Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a novel iron compound that was approved for parenteral administration by US Food and Drug Administration in 2015.
Micronised microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate (MMFP) is a recently developed formulation characterised by a higher intestinal bioavailability due to the small particle size distribution at nanometer level.
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"Our objective was to compare iron bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate with an alternative iron source that is soluble in dilute acid, ferrous fumarate, and to evaluate the influence of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate in infants." | ( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000) | 0.79 |
"Geometric mean iron bioavailability was significantly higher from [57Fe]ferrous fumarate than from [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate [4." | ( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000) | 0.76 |
"Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified infant cereals can be improved by using an iron compound with high relative bioavailability and by ensuring adequate ascorbic acid content of the product." | ( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000) | 0.54 |
" The results of the present studies show that micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in adults." | ( A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Juneja, LR; Sakaguchi, N; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004) | 0.86 |
" The bioavailability of MDFP was compared to ferric pyrophosphate, sodium ferrous citrate, and ferrous sulfate by three bioavailability tests in rats; namely the serum iron concentration curve, the hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, and Association of Official Analytical Chemists' hemoglobin repletion test." | ( Iron absorption and bioavailability in rats of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate. Juneja, LR; Nakata, K; Nanbu, H; Rao, TP; Sakaguchi, N, 2004) | 0.82 |
" The effect of a reduction in particle size on the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is unclear." | ( Particle size reduction and encapsulation affect the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in rats. Arnold, M; Hurrell, RF; Langhans, W; Moretti, D; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2004) | 0.79 |
" Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%)." | ( Effect of ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate in adult women. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Marti, I; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004) | 0.56 |
"We compared the relative bioavailability (RBV) of ferrous sulfate in an experimental form of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP) in a wheat-milk infant cereal given with and without ascorbic acid with the RBV of MDFP from a processed and unprocessed rice meal." | ( Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans. Hurrell, RF; Moretti, D; Walczyk, T; Wegmüller, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2006) | 0.77 |
" First, salt and iron intakes, and iron bioavailability were estimated using 3-d weighed food records in 24 households." | ( Salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate affects iron status but not hemoglobin in children in Cote d'Ivoire. Adou, P; Camara, F; Hurrell, RF; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2006) | 0.58 |
" Iron bioavailability from cocoa powder enriched with ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes or ferrous fumarate was assessed in rats." | ( A comparative study of iron bioavailability from cocoa supplemented with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate in rats. Izquierdo-Pulido, M; Navas-Carretero, S; Pérez-Granados, AM; Sarriá, B; Schoppen, S; Vaquero, MP, 2007) | 0.82 |
" We compared in iron-deficient women the bioavailability of iron of three meat pate products enriched with ferrous sulfate, ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes, or ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes plus a hemoglobin-based meat pigment." | ( Iron absorption from meat pate fortified with ferric pyrophosphate in iron-deficient women. Navas-Carretero, S; Pérez-Granados, AM; Sarriá, B; Vaquero, MP, 2009) | 0.82 |
"The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the iron bioavailability of a new ferric pyrophosphate salt stabilized and solubilized with glycine." | ( Stabilized-solubilized ferric pyrophosphate as a new iron source for food fortification. Bioavailability studies by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats. Arnoldi, S; Boccio, J; Kaliski, MA; Messeri, E; Salgueiro, MJ; Torti, H; Weill, R; Zubillaga, M, 2009) | 0.89 |
" The reduction of the particle size of Fe fortificants and the addition of ascorbic acid might increase the bioavailability of low-soluble compounds." | ( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008) | 0.56 |
" During the repletion period, Fe balance, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), relative bioavailability (RBV) and Fe tissue content were determined in the short, medium and long term." | ( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008) | 0.56 |
"Fe absorption and bioavailability showed no significant differences between fortifying the fruit juice with FS or MDFP." | ( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008) | 0.56 |
"Fe absorption and bioavailability from MDFP were comparable to FS added to a fruit juice in rats." | ( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008) | 0.56 |
"To determine the relative bioavailability of SunActive Fe and its suitability for addition to pure apple juice." | ( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009) | 0.6 |
"Iron absorption from SunActive Fe added to pure apple juice (Minute Maid) was compared with absorption from ferrous sulphate, a highly bioavailable form of iron, in 15 women with relatively low iron stores." | ( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009) | 0.6 |
"SunActive Fe was well absorbed from apple juice and is a potentially useful fortificant for liquid food products." | ( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009) | 0.6 |
"Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants." | ( Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations >105 g/L in young Bangladeshi children. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Sultana, S, 2009) | 0.57 |
"Iron bioavailability from supplements and fortificants varies depending upon the form of the iron and the presence or absence of iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors." | ( Comparing soluble ferric pyrophosphate to common iron salts and chelates as sources of bioavailable iron in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Glahn, RP; Miller, DD; Nelson, D; Zhu, L, 2009) | 0.69 |
" Plasma ferritin was a strong negative predictor of Fe bioavailability from FS (P < 0·0001) but not from FPP." | ( Iron deficiency up-regulates iron absorption from ferrous sulphate but not ferric pyrophosphate and consequently food fortification with ferrous sulphate has relatively greater efficacy in iron-deficient individuals. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011) | 0.6 |
"The main purpose of this study was to establish bioavailability data in humans for the new (Fe) fortification compound ferrous ammonium phosphate (FAP), which was specially developed for fortification of difficult-to-fortify foods where soluble Fe compounds cannot be used due to their negative impact on product stability." | ( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013) | 0.6 |
"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with cross-over design was conducted to obtain bioavailability data for FAP in humans." | ( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013) | 0.6 |
" Compared to other oral formulations, it is well absorbed from the gut and demonstrates high bioavailability together with a lower incidence of side effects." | ( [Liposomial iron: a new proposal for the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease]. Capuano, I; Del Rio, A; Mozzillo, GR; Nazzaro, P; Pisani, A; Riccio, E; Taddei, A; Tarantino, G; Visciano, B, ) | 0.13 |
"The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay." | ( Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum. Alvares, EP; Colli, C; De Carli, E; Gaievski, EH; Lobo, AR, 2014) | 0.61 |
" CF fortified with highly bioavailable iron improved iron status but not Hb concentration, despite three-monthly IPT of malaria." | ( The effect of iron-fortified complementary food and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria on anaemia in 12- to 36-month-old children: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Adiossan, LG; Brittenham, GM; Diakité, VG; Glinz, D; Hurrell, RF; N'Goran, EK; Ouattara, M; Righetti, AA; Seifert, B; Utzinger, J; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2015) | 0.42 |
"Iron bioavailability nearly doubled when CA/TSC was extruded with FePP into fortified rice, resulting in iron bioavailability comparable to that of FeSO4 We attribute this effect to an in situ generation of soluble FePP citrate moieties during extrusion and/or cooking because of the close physical proximity of FePP and CA/TSC in the extruded rice matrix." | ( Cofortification of ferric pyrophosphate and citric acid/trisodium citrate into extruded rice grains doubles iron bioavailability through in situ generation of soluble ferric pyrophosphate citrate complexes. Adelmann, H; Cercamondi, CI; Hackl, L; Moretti, D; Wild, D; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2016) | 0.76 |
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate Fe bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with either FePP only, FePP+NaPP, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) only, or FeSO4+NaPP." | ( Sodium pyrophosphate enhances iron bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with ferric pyrophosphate. Cercamondi, CI; Duchateau, GS; Harika, RK; Koppenol, WP; Moretti, D; Murray, P; van den Berg, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2016) | 0.66 |
" Ferric pyrophosphate [Fe4(P2O7)3] is organoleptically neutral and is less soluble in acid medium and, further, has low bioavailability in milk." | ( Effect of ascorbic acid rich, micro-nutrient fortified supplement on the iron bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate from a milk based beverage in Indian school children. Bose, B; Kurpad, AV; Mandal, AK; Pauline, M; Srinivasu, BY; Thankachan, P; Thomas, T; Verghese, ST, ) | 1.26 |
" Micronised microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate (MMFP) is a recently developed formulation characterised by a higher intestinal bioavailability due to the small particle size distribution at nanometer level." | ( Effects of micronised microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate supplementation in patients with advanced cancer and iron deficiency: a single-centre cohort pilot study. Castorina, S; Currenti, W; Longhitano, L; Mellini, G; Nicolosi, D; Palumbo, G; Pappalardo, A; Ponzio, R; Tibullo, D, 2019) | 1.07 |
"It is challenging to find an iron compound that combines good bioavailability with minimal sensory changes when added to seasonings or condiments." | ( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019) | 0.81 |
"We assessed whether there is a dose-response effect of added NaPP on iron bioavailability from local meals prepared with intrinsically labeled FePP-fortified bouillon cubes in young Nigerian women using iron stable isotope techniques." | ( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019) | 0.81 |
" Iron bioavailability was assessed by measuring 57Fe incorporation into erythrocytes 16 d after each 5 d NaPP: 57Fe feeding period." | ( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019) | 0.81 |
" Iron bioavailability was 10." | ( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019) | 0.81 |
"In this study, the addition of NaPP did not increase iron bioavailability from FePP-fortified bouillon cubes." | ( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019) | 0.81 |
" Iron bioavailability from FAP and FePP relative to FeSO4 (relative bioavailability (RBV)) was 110% and 33%, respectively." | ( Iron Bioavailability from Ferrous Ammonium Phosphate, Ferrous Sulfate, and Ferric Pyrophosphate in an Instant Milk Drink-A Stable Isotope Study in Children. Egli, I; Foman, JT; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Li, Q; Mallillin, AC; Rytz, A; Sabatier, M; Sagum, RS; Trinidad, TP; Zeder, C, 2022) | 0.95 |