ferric pyrophosphate profile

ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	24877
CHEBI ID	132767
MeSH ID	M0140764

Synonym
diphosphoric acid, iron(3++) salt
10402-25-2
diphosphoric acid, iron(3+) salt (3:4)
ccris 1900
ferric pyrophosphate
hsdb 454
pyrophosphoric acid, iron(3+) salt (3:4)
tetrairon tris(pyrophosphate)
iron(iii) pyrophosphate
iron pyrophosphate
einecs 233-190-0
iron(3+) pyrophosphate
sunactive fe
10058-44-3
iron(iii) pyrophosphate, soluble crystals
iron(iii) diphosphate
iron(3+) diphosphate (4/3)
ferric diphosphate
tetrairon tris(diphosphate)
CHEBI:132767
iron(3+) diphosphate
diphosphoric acid, iron(3+) salt
unii-qk8899250f
qk8899250f ,
ec 233-190-0
diphosphoric acid, iron(3+) salt (1:?)
AKOS015913872
diphosphoric acid iron(3+) salt (3:4)
ferric pyrophosphate [vandf]
ferric pyrophosphate [who-dd]
iron (as pyrophosphate)
ferric pyrophosphate [hsdb]
ferric pyrophosphate [mi]
ferric pyrophosphate [fcc]
ferric pyrophosphate [mart.]
CADNYOZXMIKYPR-UHFFFAOYSA-B
DTXSID6047600
312619-28-6
DB09147
ferric pyrophosphate hydrate (4:3:2)
iron (iii) pyrophosphate
mfcd00016091
Q9207442
iron(3+);phosphonato phosphate
iron(iii) diphosphate (fe4(p2o7)3)
iron(iii)pyrophosphate
iron(iii) pyrophosphate tribasic

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) is a novel iron compound that was approved for parenteral administration by US Food and Drug Administration in 2015."	( Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate. Gupta, A; Mishra, B; Pratt, R, 2018)	1.48
"Ferric pyrophosphate is a widely used material in the area of mineral fortification but its synthesis and properties in colloidal form are largely unknown. "	( Colloidal iron(III) pyrophosphate particles. Philipse, AP; Rossi, L; Velikov, KP, 2014)	1.85
"Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is a widely used iron source in food fortification and in nutritional supplements, due to its white colour, that is very uncommon for insoluble Fe salts. "	( Dissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability. Blanco, E; Smoukov, SK; Tian, T; Velev, OD; Velikov, KP, 2016)	2.18
"Ferric pyrophosphate citrate is a new intradialytic iron supplementation product that has been found to reduce the dose of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron supplementation and to increase serum ferritin concentrations."	( A Review of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate (Triferic) Use in Hemodialysis Patients. Al-Makki, A; Albright, T; Kalakeche, R; Shepler, B, 2016)	2.26
"Ferric pyrophosphate is a water-insoluble Fe compound used to fortify infant cereals and chocolate-drink powders as it causes no organoleptic changes to the food vehicle. "	( A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Juneja, LR; Sakaguchi, N; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	2.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) has been demonstrated to be safe for systemic administration."	( Irontophoresis: transdermal delivery of iron by iontophoresis. Murthy, SN; Vaka, SR, 2009)	1.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The objective was to establish the equivalence of iron delivery via dialysate and IV infusion using a pharmacokinetic approach."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate: Equivalence to Administration via Dialysate. Marbury, T; Pratt, RD; van der Horst, E; van Heuveln, F, 2022)	0.98

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Our objective was to compare iron bioavailability from ferric pyrophosphate with an alternative iron source that is soluble in dilute acid, ferrous fumarate, and to evaluate the influence of ascorbic acid on iron bioavailability from ferrous fumarate in infants."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.79
"Geometric mean iron bioavailability was significantly higher from [57Fe]ferrous fumarate than from [57Fe]ferric pyrophosphate [4."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.76
"Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified infant cereals can be improved by using an iron compound with high relative bioavailability and by ensuring adequate ascorbic acid content of the product."	( Iron bioavailability in infants from an infant cereal fortified with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate. Barclay, D; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Szajewska, H, 2000)	0.54
" The results of the present studies show that micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in adults."	( A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Juneja, LR; Sakaguchi, N; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.86
" The bioavailability of MDFP was compared to ferric pyrophosphate, sodium ferrous citrate, and ferrous sulfate by three bioavailability tests in rats; namely the serum iron concentration curve, the hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, and Association of Official Analytical Chemists' hemoglobin repletion test."	( Iron absorption and bioavailability in rats of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate. Juneja, LR; Nakata, K; Nanbu, H; Rao, TP; Sakaguchi, N, 2004)	0.82
" The effect of a reduction in particle size on the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is unclear."	( Particle size reduction and encapsulation affect the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in rats. Arnold, M; Hurrell, RF; Langhans, W; Moretti, D; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.79
" Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%)."	( Effect of ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate in adult women. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Marti, I; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.56
"We compared the relative bioavailability (RBV) of ferrous sulfate in an experimental form of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP) in a wheat-milk infant cereal given with and without ascorbic acid with the RBV of MDFP from a processed and unprocessed rice meal."	( Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans. Hurrell, RF; Moretti, D; Walczyk, T; Wegmüller, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2006)	0.77
" First, salt and iron intakes, and iron bioavailability were estimated using 3-d weighed food records in 24 households."	( Salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate affects iron status but not hemoglobin in children in Cote d'Ivoire. Adou, P; Camara, F; Hurrell, RF; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2006)	0.58
" Iron bioavailability from cocoa powder enriched with ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes or ferrous fumarate was assessed in rats."	( A comparative study of iron bioavailability from cocoa supplemented with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate in rats. Izquierdo-Pulido, M; Navas-Carretero, S; Pérez-Granados, AM; Sarriá, B; Schoppen, S; Vaquero, MP, 2007)	0.82
" We compared in iron-deficient women the bioavailability of iron of three meat pate products enriched with ferrous sulfate, ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes, or ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes plus a hemoglobin-based meat pigment."	( Iron absorption from meat pate fortified with ferric pyrophosphate in iron-deficient women. Navas-Carretero, S; Pérez-Granados, AM; Sarriá, B; Vaquero, MP, 2009)	0.82
"The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the iron bioavailability of a new ferric pyrophosphate salt stabilized and solubilized with glycine."	( Stabilized-solubilized ferric pyrophosphate as a new iron source for food fortification. Bioavailability studies by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats. Arnoldi, S; Boccio, J; Kaliski, MA; Messeri, E; Salgueiro, MJ; Torti, H; Weill, R; Zubillaga, M, 2009)	0.89
" The reduction of the particle size of Fe fortificants and the addition of ascorbic acid might increase the bioavailability of low-soluble compounds."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.56
" During the repletion period, Fe balance, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), relative bioavailability (RBV) and Fe tissue content were determined in the short, medium and long term."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.56
"Fe absorption and bioavailability showed no significant differences between fortifying the fruit juice with FS or MDFP."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.56
"Fe absorption and bioavailability from MDFP were comparable to FS added to a fruit juice in rats."	( Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Haro-Vicente, JF; Martínez-Graciá, C; Pérez-Conesa, D; Rincón, F; Ros, G; Vidal, ML, 2008)	0.56
"To determine the relative bioavailability of SunActive Fe and its suitability for addition to pure apple juice."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.6
"Iron absorption from SunActive Fe added to pure apple juice (Minute Maid) was compared with absorption from ferrous sulphate, a highly bioavailable form of iron, in 15 women with relatively low iron stores."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.6
"SunActive Fe was well absorbed from apple juice and is a potentially useful fortificant for liquid food products."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.6
"Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants."	( Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations >105 g/L in young Bangladeshi children. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Sultana, S, 2009)	0.57
"Iron bioavailability from supplements and fortificants varies depending upon the form of the iron and the presence or absence of iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors."	( Comparing soluble ferric pyrophosphate to common iron salts and chelates as sources of bioavailable iron in a Caco-2 cell culture model. Glahn, RP; Miller, DD; Nelson, D; Zhu, L, 2009)	0.69
" Plasma ferritin was a strong negative predictor of Fe bioavailability from FS (P < 0·0001) but not from FPP."	( Iron deficiency up-regulates iron absorption from ferrous sulphate but not ferric pyrophosphate and consequently food fortification with ferrous sulphate has relatively greater efficacy in iron-deficient individuals. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.6
"The main purpose of this study was to establish bioavailability data in humans for the new (Fe) fortification compound ferrous ammonium phosphate (FAP), which was specially developed for fortification of difficult-to-fortify foods where soluble Fe compounds cannot be used due to their negative impact on product stability."	( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.6
"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with cross-over design was conducted to obtain bioavailability data for FAP in humans."	( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.6
" Compared to other oral formulations, it is well absorbed from the gut and demonstrates high bioavailability together with a lower incidence of side effects."	( [Liposomial iron: a new proposal for the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease]. Capuano, I; Del Rio, A; Mozzillo, GR; Nazzaro, P; Pisani, A; Riccio, E; Taddei, A; Tarantino, G; Visciano, B, )	0.13
"The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay."	( Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum. Alvares, EP; Colli, C; De Carli, E; Gaievski, EH; Lobo, AR, 2014)	0.61
" CF fortified with highly bioavailable iron improved iron status but not Hb concentration, despite three-monthly IPT of malaria."	( The effect of iron-fortified complementary food and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria on anaemia in 12- to 36-month-old children: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Adiossan, LG; Brittenham, GM; Diakité, VG; Glinz, D; Hurrell, RF; N'Goran, EK; Ouattara, M; Righetti, AA; Seifert, B; Utzinger, J; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2015)	0.42
"Iron bioavailability nearly doubled when CA/TSC was extruded with FePP into fortified rice, resulting in iron bioavailability comparable to that of FeSO4 We attribute this effect to an in situ generation of soluble FePP citrate moieties during extrusion and/or cooking because of the close physical proximity of FePP and CA/TSC in the extruded rice matrix."	( Cofortification of ferric pyrophosphate and citric acid/trisodium citrate into extruded rice grains doubles iron bioavailability through in situ generation of soluble ferric pyrophosphate citrate complexes. Adelmann, H; Cercamondi, CI; Hackl, L; Moretti, D; Wild, D; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2016)	0.76
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate Fe bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with either FePP only, FePP+NaPP, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) only, or FeSO4+NaPP."	( Sodium pyrophosphate enhances iron bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with ferric pyrophosphate. Cercamondi, CI; Duchateau, GS; Harika, RK; Koppenol, WP; Moretti, D; Murray, P; van den Berg, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2016)	0.66
" Ferric pyrophosphate [Fe4(P2O7)3] is organoleptically neutral and is less soluble in acid medium and, further, has low bioavailability in milk."	( Effect of ascorbic acid rich, micro-nutrient fortified supplement on the iron bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate from a milk based beverage in Indian school children. Bose, B; Kurpad, AV; Mandal, AK; Pauline, M; Srinivasu, BY; Thankachan, P; Thomas, T; Verghese, ST, )	1.26
" Micronised microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate (MMFP) is a recently developed formulation characterised by a higher intestinal bioavailability due to the small particle size distribution at nanometer level."	( Effects of micronised microencapsulated ferric pyrophosphate supplementation in patients with advanced cancer and iron deficiency: a single-centre cohort pilot study. Castorina, S; Currenti, W; Longhitano, L; Mellini, G; Nicolosi, D; Palumbo, G; Pappalardo, A; Ponzio, R; Tibullo, D, 2019)	1.07
"It is challenging to find an iron compound that combines good bioavailability with minimal sensory changes when added to seasonings or condiments."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
"We assessed whether there is a dose-response effect of added NaPP on iron bioavailability from local meals prepared with intrinsically labeled FePP-fortified bouillon cubes in young Nigerian women using iron stable isotope techniques."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
" Iron bioavailability was assessed by measuring 57Fe incorporation into erythrocytes 16 d after each 5 d NaPP: 57Fe feeding period."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
" Iron bioavailability was 10."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
"In this study, the addition of NaPP did not increase iron bioavailability from FePP-fortified bouillon cubes."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
" Iron bioavailability from FAP and FePP relative to FeSO4 (relative bioavailability (RBV)) was 110% and 33%, respectively."	( Iron Bioavailability from Ferrous Ammonium Phosphate, Ferrous Sulfate, and Ferric Pyrophosphate in an Instant Milk Drink-A Stable Isotope Study in Children. Egli, I; Foman, JT; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Li, Q; Mallillin, AC; Rytz, A; Sabatier, M; Sagum, RS; Trinidad, TP; Zeder, C, 2022)	0.95

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The secondary outcomes were the reduction of erythropoietin dosage by at least 25% in patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and an increase in serum ferritin of 100 ng/ml from baseline values."	( [Liposomial iron: a new proposal for the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease]. Capuano, I; Del Rio, A; Mozzillo, GR; Nazzaro, P; Pisani, A; Riccio, E; Taddei, A; Tarantino, G; Visciano, B, )	0.13
"We assessed whether there is a dose-response effect of added NaPP on iron bioavailability from local meals prepared with intrinsically labeled FePP-fortified bouillon cubes in young Nigerian women using iron stable isotope techniques."	( High Bioavailability from Ferric Pyrophosphate-Fortified Bouillon Cubes in Meals is Not Increased by Sodium Pyrophosphate: a Stable Iron Isotope Study in Young Nigerian Women. Blonk, C; Duchateau, GS; Eilander, A; Funke, OM; Moretti, D; Murray, P; Owojuyigbe, TO; Zimmermann, MB, 2019)	0.81
" One-size-fits-all rule-based algorithms dominate dosing protocols for ESA and parenteral iron."	( Individualized anemia management enhanced by ferric pyrophosphate citrate protocol. Chait, Y; Germain, MJ; Nathanson, BH, 2022)	0.98

Item	Process	Frequency
Beverages	core-ingredient	19
Dried products	core-ingredient	14
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	13
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	10
Cocoa and its products	core-ingredient	9
Cocoa and chocolate powders	core-ingredient	8
Instant beverages	core-ingredient	6
Chocolate powders	core-ingredient	5
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	5
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	5
Hot beverages	core-ingredient	3
Snacks	core-ingredient	3
Dairies	core-ingredient	3
Breakfasts	core-ingredient	3
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	2
Dairy drinks	core-ingredient	2
Cereals and their products	core-ingredient	2
Protein powders	core-ingredient	2
Instant noodles	core-ingredient	2
Noodles	core-ingredient	2
Pastas	core-ingredient	2
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	2
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	2
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Lait en poudre instantané	core-ingredient	1
Meal replacements	core-ingredient	1
Meals	core-ingredient	1
Hot Cereal	core-ingredient	1
Cold Cereal	core-ingredient	1
Laits	core-ingredient	1
Produits laitiers	core-ingredient	1
Baby foods	core-ingredient	1
Protéines en poudre	core-ingredient	1
Compléments pour le Bodybuilding	core-ingredient	1
Compléments alimentaires	core-ingredient	1
malt powder drink	core-ingredient	1
chocolate	core-ingredient	1
Hot-chocolate	core-ingredient	1
Beverages and beverages preparations	core-ingredient	1
en:soups	core-ingredient	1
Desserts	core-ingredient	1
en:dehydrated-beverages	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based milk al	core-ingredient	1
Groceries	core-ingredient	1
Bouillon cubes	core-ingredient	1
Vegetable broths	core-ingredient	1
Dehydrated broths	core-ingredient	1
Broths	core-ingredient	1
Barley-based drinks	core-ingredient	1
Banana flavoured powder	core-ingredient	1
Banana flavour mix and added vitamins and minerals for milk	core-ingredient	1
en:instant-beverages	core-ingredient	1
Milks	core-ingredient	1
Energy drink with sugar	core-ingredient	1
Energy drinks	core-ingredient	1
Chocolates en polvo	core-ingredient	1
Bebidas instantáneas	core-ingredient	1
Cacaos y chocolates en polvo	core-ingredient	1
Bebidas para tomar calientes	core-ingredient	1
Cacao y sus productos	core-ingredient	1
Desayunos	core-ingredient	1
Bebidas	core-ingredient	1
Sweetened beverages	core-ingredient	1
Plant-based beverages	core-ingredient	1
Cocoa powders	core-ingredient	1
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	1
prot	core-ingredient	1
Bodybuilding supplements	core-ingredient	1
fr:boissons-vitaminees	core-ingredient	1
fr:boissons-maltee	core-ingredient	1
fr:boissons-chocolatee	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate milks	core-ingredient	1
Flavoured milks	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate candies	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate flavoured confectionary	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	1

Class	Description
iron coordination entity
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (1.18)	18.7374
1990's	5 (5.88)	18.2507
2000's	25 (29.41)	29.6817
2010's	39 (45.88)	24.3611
2020's	15 (17.65)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	40 (44.94%)	5.53%
Reviews	4 (4.49%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (2.25%)	0.25%
Other	43 (48.31%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	6.2	6	2	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	6.9	4	4	diatomic iodine	nutrient
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.05	1	0	inositol phosphate
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.52	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	1.99	1	0	monoazo compound
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	4.41	1	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.1	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.41	1	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.17	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.86	4	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	4.43	1	1	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	1.99	1	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.99	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	4.41	1	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	9.63	22	10	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	5.43	2	2	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.04	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	10.6	6	3
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	7.42	4	2	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	4.41	1	1
difructose anhydride iii difructose anhydride III: a non-reducing derivative of inulobiose	3.44	1	1	sugar dianhydride
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	5.86	4	2	iron coordination entity
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.43	1	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	15.7	82	38	diphosphate ion
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.1	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.04	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.05	1	0	alkali metal atom
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.41	1	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	8.18	8	6	dicarboxylic acid
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.34	2	2
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	7.41	2	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.05	1	0
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	3.85	2	1
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.51	11	5	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.25	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.7	1	0
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.7	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	1.99	1	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	oligosaccharide

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	7.58	14	2
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	7.58	14	2
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	13.31	39	26
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	5.19	3	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.18	3	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	9.37	15	3
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.18	3	1
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	13.31	39	26
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	5.19	3	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.6	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.52	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	3.52	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	3.52	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.64	1	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.64	1	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.04	2	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.83	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.59	1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.11	3	2
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	2.1	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	5.8	2	2
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	5.8	2	2
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	5.29	2	2
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	3.41	1	1
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	3.37	1	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.37	1	1

ferric pyrophosphate

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Occurs in Manufacturing (78 Items)

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Research Demand Index: 55.05

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