lactic acid has been researched along with Koch's Disease in 41 studies
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"The potential of econazole (ECZ) and moxifloxacin (MOX) individually against tuberculosis (TB) caused by multidrug-resistant and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been demonstrated." | 7.74 | Novel chemotherapy for tuberculosis: chemotherapeutic potential of econazole- and moxifloxacin-loaded PLG nanoparticles. ( Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, 2008) |
"To establish the chemotherapeutic value of a depot drug preparation of isoniazid and pyrazinamide against experimental tuberculosis." | 7.70 | Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in mice using single implants of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. ( Gangadharam, PR; Geeta, N; Hsu, YY; Wise, DL, 1999) |
"Streptomycin levels were maintained for 4 days in the plasma and for 7 days in the organs following a single oral administration of PLG nanoparticles." | 5.34 | Nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery system for an injectable antibiotic - streptomycin. Evaluation in a murine tuberculosis model. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2007) |
"Drug delivery strategies to achieve a sustained drug release and increased bioavailability involve the use of biodegradable polymeric drug carriers." | 5.31 | Sustained release of isoniazid from a single injectable dose of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as a therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. ( Dutt, M; Khuller, GK, 2001) |
" The chemotherapeutic data essentially confirmed the bioavailability data." | 5.29 | Experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis using single dose treatment with isoniazid in biodegradable polymers. ( Gangadharam, PR; Kailasam, S; Srinivasan, S; Wise, DL, 1994) |
"This study focused on evaluating four emulsion-based processing strategies for polymeric nanoparticle synthesis to explicate the mechanisms of nanoparticle formation and the influence on achieving sustained-release of two anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin." | 3.77 | Polymeric emulsion and crosslink-mediated synthesis of super-stable nanoparticles as sustained-release anti-tuberculosis drug carriers. ( Choonara, YE; du Toit, LC; Jarvis, DL; Khan, RA; Kumar, P; Murphy, CS; Ndesendo, VM; Pillay, V, 2011) |
"The potential of econazole (ECZ) and moxifloxacin (MOX) individually against tuberculosis (TB) caused by multidrug-resistant and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been demonstrated." | 3.74 | Novel chemotherapy for tuberculosis: chemotherapeutic potential of econazole- and moxifloxacin-loaded PLG nanoparticles. ( Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, 2008) |
"To establish the chemotherapeutic value of a depot drug preparation of isoniazid and pyrazinamide against experimental tuberculosis." | 3.70 | Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in mice using single implants of isoniazid and pyrazinamide. ( Gangadharam, PR; Geeta, N; Hsu, YY; Wise, DL, 1999) |
" Whereas free thioridazine was highly toxic in both cells and zebrafish embryos, after encapsulation in nanoparticles no toxicity was detected." | 1.43 | Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish. ( Anes, E; Bogoeva, V; Fenaroli, F; Griffiths, G; Hildahl, J; Kalluru, R; Pires, D; Speth, M; Vibe, CB; Wilson, SR, 2016) |
"Granulomas are the hallmark of mycobacterial disease." | 1.42 | The Warburg effect in mycobacterial granulomas is dependent on the recruitment and activation of macrophages by interferon-γ. ( Abrunhosa, AJ; Appelberg, R; Barreira-Silva, P; Borges, M; Correia-Neves, M; Dinis-Oliveira, RJ; Ferreira, NC; Jordan, MB; Moreira, D; Resende, M; Silva, L; Silvestre, R, 2015) |
"Streptomycin levels were maintained for 4 days in the plasma and for 7 days in the organs following a single oral administration of PLG nanoparticles." | 1.34 | Nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery system for an injectable antibiotic - streptomycin. Evaluation in a murine tuberculosis model. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2007) |
"To improve the bioavailability of antitubercular drugs (ATDs) as well as to assess the feasibility of administering ATDs via the respiratory route, this study reports the formulation of three frontline ATDs, i." | 1.32 | Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Prasad, B; Sharma, A; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003) |
"Patient non-compliance is the major drawback associated with the long-duration chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB); hence, reduction in dosing frequency forms an important therapeutic strategy." | 1.32 | Nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs as a potential oral drug delivery system against murine tuberculosis. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S; Zahoor, A, 2003) |
" The mean residence time and absolute bioavailability were increased several-fold as compared with unencapsulated drugs." | 1.32 | Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R, 2004) |
" Therefore, nanoparticle based antitubercular chemotherapy forms a sound basis for a reduction in dosing frequency and also offers the possibility of reducing the drug dosage." | 1.32 | Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis. ( Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, A; Sharma, S, 2004) |
"Drug delivery strategies to achieve a sustained drug release and increased bioavailability involve the use of biodegradable polymeric drug carriers." | 1.31 | Sustained release of isoniazid from a single injectable dose of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as a therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. ( Dutt, M; Khuller, GK, 2001) |
" The chemotherapeutic data essentially confirmed the bioavailability data." | 1.29 | Experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis using single dose treatment with isoniazid in biodegradable polymers. ( Gangadharam, PR; Kailasam, S; Srinivasan, S; Wise, DL, 1994) |
"In order to solve the problem of poor patient compliance, attempts were made to prolong the bioavailability of antimycobacterial drugs after a single administration." | 1.28 | Sustained release of isoniazid in vivo from a single implant of a biodegradable polymer. ( Ashtekar, DR; Farhi, DC; Gangadharam, PR; Wise, DL, 1991) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (12.20) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 5 (12.20) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 13 (31.71) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 18 (43.90) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Billig, S | 1 |
Schneefeld, M | 1 |
Huber, C | 1 |
Grassl, GA | 1 |
Eisenreich, W | 1 |
Bange, FC | 1 |
Ashhurst, AS | 1 |
Parumasivam, T | 1 |
Chan, JGY | 1 |
Lin, LCW | 1 |
Flórido, M | 1 |
West, NP | 2 |
Chan, HK | 1 |
Britton, WJ | 1 |
Hakkimane, SS | 1 |
Shenoy, VP | 1 |
Gaonkar, SL | 1 |
Bairy, I | 1 |
Guru, BR | 1 |
Serafini, A | 1 |
Tan, L | 1 |
Horswell, S | 1 |
Howell, S | 1 |
Greenwood, DJ | 1 |
Hunt, DM | 1 |
Phan, MD | 1 |
Schembri, M | 1 |
Monteleone, M | 1 |
Montague, CR | 1 |
Britton, W | 1 |
Garza-Garcia, A | 1 |
Snijders, AP | 1 |
VanderVen, B | 1 |
Gutierrez, MG | 1 |
de Carvalho, LPS | 1 |
Dube, A | 1 |
Reynolds, JL | 1 |
Law, WC | 1 |
Maponga, CC | 1 |
Prasad, PN | 1 |
Morse, GD | 1 |
Fenaroli, F | 2 |
Westmoreland, D | 1 |
Benjaminsen, J | 1 |
Kolstad, T | 1 |
Skjeldal, FM | 1 |
Meijer, AH | 1 |
van der Vaart, M | 1 |
Ulanova, L | 1 |
Roos, N | 1 |
Nyström, B | 1 |
Hildahl, J | 2 |
Griffiths, G | 2 |
Horváti, K | 1 |
Bacsa, B | 1 |
Kiss, E | 1 |
Gyulai, G | 1 |
Fodor, K | 1 |
Balka, G | 1 |
Rusvai, M | 1 |
Szabó, E | 1 |
Hudecz, F | 1 |
Bősze, S | 1 |
Zhou, A | 1 |
Ni, J | 1 |
Xu, Z | 1 |
Wang, Y | 1 |
Zhang, H | 1 |
Wu, W | 1 |
Lu, S | 1 |
Karakousis, PC | 1 |
Yao, YF | 1 |
Appelberg, R | 1 |
Moreira, D | 1 |
Barreira-Silva, P | 1 |
Borges, M | 1 |
Silva, L | 1 |
Dinis-Oliveira, RJ | 1 |
Resende, M | 1 |
Correia-Neves, M | 1 |
Jordan, MB | 1 |
Ferreira, NC | 1 |
Abrunhosa, AJ | 1 |
Silvestre, R | 1 |
Subbarao, S | 1 |
Wilkinson, KA | 1 |
van Halsema, CL | 1 |
Rao, SS | 1 |
Boyles, T | 1 |
Utay, NS | 1 |
Wilkinson, RJ | 1 |
Meintjes, G | 1 |
Vibe, CB | 1 |
Pires, D | 1 |
Wilson, SR | 1 |
Bogoeva, V | 1 |
Kalluru, R | 1 |
Speth, M | 1 |
Anes, E | 1 |
Moin, A | 1 |
Raizaday, A | 1 |
Hussain, T | 1 |
Nagshubha, B | 1 |
Hirota, K | 2 |
Hasegawa, T | 2 |
Nakajima, T | 2 |
Inagawa, H | 1 |
Kohchi, C | 1 |
Soma, G | 1 |
Makino, K | 2 |
Terada, H | 2 |
Lu, D | 1 |
Garcia-Contreras, L | 1 |
Muttil, P | 1 |
Padilla, D | 1 |
Xu, D | 1 |
Liu, J | 1 |
Braunstein, M | 1 |
McMurray, DN | 2 |
Hickey, AJ | 2 |
dos Santos, SA | 1 |
Zárate-Bladés, CR | 1 |
de Sá Galetti, FC | 1 |
Brandão, IT | 1 |
Masson, AP | 1 |
Soares, EG | 1 |
Araújo, AP | 1 |
Silva, CL | 2 |
Malathi, S | 1 |
Balasubramanian, S | 1 |
Choonara, YE | 1 |
Pillay, V | 1 |
Ndesendo, VM | 1 |
du Toit, LC | 1 |
Kumar, P | 1 |
Khan, RA | 1 |
Murphy, CS | 1 |
Jarvis, DL | 1 |
Lima, KM | 1 |
Santos, SA | 1 |
Lima, VM | 1 |
Coelho-Castelo, AA | 1 |
Rodrigues, JM | 1 |
MULLER, H | 1 |
RINDT, E | 1 |
BRUN, J | 1 |
REVOL, A | 1 |
BIOT, N | 1 |
PERRIN-FAYOLLE, M | 1 |
GARDERE, J | 1 |
OTRZONSEK, N | 1 |
KOSTRZEWSKA, K | 1 |
Pandey, R | 6 |
Sharma, A | 2 |
Zahoor, A | 2 |
Sharma, S | 4 |
Khuller, GK | 10 |
Prasad, B | 1 |
SCARPA, A | 1 |
GRASSO, S | 1 |
Mollenkopf, HJ | 1 |
Dietrich, G | 1 |
Fensterle, J | 1 |
Grode, L | 1 |
Diehl, KD | 1 |
Knapp, B | 1 |
Singh, M | 2 |
O'Hagan, DT | 2 |
Ulmer, JB | 1 |
Kaufmann, SH | 1 |
Cai, H | 1 |
Hu, XD | 1 |
Yu, DH | 1 |
Li, SX | 1 |
Tian, X | 1 |
Zhu, YX | 1 |
Ahmad, Z | 1 |
Gangadharam, PR | 3 |
Kailasam, S | 1 |
Srinivasan, S | 1 |
Wise, DL | 3 |
Vordermeier, HM | 1 |
Coombes, AG | 1 |
Jenkins, P | 1 |
McGee, JP | 1 |
Davis, SS | 1 |
Dhiman, N | 1 |
Geeta, N | 1 |
Hsu, YY | 1 |
Dutt, M | 3 |
Suarez, S | 1 |
O'Hara, P | 1 |
Kazantseva, M | 1 |
Newcomer, CE | 1 |
Hopfer, R | 1 |
Ashtekar, DR | 1 |
Farhi, DC | 1 |
41 other studies available for lactic acid and Koch's Disease
Article | Year |
---|---|
Lactate oxidation facilitates growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages.
Topics: Carbon Cycle; Cells, Cultured; Gluconeogenesis; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactic Acid; Macrop | 2017 |
PLGA particulate subunit tuberculosis vaccines promote humoral and Th17 responses but do not enhance control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Female; Immunity, Humoral; Lactic Acid; Lymphocyte Count; Mice; Mic | 2018 |
Antimycobacterial susceptibility evaluation of rifampicin and isoniazid benz-hydrazone in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against
Topics: A549 Cells; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Cell Death; Chromatography, Hig | 2018 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires glyoxylate shunt and reverse methylcitrate cycle for lactate and pyruvate metabolism.
Topics: Acyl Coenzyme A; Bacterial Proteins; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Citrates; Fatty Acids; Gene Expression R | 2019 |
Multimodal nanoparticles that provide immunomodulation and intracellular drug delivery for infectious diseases.
Topics: Chitosan; Cytokines; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Lactic Acid; Male; | 2014 |
Nanoparticles as drug delivery system against tuberculosis in zebrafish embryos: direct visualization and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Transport; Coumarins; Drug Carriers; Embryo, Nonmammalian | 2014 |
Nanoparticle encapsulated lipopeptide conjugate of antitubercular drug isoniazid: in vitro intracellular activity and in vivo efficacy in a Guinea pig model of tuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Carriers; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; | 2014 |
Metabolomics specificity of tuberculosis plasma revealed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Community-Acquired Infections; Dia | 2015 |
The Warburg effect in mycobacterial granulomas is dependent on the recruitment and activation of macrophages by interferon-γ.
Topics: Animals; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glycolysis; Granuloma; Interferon-gamma; Lactic Acid; Macrophage Ac | 2015 |
Raised Venous Lactate and Markers of Intestinal Translocation Are Associated With Mortality Among In-Patients With HIV-Associated TB in Rural South Africa.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Translocation; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Lactic Acid; Male; Middl | 2015 |
Thioridazine in PLGA nanoparticles reduces toxicity and improves rifampicin therapy against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy | 2016 |
Development and Optimization of Dual Drugs (Isoniazid and Moxiflox-acin) Loaded Functional PLGA Nanoparticles for the Synergistic Treatment of Tuberculosis.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, | 2016 |
Delivery of rifampicin-PLGA microspheres into alveolar macrophages is promising for treatment of tuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Drug Carriers; Interleukin-10; Lacti | 2010 |
Pulmonary immunization using antigen 85-B polymeric microparticles to boost tuberculosis immunity.
Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Guinea Pigs; Hypersensiti | 2010 |
A subunit vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres carrying rHsp65 protein and KLK protects BALB/c mice against tuberculosis infection.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Chaperonin 60; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Del | 2010 |
Synthesis of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles and their controlled drug delivery for tuberculosis.
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Diffusion; Drug Compounding | 2011 |
Polymeric emulsion and crosslink-mediated synthesis of super-stable nanoparticles as sustained-release anti-tuberculosis drug carriers.
Topics: Alginates; Calcium Chloride; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Emulsions | 2011 |
Phagostimulatory effect of uptake of PLGA microspheres loaded with rifampicin on alveolar macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cell Line; Drug Delivery Systems; Fluorescent Dyes; Lactic Acid; Mac | 2011 |
Single dose of a vaccine based on DNA encoding mycobacterial hsp65 protein plus TDM-loaded PLGA microspheres protects mice against a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Chaperonin 60; Chaperonins; Cord Factors; Genet | 2003 |
[Results of chemical blood tests in tuberculosis. 8. Lactic acid, alcohol and pyruvic sugar].
Topics: Blood; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Ethanol; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Lactic Acid; Pyruvates; Tuberculosis | 1955 |
[Lactic acid in relation to pulmonary tuberculosis. A contribution to the problem of rest cure].
Topics: Lactic Acid; Rest; Thoracic Cavity; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary | 1960 |
[THE BLOOD LACTIC ACID DURING RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY].
Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Humans; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Pneumoconiosis; | 1963 |
[ACTIVITY OF LACTIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE (SLDH) AND OF AMINOTRANSFERASES (SGOT AND SGPT) IN THE BLOOD SERUM IN PRIMARY PULMONARY CANCER AND TUBERCULOSIS].
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Chemical Analysis; Clinical Enzyme Tests; D | 1963 |
Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle-based inhalable sustained drug delivery system for experimental tuberculosis.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; A | 2003 |
Nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs as a potential oral drug delivery system against murine tuberculosis.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Dr | 2003 |
[Lactacidemia in various evolutive manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis].
Topics: Blood; Humans; Lactic Acid; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary | 1951 |
Subcutaneous nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy in an experimental model.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Availability; Drug Combinati | 2004 |
Enhanced protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine by adsorption onto cationic PLG microparticles.
Topics: Adsorption; Animals; DNA Primers; Drug Delivery Systems; Injections, Intramuscular; Interferon-gamma | 2004 |
Chemotherapeutic efficacy of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs at sub-therapeutic dose against experimental tuberculosis.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Availability; Chemical Phenomena; C | 2004 |
Combined DNA vaccine encapsulated in microspheres enhanced protection efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of mice.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Lactic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Micros | 2005 |
Nanoparticle-based oral drug delivery system for an injectable antibiotic - streptomycin. Evaluation in a murine tuberculosis model.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; | 2007 |
Novel chemotherapy for tuberculosis: chemotherapeutic potential of econazole- and moxifloxacin-loaded PLG nanoparticles.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Aza Compounds; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding | 2008 |
Experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis using single dose treatment with isoniazid in biodegradable polymers.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Drug Carriers; Drug Implants; Isoniazid; Lactic Acid; Liver; Male; | 1994 |
Synthetic delivery system for tuberculosis vaccines: immunological evaluation of the M. tuberculosis 38 kDa protein entrapped in biodegradable PLG microparticles.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; BCG Vaccine; Capsules; Eva | 1995 |
Protective efficacy of mycobacterial 71-kDa cell wall associated protein using poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as carrier vehicles.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; BCG Vaccine; Cell Wall; Cy | 1998 |
Chemotherapy of tuberculosis in mice using single implants of isoniazid and pyrazinamide.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Biocompatible Materials; | 1999 |
Therapeutic efficacy of Poly(DL-lactide-Co-Glycolide)-encapsulated antitubercular drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induced in mice.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Combinati | 2001 |
Sustained release of isoniazid from a single injectable dose of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as a therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Female | 2001 |
Chemotherapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in mice with a combination of isoniazid and rifampicin entrapped in Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; Capsules; Disease Models, Animal; Drug | 2001 |
Respirable PLGA microspheres containing rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculosis: screening in an infectious disease model.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Aerosols; Animals; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Colony Count, Microbial; | 2001 |
Sustained release of isoniazid in vivo from a single implant of a biodegradable polymer.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Implants; Humans; Isoniazid; Lactic Acid; | 1991 |