| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "--Melasma is a difficult medical problem to treat." | ( Jimbow, K, 1991) |
| "Melasma is a macular hypermelanosis of the sun-exposed areas of the face and neck." | ( Garcia-Lopez, M; Graupe, K; Lopez-Villafuerte, L; Verallo, V; Verallo-Rowell, VM, 1989) |
| "Melasma is a circumscribed brown macular hypermelanosis of the areas of the face and neck that are exposed to light." | ( Fitzpatrick, TB; Kraus, EW; Pathak, MA, 1986) |
| "Melasma is an acquired brown hypermelanosis of the face." | ( Fitzpatrick, TB; Mihm, MC; Pathak, MA; Sanchez, JL; Sanchez, NP; Sato, S, 1981) |
| "Melasma is influenced by light and hormonal factors." | ( Neering, H; Witkiewicz, IM, 1981) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired symmetric hypermelanosis characterized by irregular light- to gray-brown macules and patches involving sun-exposed areas of skin." | ( Grimes, PE, 1995) |
| "Melasma is often a therapeutically challenging disease, and current treatments include hypopigmenting agents, chemical peels, and lasers." | ( Grimes, PE, 1995) |
| "Melasma is an acquired, masklike, facial hyperpigmentation." | ( Bulengo-Ransby, SM; Ellis, CN; Finkel, LJ; Griffiths, CE; Hamilton, TA; Kimbrough-Green, CK; Voorhees, JJ, 1994) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of cutaneous hyperpigmentation predominantly affecting the faces of women." | ( Ditre, CM; Ellis, CN; Finkel, LJ; Griffiths, CE; Hamilton, TA; Voorhees, JJ, 1993) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of facial hyperpigmentation among Asian women." | ( Lim, JT; Tham, SN, 1997) |
| "Melasma is a specific type of facial hyperpigmentation seen in women taking oral contraceptives, in non-pregnant women who have not used oral contraceptives, and in some pregnant women during the progression of gestation, but rarely in men." | ( Dash, RJ; Hassan, I; Kaur, I; Sialy, R, 1998) |
| "Melasma is a common problem in Asians, but treatments have not been satisfactory." | ( Chun, SC; Kang, WH; Lee, S, 1998) |
| "Melasma is difficult to clear." | ( Lim, JT, 1999) |
| "Melasma is very difficult to treat and often refractory to treatment with topical creams and pigmented-lesion lasers." | ( Bowes, L; Chartier, T; Nouri, K; Romagosa, R; Spencer, J, 1999) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentary disorder commonly seen in Orientals." | ( Leenutaphong, V; Nettakul, A; Rattanasuwon, P, 1999) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of macular hyperpigmentation which involves mostly in sun exposed areas of the face and neck." | ( Kauh, YC; Zachian, TF, 1999) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of facial hyperpigmentation." | ( Handa, S; Javaheri, SM; Kaur, I; Kumar, B, 2001) |
| "Melasma is an acquired symmetric hypermelanosis characterized by irregular light-to gray-brown macules and patches on sun-exposed areas." | ( Ha, DJ; Kim, HJ; Kim, HY; Lee, MH; Paik, JH, 2002) |
| "Melasma is a commonly found hyperpigmentary disorder in dark-complexioned persons, which is rather difficult to treat." | ( Bhalla, M; Kanwar, AJ; Sarkar, R, 2002) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis that is often recalcitrant to treatment with hypopigmenting agents." | ( Gonzales, RM; Guevara, IL; Hurley, ME; Pandya, AG, 2002) |
| "Melasma is an acquired treatment-resistant hyperpigmentation of the skin." | ( Castanedo-Cazares, JP; Espinal-Perez, LE; Moncada, B, 2004) |
| "Melasma is a common disfiguring skin problem." | ( Al-Mashhadani, SA; Al-Tikreety, MM; Sharquie, KE, 2005) |
| "Melasma is a symmetric progressive hyperpigmentation of facial skin that occurs in all races but has a predilection for darker skin phenotypes." | ( Perez, MI, 2005) |
| "Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder that is frequently recalcitrant to treatment." | ( Grimes, P; Kelly, AP; Torok, H; Willis, I, 2006) |
| "Melasma is a common cosmetic problem among Asians." | ( Ahn, KY; Kim, JY; Kim, MY; Lee, JH; Lim, SH; Park, JG; Park, YM, 2006) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation and generally involves areas of the face and neck." | ( Torok, HM, 2006) |
| "Melasma is an irregular brown or grayish-brown facial hypermelanosis, often affecting women, especially those living in areas of intense UV radiation." | ( Gover, MD; Gupta, AK; Nouri, K; Taylor, S, 2006) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of facial hyperpigmentation." | ( Arca, E; Erbil, H; Kurumlu, Z; Sezer, E; Taştan, B, 2007) |
| "Melasma is a hyperpigmentation disorder predominantly affecting sun-exposed areas in women, which is often refractory to treatment." | ( Duteil, L; Kaiafa, A; Khemis, A; Ortonne, JP; Queille-Roussel, C, 2007) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired hypermelanosis that is difficult to treat." | ( Abdelmalek, M; Bassiouny, DA; Ramadan, SA; Soliman, MM, 2007) |
| "A classification of melasma is based on Wood's light examination, classifying it in four major clinical types and patterns: epidermal, dermal, mixed, and indeterminate." | ( Buggiani, G; Lotti, T; Ortonne, JP; Prignano, F, 2007) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation typically characterized by relatively symmetric brown or gray-brown patches on sun-exposed facial areas." | ( Grimes, PE, 2007) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentation disorder having considerable effect on patients' emotional and psychological well-being." | ( Bielfeldt, S; Bürger, A; Filbry, A; Rippke, F; Scherdin, U; Schölermann, A; Weber, T; Wigger-Alberti, W; Wilhelm, KP, 2008) |
| "Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder that typically affects women, though up to 10% of white individuals seeking treatment for melasma are men." | ( Benitez, A; Cardona, L; Epstein, R; Keeling, J; Rendon, M, 2008) |
| "Melasma is an acquired, chronic hypermelanosis for which therapy remains a challenge." | ( Chan, R; Chang, SE; Kerrouche, N; Lee, ES; Lee, MH; Legarda-Montinola, F; Leow, YH; Park, KC; Shek, S; Tay, YK; Thomas, G; Tsai, RY; Tsai, TH; Verallo-Rowell, V, 2008) |
| "Melasma is difficult to treat." | ( Lee, GS, 2008) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of facial hyperpigmentation that can be resistant to treatment." | ( Amer, A; Gamil, H; Harras, M; Ramadan, A; Salem, A, 2009) |
| "Melasma is prevalent in up to 10% of the Latin American population." | ( Arellano, I; Cestari, T; Hexsel, D; Ortonne, JP, 2009) |
| "Melasma is a common, acquired, symmetric hypermelanosis characterized by irregular brown to gray-brown macules on the cheeks, forehead, nasal bridge, cutaneous part of the upper lip, mandible, and the upper arms." | ( Chan, GP; de Leon-Godinez, MA; Galang, DA; Handog, EB, 2009) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder affecting a significant percentage of the population, particularly those with skin of color." | ( Bhawan, J; Byers, HR; Colón, LE; Gottschalk, R; Grimes, P; Guevara, IL; Johnson, LA; Keady, M; Pandya, AG, 2009) |
| "Melasma is a frequent skin disorder characterized by the appearance of abnormal pigment (melanin) deposits in different layers of the skin." | ( Ardigo, M; Berardesca, E; Cameli, N; Gonzalez, S, 2010) |
| "Melasma is often recalcitrant to treatment." | ( Bhawan, J; Colón, LE; Gottschalk, RW; Grimes, PE; Guevara, IL; Johnson, LA; Pandya, AG, 2010) |
| "Melasma is an acquired pigmentary disorder that most commonly occurs in women of child-bearing age." | ( Huh, CH; Huh, SY; Na, JI; Park, KC; Shin, JW; Youn, SW, 2010) |
| "Melasma is one of the most frequently acquired hyperpigmentation disorders clinically characterized by symmetrical brown patches on sun exposed areas." | ( Arunachalam, M; Brazzini, B; Ghersetich, I; Lotti, T; Troiano, M, 2010) |
| "Melasma is a uichronic, often relapsing skin disorder, with poor long-term results from all current therapies." | ( Beek, JF; Bos, JD; Kroon, MW; Meesters, AA; Nieuweboer-Krobotová, L; van der Veen, JP; Wind, BS; Wolkerstorfer, A, 2010) |
| "Melasma is common among females." | ( Pratchyapruit, W; Sindhavananda, J; Tagami, H; Vashrangsi, N, 2011) |
| "Melasma is a pigmentary disorder often recalcitrant to treatment." | ( Aydin, F; Bek, Y; Canturk, T; Ozcan, M; Ozden, MG; Sabancilar, E; Senturk, N; Turanli, AY, 2011) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that poses therapeutic challenges." | ( Hong, CK; Kim, DH; Kim, HK; Li, K; Park, KY; Seo, SJ, 2011) |
| "Melasma is an irregular brownish pigmentation observed on the faces of young to middle-aged women, especially of Asian races, which may contribute to various emotional disturbances." | ( Faghihi, G; Shahingohar, A; Siadat, AH, 2011) |
| " Melasma is an irregular brown or grayish-brown symmetric facial hypermelanosis, often affecting women, especially those living in areas with intense ultraviolet radiation." | ( Farshi, S, 2011) |
| "BACKGROUND; Melasma is a common acquired chronic hypermelanosis of sun-exposed areas which significantly impacts quality of life." | ( Bonfietti, C; Gige, TC; Marques, ME; Miot, HA; Miot, LD; Tamega, Ade A, 2013) |
| "Melasma is a common, acquired facial skin disorder, mostly involving sun-exposed areas like cheeks, forehead and upper lip." | ( Bolanca, Z; Kolić, M; Ljubicić, I; Misanović, B; Situm, M, 2011) |
| "Melasma is associated with epidermal hyperpigmentation, weak basement membrane, vascular proliferation and increased numbers of mast cell." | ( Choi, HR; Choi, SY; Kang, HY; Na, JI; Park, KC; Yang, SH, 2013) |
| " Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder." | ( Sobhi, AM; Sobhi, RM, 2012) |
| "Melasma is a common melanosis often difficult to treat." | ( Bencini, PL; Galimberti, MG; Pellacani, G; Tourlaki, A, 2014) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder among Asian women." | ( Guo, J; Pan, L; Shi, H; Sun, Y; Wu, H; Wu, S; Yan, S, 2012) |
| "Melasma is an acquired pigmentary disorder classically manifesting as symmetric hyperpigmented macules and patches on the face." | ( Ball Arefiev, KL; Hantash, BM, 2012) |
| "Although melasma is difficult to treat, novel therapeutic modalities have emerged." | ( Ball Arefiev, KL; Hantash, BM, 2012) |
| "The pathogenesis of melasma is unknown, although the potential role of estrogen has been considered." | ( Cheong, KA; Kim, NH; Lee, AY; Lee, TR, 2012) |
| "Melasma is a complex multifactorial disorder whose pathogenesis is not well understood." | ( Fabi, S; Goldman, MP; Zaleski, L, 2012) |
| "Melasma is a cutaneous disorder that primarily affects females of Hispanic and Asian descent." | ( Arroyave, G; Carvajal, AC; Echeverry, HF; Flórez, AM; Ramírez, SP; Salazar, JC, 2013) |
| "Melasma is an acquired skin disease characterized clinically by development of gray-brown macules or patches." | ( Akbaş, A; Baş, Y; Kalkan, G; Önder, Y; Özyurt, H; Sahin, M; Seçkin, HY, 2014) |
| "Melasma is an acquired disorder of hypermelanosis of great psychosocial concern." | ( Mashood, AA; Shaikh, ZI, 2014) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis that typically affects sun-exposed areas on the face and presents as symmetric brownish macules and patches." | ( Beynet, DP; Famenini, S; Gharavi, NM, 2014) |
| "Facial freckles are a cosmetic concern to Egyptians, particularly young females." | ( Abdel Hay, R; El Zawahry, B; Fahim, A; Hafez, V; Hay, RA; Zaki, N, 2014) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of facial hyperpigmentation that is often resistant to treatment." | ( Abou-Taleb, DA; Moubasher, AE; Youssef, EM, 2014) |
| "Melasma is an acquired pigment disorder showing symmetrical hyperpigmentation of the face characterized by light to dark brown patches with indistinct borders on both cheeks." | ( Chang, CH; Chang, CS; Chang, SL; Hu, S; Huang, YL; Lee, MC; Lin, YF, 2015) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired pigmentary disorder that has a considerable psychological impact on the patient." | ( Abril, E; Berardesca, E; Cameli, N; Mariano, M, 2014) |
| "Melasma is a difficult-to-treat hyperpigmentary disorder." | ( Farshi, S; Hashemi, Z; Kasraee, B; Mansouri, P, 2015) |
| "Melasma is a commonly acquired hyperpigmentation symmetrically distributed on the face, neck, and arms." | ( Handog, EB; Mendoza, CG; Singzon, IA, 2014) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation most commonly seen in those with skin of colour." | ( Pandya, AG; Rodrigues, M, 2015) |
| "Melasma is one of the most common cosmetic disorders with skin darkening." | ( Banihashemi, M; Jaafari, MR; Jabari, A; Salehi, M; Zabolinejad, N, 2015) |
| "Melasma is an abnormal acquired hyperpigmentation of the face of unknown origin, it is considered a single disease and very little has been found regarding its pathogenesis." | ( Arenas, E; Castillo-Martínez, C; González, FJ; León-Bejarano, F; Moncada, B; Ramírez-Elías, MG, 2016) |
| "Treatment of melasma is unsatisfactory most of the times." | ( Adalatkhah, H; Sadeghi-Bazargani, H, 2015) |
| "Epidermal melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder that can be challenging to treat." | ( Alves, RO; Boin, MF; Crocco, EI; Lellis, RF; Veasey, JV, 2015) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired skin disorder." | ( Eshghi, G; Esna Ashari, F; Khezrian, L, 2016) |
| "Melasma is acquired symmetric hypermelanosis characterized by light-to-deep brown pigmentation over cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and nose." | ( Bansal, S; Garg, V; Gupta, C; Sarkar, R; Sethi, S, 2016) |
| "Melasma is one of the most frequently diagnosed hyperpigmentation changes on the skin of women's faces." | ( Mazurek, K; Pierzchała, E, 2016) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired and distressing pigmentary disorder presenting to dermatology clinics." | ( Hu, B; Zhang, C; Zhou, HL, 2016) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired hyperpigmentary disorder, particularly among Asians and Hispanics, but its exact pathomechanism is poorly understood." | ( Chua, SH; Goh, BK; Sen, P; Tan, AWM, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder among Asians and treatment is challenging." | ( Goh, CL; Lee, HC; Thng, TG, 2016) |
| "Melasma is a commonly acquired hypermelanosis that affects sun-exposed areas of the skin, with frequent facial involvement." | ( Hwang, YJ; Kwon, SH; Lee, SK; Park, KC, 2016) |
| "Melasma is a human melanogenesis dysfunction that results in localized, chronic acquired hyperpigmentation of the skin." | ( Ehsani, AH; Niknam, S; Taraz, M, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a common challenging pigmentary skin disorder especially in dark-skinned females urging them to seek medical help." | ( Abdel-Meguid, AM; Ismail, SA; Taha, EA, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired pigmentary disorder marked by irregular hyperpigmented macules or patches and most commonly occurs in women of darker skin color." | ( Alfuraih, A; ALharbi, M; ALOmair, I; Cervantes, J; Eber, AE; Fayne, R; Magno, RJ; Nouri, K; Perper, M; Verne, SH, 2017) |
| "Melasma is an acquired disorder of pigmentation that presents with asymptomatic symmetric darkening of the face." | ( Cohen, PR, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a distressing condition for both dermatologists and patients." | ( Balevi, A; Özdemir, M; Ustuner, P, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a difficult-to-treat hyperpigmentary disorder." | ( Farshi, S; Kasraee, B; Mansouri, P, 2018) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder presenting in the dermatological clinic." | ( Choubey, V; Garg, V; Ghunawat, S; Kaushik, S; Sarkar, R; Sonthalia, S, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired, chronic hypermelanosis and still remains a therapeutic challenge." | ( Choi, YJ; Kim, BJ; Kim, JY; Kim, WS; Ko, EJ; Min, JH; Nam, JH; Park, KY, 2017) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that is often difficult to treat." | ( Del Rosario, E; Florez-Pollack, S; Hernandez, K; Hynan, LS; Pandya, AG; Rodrigues, M; Tovar-Garza, A; Zapata, L, 2018) |
| "Melasma is a benign, acquired and chronic hypermelanosis." | ( Darayesh, M; Heiran, A; Saki, N, 2018) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired hypermelanosis of sun-exposed skin, particularly on the face, which presents as symmetric, light- to gray-brown-colored macules and patches." | ( Aghabalaei Danesh, M; Iranparvar Alamdari, M; Maleki, N; Rostami Mogaddam, M; Safavi Ardabili, N, 2018) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation that commonly affects those with skin of color." | ( Bala, HR; Lee, S; Pandya, AG; Rodrigues, M; Wong, C, 2018) |
| "Melasma is an acquired, facial hyperpigmentation without a specific origin." | ( Cabrera-Alonso, R; González, FJ; Guevara, E; Moncada, B; Ramírez-Elías, MG, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired hyperpigmentation disorder observed mainly in young women." | ( Banihashemi, M; Dorri, M; Golnouri, F; Jaafari, MR; Marhamati, H; Salehi, M; Taghavi, F; Zabolinejad, N, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a highly prevalent hyperpigmentation disorder with a high relapsing rate and a negative impact on the psychological state of the affected patients." | ( Gamal, N; Ibrahim, AM; Nofal, A; Nofal, E; Osman, S, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a condition in which patients develop symmetric, reticulated, hyperpigmented macules and patches on the face which is thought to be the result of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and hormonal influences, although the pathogenesis is not completely understood." | ( Lyons, A; Moy, R; Stoll, J, 2018) |
| "Melasma is a highly prevalent, chronic, and pigmentary disorder." | ( Fang, QQ; Gao, J; Tan, WQ; Wang, XW; Zhang, L; Zhao, QM; Zhao, WY, 2018) |
| "Dermic melasma is a recalcitrant disease." | ( Davies, S; De Villa, D; Guterres, SS; Jacobus Berlitz, S; Külkamp-Guerreiro, IC; Maschmann Inácio, LA; Zatta, KC, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a skin pigmentation disorder that remains resistant to available therapies." | ( Khoushabi, A; Mahjour, M, 2020) |
| "Melasma is pale brown to dark brown hyperpigmentation of the facial skin that commonly affects women of reproductive age." | ( Kawada, A; Li, Y; Sun, QN; Takada, A; Zhu, CY, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a pigmentary disorder characterized by hyperpigmented patchy skin in sun-exposed areas, especially the face." | ( Arrowitz, C; Jiang, LI; Kolbe, L; Mann, T; Schoelermann, AM; Weber, T, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired hyperpigmentary disorder occurring primarily in photo-exposed areas and mainly affecting women of childbearing age." | ( Cario, M, 2019) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation, often involving the face, and a source of distress for the affected individuals." | ( Pekmezci, E, 2019) |
| "The management of melasma is still challenging, and new treatment modalities with favorable side effect profile are required." | ( Dadkhahfar, S; Gheisari, M; Moghimi, HR; Najar Nobari, N; Niknejad, N; Olamaei, E, 2020) |
| "Though melasma is a common skin condition in India, epidemiological studies are few and geographically confined." | ( Arya, L; Bagadia, J; Basavapura Madegowda, S; Bhat, Y; Das, A; Garg, V; Hassan, I; Jagadeesan, S; Jain, G; Jha, A; Mandlewala, Z; Minni, K; Sarkar, R; Verma, S, 2019) |
| "Melasma is a benign and chronic hypermelanosis characterized by irregular light brown to dark brown patches of hyperpigmentation on the skin." | ( Li, L; Li, M; Wang, B; Yan, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, H, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired pigmentary disorder characterized by symmetric hyperpigmented macules on the face." | ( Andanooru Chandrappa, NK; Banavase Channakeshavaiah, R, 2020) |
| "Melasma is an acquired disorder of facial pigmentation which is a treatment challenge." | ( Spierings, NMK, 2020) |
| "Melasma is an acquired, chronic pigmentary disorder predominantly affecting women." | ( McKesey, J; Pandya, AG; Tovar-Garza, A, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation." | ( Abdallah, W; Agamia, N; Apalla, Z; Salem, W, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that responds well to treatment with oral and/or locally injected tranexamic acid but less so to topical application." | ( Davis, AF; Marcant, M; Ng, SP, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder for which oral tranexamic acid has shown some efficacy in previous studies." | ( Agustin, T; Legiawati, L; Pandya, AG; Prihartono, J; Shihab, N; Tovar-Garza, A, 2020) |
| "Melasma is an acquired circumscribed hyperpigmented disorder seen mainly on the malar area of face and other parts of body." | ( Fioranelli, M; Jafferany, M; Lotti, T; Tirant, M; Van Thuong, N; Wollina, U, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a pigmentary disorder affecting mainly face ." | ( Jawade, S; Kulkarni, S; Madke, B; Sahu, PJ; Saoji, V; Singh, AL, 2020) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder, clinically identified by symmetrical blackish-brown macules, especially on the facial area." | ( Agustin, T; Hoemardani, ASD; Sastrini Sekarnesia, I; Sitohang, IBS; Wisnu, W, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a chronic recalcitrant pigmentary disorder whose treatment frustrates physician and patient alike." | ( Minni, K; Poojary, S, 2020) |
| "Melasma is common skin condition presenting with hyperpigmentation." | ( Ahmed, AH; Atwa, MA; Elsaie, ML; Jafferany, M; Nada, HA; Refaey, SM, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmented skin disorder." | ( Ebrahim, HM; Gharib, K; Khattab, F; Said Abdelshafy, A, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common, recurrent, and refractory cause of facial pigmentation resulting in cosmetic disfigurement." | ( Bhalla, M; Kaur, A; Pal Thami, G; Sandhu, J, 2020) |
| "Melasma is an acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation that is often recalcitrant to current therapies." | ( Alam, M; Muddasani, S; Wu, SZ, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a commonly acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation that often poses a therapeutic challenge for dermatologists." | ( Chung, IY; Gourani-Tehrani, S; Honigman, A; Nguyen, J; Paul, E; Remyn, L; Rodrigues, M; Wong, C; Wutami, I, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation that disproportionately affects individuals with skin of color." | ( Alexis, AF; Kaufman, BP, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder of hyperpigmentation that presents a therapeutic challenge for clinical dermatologists." | ( Nguyen, J; Paul, E; Rajgopal Bala, H; Rodrigues, M; Ross, A; Wong, CC, 2021) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder, and reactive oxygen species play important role in regulating melanin synthesis." | ( Bavarsad, N; Latifi, SM; Mapar, MA; Safaezadeh, M, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common skin condition that affects many patients with hyperpigmented patches on sun-exposed facial skin." | ( Saedi, N; Wang, JV; Zachary, CM, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder with numerous, but often unsatisfactory treatment options." | ( Firoz, BF; John, AM; Srivastava, R; Tam, A, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation, classically manifesting as symmetric brown patches on the face." | ( Austin, E; Jagdeo, J; Masub, N; Nguyen, JK, 2020) |
| "Melasma is a complex pigmentary disorder with challenging management." | ( Amer, MA; Mostafa, WZ; Tahoun, AI, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired refractory pigmentary disorder, which is a skin disease that predominantly affects females." | ( Liu, J; Qu, Y; Wang, F; Xia, X, 2021) |
| "Melasma is an acquired challenging pigmentary skin problem, which commonly affects the face." | ( Abdel Motaleb, AA; Abdel-Majid, EM; Helmy, ER, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of pigmentation, remains challenging despite numerous treatment modalities." | ( El Hadidi, H; Mosaad, R; Ragab, N, 2021) |
| "Melasma is one of the common pigmentary problems affecting females in our community, owing to the frequent use of hormonal contraceptives as well as our sunny climate." | ( Ali, AU; Badran, AY; Gomaa, AS, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a common chronic refractory disorder of pigmentation affecting people with darker skin types." | ( Agozzino, M; Conforti, C; Dianzani, C; Marangi, GF; Morariu, SH; Neagu, N; Pellacani, G; Persichetti, P; Piccolo, D; Segreto, F; Zalaudek, I, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a prevalent skin pigmentation disorder that is difficult to treat." | ( Costa, A; Kuster Kaminski Arida, D; Larocca Skare, T; Marioto de Campos, GL; Orso Rebellato, PR; Rodrigues Lisboa Faucz, L; Vilaverde Schmitt, J, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a disfiguring dermatologic condition and its treatment is still considered a challenge." | ( Abdel-Motaleb, AA; Bakr, RM, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a chronic acquired condition characterized by grayish-brown macules and patches with a distinct border on the face." | ( Asilian, A; Bahrami, B; Faghihi, G; Iraji, F; Mokhtari, F, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common, difficult to treat hyperpigmentary disorder." | ( Al-Dhalimi, MA; Yasser, RH, 2021) |
| "Melasma is a disorder of hyperpigmentation that is frustratingly resistant to therapy with a high recurrence rate on treatment discontinuation." | ( Bishnoi, A; Kaushik, A; Kumaran, MS; Narayan R, V; Parsad, D; Vinay, K, 2021) |
| "Treatment of melasma is challenging." | ( Debasmita, B; Ipsita, D; Ishan, A; Raj, C, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired symmetrically distributed hyperpigmented macules of sun-exposed skin." | ( Doghaim, N; El Attar, Y; El Far, N; El Hedody, S; Hawwam, SA, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation disorder." | ( Ghiasi, M; Lajevardi, V; Nasimi, M; Nasiri, F; Shakoei, S, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder." | ( Behrangi, E; Dilmaghani, S; Ghassemi, M; Goodarzi, A; Shemshadi, M, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common esthetic problem affecting the face with a lot of risk factors being incriminated." | ( Abdel-Hakeem, FG; Abdel-Rahman, AT; Ragaie, MH, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common relapsing hyperpigmentation disorder, which is often difficult to treat." | ( Gupta, M; Sarkar, R, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a chronic, dark brown-pigmented patches and macules commonly on the face." | ( El-Attar, YA; Hawwam, SA; Ismail, M, 2022) |
| "Melasma is common, chronic and treatment-challenging cosmetic concern and the aim of this study was to systematically evaluate clinical studies assessing the treatment of melasma through needling while focusing on efficiency, safety, and recurrence." | ( Behrangi, E; Ghassemi, M; Goodarzi, A; Najar Nobari, N; Roohaninasab, M; Sadeghzadeh-Bazargan, A, 2022) |
| "Facial melasma is a common, acquired, skin condition, which typically presents itself as symmetric hyperpigmentation." | ( Goandal, NF; Karmisholt, KE; Rungby, J, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a challenging pigmentation disorder." | ( Abdel Hay, RM; Abouelazm, DI; Said, ER; Tawfic, SO, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired pigmentation disorder with a complex multifactorial etiopathogenesis." | ( Chavez-Alvarez, S; Herz-Ruelas, ME; Martinez-Rico, JC; Ocampo-Candiani, J; Sosa-Colunga, SA; Suro-Santos, Y; Vazquez Martinez, O, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired common pigmentary condition that mostly presents as pigmented macules on the face." | ( AboAlsoud, ES; AbouKhodair Mohammed, H; Eldahshan, RM; Elsaie, ML, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common disorder affecting millions of people around the world." | ( Bhukhan, A; Foss, M; Nathoo, R; Nethers, K, 2022) |
| "The pathogenesis of melasma is not fully understood yet and this often causes difficulties in treatment." | ( Polat, Y; Saraç, G, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a benign, acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation commonly affecting the face." | ( Bubna, AK; Patil, NK, 2022) |
| "Melasma is present in 40% of cases in Southeast Asia." | ( Adriani, D; Afriliana, L; Avianggi, HD; Indar, R; Kabulrachman, K; Muslimin, M; Riyanto, P, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired disorder that results in irregular brown patches on the skin that can occur due to hormonal changes." | ( Jiang, LI; Makino, ET; Mehta, RC; Mikati, M; Stephens, TJ, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a chronic and acquired pigmentary condition that primarily affects women and undermines patient satisfaction and confidence." | ( Doroodgar, F; Gheisari, M; Moravvej, H; Niazi, F; Niazi, S, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common malady affecting all races with a higher incidence in Hispanics, Middle Eastern, Asians, and African origin females (Fitzpatrick skin phototypes III-V)." | ( Blicharz, L; Galadari, H; Gold, MH; Goldman, MP; Goldust, M; Kassir, M; Konnikov, N; Mahajan, VK; Patil, A, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder." | ( Brasil Dos Santos, J; da Silva E Souza Lorca, B; de Lima, GG; Faria de Freitas, ZM; Miranda Pinheiro, G; Nagem Lopes, LP; Teixeira da Silva, R, 2022) |
| "Melasma is an acquired melanogenesis dysfunction resulting in chronic hyperpigmentation commonly affecting the face and other frequently sun-exposed areas of the body." | ( Peng, L; Simpson, J; Ting, W, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired circumscribed hyper-pigmentary disorder involving sun-exposed areas, particularly face." | ( Belgaumkar, VA; Tekam, PS, 2022) |
| "Melasma is acquired hyperpigmentation that mainly affects the face, can cause negative changes in self-esteem, and mostly affects women." | ( Bagatin, E; de Freitas, ACP; Leonardi, GR; Rigon, RB, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a skin condition that causes increased epidermal pigmentation, enlarged melanocytes, increased melanosomes, solar elastosis, dermal blood vessels, and, occasionally, perivascular lymph histiocytic infiltrates." | ( Chevala, NT; Dsouza, JA; Kumar, L; Saini, H, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a chronic skin condition that involves the overproduction of melanin in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation." | ( Nowicka, D; Piętowska, Z; Szepietowski, JC, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a recurrent hypermelanosis disorder characterized by the appearance of brownish and symmetrical spots on the skin." | ( da Silva, ÍCV; de Albuquerque-Junior, RLC; Dos Santos-Neto, AG; Melo, CR; Santana, AAM, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a chronic cutaneous condition that not only affects the appearance of patients but also has an immense psychosocial impact on patient quality of life." | ( Geronemus, RG; Sherban, A; Wang, JV, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation which is difficult to treat." | ( Abdel-Motaleb, AA; Hamed, SA; Hofny, ER; Twisy, HO, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a disorder of hyperpigmentation and vascularization often found in women between the ages of 20 and 40." | ( Balazic, E; Jaller, JA; Khanna, U; Kobets, K; Konisky, H, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a hyperpigmentary disorder causing cosmetic disfigurement." | ( Alizadeh, M; Fatemi Naeini, F; Poostiyan, N; Shahmoradi, Z, 2023) |
| "Melasma is defined as hyperpigmented bright or dark brown spots which are symmetrically distributed and have serrated and irregular borders." | ( Antil, A; Anwer, MK; Behl, T; Bungau, SG; Gupta, S; Mohan, S; Sharma, N; Singh, S; Zahoor, I, 2022) |
| "Melasma is a common hyperpigmented skin condition that occurs on the face and other areas prone to light exposure, seriously affecting people's quality of life." | ( Chen, BZ; Cui, Y; Guo, XD; Hao, YY; He, YT; Yu, RX; Zhang, C, 2023) |
| "Melasma is an acquired pigmentary disorder which currently has no definitive treatment." | ( Beyzaee, AM; Goldust, M; Golpour, M; Mostaghiman, R; Patil, A; Rokni, GR, 2023) |
| "Melasma is characterized by symmetrically oriented hyperpigmented macules and patches." | ( Abd Elraouf, IG; Fouda, I; Obaid, ZM, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a distressing disfiguring acquired pigmentary disorder especially affecting females and it is of high tendency of recurrence." | ( Assaf, HM; Beshay, YMA; Mohamed, M, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a common, relapsing, multifactorial disease for which the treatment decision remains extremely difficult." | ( Duan, J; Tang, L; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Ye, F, 2023) |
| "Melasma is an acquired chronic condition characterized by hyperchromic patches in photo-exposed areas." | ( da Silva, ACC; de Souza da Costa, N; Galiciolli, MEA; Irioda, AC; Oliveira, CS; Ribeiro, MM; Souza, JV, 2023) |
| "Melasma is a common dermatologic condition affecting all skin types." | ( Abbasi, HH; Akhtar, N; Jasti, S; Rao, B; Shah, A; Shah, RR; Sharif, S; Waqas, N, 2023) |