Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 137699107 |
| MeSH ID | M0004278 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| cholestyramine |
| 11041-12-6 |
| cholestyramine resin |
| azane;2-methylbutane;trimethyl-[[4-(5-phenylhexan-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]azanium;chloride |
| MS-27791 |
| AKOS040740752 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Pharmacokinetic investigations incorporating such models are illustrated for two halogenated hydrocarbons that exhibit different patterns of disposition in the rat: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and Kepone." | ( Pharmacokinetics of halogenated hydrocarbons. Bungay, PM; Dedrick, RL; Matthews, HB, 1979) | 0.26 |
| " Pharmacokinetic factors responsible for inter- and intrasubject differences in the response to oral anticoagulant drugs." | ( [Pharmacokinetic aspects of overdosage and intoxication with oral anticoagulant drugs (author's transl)]. Jähnchen, E; Meinertz, T, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " In 6 patients given cholestyramine together with clofibrate, there was no significant alteration in fasting plasma CPIB levels, 24-hour urinary and faecal excretion of CPIB or in the half-life and pool size of the drug." | ( Lack of effect of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of clofibrate in man. Ahrens, EH; Sedaghat, A, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " The area under the serum concentration-time curve and maximum serum concentration of pravastatin showed dose-proportionality; time to maximum serum concentration and serum elimination half-life were independent of dose." | ( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin alone and with cholestyramine in hypercholesterolemia. Brescia, D; DeVault, AR; Ivashkiv, E; Pan, HY; Swites, BJ; Whigan, D; Willard, DA, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " The mean terminal phase elimination half-life was reduced from 19." | ( The effect of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in man. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H, 1995) | 0.29 |
| "The effect of oral administration of the non-absorbable anion-exchange resins cholestyramine and colestipol on the systemic clearance and other pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously administered ibuprofen (25 mg kg-1) was studied in rabbits." | ( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on the systemic clearance of intravenous ibuprofen in rabbits. al-Angary, AA; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW; Lutfi, KM, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Systemic exposure is limited because of extensive sequestration by the liver and/or first-pass metabolism, a plasma half-life of approximately 30 min, no circulating active metabolites, and no accumulation of drug during chronic dosing." | ( Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and specific drug interactions. Hwang, DS; Jokubaitis, LA; Robinson, WT; Smith, HT; Troendle, AJ, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " The decrease in mean AUC was now approximately 8-16% depending on the time of pretreatment (1-hour-interval: 16%, 5-hour-interval: 8%), and Cmax decreased by approximately 32%, irrespective of the time of pretreatment." | ( Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Frey, R; Kuhlmann, J; Lücker, PW; Mück, W; Ritter, W; Wetzelsberger, N, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " The estimated terminal half-life of ezetimibe and ezetimibe-glucuronide is approximately 22 hours." | ( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " The pharmacokinetic parameters of RGL and DMRGL were evaluated following oral or intravenous administration of RGL to rats at 10 mg kg-1 with and without pre-treatment (0." | ( Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone and its metabolite, desmethylrosiglitazone, after oral and intravenous dosing of rosiglitazone: impact on oral bioavailability, absorption, and metabolic disposition in rats. Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Srinivas, NR; Venkatesh, P, 2006) | 0.33 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "5 g/d) and large (up to 6 g/d) doses alone and in combination with cholestyramine." | ( Effects of neomycin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum cholesterol and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Miettinen, TA, 1979) | 0.26 |
| "We have determined the effect of lovastatin alone or in combination with cholestyramine on lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels in 59 heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) treated for 33." | ( Long-term effect of lovastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on lipoprotein (a) level in familial hypercholesterolemic subjects. Berg, K; Foss, OP; Hjermann, I; Leren, P; Leren, TP, 1992) | 0.28 |
| "The aim of the investigation was twofold: to study the effect of lovastatin, a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, alone and in combination with other lipid lowering drugs in an open 48 week single centre study, and to study if lipid lowering drugs influence adherence to diet in adult patients with familial hypercholesterolemia." | ( [Familial hypercholesterolemia--intensive diet therapy combined with drug therapy]. Lund, H; Norseth, J; Ose, L; Stugaard, M; Wiig, I, 1992) | 0.28 |
| "Pravastatin sodium (pravastatin), a tissue-selective inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, was administered alone (50 mg/kg) or in combination with cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant resin, at the level of 2% in the diet to homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits for 4 weeks." | ( Effects of pravastatin sodium alone and in combination with cholestyramine on hepatic, intestinal and adrenal low density lipoprotein receptors in homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Fukami, M; Fukushige, J; Itakura, H; Ito, T; Kuroda, M; Matsumoto, A; Nara, F; Shiomi, M; Tsujita, Y; Watanabe, Y, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " The treated rabbits were given pravastatin sodium (50 mg/kg/day), an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in combination with cholestyramine (2% in diet), a bile acid sequestrant, for 36 weeks." | ( Suppression of established atherosclerosis and xanthomas in mature WHHL rabbits by keeping their serum cholesterol levels extremely low. Effect of pravastatin sodium in combination with cholestyramine. Arai, M; Fukami, M; Fukushige, J; Ito, T; Kuroda, M; Shiomi, M; Tamura, A; Tsujita, Y; Watanabe, Y, 1990) | 0.28 |
| "We have studied the effect of simvastatin, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, alone and in combination with cholestyramine in 48 patients." | ( [HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in familial hypercholesterolemia. Therapy with simvastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine in low dosage; a report of 2 years experiences]. Burrichter, H; Geisel, J; Oette, K, 1990) | 0.28 |
| "We have studied the effect of lovastatin, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase), alone and in combination with the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine on lipid parameters in 30 heterozygous patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) during a 20-week open trial." | ( Effects of lovastatin alone and in combination with cholestyramine on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in heterozygotes for familial hypercholesterolemia. Berg, K; Foss, OP; Hjermann, I; Leren, P; Leren, TP; Viksmoen, L, 1988) | 0.27 |
| "The effect of feeding 20 g beta-sitosterol/kg alone or in combination with cholestyramine (20 g/kg) during neonatal life of guinea-pigs on their subsequent response to a dietary cholesterol challenge in adult life was examined." | ( Effect of feeding beta-sitosterol alone or in combination with cholestyramine during early life on subsequent response to cholesterol challenge in adult life in guinea-pigs. Gallon, LS; Hassan, AS; Subbiah, MT; Yunker, RL, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "The effects of the two HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin and pravastatin in combination with 12-16 g cholestyramine on serum lipids were studied in 18 patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia." | ( Long-term treatment (2 years) with the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin or pravastatin in combination with cholestyramine in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Jacob, BG; Richter, WO; Schwandt, P, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " Patients completing the 52-week study participated in a further trial to assess whether the efficacy of fluvastatin (20-40 mg/day), either as monotherapy or in combination with cholestyramine (CME; 4-16 g/day), taken at least 4 hours prior to fluvastatin, is sustained for up to 3 years." | ( Long-term efficacy with fluvastatin as monotherapy and combined with cholestyramine (a 156-week multicenter study). French-Dutch Fluvastatin Study Group. Banga, JD; Jacotot, B; Peters, TK; Waite, R, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Fibrates also have the potential to cause rhabdomyolysis, although generally only in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and are subject to binding by concomitantly administered bile acid sequestrants." | ( Antihyperlipidaemic agents. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Farmer, JA; Gotto, AM, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " In the subsequent, 6-week part of the study, the comparative efficacy, safety and tolerability of 20 mg fluvastatin, combined with cholestyramine (4 g, 8 g, or 16 g) were assessed." | ( Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine. Bard, JM; Bodd, E; Borge, M; Eriksen, HM; Fruchart, JC; Hagen, E; Istad, H; Ose, L; Selvig, V; Wolf, MC, 1994) | 0.29 |
| "Fluvastatin, a new synthetic inhibitor of HMGCoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase, has been studied in several models to examine its effects when used in combination with other lipid-modifying agents such as derivatives of fibric acid (bezafibrate), resins (cholestyramine), and niacin." | ( Fluvastatin in combination with other lipid-lowering agents. Jokubaitis, LA, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Judging from these results, SV was considered to interact with CT by the following procedure: SV underwent hydrolysis to SVH in aqueous solution, then CT activated the hydrolysis by binding the formed SVH, resulting in a significant reduction in concentration of SV." | ( Drug interaction between simvastatin and cholestyramine in vitro and in vivo. Ichikawa, M; Matsuyama, K; Nakai, A; Nishikata, M, 1996) | 0.29 |
| "This randomized, open-label study compared the cost efficiency of low-dose pravastatin combined with low-dose cholestyramine with high-dose pravastatin monotherapy in 59 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia and coronary disease." | ( Pravastatin alone and in combination with low-dose cholestyramine in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Ito, MK; Shabetai, R, 1997) | 0.3 |
| "We assessed the short and long-term efficacy and safety of the lipid lowering drugs, nicotinic acid, and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, in combination with cholestyramine in four renal transplant patients." | ( Effects of nicotinic acid and lovastatin in combination with cholestyramine in renal transplant patients. Katyal, A; Lal, SM, ) | 0.13 |
| " Overall, ezetimibe has a favourable drug-drug interaction profile, as evidenced by the lack of clinically relevant interactions between ezetimibe and a variety of drugs commonly used in patients with hypercholesterolaemia." | ( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005) | 0.33 |
| "Fluvastatin, a new synthetic inhibitor of HMGCoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase, has been studied in several models to examine its effects when used in combination with other lipid-modifying agents such as derivatives of fibric acid (bezafibrate), resins (cholestyramine), and niacin." | ( Fluvastatin in combination with other lipid-lowering agents. Jokubaitis, LA, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase IIa study, we aim to provide a proof-of-concept assessment by evaluating the efficacy and safety of EXB in combination with CTM in patients with NAFLD." | ( Rationale and design of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, investigator-initiated phase 2a study to investigate the efficacy and safety of elobixibat in combination with cholestyramine for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Honda, Y; Imajo, K; Iwaki, M; Kessoku, T; Kobayashi, T; Nakajima, A; Ogawa, Y; Ozaki, A; Saigusa, Y; Saito, S; Usuda, H; Wada, K; Yamamoto, K; Yamanaka, T; Yoneda, M, 2020) | 0.56 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The rate of absorption decreased from the colon to the duodenum (colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum greater than duodenum)." | ( Intestinal oxalate absorption. I. Absorption in vitro. Caspary, WF, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Thus, no influence of cholestyramine on the bioavailability of orally administered prednisolone could be demonstrated." | ( [Does cholestyramine impair the bioavailability of prednisolone?]. Audétat, V; Bircher, J; Paumgartner, G, 1977) | 0.26 |
| " Ingestion of cholestyramine significantly reduced the bioavailability of PGA versus brewers yeast folate in rats." | ( Bioavailability of folate following ingestion of cholestyramine in the rat. Hoppner, K; Lampi, B, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " These data suggest a decrease in chloroquine bioavailability in the presence of cholestyramine." | ( [Interaction of cholestyramine and chloroquine]. Gendrel, D; Nardou, M; Richard-Lenoble, D; Verdier, F, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Among the drugs that can decrease digoxin bioavailability are cholestyramine, antacid gels, kaolin-pectate, certain antimicrobial drugs and cancer chemotherapeutic agents." | ( Pharmacokinetic interactions between digoxin and other drugs. Marcus, FI, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " It is concluded that cholestyramine does not significantly affect the bioavailability of a single dose of phenytoin." | ( Lack of effect of cholestyramine on phenytoin bioavailability. Amione, C; Barzaghi, N; Frigo, GM; Lecchini, S; Monteleone, M; Perucca, E, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " The bioavailability was reduced by colestipol 80%, by cholestyramine 95% and by activated charcoal 99." | ( Effects of resins and activated charcoal on the absorption of digoxin, carbamazepine and frusemide. Hirvisalo, EL; Kivistö, K; Neuvonen, PJ, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " In order to determine whether this abnormal metabolism also involved other sterols, a patient with sitosterolemia was fed a diet high in shellfish that contain significant quantities of noncholesterol sterols, some of which are less well absorbed than cholesterol in humans." | ( Abnormal metabolism of shellfish sterols in a patient with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis. Brewer, HB; Connor, WE; Gregg, RE; Lin, DS, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " Bioavailability was determined from steady-state, 24-hour area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC, ng X h/mL) and from 0- and 24-hour trough serum digoxin concentrations (ng/mL)." | ( A steady-state evaluation of the effects of propantheline bromide and cholestyramine on the bioavailability of digoxin when administered as tablets or capsules. Brown, DD; Hull, JH; Long, RA; Schmid, J, ) | 0.13 |
| " Bile acid sequestrants are the most difficult of these agents to administer concomitantly, because their nonspecific binding results in decreased bioavailability of a number of other drugs, including thiazide diuretics, digitalis preparations, beta-blockers, coumarin anticoagulants, thyroid hormones, fibric acid derivatives and certain oral antihyperglycaemia agents." | ( Antihyperlipidaemic agents. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Farmer, JA; Gotto, AM, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " The in-vivo data suggest a reduction of diclofenac bioavailability when colestipol or cholestyramine is administered concomitantly." | ( The effects of cholestyramine and colestipol on the absorption of diclofenac in man. al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994) | 0.29 |
| "The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concomitant single oral dose of one of the anion exchange resins colestipol hydrochloride (10 g) or cholestyramine (8 g) administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) would alter the bioavailability of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent." | ( The effect of colestipol and cholestyramine on ibuprofen bioavailability in man. al-Balla, SR; al-Meshal, MA; el-Sayed, YM; Gouda, MW, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Studies investigating the effect of food on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics have demonstrated marked reductions in the rate of bioavailability (Cmax) of 40% to 60%." | ( Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and specific drug interactions. Hwang, DS; Jokubaitis, LA; Robinson, WT; Smith, HT; Troendle, AJ, 1993) | 0.29 |
| " Also, the bioavailability relative to VPA alone was 86." | ( Effect of cholestyramine resin on single dose valproate pharmacokinetics. Diskin, CJ; Malloy, MJ; Pennell, AT; Ravis, WR, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " An illustration of the application of the program is presented to compare the bioavailability of ibuprofen when administered alone or followed by colestipol hydrochloride or by cholestyramine." | ( Design of crossover microcomputer program and application on drug bioequivalence data. Abdullah, ME; El-Sayed, YM, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " When both drugs were administered concomitantly in the morning under fasting conditions, a decrease in relative bioavailability by 21% could be observed, possibly due to irreversible adsorption of the statin to the resin." | ( Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Frey, R; Kuhlmann, J; Lücker, PW; Mück, W; Ritter, W; Wetzelsberger, N, 1997) | 0.3 |
| " Given the known hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic properties of some steroid glycosides, we synthesized a series of sterol derivatives by coupling some phytosterols known to interact with sterol absorption and also to be poorly absorbed to a cationic group." | ( Selection of cholesterol absorption inhibitors devoid of secondary intestinal effects. Abou el Fadil, F; Boubia, B; Descroix-Vagne, M; Guffroy, C; Marquet, F; Pansu, D, ) | 0.13 |
| " In conclusion, CHA can reduce OTA concentrations in plasma as well as reducing nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to a decrease of bioavailability and/or enterohepatic circulation of the toxin." | ( Dietary cholestyramine reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat by decreasing plasma levels and enhancing fecal excretion of the toxin. Barriault, C; Bouchard, G; Frohlich, AA; Kerkadi, A; Marquardt, RR; Tuchweber, B; Yousef, IM, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " Cholestyramine was tested in vivo to evaluate its capacity to reduce the bioavailability of fumonisins (FBs) in rats fed diet contaminated with toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides culture material." | ( In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness of cholestyramine as a binding agent for fumonisins. Avantaggiato, G; Chulze, S; Solfrizzo, M; Torres, A; Visconti, A, 2001) | 0.31 |
| " Although coadministration with gemfibrozil and fenofibrate increased the bioavailability of ezetimibe, the clinical significance is thought to be minor considering the relatively flat dose-response curve of ezetimibe and the lack of dose-related increase in adverse events." | ( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " The oral bioavailability of RGL was reduced by 19." | ( Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone and its metabolite, desmethylrosiglitazone, after oral and intravenous dosing of rosiglitazone: impact on oral bioavailability, absorption, and metabolic disposition in rats. Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Srinivas, NR; Venkatesh, P, 2006) | 0.33 |
| "A clinical trial of (2S)-2-[4-[[(3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl]oxy]phenyl]-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl) propanoic acid (DX-9065) revealed that its oral bioavailability was only 3% when it was administered as a conventional capsule formulation." | ( Improvement of low bioavailability of a novel factor Xa inhibitor through formulation of cationic additives in its oral dosage form. Akashi, M; Fujii, Y; Kanamaru, T; Kikuchi, H; Nakagami, H; Sakuma, S; Yamashita, S, 2011) | 0.37 |
Male rats were dosed with toxin as described above. Animals were then dosed in the ileal loop with either cholestyramine resin (CTR, 50 mg/rat) or an equivalent vehicle. CHD incidence in men sustaining a fall of 25% in TOTAL-C or 35% in LDL-C levels was half that of men who remained at pretreatment levels.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Nine patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (type II hyperlipoproteinemia) and two normal volunteers were studied to ascertain the effectiveness of cholestyramine in lowering plasma cholesterol when a twice-a-day dosage regimen was compared with the same total dosage administered four times a day." | ( Cholestyramine: an effective, twice-daily dosage regimen. Blum, CB; Havlik, RJ; Morganroth, J, 1976) | 0.26 |
| " Nicotinic acid in the form of niceritrol had another type of dose-response in type II with doses from 3 to 6 g/day." | ( Cholestyramine, clofibrate and nicotinic acid as single or combined treatment of type IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia. Carlson, LA; Olsson, AG; Orö, L; Rössner, S, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " In the intermediate dosage range, both factors contributed to the decreased ratio." | ( Effect of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on biliary excretion of bile acids. Watanabe, H, 1975) | 0.25 |
| "Cholestyramine in a mean dosage of 0-6 g/kg/day has been given to 18 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia for between one and two and a half years." | ( The effect of cholestyramine on intestinal absorption. Lloyd, JK; West, RJ, 1975) | 0.25 |
| " A test of the extent of the patients' understanding about the drugs they were taking showed that only 39% knew how the drug acted and the reasons for the chosen dosing schedule." | ( [Quality assurance in clinical trials. Problems related to patient information]. Eide, G; Ose, L; Pettersen, AG; Skjerdal, A; Wold, I, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " This retrospective data analysis suggests that the combination of gemfibrozil and lovastatin may be safe in patients with normal renal function when the dosage of lovastatin is limited and when CK and ALT levels are monitored carefully." | ( A retrospective review of the use of lipid-lowering agents in combination, specifically, gemfibrozil and lovastatin. McIntyre, TH; Shapiro, ML; Whitney, EJ; Wirebaugh, SR, 1992) | 0.28 |
| "The aim of this study was to conduct dose-response studies of the effect of cholestyramine, alone or in combination with a test meal, on gallbladder emptying studied by ultrasonography in 31 healthy volunteers." | ( Opposite effects of cholestyramine and loxiglumide on gallbladder dynamics in humans. Albano, O; Baldassarre, G; Belfiore, A; Palasciano, G; Portincasa, P, 1992) | 0.28 |
| " A dose-response curve for each parameter measured was constructed using data from individual hamsters." | ( Cholesterol lowering and bile acid excretion in the hamster with cholestyramine treatment. Benson, GM; Bond, B; Gee, A; Glen, A; Haynes, C; Jackson, B; Suckling, KE, 1991) | 0.28 |
| "002), but only after the methotrexate dosage had been increased to 15 mg weekly." | ( [Methotrexate in the therapy of primary biliary cirrhosis]. Scheurlen, M; Weber, P; Wiedmann, KH, 1991) | 0.28 |
| " Bezafibrate was well-tolerated, but gastro-intestinal side-effects were frequent during therapy with colestyramine, and 16 patients tolerated only a reduced dosage of this drug." | ( Efficacy of a combined bezafibrate retard-colestyramine treatment in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Bergmann, S; Fischer, S; Fücker, K; Gehrisch, S; Hanefeld, M; Jaross, W; Lang, PD; Leonhardt, W, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " These results demonstrate the effectiveness of such a well tolerated low dosage combination therapy." | ( Acipimox in combination with low dose cholestyramine for the treatment of type II hyperlipidaemia. Bedford, DK; Gaw, A; Kilday, C; Lorimer, AR; Packard, CJ; Series, JJ; Shepherd, J, 1990) | 0.28 |
| " Male rats were dosed with toxin as described above, and then animals were dosed in the ileal loop with either cholestyramine resin (CTR, 50 mg/rat) or an equivalent vehicle." | ( A model system for studying the bioavailability of intestinally administered microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic peptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Beasley, VR; Carmichael, WW; Dahlem, AM; Hassan, AS; Swanson, SP, 1989) | 0.28 |
| "The dose-response relationship of activated charcoal in reducing serum cholesterol was determined and the effects of charcoal and cholestyramine were compared in patients with hypercholesterolaemia." | ( Activated charcoal in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: dose-response relationships and comparison with cholestyramine. Kuusisto, P; Manninen, V; Neuvonen, PJ; Vapaatalo, H, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " In particular, modest lowering of dosage may preserve considerable LDL cholesterol lowering and virtually eliminate side effects." | ( Review of clinical studies of bile acid sequestrants for lowering plasma lipid levels. LaRosa, J, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " Simvastatin at the dosage of 10 mg appeared to be at least as efficient as 12 g of cholestyramine and generally better tolerated." | ( Comparison between low-dose simvastatin and cholestyramine in moderately severe hypercholesterolemia. Deslypere, JP, 1989) | 0.28 |
| " At the dosage regimens studied, superactivated charcoal and cholestyramine have comparable ability to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations." | ( Superactivated charcoal versus cholestyramine for cholesterol lowering: a randomized cross-over trial. Kitt, TM; Park, GD; Spector, R, 1988) | 0.27 |
| " During the attack phase of four weeks, three dosage regimens of MPC were used, 9 g, 12 g and 18 g for six patients in each group." | ( Differentiated dosage of microporous colestyramine and its double-blind comparison with a placebo in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Bruno, M; Di Perri, T; Franchi, M, 1987) | 0.27 |
| " Moreover, coronary heart disease incidence in men in sustaining a fall of 25% in total cholesterol, a typical response to the prescribed dosage (24 g/day) of cholestyramine resin, was half that of men who remained at pretreatment level." | ( The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Rifkind, BM, 1986) | 0.27 |
| "Ten healthy adult men participated in a study to evaluate appropriate dosing schedules of cholestyramine to minimize its effect on the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)." | ( Influence of time intervals for cholestyramine dosing on the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide. Hibbard, DM; Hunninghake, DB, 1986) | 0.27 |
| " This study evaluated whether digoxin solution in capsules, a new dosage form with 90% to 100% bioavailability, would reduce such alterations, specifically those caused by cholestyramine and propantheline bromide." | ( A steady-state evaluation of the effects of propantheline bromide and cholestyramine on the bioavailability of digoxin when administered as tablets or capsules. Brown, DD; Hull, JH; Long, RA; Schmid, J, ) | 0.13 |
| "Cholestyramine was administered to 15 men with type II hyperlipoproteinemia in a dosage of 8 gm twice daily." | ( Effect of time of administration of cholestyramine on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Hunninghake, DB; Peters, JR, 1985) | 0.27 |
| " The ingested doses of lindane (mean dosage 120 mg/kg +/- 86 mg/kg) and benzene (mean dosage 366 mg/kg +/- 93 mg/kg) exceeded the toxic level." | ( Acute oral poisoning with lindane-solvent mixtures. Donner, A; Haubenstock, A; Hruby, K; Jaeger, U; Pirich, K; Podczeck, A, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " The low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased significantly (- 11%, - 21% and - 26% for LDL cholesterol on 4, 8 and 16 g, respectively) with a dose-response effect." | ( Diverging effects of cholestyramine on apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein Lp(a). A dose-response study of the effects of cholestyramine in hypercholesterolaemia. Kostner, G; Lithell, H; Thomis, J; Vessby, B, 1982) | 0.26 |
| "Addition of mineral oil to the diet (5%) of two rhesus monkeys that were dosed 29 wk earlier with 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) produced a 175% increase in fecal excretion of HBB." | ( Effect of mineral oil and/or cholestyramine in the diet on biliary and intestinal elimination of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl in the rhesus monkey. Greim, HA; Rozman, KK; Rozman, TA; Williams, J, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Moreover, CHD incidence in men sustaining a fall of 25% in TOTAL-C or 35% in LDL-C levels, typical responses to the prescribed dosage (24 g/day) of cholestyramine resin, was half that of men who remained at pretreatment levels." | ( The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. , 1984) | 0.27 |
| " Moreover, CHD incidence in men in whom a decrease of 25% in total cholesterol was sustained, a typical response to the prescribed dosage (24 g/day) of cholestyramine resin, was half that of men who remained at the pretreatment level." | ( Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: results and implications. Rifkind, BM, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " With a single drug regimen, compactin at a dosage of 15 mg/day produced a cholesterol reduction of 23% (70 mg/dl) in cases of combined hyperlipidemia, while twice the dosage (30 mg/day) was needed to produce a comparable effect with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia." | ( Combined drug therapy--cholestyramine and compactin--for familial hypercholesterolemia. Matsuzawa, Y; Sudo, H; Yamamoto, A; Yamamura, T; Yokoyama, S, 1984) | 0.27 |
| " The effects of cholestyramine rapidly disappeared when it was withdrawn from the diet, while the effects of gemfibrozil persisted after dosage was stopped." | ( Some comparative effects of gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, cholestyramine and compactin on sterol metabolism in rats. Maxwell, RE; Nawrocki, JW; Uhlendorf, PD, 1983) | 0.27 |
| " Patients were stratified by sex and extent of coronary disease as defined angiographically and were randomly allocated to a daily dosage of 24 g cholestyramine and diet (treatment group) or placebo and diet (control group)." | ( National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute type II Coronary Intervention Study: design, methods, and baseline characteristics. Aldrich, RF; Battaglini, JW; Brensike, JF; Detre, KM; Epstein, SE; Fisher, MR; Kelsey, SF; Levy, RI; Loh, IK; Moriarty, DJ; Myrianthopoulos, MB; Passamani, ER; Richardson, JM; Stone, NJ, 1982) | 0.26 |
| " Similar dose-response results were seen with reductions in total cholesterol and the LDL-C: HDL-C ratio." | ( Efficacy of fluvastatin, a totally synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. FLUENT Study Group. Fluvastatin Long-Term Extension Trial. Bergmann, SD; Haggerty, BJ; Winick, AG; Zavoral, JH, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Dose-response curves for serotonin-induced vasodilatation, an index of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation, showed a comparable and significant rightward shift after a medication-free period of 2 and 6 weeks compared with control subjects, indicating endothelial dysfunction, which was already maximum after 2 weeks." | ( Vascular function in the forearm of hypercholesterolaemic patients off and on lipid-lowering medication. de Bruin, TW; Koomans, HA; Rabelink, TJ; Stroes, ES, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " Preliminary studies in this model indicated that the uptake of 14C-cholesterol and its subsequent esterification 2 hr postoral dosing occurs primarily in the duodenal and jejunal segments of the small intestine and most of the radiolabeled cholesterol and cholesteryl ester in the plasma was associated with chylomicrons." | ( The effect of acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition on the uptake, esterification and secretion of cholesterol by the hamster small intestine. Burrier, RE; Davis, HR; Hoos, LM; McGregor, DG; Smith, AA; Zilli, DL, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " A simultaneous intravenous/oral dosing regimen was used, with half of each group receiving treatment with neomycin and cholestyramine (neo/chol) to block the EHC of the drug." | ( Disposition of lorazepam in Gilbert's syndrome: effects of fasting, feeding, and enterohepatic circulation. Chaudhary, A; Herman, RJ; Szakacs, CB, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " For the present analysis, we identified 18 patients in the fluvastatin plus bezafibrate group (cohort 1) and 16 patients in the fluvastatin plus cholestyramine group (cohort 2) for whom complete dose-response data were available for the full 56-week duration of all 3 studies." | ( Fluvastatin in familial hypercholesterolemia: a cohort analysis of the response to combination treatment. Leitersdorf, E; Muratti, EN; Peters, TK, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " UDCA was administered at a dosage of 250 mg twice a day." | ( Different response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cirrhosis according to severity of disease. Chiaramonte, M; Floreani, A; Mazzetto, M; Naccarato, R; Plebani, M; Zappalà, F, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Drug interaction studies with fluvastatin and cholestyramine (CME) demonstrated a lower rate and extent of fluvastatin bioavailability; no impact on efficacy was demonstrated when CME was given 4 h before fluvastatin dosing in clinical trials." | ( Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and specific drug interactions. Hwang, DS; Jokubaitis, LA; Robinson, WT; Smith, HT; Troendle, AJ, 1993) | 0.29 |
| "After 8 weeks of therapy, pravastatin in a dosage of 20 mg twice daily reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 31%, whereas a dosage of 40 mg twice daily reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 38%." | ( Comparative efficacy and safety of pravastatin and cholestyramine alone and combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Pravastatin Multicenter Study Group II. , 1993) | 0.29 |
| " After an 8-week interval in which a daily dosage of cholestyramine 8 g was added, from baseline, reductions of 26." | ( Fluvastatin in combination with other lipid-lowering agents. Jokubaitis, LA, 1996) | 0.29 |
| " Placing physiologic limits on values of GC* and Cl* suggests requisite selectivity properties of more potent bile acid sequestrants and dosing strategies to optimize current resin therapy." | ( Mathematical model and dimensional analysis of glycocholate binding to cholestyramine resin: implications for in vivo resin performance. Amidon, GL; Polli, JE, 1995) | 0.29 |
| " These two factors suggest that an increase in the dosage of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor may be appropriate." | ( Compliance with and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin and cholestyramine: a randomized study on lipid-lowering in primary care. Eriksson, M; Hådell, K; Holme, I; Kjellström, T; Walldius, G, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " In accordance with manufacturers' recommendations, maximum dosage was atorvastatin 80 mg daily or simvastatin 40 mg daily (+cholestyramine 4 g daily in 84% of cases)." | ( Comparison of atorvastatin alone versus simvastatin +/- cholestyramine in the management of severe primary hypercholesterolaemia (the six cities study). Simons, LA, 1998) | 0.3 |
| " The latter may generally be reduced by progressive and individual titration of the dosage of each drug and/or by following an appropriate diet." | ( [Drug clinics. How I treat various metabolic diseases treated by a drug intervention that targets the intestine]. Scheen, AJ, 1998) | 0.3 |
| "The pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, drug interactions, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of colesevelam hydrochloride are reviewed." | ( Colesevelam hydrochloride. Steinmetz, KL, 2002) | 0.31 |
| " There are no clinically significant effects of age, sex or race on ezetimibe pharmacokinetics and no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment or mild-to-severe renal insufficiency." | ( Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Alton, KB; Bergman, AJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kosoglou, T; Paolini, JF; Statkevich, P, 2005) | 0.33 |
| " Another objective of the study was to determine the effect of staggered oral CSA dosing at 1, 2 and 4 h after oral RGL administration at 10 mg kg-1." | ( Influence of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone and its metabolite, desmethylrosiglitazone, after oral and intravenous dosing of rosiglitazone: impact on oral bioavailability, absorption, and metabolic disposition in rats. Mullangi, R; Muzeeb, S; Srinivas, NR; Venkatesh, P, 2006) | 0.33 |
| "Intragastric conditions can affect the performance of solid dosage forms." | ( In vitro methods can forecast the effects of intragastric residence on dosage form performance. Digenis, G; Kalantzi, L; Nicolaides, E; Page, R; Reppas, C, 2008) | 0.35 |
| " After an 8-week interval in which a daily dosage of cholestyramine 8 g was added, from baseline, reductions of 26." | ( Fluvastatin in combination with other lipid-lowering agents. Jokubaitis, LA, 1994) | 0.29 |
| " Pooled data from 15 studies showed a dose-response relationship according to severity of malabsorption to treatment with a bile acid binder: response to colestyramine occurred in 96% of patients with <5% retention, 80% at <10% retention and 70% at <15% retention." | ( Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. A'Hern, R; Andreyev, HJ; Russell, D; Thomas, K; Walters, JR; Wedlake, L, 2009) | 0.35 |
| " Currently, AEPs with oral cholestyramine or activated charcoal are available but are restricted by adverse effects, limited administration routes, and dosing frequencies." | ( Tolerability and efficacy of colestipol hydrochloride for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide. Aungst, A; Casady, L; Dixon, C; Maldonado, J; McCoy, B; Moreo, N; Robertson, D, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " Although colestipol HCl did not completely eliminate teriflunomide with the same effectiveness as cholestyramine, it may offer an alternative method for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide with potentially improved tolerability and more favorable dosing and administration options." | ( Tolerability and efficacy of colestipol hydrochloride for accelerated elimination of teriflunomide. Aungst, A; Casady, L; Dixon, C; Maldonado, J; McCoy, B; Moreo, N; Robertson, D, 2017) | 0.46 |
| " We used dose-response discrete-hazards models with inverse probability weighting to adjust for pre- and post-randomization covariates." | ( Adjusting for adherence in randomized trials when adherence is measured as a continuous variable: An application to the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Hernán, MA; Madenci, AL; Murray, EJ; Wanis, KN, 2020) | 0.56 |
| "2 percentage points with adjustment using inverse probability weights, depending on the dose-response model and inverse probability weight distribution used." | ( Adjusting for adherence in randomized trials when adherence is measured as a continuous variable: An application to the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Hernán, MA; Madenci, AL; Murray, EJ; Wanis, KN, 2020) | 0.56 |
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 1581 (62.34) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 536 (21.14) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 208 (8.20) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 164 (6.47) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 47 (1.85) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 342 (12.81%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 309 (11.58%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 248 (9.29%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (0.04%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 1,769 (66.28%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Multicenter Atorvastatin Plaque Stabilization (MAPS) Study [NCT01053065] | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Completed | ||||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Followed by an Open Label Treatment Period to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Children and Adolescents With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia [NCT03510884] | Phase 3 | 153 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label Pharmacokinetic and Tolerability Study of Teriflunomide Given as a Single 14 mg Dose in Subjects With Severe Renal Impairment, and in Matched Subjects With Normal Renal Function [NCT01239459] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Cholestyramine in the Management of Hyperphosphatemia in Adult Hemodialysis Patients [NCT05577507] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-03-30 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| An 8-Week Open-Label, Sequential, Repeated Dose-Finding Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Children and Adolescents With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Followed by an Extension Phase [NCT02890992] | Phase 2 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-15 | Completed | ||
| An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab in Children and Adolescents With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia [NCT03510715] | Phase 3 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Low Doses of Cholestyramine in the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism [NCT00677469] | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Pilot Trial of Leflunomide in Combination With Steroids for the Treatment of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies [NCT05443425] | Phase 1 | 18 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-16 | Recruiting | ||
| Exploratory Evaluation of the Effect of Cholestyramine on Serum Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Obese Female Patients - OBESE (OBesity, cholEStyramine, womEn) [NCT05966727] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Phase 2 Trial of Leflunomide in African-American and European-American Patients With High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma [NCT05014646] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-07 | Recruiting | ||
| An Open-label, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Profiles of 14 mg Teriflunomide Tablet in Healthy Chinese Subjects [NCT02046629] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-05-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00000463] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1987-04-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00000594] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1971-11-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT02942602] | 58 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-03 | Completed | |||
| Master Protocol of Two Independent, Randomized, Double-blind, Phase 3 Studies Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Frexalimab (SAR441344) to Teriflunomide in Adult Participants With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis [NCT06141473] | Phase 3 | 1,400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-13 | Recruiting | ||
| Exploratory Open Label Study to Investigate the Effect of Teriflunomide on Immune Cell Subsets in the Blood of Patients With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis [NCT01863888] | Phase 3 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1 Study to Investigate the Effect of Cholestyramine on the Pharmacokinetics of LOXO-783 in Healthy Adults [NCT05894928] | Phase 1 | 21 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2023-06-07 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Single-Blind, Single Research Site, Comparison of Colesevelam Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) Powder For Oral Suspension Versus Generic Cholestyramine Through Use of the Bile Acid Sequestrant Acceptability (BASA) Scale in Generally Healthy Subjects [NCT01122108] | Phase 4 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00000461] | Phase 2 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1986-12-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00000488] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 1973-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase I, Double-Blind Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess Safety and Pharmacokinetics of A4250 as Monotherapy, and in Combination With Colonic Release Cholestyramine (A3384) or Commercially Available Cholestyramine (Questran™) in Healthy [NCT02963077] | Phase 1 | 94 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Clinical Study for Assessing the Effect of Change of Bile Acid Pool on the Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Metformin and Intestinal Microbiome Profiles in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04335526] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-05-01 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Single Blind Placebo Controlled Single Research Site Bile Acid Sequestrant Acceptability (BASA) Scale Pilot Validation Study in Generally Healthy Subjects [NCT01062269] | Phase 4 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-center, Open Label, Randomised Parallel- Group Study to Compare the Efficacy of Cholestyramine Plus Standard Treatment Versus Prednisolone Plus Standard Treatment Versus Standard Treatment Alone in Treatment of Overt Hyperthyroidism [NCT03303053] | Phase 3 | 135 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-05-11 | Recruiting | ||
| PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF RETINAL EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOLOGICAL LOWERING OF SERUM LEVES OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS (AGEs) IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS [NCT02249897] | Phase 4 | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase IIa, Proof of Concept, Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Finding, Cross-Over Study of the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of a New Enteric-Coated Cholestyramine Capsule in Adult Short Bowel Syndrome Patients [NCT04046328] | Phase 2 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-10-15 | Terminated(stopped due to Difficult recruitment) | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Elobixibat in Combination With Cholestyramine for Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: a Single Center, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2a Trial. [NCT04235205] | Phase 2 | 102 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-01-29 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
The total aggregate scores for the complete BASA scale were calculated for Cholestyramine 4g, Cholestyramine 12g, and Tang. The total best possible score was 20 and the total worst possible score was 4. A weighted aggregate BASA scale score was also calculated for the Cholestyramine 4g, Cholestyramine 12g, and Tang. The best possible weighted score was 60 and the worst possible weighted score was 4. (NCT01062269)
Timeframe: 1 Day
| Intervention | Units on Scale (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| Total BASA Score | Weighted BASA Score | |
| Cholestyramine 12 Grams | 9.4 | 22.6 |
| Cholestyramine 4 Grams | 10.3 | 24.8 |
| Tang | 16.7 | 41.3 |
The Bile Acid Sequestrant Acceptability Scale has 4 scoring categories: taste, texture, appearance and mixability. Participants rank each category separately. The best possible score for each category is 5 and the worst possible score is 1. (NCT01062269)
Timeframe: 1 Day
| Intervention | Units on Scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taste Score | Texture Score | Appearance Score | Mixability Score | |
| Cholestyramine 12 Grams | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 |
| Cholestyramine 4 Grams | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Tang | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
The bile acid sequestrant acceptability (BASA) scale has 4 scoring categories: taste, texture, appearance, and mixability. Participants rank each category separately. The best possible score for each category is 5, and the worst possible score for each category is 1. (NCT01122108)
Timeframe: 1 Day
| Intervention | Units on BASA Scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taste Score | Texture Score | Appearance Score | Mixability Score | |
| Cholestyramine (12g) | 2.67 | 2.36 | 3.48 | 2.6 |
| Colesevelam HCl (3.75g) | 3.26 | 2.62 | 2.69 | 2.74 |
Aggregate scores were calculated for both the unweighted and weighted BASA scale scores for both Colesevlam HCL (3.75G) and Cholestyramine (12g). The best possible total BASA score is 20 and the worst possible total BASA score is 4. For the weighted version of the scale, the best possible total score is 60 and the worst possible total score is 4. (NCT01122108)
Timeframe: 1 Day
| Intervention | Units on a BASA Scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Total BASA Score | Total Weighted BASA Score | |
| Cholestyramine (12g) | 11.10 | 26.05 |
| Colesevelam HCl (3.75g) | 11.31 | 27.29 |
Absolute change in LDL-C was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 8 value. Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained using MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | milligram per deciliter (mg/dL) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -83.7 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -27.6 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -55.5 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -88.3 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -32.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 0.1 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -55.9 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -104.3 |
Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. The robust regression models included the fixed categorical effect of alirocumab dose/dose regimen. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population (in the two steps respectively; with number of imputations = 1000). In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mmol/L (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -0.121 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.076 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 0.168 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 0.111 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 0.117 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.045 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -0.402 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.107 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 5.9 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 7.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 5.5 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 4.9 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 2.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 5.9 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 2.2 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 1.2 |
Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. The robust regression models included the fixed categorical effect of alirocumab dose/dose regimen. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population (in the two steps respectively; with number of imputations = 1000). In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | gram/Liter (g/L) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 0.003 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.021 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 0.007 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.025 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 0.023 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.031 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -0.002 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.120 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -86.1 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -28.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -62.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -88.5 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -29.5 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.6 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -63.1 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -106.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | ratio (Apo B/Apo A-1) (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -0.363 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.262 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -0.370 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.402 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -0.190 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.086 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -0.282 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.473 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline value and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -38.4 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -9.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -36.4 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -40.1 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -12.6 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -0.9 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -27.2 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -51.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 4.4 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 14.8 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 10.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 1.8 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 8.9 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 7.4 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 5.8 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 7.2 |
Adjusted LS means and standard error at Week 12 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -29.7 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -49.2 |
Percent change in calculated LDL-C was defined as 100*(calculated LDL-C value at Week 8 - calculated LDL-C value at baseline)/calculated LDL-C value at baseline. All available baseline and post-baseline calculated LDL-C value during the OLDFI efficacy treatment period & within one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. OLDFI efficacy treatment period was defined as the period from first investigational medicinal product (IMP) injection to last OLDFI IMP injection + 21 days(for Cohorts 1 & 2) or +35 days (for Cohorts 3 & 4). Adjusted Least-squares (LS) mean & standard error (SE) at Week 8 were obtained from mixed-effect model with repeated measures (MMRM) analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen (30 mg Q2W [<50 kg], 40 mg Q2W [<50 kg], 50 mg Q2W [>=50 kg], 75 mg Q2W [>=50 kg], 75 mg Q4W [<50 kg],150 mg Q4W [>=50 kg], 150 mg Q4W [<50 kg] and 300 mg Q4W ([>=50 kg] dose), time point & dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -41.1 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -7.9 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -40.6 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -49.8 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -17.5 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 4.0 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -31.9 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -59.8 |
Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. The robust regression models included the fixed categorical effect of alirocumab dose/dose regimen. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population (in the two steps respectively; with number of imputations = 1000). In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -0.4 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -4.0 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -7.4 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 14.5 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 19.3 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -3.1 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -32.1 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -7.1 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 9.7 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 16.5 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 14.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 10.6 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 5.2 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 13.8 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 4.5 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 2.8 |
Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. The robust regression models included the fixed categorical effect of alirocumab dose/dose regimen. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population in the two steps respectively (with number of imputations = 1000). In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 4.5 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -26.9 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 1.5 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -25.2 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 2.2 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -7.7 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 0.1 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -7.7 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baselines value and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -39.6 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -7.1 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -39.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -43.9 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -14.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 3.2 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -31.5 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -54.6 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -29.0 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -4.1 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -28.6 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -34.2 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -10.7 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 5.2 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -24.0 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -41.8 |
Combined estimate for percentage of participants was obtained by averaging out all the imputed percentage of participants reaching the level of interest. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population in the two steps respectively; with number of imputations = 1000. In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: At Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 0.0 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 0.0 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 93.4 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 65.7 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 16.7 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 20.0 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 66.7 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 80.0 |
Combined estimate for percentage of participants was obtained by averaging out all the imputed percentage of participants reaching the level of interest. A two-step multiple imputation procedure was used to address missing values in the mITT population in the two steps respectively; with number of imputations = 1000. In the first step, the monotone missing pattern was induced in the multiply-imputed data. In the second step, the missing data at subsequent visits were imputed using the regression method for continuous variables. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: At Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 100.0 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 33.3 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 97.6 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 83.0 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 33.3 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 20.0 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 66.7 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 80.0 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -80.1 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -20.8 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -57.1 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -84.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -27.2 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 5.3 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -60.7 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -105.1 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 4.0 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | 17.7 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | 11.3 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -0.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 10.5 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 8.0 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | 7.5 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | 11.0 |
Adjusted LS means and SE at Week 8 were obtained from MMRM analysis, with fixed categorical effects of alirocumab dose/dose regimen, time point and dose/dose regimen-by-time point interaction. All available baseline values and post-baseline values in at least one of the analysis windows up to Week 8 were used in the model. (NCT02890992)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 30 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -51.7 |
| Cohort 1 - Alirocumab 50 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -18.5 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 40 mg Q2W: <50 kg | -35.3 |
| Cohort 2 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W: >=50 kg | -53.4 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 75 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -15.3 |
| Cohort 3 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -5.4 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 150 mg Q4W: <50 kg | -34.2 |
| Cohort 4 - Alirocumab 300 mg Q4W: >=50 kg | -63.5 |
Tanner stage defines physical measurements of development in children and adolescent based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics. Participants were evaluated for pubic hair distribution, breast development (only females) and genital development (only males), and classified in 3 categories as: Prepubescent (defined as a person just before start of the development of adult sexual characteristics), Pubescent (defined as a person at or approaching the age of puberty), Postpubescent (sexually mature or a person who has completed puberty). (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline: Prepubescent | Baseline: Pubescent | Baseline: Post-pubescent | Week 12: Prepubescent | Week 12: Pubescent | Week 12: Post-pubescent | Week 24: Prepubescent | Week 24: Pubescent | Week 24: Post-pubescent | Week 48: Prepubescent | Week 48: Pubescent | Week 48: Post-pubescent | |
| Alirocumab 150 mg Q2W | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
| Alirocumab 75 mg Q2W/up to 150 mg Q2W | 3 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | -4.2 | -11.8 | 0.9 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | 11.3 | 14.6 | 11.3 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | 2.8 | 5.2 | 10.0 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Weeks 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | 13.0 | 8.9 | 10.1 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on-or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | 7.4 | -5.2 | -6.4 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | -10.1 | 4.2 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Weeks 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | -1.9 | -6.3 | 5.5 |
Adjusted Percentage were obtained from a multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data including all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | 50.0 | 50.0 | 39.0 |
Adjusted least square (LS) means and standard errors were obtained from the mixed model analysis with repeated measures (MMRM) to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Alirocumab | -4.1 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline on-treatment data from Week 4 to Week 48 (on-treatment Analysis). (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Alirocumab | -4.1 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | -33.4 | -43.0 | -15.0 |
Adjusted LS means and standard errors were obtained from the MMRM model to account for missing data using all available post-baseline data from Week 4 to Week 48 regardless of status on- or off-treatment used in the model (ITT analysis). Although separate analyses of all available data (ITT analysis) and only data collected within a defined time window (On-treatment analysis) were planned, if all values used in the ITT approach were within the on-treatment time window, the on-treatment analysis would be identical to the ITT analysis, thus the results would be identical and a single outcome measure presenting the results for both types of analysis would be provided. (NCT03510715)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 12, 24 and 48
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | Week 48 | |
| Alirocumab | -3.9 | -9.2 | 5.7 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 65.8 | 66.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 70.8 | 72.5 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.8 | 4.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 4.2 | 18.5 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 65.8 | 66.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 70.8 | 72.5 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.8 | 4.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 4.2 | 18.5 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 25.2 | 21.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 31.9 | 32.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.1 | 9.1 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 25.2 | 21.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 31.9 | 32.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.1 | 9.1 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 61.7 | 57.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 57.0 | 67.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.1 | 4.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 4.3 | 9.0 |
Adjusted least square (LS) means and standard errors (SE) were obtained from mixed-effect model with repeated measures (MMRM) model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -33.6 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -4.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -38.2 |
Tanner stage defines physical measurements of development in children and adolescent based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics. Participants were evaluated for pubic hair distribution, breast development (only females) and genital development (only males) and classified in 3 categories as: Prepubescent (defined as a person just before start of the development of adult sexual characteristics), Pubescent (defined as a person at or approaching the age of puberty), Postpubescent (sexually mature or a person who has completed puberty). (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 24, 68 and 104
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline: Boys - Prepubescent | Baseline: Boys - Pubescent | Baseline: Boys - Postpubescent | Baseline: Girls - Prepubescent | Baseline: Girls - Pubescent | Baseline: Girls - Postpubescent | Week 24: Boys - Prepubescent | Week 24: Boys - Pubescent | Week 24: Boys - Postpubescent | Week 24: Girls - Prepubescent | Week 24: Girls - Pubescent | Week 24: Girls - Postpubescent | Week 68: Boys - Prepubescent | Week 68: Boys - Pubescent | Week 68: Boys - Postpubescent | Week 68: Girls - Prepubescent | Week 68: Girls - Pubescent | Week 68: Girls - Postpubescent | Week 104: Boys - Prepubescent | Week 104: Boys - Pubescent | Week 104: Boys - Postpubescent | Week 104: Girls - Prepubescent | Week 104: Girls - Pubescent | Week 104: Girls - Postpubescent | |
| Alirocumab Q2W | 4 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 14 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 11 |
| Alirocumab Q4W | 0 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 2 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 17 | 11 |
| Placebo/Alirocumab Q2W | 1 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
| Placebo/Alirocumab Q4W | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -0.1 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 1.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -4.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 4.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -0.1 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -1.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -0.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 5.0 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 10.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -27.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -34.3 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 8.9 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -30.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 1.1 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -31.7 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data up to Week 12. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 6.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -2.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 7.8 |
| Db Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -0.3 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data up to Week 24. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 11.9 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 12.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -6.8 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -0.8 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 5.6 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -1.1 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 3.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -2.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 3.5 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 4.0 |
Adjusted percentages at Weeks 12 and 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data followed by logistic regression model. All available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24 were included in the imputation model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 70.6 | 73.3 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 72.6 | 76.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 16.4 | 8.0 |
| Db Period: Placebo Q4W | 12.9 | 22.2 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data up to Week 12. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -7.1 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -12.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -2.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -16.0 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline data up to Week 24. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -14.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 2.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -22.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 10.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -34.8 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 2.3 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -39.2 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -31.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.7 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -35.6 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 9.8 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -33.0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 2.8 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -34.7 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -23.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -4.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -27.7 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model including all available post-baseline data. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.5 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -25.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.9 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -27.0 |
Adjusted percentages at Week 12 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data for Q4W. All available post-baseline data up to Week 12 were included in the imputation model. For Q2W, adjusted percentages at Week 12 were obtained from last observation carried forward approach (LOCF) to handle missing on-treatment LDL-C values as well as missing post-treatment LDL-C values in participants who discontinued treatment due to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. Other post-treatment missing values were considered as failure. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Week 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.0 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 61.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 4.3 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 57.0 |
Adjusted percentages at Week 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data. All available post-baseline data up to Week 24 were included in the imputation model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 4.0 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 57.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 9.0 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 67.2 |
Adjusted percentages at Week 12 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data. All available post-baseline data up to Week 12 were included in the imputation model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Week 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 16.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 70.6 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 12.9 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 72.6 |
Adjusted percentages at Week 24 were obtained from multiple imputation approach for handling of missing data. All available post-baseline data up to Week 24 were included in the imputation model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: At Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 8.0 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 73.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 22.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 76.3 |
Percent Change in LDL-C from Baseline to Week 104 was reported in this outcome measure. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OL Period: Placebo/Alirocumab Q2W | -23.3 |
| OL Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -22.2 |
| OL Period: Placebo/Alirocumab Q4W | -27.1 |
| OL Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -23.7 |
Percent Change in LDL-C from Baseline to Week 104 was reported in this outcome measure. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 104
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OL Period: Placebo/Alirocumab Q2W | -22.8 |
| OL Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -25.8 |
| OL Period: Placebo/Alirocumab Q4W | -27.6 |
| OL Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -23.4 |
Cogstate battery test (cognitive testing system) consisted of detection test (DET), identification test (IDN), one card learning test (OCL) and Groton maze learning test (GML) to assess processing speed, attention, visual learning and executive functioning, respectively. For each test, Z-scores were computed based on participant's age at Baseline and Weeks 24, 68 and 104. Composite score: calculated as mean of Z-scores equally weighted, provided that at least 3 of 4 tests were available and if all of these domains were covered as: attention, through either DET or IDN, visual learning, through OCL and executive function, through GML. There is not minimum/maximum since values were reported as z-score but z-score of 0 means result equals to mean with negative numbers indicating values lower than mean and positive values higher. Positive change in z-score = an improvement in cognition, i.e., a better outcome; and negative change in z-score = worsening in cognition, i.e., a worse outcome. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 24, 68 and 104
| Intervention | Z-score (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 24 | Week 68 | Week 104 | |
| Alirocumab Q2W | -0.313 | -0.334 | -0.439 |
| Alirocumab Q4W | -0.136 | -0.263 | -0.638 |
| Placebo/Alirocumab Q2W | -0.403 | -0.421 | -0.601 |
| Placebo/Alirocumab Q4W | -0.218 | -0.272 | -0.393 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and a post-baseline value for at least one timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, and 24
| Intervention | ratio (Apo B/Apo A-1) (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -0.2 | -0.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -0.3 | -0.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, and 24
| Intervention | ratio (Apo B/Apo A-1) (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -0.2 | -0.2 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -0.3 | -0.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Anti-drug (alirocumab) antibodies samples were analyzed using a validated non-quantitative, titer-based bridging immunoassay. Number of participants with positive ADA during 24-week treatment period is reported. Treatment-emergent positive ADA response was defined as 1) participants with no ADA positive response at baseline but with any positive response in the post-baseline period or 2) participants with a positive ADA response at baseline and at least a 4- fold increase in titer in the post-baseline period. A persistent positive response was defined as a TE ADA positive response detected in at least 2 consecutive post-baseline samples separated by at least a 12-week period. Persistent positive response was only analyzed for participants with positive TE ADA response. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Up to 24 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| TE ADA positive response | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 0 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0 |
Anti-drug (alirocumab) antibodies samples were analyzed using a validated non-quantitative, titer-based bridging immunoassay. Number of participants with positive ADA during 24-week treatment period is reported. Treatment-emergent positive ADA response was defined as 1) participants with no ADA positive response at baseline but with any positive response in the post-baseline period or 2) participants with a positive ADA response at baseline and at least a 4- fold increase in titer in the post-baseline period. A persistent positive response was defined as a TE ADA positive response detected in at least 2 consecutive post-baseline samples separated by at least a 12-week period. Persistent positive response was only analyzed for participants with positive TE ADA response. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Up to 24 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| TE ADA positive response | Persistent positive response | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 3 | 0 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM mode, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -1.7 | 1.0 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 5.0 | 4.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -0.1 | -0.1 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -0.7 | -4.5 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -30.0 | -27.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -31.7 | -34.3 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 8.9 | 10.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 1.1 | -3.6 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -2.2 | 11.9 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -0.3 | -6.8 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 6.5 | 7.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 7.8 | 12.2 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st investigational medicinal product (IMP) injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -34.8 | -33.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -39.2 | -38.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 10.7 | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 2.3 | -4.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 day otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12, and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | 3.5 | 5.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | 4.0 | 3.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -2.2 | -0.8 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.5 | -1.1 |
Adjusted means and standard errors were obtained from a multiple imputation approach followed by a robust regression model including all available post-baseline on-treatment data up to Week 12 and Week 24, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for those who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. Combined estimates and SE were obtained by combining adjusted means and SE from robust regression model analyses of the different imputed data sets. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -12.746 | -14.748 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -16.042 | -22.418 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | -7.099 | 0.492 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -2.545 | 2.468 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -33.0 | -31.0 |
| Db Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -34.7 | -35.6 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 9.8 | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 2.8 | -3.7 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. MMRM model was run on participants with a Baseline value and at one on-treatment post-baseline value for a timepoint used in the model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -25.3 | -23.4 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -27.0 | -27.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.5 | 7.4 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | 0.9 | -4.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline data available up to Week 8, Week 12 and Week 24 were used and missing data were accounted for by the MMRM model. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 8, 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -35.4 | -34.8 | -33.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -42.0 | -39.2 | -38.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.1 | 10.7 | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.8 | 2.3 | -4.4 |
Adjusted LS means and SE were obtained from MMRM model. All post-baseline on-treatment data available up to Week 8, Week 12 and Week 24 were used for the MMRM model, i.e., for Q2W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 21 days and for Q4W data: from 1st IMP injection up to last IMP injection + 35 days for who stopped IMP before switch to Q2W regimen, + 21 days otherwise. (NCT03510884)
Timeframe: Baseline to Weeks 8, 12 and 24
| Intervention | percent change (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 24 | |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q2W | -35.4 | -34.8 | -33.6 |
| DB Period: Alirocumab Q4W | -42.0 | -39.2 | -38.2 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q2W | 7.1 | 10.7 | 9.7 |
| DB Period: Placebo Q4W | -3.8 | 2.3 | -4.4 |
Change in the weekly frequency of bowel movements measured between baseline and the second week of treatment. Baseline is defined as the second week of screening for treatment period 1 and second week of washout for treatment period 2. (NCT04046328)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 2 of treatment (Days 8 to 14, and Days 36 to 42)
| Intervention | Weekly bowel movements (Mean) |
|---|---|
| "Low Dose ECC Regimen" | -11.5 |
| "High Dose ECC Regimen" | -13.4 |
(NCT04046328)
Timeframe: Days 8 to 14, and Days 36 to 42
| Intervention | mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| "Low Dose ECC Regimen" | 72.9 |
| "High Dose ECC Regimen" | 68.9 |
The BSFS classifies the form of human feces into seven categories (Type 1 to Type 7) based on stool shape and consistency. Types or scores of 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools as they are easy to defecate while not containing excess liquid, 5 tending towards diarrhea, and 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea. (NCT04046328)
Timeframe: Days 8 to 14, and Days 36 to 42
| Intervention | Score on BSFS scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| "Low Dose ECC Regimen" | 3.6 |
| "High Dose ECC Regimen" | 3.7 |
(NCT04046328)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 14 and Days 29 to 42
| Intervention | Bowel movements (Mean) |
|---|---|
| "Low Dose ECC Regimen" | 52.5 |
| "High Dose ECC Regimen" | 55.1 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body | metabolite |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 3.56 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid | antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H). | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent |
| adenine [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. | 5.57 | 5 | 1 | azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride | EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant |
| carbamates [no description available] | 4.83 | 2 | 1 | amino-acid anion | |
| carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound | biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent |
| carnitine [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| chlordecone [no description available] | 5.76 | 8 | 1 | cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound | insecticide; persistent organic pollutant |
| chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 4.56 | 8 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride | mouse metabolite |
| lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
| dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | sulfoxide; volatile organic compound | alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger |
| glycine [no description available] | 3.74 | 11 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
| glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
| hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histamine [no description available] | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity | antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite |
| iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge.. | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | diatomic iodine | nutrient |
| methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
| melatonin [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 7.35 | 2 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 20.31 | 82 | 16 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. | 4.05 | 3 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | |
| nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen oxoacid | |
| nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 3.79 | 2 | 1 | monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species | human metabolite |
| oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxylic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite |
| porphobilinogen [no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | metabolite; protic solvent |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| taurine [no description available] | 5.91 | 20 | 0 | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | uric acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | hydrazines | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent |
| 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8. | 3.91 | 13 | 0 | aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid | fluorescent probe |
| 2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | bipyridine | chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor |
| amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; triazoles | carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide |
| meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol | anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 5.66 | 8 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 6.28 | 6 | 2 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 3.13 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; pyridoindole | antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| theophylline [no description available] | 3.76 | 2 | 1 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 3.47 | 2 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolone | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 7.25 | 19 | 1 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 4.28 | 1 | 1 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 6.3 | 16 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| berberine [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker |
| beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| buformin Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; radiosensitizing agent |
| camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; organochlorine compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 3.39 | 1 | 1 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| chloral hydrate [no description available] | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound | general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 3.2 | 6 | 0 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide | |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 5.25 | 5 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofibrate [no description available] | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | antilipemic drug |
| cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 15.37 | 227 | 18 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate. | 5.19 | 9 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol | vasodilator agent |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 6.49 | 7 | 7 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes | human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant |
| ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide | bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 5.92 | 5 | 2 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| distigmine distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; pyridinium ion | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; muscarinic agonist |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 4.48 | 4 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 4.08 | 3 | 1 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms. | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 3.13 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 3.96 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 7.97 | 15 | 3 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fludiazepam fludiazepam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | anxiolytic drug |
| flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 5.15 | 3 | 1 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | benzoate ester | |
| gemfibrozil [no description available] | 14.15 | 56 | 16 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
| gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS. | 3.67 | 10 | 0 | ||
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.36 | 1 | 1 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| halothane [no description available] | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
| harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | harmala alkaloid | oneirogen |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 4.44 | 5 | 1 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively. | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 4.62 | 3 | 2 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 4.46 | 7 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 4.49 | 4 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. | 5.02 | 12 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| letrozole [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 7.65 | 15 | 1 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. | 4.28 | 4 | 1 | benzodiazepine | |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 9.29 | 11 | 2 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 5.15 | 6 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 8.04 | 23 | 1 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles | |
| nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 3.42 | 1 | 1 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 3.13 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | phenols; pyrazolidines | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite |
| aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 6.38 | 5 | 1 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
| pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 2 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; beta-diketone | anticoagulant |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 9.75 | 63 | 1 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone | acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator |
| phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position. | 5.95 | 9 | 0 | pyrazolidines | antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
| pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 3.5 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood. | 14.57 | 76 | 13 | dithioketal; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 3.96 | 2 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine. | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate | anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite |
| propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | xanthenes | |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 3.51 | 2 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 9.19 | 11 | 4 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| simfibrate simfibrate: structure | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| sodium fluoride [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | fluoride salt | mutagen |
| sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | ||
| sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | 5.13 | 3 | 1 | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
| sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination. | 3.2 | 6 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols | dye |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | diarylmethane | |
| thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
| ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarboxamide | |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 3.38 | 1 | 1 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| tyramine [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines | |
| corticosterone [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 5.83 | 18 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid | estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 2.9 | 4 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 12.32 | 68 | 3 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 5.86 | 8 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity. | 2.34 | 2 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 4.31 | 6 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. | 4.25 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid | anabolic agent; androgen |
| androsterone [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid | androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone |
| dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 2-acetamidofluorenes | antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 7.33 | 7 | 2 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen |
| biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton. | 4.82 | 6 | 0 | guanidines | |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 4.25 | 3 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. | 3.04 | 5 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes | carcinogenic agent |
| apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 2.9 | 2 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound | antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position. | 3.73 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone | anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent |
| puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | |
| cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | tetrachlorophenol | xenobiotic metabolite |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 5.06 | 8 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| phlorhizin [no description available] | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzoxazole | |
| leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | lactose | |
| 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. | 2.58 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 5.02 | 5 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | chloromethanes; one-carbon compound | carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant |
| norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen. | 4.25 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | oxo steroid | |
| chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles | |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 5.54 | 5 | 1 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| mannitol [no description available] | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
| ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine | algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite |
| n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol | human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| mestranol [no description available] | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound | prodrug; xenoestrogen |
| tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound | |
| bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzofurans | |
| phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; piperidines | anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug |
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid | gastrointestinal drug |
| taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals. | 9.38 | 66 | 2 | amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillanic acids | |
| n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | |
| propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; paraben; phenols | antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent |
| nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 . | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines | antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent |
| quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent | |
| cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | sulfamic acids | environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine. | 4.24 | 5 | 0 | epoxide; organochlorine compound | |
| allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. | 6.23 | 11 | 0 | alkylamine | |
| pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. | 10.01 | 16 | 9 | pyrrole; secondary amine | |
| ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | peptide ergot alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3.08 | 1 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis. | 4.47 | 4 | 0 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
| diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | diester; phthalate ester | androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser |
| hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes | antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant |
| framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 12.15 | 62 | 6 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
| 2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | naphthol | antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| dextrothyroxine Dextrothyroxine: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.. D-thyroxine : The D-enantiomer of thyroxine. | 10.37 | 47 | 2 | D-tyrosine derivative; thyroxine | |
| ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound | EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| pregnenolone [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite. | 3.8 | 2 | 1 | catechin | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | indazole | |
| isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. | 5.67 | 14 | 0 | isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 4.63 | 3 | 2 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. | 5.37 | 5 | 3 | diazine; pyrazines | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| calcium gluconate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt | nutraceutical |
| hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | azane; hydrazines | EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor |
| aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | mixture | bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug |
| perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkanoic acid | carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic |
| methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406) | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid. | 4.49 | 4 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension. | 3.35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group. | 5.7 | 3 | 1 | monofluorobenzenes | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. | 5.66 | 3 | 1 | calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound | antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 10.48 | 49 | 5 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 6.88 | 22 | 1 | bile acid glycine conjugate | human metabolite |
| fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | carbonate salt; organic sodium salt | |
| florantyrone florantyrone: structure | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | butanone | |
| dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid | androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | dialdehyde | biomarker |
| n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | long-chain alkane | non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component |
| eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; organobromine compound | fluorochrome; histological dye |
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 2 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas | alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent |
| 1,2-cyclohexanedione cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexanedione | |
| diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin. | 4.59 | 3 | 0 | ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine | antidiarrhoeal drug |
| amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | steroid lactone | |
| durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 8.98 | 28 | 2 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 7.94 | 21 | 1 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile | |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | thujene | plant metabolite |
| mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose | metabolite |
| dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol | chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent |
| megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine | |
| nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid | |
| carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
| butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | nitrosamine; primary alcohol | carcinogenic agent |
| 1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | pyrenes | |
| iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | dioxolane | |
| n-nitrodiethylamine [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lanthanum [no description available] | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom | |
| mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | elemental mercury; zinc group element atom | neurotoxin |
| technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | manganese group element atom | |
| tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | chromium group element atom | micronutrient |
| chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | chromium group element atom; metal allergen | micronutrient |
| gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | copper group element atom; elemental gold | |
| camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source | 3.42 | 1 | 1 | delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate | radioopaque medium |
| calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | |
| calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | fertilizer |
| tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | calcium phosphate | |
| chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion | oxidising agent |
| deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. | 3.58 | 3 | 0 | dihydrogen | |
| fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
| chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity | bleaching agent |
| galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide). | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | epoxide | |
| trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes. | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | anabolic agent; androgen |
| ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic chloride | ferroptosis inhibitor |
| sodium tungstate(vi) sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | reagent |
| tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen |
| fluorides [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic fluorine | |
| clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| 1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid | anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
| iodine [no description available] | 4.24 | 2 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic iodine | human metabolite |
| carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester | antithyroid drug; prodrug |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 7.01 | 34 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 13.83 | 50 | 5 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid: major metabolite of nabumetone; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-naphthylacetic acid having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position. The active metabolite of the prodrug nabumetone. | 3.77 | 2 | 1 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite |
| alkenes [no description available] | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | ||
| calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones). | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | organic calcium salt | |
| azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid). | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen |
| azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | pseudohalide anion | mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor |
| halofenate Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent. | 3.45 | 2 | 0 | ||
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. | 3.31 | 1 | 0 | N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| substance p [no description available] | 4.11 | 2 | 0 | peptide | neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent |
| halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | phenanthrenes | |
| cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| bezafibrate [no description available] | 9.85 | 21 | 11 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol | mycotoxin |
| n-ethyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine: rapid & selective inducer of urinary bladder cancer in rats | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | polychlorinated dibenzofuran | |
| nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible). | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | ketone; nitrosamine | carcinogenic agent |
| piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol | adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist |
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 16.79 | 159 | 41 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 13.36 | 69 | 30 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 11.92 | 56 | 19 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source | 2.68 | 3 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| atorvastatin [no description available] | 10.07 | 17 | 9 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| irinotecan [no description available] | 3.42 | 1 | 1 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position. | 3.97 | 4 | 0 | ||
| colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption. | 16.27 | 133 | 21 | ||
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 3.47 | 8 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| lorazepam glucuronide [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | glucosiduronic acid | |
| aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | ||
| atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. | 3.57 | 9 | 0 | 2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite |
| fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate. | 3.76 | 2 | 1 | aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid | drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide: disulfide is an important moiety in this cpd. aldrithiol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide; pyridines | oxidising agent |
| 25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol | human metabolite |
| cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7. | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | cephalosporin | fungal metabolite |
| lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. | 5.55 | 6 | 3 | 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
| mci-196 colestimide: a 2-methylimidazole-epichlorohydrin polymer; bile acid and methotrexate anion-exchange resin | 4.89 | 6 | 0 | ||
| delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart. | 3.75 | 3 | 0 | anthocyanidin chloride | |
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 5.61 | 5 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| lecimibide [no description available] | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions. | 2.67 | 3 | 0 | ||
| sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan | antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| tetrahexylammonium tetrahexylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tri-n-butylmethylammonium tri-n-butylmethylammonium: RN given refers to iodide | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| coenzyme a [no description available] | 4.3 | 6 | 0 | adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate | coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol. | 4.06 | 3 | 1 | iditol | fungal metabolite |
| 7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid | neuroprotective agent |
| homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration. | 4.65 | 3 | 2 | amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid | fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-hydroxypropranolol 4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | naphthols | |
| acetoacetyl coa [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| zymosterol [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | metabolite |
| racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | proanthocyanidin | |
| valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters. | 3.06 | 5 | 0 | short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | plant metabolite |
| estrone-3-glucuronide [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis. | 4.15 | 5 | 0 | fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| muricholic acid muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 6-hydroxy steroid; 7-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | |
| dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source | 3.45 | 1 | 1 | ||
| pd 128042 PD 128042: structure given in first source | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | anilide | |
| ursocholic acid ursocholic acid: see also records for allocholic and cholic acids. ursocholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 3alpha, 7beta and 12alpha. | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | 12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7beta-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | EC 1.1.1.159 (7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite |
| 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position. | 6.56 | 8 | 2 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; cholestanoid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid [no description available] | 7.78 | 22 | 1 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| cl 277082 CL 277082: structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methotrexate [no description available] | 5.71 | 11 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| e 5324 E 5324: structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | |
| aspartame [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester | apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid: hydrolysate of ochratoxin A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | D-xylose | |
| proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. | 2.39 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 3.42 | 1 | 1 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). | 6.99 | 18 | 0 | azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite |
| calcium pyrophosphate [no description available] | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid 3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid: found in infants with coprostanicacidemia; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid : A steroid acid resulting from the oxidation of one of the terminal methyl groups of cholesterol to the corresponding aldehyde. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid | bacterial metabolite |
| paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| avasimibe [no description available] | 3.1 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
| lanthanum carbonate lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols | mouse metabolite |
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 3.98 | 4 | 0 | ||
| lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure. | 6.74 | 11 | 1 | ||
| psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. | 7.52 | 16 | 3 | very long-chain fatty acid | |
| sorafenib [no description available] | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12. | 6.82 | 24 | 1 | 12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. | 7.97 | 28 | 1 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human blood serum metabolite |
| cortisone [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| stigmastanol stigmastanol: saturated analog of beta-sitosterol; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. stigmastanol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group. | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | 3-hydroxy steroid; phytosterols | anticholesteremic drug; plant metabolite |
| lanosterol [no description available] | 4.75 | 7 | 1 | 14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring. | 7.54 | 6 | 3 | ||
| taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid. | 2 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues. | 3.97 | 2 | 0 | ||
| elastin [no description available] | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid. | 8.42 | 45 | 1 | 3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid | |
| pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | pantetheines; thiol | human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available] | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| puromycin [no description available] | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | puromycins | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 5.29 | 7 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 5.49 | 22 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| miglitol [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum. | 4.02 | 4 | 0 | isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative | Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent |
| lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed) | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug |
| medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE). | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | |
| betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. | 2.93 | 4 | 0 | cyclodextrin | |
| acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. | 2.87 | 4 | 0 | acyl-CoA | acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite |
| farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | farnesol | plant metabolite |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 7.02 | 15 | 1 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | microcystin | bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
| pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid. | 7.37 | 15 | 2 | D-galactopyranuronic acid | |
| cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 4.63 | 3 | 2 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic) | |
| mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
| clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic. | 10.98 | 15 | 0 | ||
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis. | 3.35 | 1 | 0 | 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent |
| adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide | adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | olefinic compound; polyphenol | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen |
| gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3. | 8.2 | 15 | 2 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols | marine metabolite; plant metabolite |
| azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). | 3.07 | 1 | 0 | flavin; vitamin B2 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | |
| carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. | 4.81 | 4 | 0 | triterpenoid | |
| glycosides [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
| squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate | 6.46 | 14 | 1 | triterpene | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | malonyl-CoAs | EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | diphosphate ion | |
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 5.9 | 4 | 1 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 3.98 | 2 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidone | |
| flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. | 2 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide | carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 6.79 | 5 | 3 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 8.37 | 1 | 1 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
| D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
| unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 8.76 | 23 | 3 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol. | 2 | 1 | 0 | diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol | carcinogenic agent; metabolite |
| sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid. | 2.66 | 3 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | human metabolite |
| nadp [no description available] | 3.74 | 11 | 0 | ||
| fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. | 2.35 | 2 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. | 4.15 | 5 | 0 | carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 3.48 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. | 3.82 | 3 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| quinine [no description available] | 3.04 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| cystine [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer | 2 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol | |
| amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982 | 11.46 | 51 | 6 | ||
| ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | detergent; protein denaturant |
| alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. | 2.4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4. | 2 | 1 | 0 | sphing-4-enine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| bilirubin [no description available] | 10.38 | 51 | 3 | biladienes; dicarboxylic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 2 | 1 | 0 | octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors. | 7.02 | 20 | 0 | ||
| beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues. | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene | antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A |
| vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
| stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol | plant metabolite |
| cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone | geroprotector; human metabolite |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 7.8 | 12 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species. | 2.7 | 3 | 0 | macrolide; resorcinols | fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen |
| gefarnate Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue. | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | thromboxanes B | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate. | 3.8 | 4 | 0 | CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate | mouse metabolite |
| codeine [no description available] | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 4 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | phylloquinones; vitamin K | cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor | 5.37 | 5 | 3 | pyrazinecarboxylic acid | |
| iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol | platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class. | 5.22 | 4 | 0 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate | |
| lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | phosphatidylcholine(1+) | |
| fexaramine fexaramine: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids | |
| brevetoxin t17 brevetoxin T17: from Florida red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis; neuromuscular blocking action; structure given in first source | 2.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
| aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. | 4.31 | 6 | 0 | boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom | |
| ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. | 6.54 | 10 | 0 | metal atom; pnictogen | |
| arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | metalloid atom; pnictogen | micronutrient |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 4.07 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | macronutrient |
| cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | cysteinium | fundamental metabolite |
| phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions. | 2.86 | 4 | 0 | monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen | macronutrient |
| pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker |
| oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | octadecenoyl-CoA | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | triglyceride | Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin d 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2: 9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycalciol; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; human xenobiotic metabolite; nutraceutical |
| cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt | fertilizer |
| selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | chalcogen; nonmetal atom | micronutrient |
| oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure. | 5.86 | 19 | 0 | ||
| aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture | 3.76 | 2 | 1 | ||
| (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. | 9.22 | 19 | 15 | (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid | |
| mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone. | 3.35 | 7 | 0 | 4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one | fungal metabolite; plant metabolite |
| pregnanediol [no description available] | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter. | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | cholestanoid | |
| dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule. | 3.22 | 6 | 0 | polyterpene | |
| simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyanoginosin-la cyanoginosin-LA: from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| bm 15766 BM 15766: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase antagonist | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isopentenol isopentenol : An enol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | enol | |
| antibiotic 1233a antibiotic 1233A: beta-lactone antibiotic from Cephalosporium; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase & 3C protease, viral inhibitor; structure in first source | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
| beta-escin [no description available] | 3.76 | 3 | 0 | ||
| gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706) | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | gadolinium coordination entity | MRI contrast agent |
| on 01910 ON 01910: a Plk1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a 2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl group.. rigosertib : An N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine in which the double bond has E-configuration. It is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM and exhibits anti-cancer properties. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. | 2.89 | 4 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| 2164u90 2164U90: a potent inhibitor of the ileal bile acid active transport system; structure given in first source | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. | 2 | 1 | 0 | bile acid taurine conjugate | anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines | anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor |
| gw 4064 [no description available] | 2.42 | 2 | 0 | stilbenoid | |
| elobixibat elobixibat: inhibits ileal bile acid transporter | 3.68 | 2 | 0 | ||
| bpc 157 BPC 157: amino acid sequence given in first source; a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide, BPC, with hepatoprotective effects | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| zeolites [no description available] | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| candicidin Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| beta-acetyldigoxin Acetyldigoxins: Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure. | 3.75 | 2 | 1 | cardenolide glycoside | |
| meciadanol meciadanol: catechin metabolite; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 3.36 | 1 | 1 | ||
| lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| eluxadoline [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; benzamides; imidazoles; L-phenylalanine derivative; methoxybenzoic acid | delta-opioid receptor antagonist; gastrointestinal drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| technetium tc 99m disofenin Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4) | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | benzoxazole | |
| sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | ||
| indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| n-desmethylrosiglitazone N-desmethylrosiglitazone: metabolite of rosiglitazone | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| 24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24. | 3.42 | 1 | 1 | 24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol | |
| phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond. | 7.76 | 17 | 1 | ||
| rifamycins [no description available] | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety. | 3.05 | 5 | 0 | organophosphate oxoanion | cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. | 8.37 | 23 | 3 | ||
| ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug |
| motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | ||
| glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | peptide hormone | |
| oligonucleotides [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 10.75 | 35 | 4 | glycoside | |
| phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety. | 6.45 | 19 | 0 | 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine | |
| (9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively. | 3.25 | 1 | 0 | 21-hydroxy steroid | |
| bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid. | 5.99 | 7 | 0 | ||
| sodium salicylate [no description available] | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. | 2.38 | 2 | 0 | ||
| calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| benzmalecene benzmalecene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 6.93 | 1 | 0 | ||
| chitosan [no description available] | 3.07 | 5 | 0 | ||
| crilvastatin crilvastatin: structure given in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine. | 8.2 | 9 | 0 | organic cation; sulfonium compound | coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| dolichol monophosphate [no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | |
| cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | peptide hormone | human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary |
| mannans [no description available] | 10.16 | 13 | 3 | ||
| glycolipids [no description available] | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 4.04 | 3 | 1 | ||
| hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY. | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4-methylcholest-7-en-3-ol 4-methylcholest-7-en-3-ol: RN given refers to (3beta,4alpha,5alpha)-isomer | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. | 3.74 | 2 | 1 | ||
| vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE). | 4 | 2 | 0 | ||
| heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. | 3.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 6.78 | 8 | 1 | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 8.11 | 15 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
| piroxicam [no description available] | 4.05 | 3 | 1 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.37 | 1 | 1 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries. | 3.76 | 2 | 1 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 10.49 | 22 | 3 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| bromfenacoum [no description available] | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly | |
| phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor |
| teriflunomide [no description available] | 4.53 | 4 | 1 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide | drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| ethyl biscoumacetate Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226) | 1.95 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | |
| bismuth salicylate Bismuth Salicylate: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE was entry term in SALICYLATES 1999-2005, indexed NM to SALICYLIC ACID 1981-1998 | 4.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products. | 4.82 | 4 | 0 | aluminosilicate mineral; mixture | antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient |
| clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter. | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
| agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | ||
| caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | ||
| oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X). | 3.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
| daptomycin [no description available] | 2.72 | 2 | 0 | ||
| vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12. | 7.42 | 16 | 1 | ||
| insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). | 2.69 | 3 | 0 | ||
| peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence. | 4.15 | 3 | 1 | ||
| cholecystokinin 39 cholecystokinin 39: contains 39 amino acids; 6 amino acid residues added on to cholecystokinin | 1.97 | 1 | 0 | ||
| digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies. | 2.64 | 3 | 0 | ||
| tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose. | 1.94 | 1 | 0 | ||
| orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | ||
| exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329) | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
| levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| deoxyguanosine [no description available] | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 4.95 | 9 | 1 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 10.39 | 25 | 1 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 3.74 | 3 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles | antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist |
| methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | nitroso compound | alkylating agent |
| 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. | 3.41 | 1 | 1 | guanosines | biomarker |
| trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | ||
| leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
| aluminum magnesium silicate aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | ||
| phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING. | 0 | 7.08 | 6 | 2 |
| Cognitive Decline [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Inflammation [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 3.85 | 4 | 0 |
| Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 3.85 | 4 | 0 |
| Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Blast Phase [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Basedow Disease [description not available] | 0 | 6.5 | 6 | 3 |
| Hyperthyroid [description not available] | 0 | 6.62 | 7 | 1 |
| Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy). | 0 | 6.5 | 6 | 3 |
| Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE. | 0 | 6.62 | 7 | 1 |
| Acne [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
| Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight. | 0 | 3.53 | 8 | 0 |
| Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER. | 0 | 7.11 | 20 | 1 |
| Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. | 0 | 15.13 | 177 | 20 |
| Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) | 0 | 4.85 | 8 | 1 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 5.46 | 5 | 1 |
| Disbacteriosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Brain Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). | 0 | 9.31 | 33 | 4 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 0 | 5.46 | 5 | 1 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 15.11 | 133 | 2 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available] | 0 | 8.75 | 24 | 2 |
| Itching [description not available] | 0 | 16.42 | 124 | 9 |
| Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS). | 0 | 15.11 | 133 | 2 |
| Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). | 0 | 8.75 | 24 | 2 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 18.85 | 78 | 2 |
| Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. | 0 | 21.42 | 124 | 9 |
| Liver Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 8.81 | 57 | 0 |
| Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER. | 0 | 8.81 | 57 | 0 |
| Microscopic Colitis [description not available] | 0 | 8.12 | 9 | 1 |
| Colitis, Microscopic A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology. | 0 | 8.12 | 9 | 1 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 5.18 | 6 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 5.18 | 6 | 0 |
| Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available] | 0 | 4.13 | 4 | 0 |
| Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. | 0 | 4.13 | 4 | 0 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available] | 0 | 5.29 | 12 | 1 |
| Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. | 0 | 5.29 | 12 | 1 |
| Gastric Stasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS. | 0 | 5.2 | 4 | 1 |
| Duodenal Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 3.6 | 3 | 0 |
| Gastric Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 8.05 | 22 | 2 |
| Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 8.05 | 22 | 2 |
| Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Atherogenesis [description not available] | 0 | 5.59 | 6 | 1 |
| Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 7.29 | 40 | 0 |
| Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA. | 0 | 5.59 | 6 | 1 |
| Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 8.56 | 27 | 4 |
| Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914) | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
| Coronary Heart Disease [description not available] | 0 | 19.62 | 184 | 61 |
| Elevated Cholesterol [description not available] | 0 | 21.04 | 372 | 113 |
| Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. | 0 | 19.62 | 184 | 61 |
| Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population. | 0 | 21.04 | 372 | 113 |
| Acute Q Fever [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 10.59 | 57 | 3 |
| Colitis, Mucous [description not available] | 0 | 5.79 | 5 | 0 |
| Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients. | 0 | 11.41 | 61 | 2 |
| Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 10.59 | 57 | 3 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION. | 0 | 5.79 | 5 | 0 |
| Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 13.13 | 48 | 2 |
| BH4 Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn. | 0 | 9.21 | 9 | 0 |
| Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters. | 0 | 9.5 | 12 | 0 |
| Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 10.77 | 13 | 6 |
| B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease. | 0 | 3.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholera Infantum [description not available] | 0 | 8.75 | 15 | 4 |
| Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage. | 0 | 3.27 | 6 | 0 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood. | 0 | 5.58 | 6 | 1 |
| Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available] | 0 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 |
| Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone. | 0 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 4.13 | 6 | 0 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 4.38 | 8 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 4.13 | 6 | 0 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 4.38 | 8 | 0 |
| Colitis Gravis [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 7 | 0 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 5.3 | 13 | 1 |
| Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN. | 0 | 3.36 | 7 | 0 |
| Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available] | 0 | 6.91 | 8 | 1 |
| Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria). | 0 | 6.91 | 8 | 1 |
| Collagenous Colitis [description not available] | 0 | 6.67 | 8 | 1 |
| Colitis, Collagenous A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN. | 0 | 6.67 | 8 | 1 |
| Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 7 | 0 |
| Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS. | 0 | 4.26 | 7 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 8.74 | 14 | 4 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 8.74 | 14 | 4 |
| Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available] | 0 | 4.19 | 6 | 0 |
| Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces. | 0 | 4.19 | 6 | 0 |
| Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms ( | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 6.14 | 7 | 1 |
| Nasal Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER. | 0 | 6.14 | 7 | 1 |
| Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
| Bleeding [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available] | 0 | 5.69 | 14 | 0 |
| B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.77 | 3 | 0 |
| Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species. | 0 | 5.69 | 14 | 0 |
| Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. | 0 | 2.77 | 3 | 0 |
| Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 0 | 4.32 | 4 | 1 |
| Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 2.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 5.06 | 10 | 1 |
| Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 11.35 | 59 | 3 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes. | 0 | 11.35 | 59 | 3 |
| Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 2 | 0 |
| MODS [description not available] | 0 | 3.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease. | 0 | 3.09 | 1 | 0 |
| Weight Reduction [description not available] | 0 | 4.82 | 2 | 1 |
| Crisis, Thyrotoxic [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 2 | 0 |
| Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative. | 0 | 3.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT. | 0 | 4.82 | 2 | 1 |
| Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall. | 0 | 3.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available] | 0 | 5.48 | 5 | 3 |
| Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery. | 0 | 5.48 | 5 | 3 |
| Hepatic Porphyria [description not available] | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Porphyrias, Hepatic A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues. | 0 | 3.12 | 1 | 0 |
| Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure. | 0 | 7.65 | 17 | 4 |
| Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Bed Sores [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain. | 0 | 4.16 | 3 | 1 |
| Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA). | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER. | 0 | 5.97 | 15 | 0 |
| Complication, Postoperative [description not available] | 0 | 11.14 | 59 | 4 |
| Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 8.53 | 13 | 3 |
| Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery. | 0 | 11.14 | 59 | 4 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 6.42 | 16 | 1 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 6.42 | 16 | 1 |
| Hyperlipemia [description not available] | 0 | 18.52 | 287 | 29 |
| Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood. | 0 | 18.52 | 287 | 29 |
| Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available] | 0 | 9.3 | 43 | 2 |
| Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization. | 0 | 9.3 | 43 | 2 |
| Alagille Syndrome 1 [description not available] | 0 | 5.22 | 4 | 1 |
| Alagille Syndrome A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2). | 0 | 5.22 | 4 | 1 |
| Bowel Incontinence [description not available] | 0 | 4.7 | 3 | 2 |
| Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. | 0 | 4.7 | 3 | 2 |
| Impotence [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Prostate [description not available] | 0 | 4.45 | 5 | 1 |
| Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE. | 0 | 4.45 | 5 | 1 |
| Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314) | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.98 | 3 | 1 |
| Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis. | 0 | 4.98 | 3 | 1 |
| Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS. | 0 | 3.48 | 1 | 1 |
| Marasmus [description not available] | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses. | 0 | 3.31 | 2 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Icterus [description not available] | 0 | 5.26 | 21 | 0 |
| Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 3.97 | 14 | 0 |
| Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction. | 0 | 5.26 | 21 | 0 |
| Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 3.97 | 14 | 0 |
| Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available] | 0 | 7.22 | 23 | 1 |
| Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available] | 0 | 6.03 | 6 | 1 |
| Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients. | 0 | 7.22 | 23 | 1 |
| Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 6.03 | 6 | 1 |
| Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated ( | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Steatorrhea A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
| Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available] | 0 | 13.59 | 30 | 23 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. | 0 | 13.59 | 30 | 23 |
| Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Plasmodium [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatoses [description not available] | 0 | 6.22 | 13 | 1 |
| Xanthoma [description not available] | 0 | 10.06 | 50 | 3 |
| Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS. | 0 | 6.22 | 13 | 1 |
| Endotoxin Shock [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Gallstone Disease [description not available] | 0 | 11.17 | 71 | 2 |
| Central Hypothyroidism [description not available] | 0 | 4.85 | 8 | 0 |
| Colicky Pain [description not available] | 0 | 4.12 | 3 | 1 |
| Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS). | 0 | 11.17 | 71 | 2 |
| Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction. | 0 | 4.85 | 8 | 0 |
| Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. | 0 | 4.12 | 3 | 1 |
| Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 11.63 | 89 | 7 |
| Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. | 0 | 10.67 | 19 | 4 |
| Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Sterility, Female [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 3.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Bilirubinemia [description not available] | 0 | 4.38 | 8 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002) | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions. | 0 | 3.33 | 2 | 0 |
| Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available] | 0 | 17.02 | 149 | 46 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). | 0 | 17.02 | 149 | 46 |
| Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less. | 0 | 6.85 | 13 | 6 |
| Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections. | 0 | 6.85 | 13 | 6 |
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms. | 0 | 6.08 | 6 | 2 |
| Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available] | 0 | 4.46 | 3 | 0 |
| Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS. | 0 | 4.46 | 3 | 0 |
| Blood Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 3 | 0 |
| Malnourishment [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Low Bone Density [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Lassitude [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS. | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. | 0 | 3.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN. | 0 | 3.81 | 4 | 0 |
| Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolic Acidosis [description not available] | 0 | 6.61 | 12 | 1 |
| Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. | 0 | 6.61 | 12 | 1 |
| Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Cutis Elastica [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability. | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatic Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed) | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Angor Pectoris [description not available] | 0 | 4.84 | 8 | 1 |
| Aortic Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION. | 0 | 4.84 | 8 | 1 |
| Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukocytopenia [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000). | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM. | 0 | 8.42 | 27 | 1 |
| Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 0 |
| Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body. | 0 | 3.83 | 2 | 0 |
| Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features. | 0 | 2.72 | 3 | 0 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 6.8 | 9 | 3 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 6.8 | 9 | 3 |
| Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 2.91 | 4 | 0 |
| Liver Steatosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Anasarca [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
| Alloxan Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 11 | 0 |
| Insulin Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS. | 0 | 2.74 | 3 | 0 |
| Cerebral Cholesterinosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.09 | 3 | 1 |
| Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder due to mutation of the gene CYP27A1 encoding a CHOLESTANETRIOL 26-MONOOXYGENASE. It is characterized by large deposits of CHOLESTEROL and CHOLESTANOL in various tissues resulting in xanthomatous swelling of tendons, early CATARACT, and progressive neurological symptoms. | 0 | 4.09 | 3 | 1 |
| Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 8.4 | 23 | 4 |
| Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 8.4 | 23 | 4 |
| Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY. | 0 | 3.86 | 2 | 1 |
| Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. | 0 | 3.86 | 2 | 1 |
| Campylobacter Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 7.96 | 19 | 5 |
| Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest). | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 5.93 | 5 | 2 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 5.93 | 5 | 2 |
| Gelineau Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypersomnolence, CNS, Idiopathic [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Cataleptic Attacks [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Hypersomnia A sleep disorder of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with CATAPLEXY, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. (From Chokroverty, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, pp319-20; Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Apr:52(2):125-129) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Dyslipidemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. | 0 | 3.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Anxiety Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 3.46 | 1 | 1 |
| Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY. | 0 | 3.46 | 1 | 1 |
| Brain Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM. | 0 | 3.58 | 3 | 0 |
| Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE. | 0 | 2.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues. | 0 | 5.28 | 9 | 0 |
| Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Nevoxanthoendothelioma [description not available] | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum. | 0 | 2.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Hip Contracture Permanent fixation of the hip in primary positions, with limited passive or active motion at the hip joint. Locomotion is difficult and pain is sometimes present when the hip is in motion. It may be caused by trauma, infection, or poliomyelitis. (From Current Medical Information & Technology, 5th ed) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 5.37 | 5 | 1 |
| Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available] | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 0 |
| Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 5.37 | 5 | 1 |
| Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Brucella Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Bang Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria [description not available] | 0 | 3.62 | 3 | 0 |
| Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available] | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available] | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182) | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT. | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 7.14 | 35 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 7.14 | 35 | 0 |
| Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS. | 0 | 3.05 | 5 | 0 |
| Alcohol Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 4.91 | 6 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393) | 0 | 3.96 | 5 | 0 |
| Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available] | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 0 |
| Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea. | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 1 |
| Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4) | 0 | 4.91 | 6 | 0 |
| Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed) | 0 | 4.43 | 5 | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 1 |
| Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Celiac Sprue [description not available] | 0 | 9.19 | 39 | 3 |
| Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION. | 0 | 9.19 | 39 | 3 |
| Cardiac Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 5 | 1 |
| Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available] | 0 | 4.71 | 7 | 0 |
| Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. | 0 | 5.35 | 5 | 1 |
| Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. | 0 | 4.71 | 7 | 0 |
| Atresia, Biliary [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available] | 0 | 8.05 | 22 | 2 |
| Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood. | 0 | 2.34 | 2 | 0 |
| Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE. | 0 | 3.06 | 5 | 0 |
| Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES. | 0 | 8.05 | 22 | 2 |
| Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries. | 0 | 14.21 | 113 | 10 |
| Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION). | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Nervous System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Ectopic Ossification [description not available] | 0 | 3.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 10.15 | 25 | 4 |
| Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 10.15 | 25 | 4 |
| Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both. | 0 | 6.8 | 15 | 1 |
| Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES. | 0 | 2.93 | 1 | 0 |
| Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Angiitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
| Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY. | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
| Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5) | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
| Colorectal Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.82 | 2 | 1 |
| Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI. | 0 | 3.82 | 2 | 1 |
| Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION. | 0 | 3.8 | 4 | 0 |
| Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. | 0 | 3.3 | 2 | 0 |
| Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 4.36 | 2 | 2 |
| Light Sensitivity [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Pyrexia [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Thrombocythemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Hypermelanosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA). | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Calculi [description not available] | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin. | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.42 | 1 | 1 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 3.42 | 1 | 1 |
| Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available] | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Infections, Helicobacter [description not available] | 0 | 4.09 | 3 | 1 |
| Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. | 0 | 4.09 | 3 | 1 |
| Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperidrosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise. | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Flatus [description not available] | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. | 0 | 4.97 | 3 | 1 |
| Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. | 0 | 7.76 | 23 | 1 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood. | 0 | 4.11 | 6 | 0 |
| Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available] | 0 | 7.17 | 12 | 1 |
| Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Colon [description not available] | 0 | 6.6 | 12 | 1 |
| Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON. | 0 | 6.6 | 12 | 1 |
| Allergy, Food [description not available] | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 0 |
| Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food. | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available] | 0 | 10.77 | 29 | 5 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. | 0 | 10.77 | 29 | 5 |
| Cancer of Intestines [description not available] | 0 | 4.25 | 4 | 1 |
| Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES. | 0 | 4.25 | 4 | 1 |
| Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Diseases, Occupational [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs. | 0 | 5.35 | 14 | 0 |
| Broad Beta Disease [description not available] | 0 | 6.62 | 11 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides. | 0 | 6.62 | 11 | 0 |
| Cretinism [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Mental [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA. | 0 | 2.88 | 1 | 0 |
| Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE. | 0 | 3.21 | 6 | 0 |
| Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Infantile Diarrhea [description not available] | 0 | 8.46 | 27 | 6 |
| Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old. | 0 | 8.46 | 27 | 6 |
| Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Blood Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 3.57 | 3 | 0 |
| Bladder Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Cancer of Cervix [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Cancer of Ovary [description not available] | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Cancer of Pelvis [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Cancer of the Uterus [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER. | 0 | 3.76 | 2 | 1 |
| Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 0 |
| Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS. | 0 | 4.26 | 4 | 0 |
| Viral Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses. | 0 | 3.35 | 1 | 1 |
| Adiadochokinesis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Concussive Convulsion [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45) | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Experimental Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 4.82 | 13 | 0 |
| Cancer of Rectum [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available] | 0 | 7 | 10 | 1 |
| Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1. | 0 | 7 | 10 | 1 |
| Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA. | 0 | 2.89 | 4 | 0 |
| Infections, Taenia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Amyotonia Congenita [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders. | 0 | 8.09 | 18 | 2 |
| Fecal Impaction Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL. | 0 | 4.72 | 7 | 0 |
| Parasite Infections [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE. | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Food Poisoning [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Nutritional Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Stunted Growth [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Kidney Stones [description not available] | 0 | 4.57 | 10 | 0 |
| Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE. | 0 | 4.57 | 10 | 0 |
| Rachitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available] | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis. | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Varices [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available] | 0 | 5.83 | 6 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits. | 0 | 5.83 | 6 | 0 |
| Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE. | 0 | 3.34 | 1 | 1 |
| Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177) | 0 | 3.56 | 3 | 0 |
| Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Adult Rickets [description not available] | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis. | 0 | 3.97 | 5 | 0 |
| Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406) | 0 | 2.86 | 4 | 0 |
| Dysphagia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 6.43 | 10 | 1 |
| Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). | 0 | 6.43 | 10 | 1 |
| A-V Dissociation [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Tachyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Bronze Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed) | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5) | 0 | 2.88 | 4 | 0 |
| Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastric Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Metastase [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cronobacter Infections [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS. | 0 | 8.29 | 21 | 1 |
| Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category. | 0 | 3.98 | 5 | 0 |
| Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 3.78 | 4 | 0 |
| Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Duhring Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| AIDS Enteropathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.68 | 3 | 0 |
| AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Health Care Associated Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Embryopathies [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperpotassemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING. | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Pyrosis [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available] | 0 | 3.37 | 1 | 1 |
| Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 3.46 | 8 | 0 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 2.9 | 4 | 0 |
| Nodular Goiter [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans. | 0 | 2.9 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA). | 0 | 3.07 | 5 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences. | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. | 0 | 4.05 | 3 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue. | 0 | 3.77 | 2 | 1 |
| Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. | 0 | 2.69 | 3 | 0 |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available] | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. | 0 | 4.44 | 5 | 0 |
| Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available] | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 7.42 | 4 | 4 |
| Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts. | 0 | 7.6 | 5 | 4 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 4.51 | 3 | 0 |
| Chronic Hepatitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators. | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 0 |
| Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION). | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Joint Pain [description not available] | 0 | 5.27 | 2 | 2 |
| Exanthem [description not available] | 0 | 5.27 | 2 | 2 |
| Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. | 0 | 5.27 | 2 | 2 |
| Arthralgia Pain in the joint. | 0 | 5.27 | 2 | 2 |
| Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available] | 0 | 5.73 | 15 | 0 |
| Auricular Fibrillation [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available] | 0 | 6.35 | 3 | 1 |
| Consciousness, Loss of [description not available] | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Metabolic [description not available] | 0 | 4.91 | 6 | 0 |
| Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH. | 0 | 1.99 | 1 | 0 |
| Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed) | 0 | 4.91 | 6 | 0 |
| Angina at Rest [description not available] | 0 | 4.35 | 2 | 2 |
| Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 4.35 | 2 | 2 |
| Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns. | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM. | 0 | 3.79 | 4 | 0 |
| Bone Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |
| Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.67 | 3 | 0 |
| Caries, Dental [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Infections, Respiratory [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Fractures [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available] | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART. | 0 | 3.39 | 1 | 1 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Histomoniasis [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 2 | 0 |
| Day Blindness [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available] | 0 | 4.31 | 1 | 1 |
| Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein. | 0 | 4.31 | 1 | 1 |
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates). | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombocytopathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age. | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL. | 0 | 4.48 | 3 | 0 |
| Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Lymphangiectasis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts. | 0 | 4.72 | 7 | 0 |
| Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE). | 0 | 4.25 | 4 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycogenosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction. | 0 | 6.89 | 9 | 2 |
| Abnormality, Heart [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies. | 0 | 4.12 | 6 | 0 |
| Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available] | 0 | 3.34 | 1 | 1 |
| Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 4.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. | 0 | 4.81 | 4 | 2 |
| Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 4.02 | 3 | 1 |
| Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available] | 0 | 4.66 | 2 | 1 |
| Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Circulatory Collapse [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs. | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Clot [description not available] | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available] | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Infections, Salmonella [description not available] | 0 | 2.87 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. | 0 | 3.28 | 2 | 0 |
| Polyarthritis [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Candida Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Adhesions, Tissue [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Primary Peritonitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal. | 0 | 7.38 | 4 | 4 |
| Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level. | 0 | 7.38 | 4 | 4 |
| Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Experimental Hepatoma [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Diverticula [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| HbS Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Abscess, Hepatic [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Factor II [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID. | 0 | 2.87 | 4 | 0 |
| Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Measles, German [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR). | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Pruritus Ani Intense chronic itching in the anal area. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Ventral Hernia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Labor, Premature [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Porphyria [description not available] | 0 | 4.74 | 12 | 0 |
| Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues. | 0 | 4.74 | 12 | 0 |
| Erythremia [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS). | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombopenia [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Enterotoxemia Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces struck, and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Kidney [description not available] | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY. | 0 | 1.98 | 1 | 0 |
| Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984) | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available] | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Injuries, Radiation [description not available] | 0 | 2.66 | 3 | 0 |
| Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer. | 0 | 2.65 | 3 | 0 |
| Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene for acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. | 0 | 2.38 | 2 | 0 |
| Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available] | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant. | 0 | 3.36 | 1 | 1 |
| Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES. | 0 | 2.89 | 1 | 0 |
| Koch's Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cirrhosis [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cataract, Membranous [description not available] | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Bile Duct Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholangioma [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions. | 0 | 4.04 | 3 | 1 |
| Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer. | 0 | 3.29 | 2 | 0 |
| Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.37 | 2 | 0 |
| Angel Dust Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Granulomas [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS. | 0 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 4.67 | 2 | 0 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing. | 0 | 4.67 | 2 | 0 |
| Muscle Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Germinoblastoma [description not available] | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Femoral Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. | 0 | 2.36 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 0 |
| Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 0 |
| A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypobetalipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption. | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 0 |
| Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW. | 0 | 1.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available] | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
| Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact. | 0 | 3.26 | 2 | 0 |
| Bleb [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| 47,XX,+21 [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 0 |
| Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Enlarged Liver [description not available] | 0 | 3.2 | 6 | 0 |
| Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Spider Veins [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available] | 0 | 2.64 | 3 | 0 |
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1. | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury. | 0 | 3.77 | 4 | 0 |
| Belching [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Colon Diverticula [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.27 | 2 | 0 |
| Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Alactasia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Lactose Intolerance The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.55 | 3 | 0 |
| Indigestion [description not available] | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating. | 0 | 3.74 | 2 | 1 |
| Allergic Reaction [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Asthma, Bronchial [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Nasal Catarrh [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL). | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Contact Dermatitis [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available] | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms. | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed). | 0 | 1.95 | 1 | 0 |
| Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Dubin-Johnson Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA). | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS. | 0 | 2.86 | 1 | 0 |
| Calcification, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179) | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Nanism [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Active Hyperemia [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous). | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 1 |
| Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available] | 0 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical Dependence [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Infectious Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Kahler Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Disease [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Abdominal Cramps [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Enlarged Spleen [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Boils [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Xeroderma [description not available] | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |
| Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. | 0 | 1.94 | 1 | 0 |