Colourless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into coloured compounds. They are used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, particularly in the form of enzyme substrates.
ChEBI ID: 75050
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde | A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine. | 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde |
| 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate | A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-methylumbelliferone in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a butyryl group. | 4-methylumbelliferyl butyate |
| 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside | A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside |
| 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide | A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor, it is anti-tumourigenic for various malignant tumours. | 4-methylumbelliferone beta-D-glucuronide |
| 4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside | A beta-D-galactoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactoside |
| 4-nitrocatechol sulfate | An aryl sulfate that is 4-nitrocatechol in which the hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted into the corresponding hydrogen sulfate. It is used (commonly as its dipotassium salt) as a chromogenic substrate for sulphatase. | 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate |
| 4-nitrophenyl alpha-glucoside | An alpha-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group. | 4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucoside |
| 4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucoside | A beta-D-glucoside that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group. | 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucoside |
| 4-nitrophenyl beta-d-xyloside | A xyloside that is beta-D-xylopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group. | 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-xyloside |
| 4-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside | An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group. | 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide |
| 4-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-fucoside | An alpha-L-fucoside that is alpha-L-fucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group. | 4-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside |
| 4-nitrophenylglucuronide | A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide |
| 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside | An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product. | 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside |
| 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate | An aryl phosphate that is indoxyl phopshate in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, which cleaves the phosphate group to give 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product. | 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate |
| 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl acetate | An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl. | 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl acetate |
| 6-bromo-2-naphthyl-beta-galactopyranoside | A beta-D-galactoside having a 6-bromo-2-naphthyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 6-bromo-2-naphthyl beta-D-galactoside |
| arginine beta-naphthylamide | An L-arginine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | L-arginine 2-naphthylamide |
| aspartic acid beta-naphthylamide | An L-aspartic acid derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-aspartic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | N-(alpha-L-aspartyl)-2-naphthylamine |
| benzoyltyrosine ethyl ester | An L-tyrosine derivative that is the ethyl ester of N-benzoyltyrosine. | ethyl N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinate |
| beta-naphthyl phosphate | An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 1 mol eq. of 2-naphthol. It is a substrate for phosphatase. | 2-naphthyl dihydrogen phosphate |
| gamma-glutamyl-2-naphthylamide | An L-glutamic acid derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | N-(alpha-L-glutamyl)-2-naphthylamine |
| glycylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide | An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycyl-L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide |
| L-histidine 2-naphthylamide | An L-histidine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-histidine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | L-histidine 2-naphthylamide |
| leucine-beta-naphthylamide | An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | L-leucine 2-naphthylamide |
| nitrophenylgalactosides | A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position. | 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside |
| phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide | An L-phenylalanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine. | L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide |
| phenylpyruvic acid | A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway. | keto-phenylpyruvic acid |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 499 (28.50) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 381 (21.76) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 445 (25.41) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 380 (21.70) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 46 (2.63) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 3 (0.16%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 17 (0.90%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 12 (0.64%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 1,854 (98.30%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.7168 | 1 | 2 |
| alpha-galactosidase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 38.5437 | 2 | 3 |
| apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1 | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 66.6712 | 2 | 2 |
| C-terminal-binding protein 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.9808 | 1 | 2 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.6899 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.5520 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, Ferritin light chain | Equus caballus (horse) | Potency | 26.6320 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.0795 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain B, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 1 |
| ClpP | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 89.1251 | 1 | 2 |
| DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.5875 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.4862 | 2 | 2 |
| eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.3349 | 1 | 2 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.6973 | 2 | 3 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 47.9478 | 2 | 2 |
| glucocerebrosidase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.8631 | 1 | 3 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.9622 | 1 | 1 |
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.8913 | 1 | 1 |
| histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.4827 | 1 | 1 |
| histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| Luciferase | Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly) | Potency | 37.9330 | 1 | 1 |
| lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 3 | 3 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| nonstructural protein 1 | Influenza A virus (A/WSN/1933(H1N1)) | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.3060 | 2 | 4 |
| nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 1.8256 | 2 | 2 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 51.6539 | 2 | 4 |
| Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 100.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 68.5896 | 2 | 3 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.3601 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 37.6188 | 2 | 2 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.4579 | 2 | 2 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 58.1965 | 1 | 1 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.8966 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-C chemokine receptor type 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 0.3830 | 1 | 1 |
| C-terminal-binding protein 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 116.3000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.7950 | 1 | 2 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 12 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.0312 | 1 | 2 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 88.5000 | 1 | 2 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 9 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 0.2315 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, Protein-tyrosine phosphatase yopH | Yersinia enterocolitica | Ki | 25.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, REPLICASE POLYPROTEIN 1AB | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | Ki | 1.3800 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2A13 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 17.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2A6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 3.6000 | 1 | 1 |
| Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 20 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 28.9202 | 1 | 2 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 79.1443 | 2 | 3 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 2A13 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.6500 | 1 | 1 |
| Cytochrome P450 2A6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.6800 | 1 | 1 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-amylase | Geobacillus stearothermophilus | Km | 1,200.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator | Homo sapiens (human) | AC50 | 44.1800 | 1 | 1 |
| Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 20.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Taste receptor type 2 member 16 | Homo sapiens (human) | Activity | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | AC50 | 44.1800 | 1 | 1 |