

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Emergent Fungal Infections

"An emergent fungal infection is defined as~An invasive fungal infection which is detected at any time during the study that is a non-Candida organism, or~An invasive fungal infection which is detected during the treatment or post-treatment period with a Candida species identified other than those detected at Baseline. If this occurred within 96 hours of the first dose of study drug, the infection was considered part of the final diagnosis of enrolling infection and not an emergent infection." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 72 days)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Micafungin5.0
Amphotericin B0

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Recurrent Fungal Infections

A recurrent infection is defined as a systemic fungal infection in an infant with eradication at the end of study drug therapy, who developed positive blood cultures or a mycologically confirmed deep-seated Candida infection, with the same species as the enrolling infection. (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 72 days)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Micafungin0
Amphotericin B12.5

[back to top]

Time to Mycological Clearance of Invasive Candidiasis

"Time to mycological clearance of invasive candidiasis is defined as the time from first dose to the day of mycological eradication for baseline invasive candidiasis infection.~Eradication was defined as a culture or histologically documented absence of the infecting Candida species from all positive normally sterile sites during therapy, documented by 2 negative samples, drawn at least 24 hours apart, or for for Candida meningitis and/or candiduria, 1 negative culture.~Infants without eradication during the treatment period and who survived were censored at one day after the end of treatment. Infants without eradication who died before completing the treatment period or were lost to follow-up during the treatment were censored at their death or last contact day." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: From first dose up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 72 days)

Interventiondays (Median)
Micafungin6.0
Amphotericin B3.0

[back to top]

Time to Positive Clinical Response

"Time to a positive clinical response is defined as the time from the first dose to the day during the treatment period that a positive clinical response (defined as a complete response or partial response) is observed for the first time, assessed by the Investigator.~Complete Response is defined as the resolution of all attributable signs related to fungal infection, if present at baseline and Partial Response is defined as improvement in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline.~Infants without positive responses and who survived were censored at one day post the end of treatment. Infants without positive responses who died before completing the treatment period, or were lost to follow-up during the treatment were censored at their death or last contact day." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: From first dose up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 72 days)

Interventiondays (Median)
Micafungin8.0
Amphotericin B11.0

[back to top]

Clinical Response at the End of Study Drug Therapy

"Clinical response assessments were based on the following definitions and assessed by the DRP:~Complete Response: Resolution of all attributable signs related to fungal infection, if present at baseline.~Partial Response: Improvement in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline.~Stabilization: Minor improvement or no change in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline, and infant continued on therapy without deterioration.~Progression: Deterioration in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline; or if death occurred presumably related to a fungal infection." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: Baseline and end of study drug therapy; maximum of 42 days

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
CompletePartialStableProgressionMissing
Amphotericin B70.0010.020.00
Micafungin55.65.65.616.716.7

[back to top]

Clinical Response One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug

"Clinical response assessments were based on the following definitions and assessed by the DRP:~Complete Response: Resolution of all attributable signs related to fungal infection, if present at baseline.~Partial Response: Improvement in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline.~Stabilization: Minor improvement or no change in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline, and infant continued on therapy without deterioration.~Progression: Deterioration in attributable signs related to the fungal infection, if present at baseline; or if death occurred presumably related to a fungal infection." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: Baseline and one week after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 49 days)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
CompletePartialStableProgressionMissing
Amphotericin B70.0010.020.00
Micafungin55.65.65.65.627.8

[back to top]

Follow-up Status for Infants With End-organ Assessments

"End-organ dissemination was assessed through abdominal ultrasound and/or computed tomography (CT), echocardiogram, head imaging and retinal exam. Each specific finding, documented by 1 of these techniques, was evaluated as follows:~Improvement: Improvement in size, number or density of identified lesions. Complete response was not expected but may have been documented.~Stabilization: Minor improvement or no change in size, number or density of identified lesions.~Worsening: Increase in size or number of identified lesions." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: Baseline and 30 days after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 72 days)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ImprovedStableWorsenedNot Assessed
Amphotericin B33.3066.70
Micafungin57.114.314.314.3

[back to top]

Mycological Response at End of Study Drug Therapy

"Mycological response assessments were based on the following definitions and assessed by the DRP:~Eradication: Culture or histologically documented absence of the infecting Candida species from all positive normally sterile sites during therapy, documented by 2 negative samples, drawn at least 24 h apart; for Candida meningitis and/or candiduria, 1 negative culture.~Persistence: Continued isolation or histological documentation from a normally sterile site." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: End of study drug therapy; maximum of 42 days

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
EradicationPersistenceNot Assessed
Amphotericin B80.020.00
Micafungin55.010.035.0

[back to top]

Mycological Response One Week After Last Dose of Study Drug

"Mycological response assessments were based on the following definitions and assessed by the DRP:~Eradication: Culture or histologically documented absence of the infecting Candida species from all positive normally sterile sites during therapy, documented by 2 negative samples, drawn at least 24 h apart; for Candida meningitis and/or candiduria, 1 negative culture.~Persistence: Continued isolation or histological documentation from a normally sterile site." (NCT00815516)
Timeframe: One week after the last dose of study drug (maximum of 49 days)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Continuing Eradication/EradicationPersistenceNot Assessed
Amphotericin B80.020.00
Micafungin55.010.035.0

[back to top]

Plasma Micafungin Concentration

(NCT00815516)
Timeframe: 15 minutes post intravenous infusion (IV), 4-8 hours post IV and 15-24 hours post IV

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Within 15 Minutes Post IV4-8 Hours Post IV15-24 Hours Post IV
Micafungin25130.523751.714118.3

[back to top]

Change in Log10 Quantitative CSF Culture Results

"Change in quantitative CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) cultures.~Note: No further CSF specimens are drawn following a negative culture. Thus, only week 2 CSF cultures are considered in this analysis." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Entry and Week 2

InterventionLog10 CFU/mL (Median)
Fluconazole 1200mg-1.51
Fluconazole 1600mg-2.51
Fluconazole 2000mg-1.78
Ampho B-2.81

[back to top]

Kaplan Meier (KM) Proportion of Participant Mortality

Kaplan Meier Proportion of participants who died over study with 90% Confidence Intervals. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Fluconazole 1200mg0.41
Fluconazole 1600mg0.30
Fluconazole 2000mg0.36
Ampho B0.24

[back to top]

Length of Hospitalization

Duration of first hospitalization in days starting at entry in safety population. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 10

InterventionDays (Median)
Fluconazole 1200mg15
Fluconazole 1600mg17.5
Fluconazole 2000mg18
Ampho B18.5

[back to top]

Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study-provided High Dose Fluconazole or Ampho B

"Discontinuation of study-provided high dose fluconazole at or by week 10 Discontinuation of study-provided ampho B at or by week 2~Discontinuation includes discontinuing for any reason, including progression of symptoms, death, etc." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stage 1, Fluconazole 1200mg14
Stage 1, Fluconazole 1600mg11
Stage 1, Fluconazole 2000mg11
Stage 1, Ampho B6
Stage 2, Fluconazole 1600mg12
Stage 2, Fluconazole 2000mg13
Stage 2, Ampho B6

[back to top]

Number of Participants With CNS IRIS

Number of participants who were diagnosed with CNS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Fluconazole 1200mg1
Fluconazole 1600mg0
Fluconazole 2000mg0
Ampho B1

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Progression of Symptoms

"Progression of symptoms is defined as:~Died (including early deaths)~Discontinued Fluconazole and started ampho B~Had a positive cryptococcal culture at week 10~Microbiological Failure (i.e., relapse of CM)~Complication of CM (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus or vascular complications such as venous or arterial thrombosis)~CM IRIS causing increased inflammation after ART exposure~New CNS Ol (e.g., toxoplasmosis, PML, CNS lymphoma)~Possibly related to CM but mechanism indeterminate~Other defined complication unrelated to CM" (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Fluconazole 1200mg14
Fluconazole 1600mg21
Fluconazole 2000mg24
Ampho B19

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Grade 3 and 4 Adverse Events

"Occurrence of grade 3 (severe) and 4 (life-threatening) sign and symptoms events (as defined by FSTRF Appendix 29)~Occurrence of grade 3 (severe) and 4 (life-threatening) laboratory events (as defined by FSTRF Appendix 76)~See DAIDS AE Grading table V1.0" (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured from study entry through Week 24

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sign/Symptom EventsLaboratory Events
Ampho B2430
Fluconazole 1200mg1612
Fluconazole 1600mg2327
Fluconazole 2000mg3226

[back to top]

Results of Functional Status Evaluation

"Functional assessment of work status and ability. Consists of 2 measures: 1) Does participants have full time work status 2) Does participant have functional ability to work.~The measure from 6 week before enrollment will be referred to as 'baseline'." (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured 6 weeks before enrollment, at study entry, at Week 10, and at Week 24

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline Had full time work statusEntry Had full time work statusWeek 10 Had full time work statusWeek 24 Had full time work statusBaseline Had functional ability to workEntry Had functional ability to workWeek 10 Had functional ability to workWeek 24 Had functional ability to work
Ampho B42913223871524
Fluconazole 1200mg1833716147
Fluconazole 1600mg41916184181819
Fluconazole 2000mg368917323916

[back to top]

Categorized Quantitative Culture Results

Count of participants who were CM negative (had no cryptococcal growth), CM negative after switching treatment (switched from Fluconazole to Ampho B or vice versa and later became CM negative), CM positive, Died, Lost to follow-up. Note: CM positive means continued to have cryptococcal growth. (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: At entry, Week 2, and Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 072337496Week 072337498Week 072337499Week 072337497Week 272337496Week 272337497Week 272337498Week 272337499Week 1072337496Week 1072337497Week 1072337498Week 1072337499
CM Negative after switching treatmentDiedLost to Follow-upCM PositiveCM Negative
Fluconazole 1200mg20
Fluconazole 1600mg45
Fluconazole 2000mg43
Ampho B46
Fluconazole 1200mg0
Fluconazole 2000mg0
Ampho B0
Fluconazole 1600mg0
Fluconazole 1200mg12
Fluconazole 1600mg27
Fluconazole 2000mg27
Ampho B29
Fluconazole 1600mg12
Fluconazole 2000mg10
Ampho B13
Fluconazole 1200mg5
Fluconazole 1600mg6
Fluconazole 2000mg6
Ampho B4
Fluconazole 1200mg3
Fluconazole 1600mg4
Fluconazole 2000mg3
Ampho B2
Fluconazole 1200mg8
Fluconazole 1600mg24
Fluconazole 2000mg22
Ampho B37
Fluconazole 1200mg1
Fluconazole 2000mg5
Fluconazole 1600mg10
Fluconazole 2000mg12
Ampho B5
Fluconazole 1600mg3
Fluconazole 2000mg1
Ampho B1

[back to top]

Results of the Neurological Examination

Results from Glasgow Coma Score, which provides assessment of impairment of conscious level in response to defined stimuli. Min score of 0 and max score of 15 (no mental impairment). (NCT00885703)
Timeframe: Measured at study entry, Week 2, and Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Week 072337496Week 072337497Week 072337498Week 072337499Week 272337496Week 272337497Week 272337498Week 272337499Week 1072337497Week 1072337498Week 1072337496Week 1072337499
Score = 15Score < 15
Fluconazole 1200mg5
Fluconazole 1600mg5
Fluconazole 2000mg5
Ampho B1
Fluconazole 1200mg17
Fluconazole 1600mg45
Fluconazole 2000mg42
Ampho B47
Fluconazole 1200mg2
Fluconazole 1600mg4
Fluconazole 2000mg4
Ampho B5
Fluconazole 1200mg15
Fluconazole 1600mg38
Fluconazole 2000mg36
Ampho B38
Fluconazole 1200mg1
Fluconazole 1600mg1
Fluconazole 2000mg1
Ampho B0
Fluconazole 1200mg11
Fluconazole 1600mg33
Fluconazole 2000mg26
Ampho B34

[back to top]

Number of Participants With an Adverse Event (AE)

An AE is any unfavorable and unintended change in the structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening (i.e., any clinically significant adverse change in frequency and/or intensity) of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the SPONSOR's product, is also an AE. (NCT01945281)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after end of study therapy (up to 146 days)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Caspofungin28
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate16

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Fungal-free Survival Through the 2-week Post-therapy Period

Fungal-free survival is those participants who survived up to 2 weeks post-therapy, and had documented microbiological eradication of Candida species (sp.) from follow-up cultures collected after the initiation of study therapy. Microbiological eradication denotes negative follow-up cultures for Candida sp. from the site of infection. If a culture is not obtained on the day of assessment, the last culture after study entry may be used to assist in the assessment of microbiological eradication. If the last culture is negative for Candida sp., then microbiological eradication would be considered achieved. (NCT01945281)
Timeframe: Up to 104 days

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Caspofungin71.0
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate68.8

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Fungal-free Survival Through the End of Study Treatment

Fungal-free survival is those participants who survived up to end of study treatment, and had documented microbiological eradication of Candida sp. from follow-up cultures collected after the initiation of study therapy. Microbiological eradication denotes negative follow-up cultures for Candida sp. from the site of infection. If a culture is not obtained on the day of assessment, the last culture after study entry may be used to assist in the assessment of microbiological eradication. If the last culture is negative for Candida sp., then microbiological eradication would be considered achieved. (NCT01945281)
Timeframe: Up to 90 days

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Caspofungin71.0
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate75.0

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.48202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.0110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		6100phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.8221isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		9.94441conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		8.62172aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.6320
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		6100phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.5920aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.4820D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannitol
[no description available]		2.0510mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.0110beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.3110trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl palmitate
[no description available]		1.9710fatty acid methyl estermetabolite
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4920hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.1510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.39201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.2510acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
cladribine
[no description available]		2.0110organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0110aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0110beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		12.06276aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.		2.4920
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.3920organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
cholesteryl sulfate
cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.		1.9810steroid sulfatehuman metabolite
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.0410cephalosporinfungal metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		10.043021,2,3-triazole
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		9.72271conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
pd 145065
PD 145065: a non-selective endothelin(A)/endothelin(B) antagonist		210
n-nitrosoarginine
N-nitrosoarginine: may play role in nitric oxide synthesis		210
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		4.0820amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		210amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
l 158809
L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist		210
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		19.2631731bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.0810
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.0510
ergosterol
[no description available]		2.44203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.1510cyclodextrin
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.1310nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		6.6661aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
l 743,872
[no description available]		8.63151
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		7.4371antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.4820dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		2.4820oligosaccharide
digitoxigenin
Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).		2.311014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.110D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		19.2731931antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		5.1150metalloid atom;
pnictogen
amphoglucamine
[no description available]		2.2110
cilofungin
cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.		1.9710antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		3.96301,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.9340nystatins
methylamphotericin b
methylamphotericin B: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710macrolide;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
metabolite
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		10.712231,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chitosan
[no description available]		2.5520
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.0210
incb-018424
[no description available]		3.4110nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		2.4820
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		2.0310peptide
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.8121
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.2510
echinocandin b
echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.		4.0320
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		3.21102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.21102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		2.0810nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2110L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
antimony sodium gluconate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.		3.8930
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.4110
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		09.18225
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		010.46326
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.4110
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		09.18225
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		010.46326
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4420
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.610
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		04.2431
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.4420
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.610
Candidiasis, Invasive
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.		08.7972
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1450
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		016.117120
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.1450
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		016.117120
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.1830
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.1530
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.		02.2110
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		02.2110
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.2110
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.2110
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		03.2650
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.		04.6250
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		03.2650
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		05.6261
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		04.2330
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.8682
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		06.22120
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.8682
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		010.78267
Candida Infection
[description not available]		08.02380
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.02380
Candidemia
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.		03.9640
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		06.09150
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.6890
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		06.09150
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.2510
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		03.8940
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.2510
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.7930
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.8940
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.2510
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.8130
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		09.53125
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		03.5320
Fungal Meningitis
[description not available]		03.7430
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.4120
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		03.5320
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.1710
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.4720
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		04.8110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.4720
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.1710
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		04.8110
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		05.73130
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.4720
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.1710
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		05.73130
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.4720
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		03.1710
Black Fever
[description not available]		09.85204
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		09.85204
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		04.760
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		04.760
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		03.2310
Co-infection
[description not available]		05.5251
Phlegmon
[description not available]		03.2310
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		03.2310
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		03.2310
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.2310
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		03.2310
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		03.7530
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.0240
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		04.9621
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		013.062815
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		03.9721
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		04.9621
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.1510
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.1510
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.1510
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		06.5271
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.7830
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		02.1510
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.7830
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		06.5271
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.1510
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.4920
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.940
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.4920
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		03.0910
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		03.4420
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		04.650
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		04.650
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		03.0910
Disseminated Fungal Infection
[description not available]		04.4441
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary
[description not available]		04.1631
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		04.1631
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.6180
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.6180
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		08.72271
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		08.72271
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		04.6330
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.1710
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		04.6330
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous
A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.		03.4720
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.2110
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.2110
Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.2110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.2110
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.2110
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.2110
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		02.4920
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		02.4920
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.7730
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.4920
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		05.4460
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		05.4460
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.4920
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		02.0810
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.0810
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0810
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		02.0810
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		02.0810
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0810
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		02.0810
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.9242
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		0310
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		0310
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		0310
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		0310
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.8520
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.0810
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		02.4220
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		02.4220
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.0810
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		09.36164
Pyrexia
[description not available]		08.06143
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.9840
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		08.06143
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.110
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.4820
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.4820
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		02.110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.4820
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4520
MODS
[description not available]		02.110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.4820
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4520
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.110
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.5220
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1110
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.1110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.1110
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.1110
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		03.0310
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.0310
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.0310
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		03.0310
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		03.0310
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.0310
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis
[description not available]		02.9840
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.4720
Chronic Delta Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.4720
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		02.1110
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.1110
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.1110
Chills
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.		03.0310
Emesis
[description not available]		03.0310
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		03.3720
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.0310
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.7530
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.1310
Encephalitis Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.7530
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		02.1310
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.97130
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.1310
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.1510
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.1310
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.7530
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.1310
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.520
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.1310
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.1310
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.1310
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.520
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.1310
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.1510
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.1510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.3241
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.9540
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		02.0510
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.0510
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.0510
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.0510
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		02.0610
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		03.4411
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4411
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		03.4411
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		03.4411
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.3320
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		03.3320
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.0510
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		02.0510
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.0510
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		02.0510
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.0510
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.9810
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9810
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.9810
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		02.9810
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		02.0710
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive
[description not available]		02.4420
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.0710
Neuroaspergillosis
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)		02.4420
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.8474
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.8474
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.0710
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.9640
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.		02.0110
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.0110
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0110
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Entomophthoramycosis
[description not available]		04.8250
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		02.0110
Zygomycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.		04.8250
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0110
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0110
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.4444
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		07.4444
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4320
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4320
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		02.0210
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.0310
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.0310
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.0310
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0310
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.0310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0310
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0310
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.0310
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0310
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.0310
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.0310
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.9510
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.9510
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.9510
Shingles
[description not available]		02.0310
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.0310
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.0310
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.0310
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		01.9810
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		01.9810
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9910
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		01.9910
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9910
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		0210
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		0210
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		0210
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		0210
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		0210
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		0210
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		0210
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.3611
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3611
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		01.9710