Page last updated: 2024-12-05

doxapram

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Description

Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant that acts primarily by increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory center in the brainstem to carbon dioxide. It is a synthetic compound that was first synthesized in the 1950s. Doxapram is used clinically to treat respiratory depression, particularly in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other respiratory conditions. It is also used as an adjunct to anesthesia to improve ventilation and reduce the need for mechanical ventilation. Research on doxapram has focused on its potential to improve respiratory function in patients with various conditions, including COPD, sleep apnea, and sepsis. Studies have shown that doxapram can improve oxygenation, reduce the need for mechanical ventilation, and shorten hospital stays in patients with these conditions. However, doxapram can also cause adverse effects, including hypertension, tachycardia, and seizures. Therefore, its use is typically reserved for patients with severe respiratory depression or other conditions where the benefits outweigh the risks.'

Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3156
CHEMBL ID1754
CHEBI ID681848
SCHEMBL ID644504
MeSH IDM0006779

Synonyms (79)

Synonym
AC-12510
brn 0628691
hsdb 3318
doxapramum [inn-latin]
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethyl-4-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-
einecs 206-216-3
doxapram [usp:jan]
c24h30n2o2
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenyl-
doxapram
1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one
309-29-5
C15540
OPREA1_016788
DB00561
1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
(+/-)-doxapram
dopram
ahr-619
NCGC00167459-01
1-ethyl-4-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one
docatone (tn)
doxapram (inn)
D07873
(+-)-doxapram
CHEBI:681848 ,
docatone
CHEMBL1754
1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
STK634791
AKOS005266711
BCP9000625
1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one
BCP0726000068
doxapram [usp:inn:ban:jan]
doxapram [inn:ban]
unii-94f3830q73
94f3830q73 ,
doxapramum
S5257
BRD-A46179541-003-01-5
gtpl7169
(+/-)-1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
doxapram [jan]
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethyl-4-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-, (+/-)-
doxapram [inn]
doxapram [mi]
doxapram [who-dd]
doxapram [vandf]
162521-37-1
doxapram [hsdb]
1-ethyl-4-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
HY-B0551
SCHEMBL644504
AB00698528-03
1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone #
AC-30628
AB00698528_07
DTXSID2022963 ,
bdbm50505297
1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone
J-018198
1-ethyl-4- (2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)- 3,3-diphenyl-pyrrolidin-2-one
BCP04484
Q737743
SB18932
HMS3886I17
CCG-268390
309-29-5 (free)
AS-76170
EN300-123060
doxapram (usp:jan)
doxapramum (inn-latin)
1-ethyl-4-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidin-2-one
dopream
r07ab01
doxapram (usp:inn:ban:jan)
dtxcid002963

Research Excerpts

Overview

Doxapram is an analeptic capable of inducing panic attacks with respiratory symptoms in individuals diagnosed with the disorder; however, its neuroanatomical targets and its effects on experimental animals remain uncharacterized. It is a respiratory stimulant widely used for the treatment of idiopathic apnea of prematurity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Doxapram is an analeptic capable of inducing panic attacks with respiratory symptoms in individuals diagnosed with the disorder; however, its neuroanatomical targets and its effects on experimental animals remain uncharacterized."( Intravenous doxapram administration as a potential model of panic attacks in rats.
Batista, LA; Brianis, RC; Haibara, AS; Lopes, JB; Moreira, FA, 2021
)
1.72
"Doxapram is a treatment option for severe apnea of prematurity (AOP). "( Doxapram Treatment and Diaphragmatic Activity in Preterm Infants.
de Jongh, FH; de Waal, CG; Hutten, GJ; Kraaijenga, JV; van Kaam, AH, 2019
)
3.4
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used for decades as a treatment option in apnea of prematurity refractory to methylxanthine treatment. "( Doxapram stimulates respiratory activity through distinct activation of neurons in the nucleus hypoglossus and the pre-Bötzinger complex.
Brandes, J; Koch, H; Kruszynski, S; Poets, CF; Stanaitis, K, 2019
)
3.4
"Doxapram is a potent TASK-1 and TASK-3 potassium channel antagonist and a carotid body and breathing stimulant."( TASK-1 (KCNK3) and TASK-3 (KCNK9) tandem pore potassium channel antagonists stimulate breathing in isoflurane-anesthetized rats.
Cotten, JF, 2013
)
1.11
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used to treat hypoventilation. "( Repeated intravenous doxapram induces phrenic motor facilitation.
Fuller, DD; Gonzalez-Rothi, EJ; Lee, KZ; Sandhu, MS, 2013
)
2.15
"Doxapram hydrochloride is a known respiratory stimulant."( The effects of doxapram hydrochloride (dopram-V) on laryngeal function in healthy dogs.
Fettman, MJ; McKiernan, BC; Miller, CJ; Pace, J,
)
1.21
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used to stimulate respiration in this setting."( Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Greenstone, M; Lasserson, TJ, 2003
)
2.48
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant that reliably evokes panic attacks in patients with panic disorder."( Rodent doxapram model of panic: behavioral effects and c-Fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala.
Apergis, J; Gorman, JM; LeDoux, JE; Sullivan, GM, 2003
)
1.5
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant widely used for the treatment of idiopathic apnea of prematurity, although it has been demonstrated that it can induce a transient decrease of cerebral blood flow and that isolated mental delay in infants weighing <1,250 g is associated with the total dosage and duration of doxapram therapy."( Brain hemodynamic effects of doxapram in preterm infants.
Bertini, G; Dani, C; Filippi, L; Pezzati, M; Pratesi, S; Rubaltelli, FF; Tronchin, M, 2006
)
2.07
"Doxapram is an analeptic capable of stimulating both central and periferal areas of the respiratory system. "( [Oral administration of doxapram in preterm neonates with aminophylline-resistant idiopathic apnea crisis].
Betta, P; Cilauro, S; Distefano, G; Romeo, MG; Saporito, A; Tina, LG,
)
1.88
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant which acts on peripheral chemoreceptors and central respiratory neurons in a dose-dependent fashion in the adult cat. "( Effects of doxapram on carotid chemoreceptor activity in newborn kittens.
Bairam, A; Crance, JP; Lahiri, S; Marchal, F; Vert, P, 1993
)
2.12
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant that appears to be a potent and specific panicogenic agent. "( Neuroendocrine responses to laboratory panic: cognitive intervention in the doxapram model.
Abelson, JL; Curtis, GC; Nesse, RM; Weg, JG, 1996
)
1.97
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used to stimulate breathing in this setting."( Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Greenstone, M, 2000
)
2.47
"With doxapram this appeared to be a result of pure respiratory stimulation."( A study of naloxone and doxapram as agents for the reversal of neuroleptanalgesic respiratory depression in the conscious rabbit.
Khanna, VK; Pleuvry, BJ, 1978
)
1.02
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulating drug that affects both peripheral chemoreceptors and medullary respiratory and nonrespiratory neurons. "( Respiratory and nonrespiratory effects of doxapram in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
Hunt, CE; Inwood, RJ; Shannon, DC, 1979
)
1.97
"Doxapram was found to be a potent stimulus to the carotid chemoreceptors; the stimulation produced by 1.0 mg/kg doxapram, iv, equalled that produced by a Pao2 of 38 torr."( Potencies of doxapram and hypoxia in stimulating carotid-body chemoreceptors and ventilation in anesthetized cats.
Herbert, DA; Mitchell, RA, 1975
)
1.34
"Doxapram is an analeptic of the respiratory system that has been used in the last few years for the treatment of idiopathic apnea spells in infants who show resistance to methylxantine. "( [A comparison of the efficacy of aminophylline and doxapram in preventing idiopathic apnea in preterm newborn infants].
Distefano, G; Parisi, MG; Proto, N; Romeo, MG; Tina, LG,
)
1.83

Effects

Doxapram has the potential to improve neonatal outcomes by improving respiration. The safety concerns need to be weighed against the potential risks of invasive mechanical ventilation. Doxaprams has been used to stimulate breathing and so prevent apnea and its consequences.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Doxapram has the potential to improve neonatal outcomes by improving respiration, but the safety concerns need to be weighed against the potential risks of invasive mechanical ventilation. "( Doxapram versus placebo in preterm newborns: a study protocol for an international double blinded multicentre randomized controlled trial (DOXA-trial).
Allegaert, K; Carkeek, K; Cassart, V; Cornette, L; de Boode, WP; de Kort, EHM; Dijk, PH; Flint, RB; Hemels, MAC; Hermans, I; Hutten, GJ; Hütten, MC; Kelen, D; Kroon, AA; Lacaze-Masmonteil, T; Lefevere, J; Nuytemans, DH; Onland, W; Pas, ABT; Plaskie, K; Poley, MJ; Poppe, JA; Reiss, IKM; Simons, SHP; Smits, A; Stewart, B; Storm, KK; van Kaam, AH; van Weissenbruch, MM; Voeten, M; Willemsen, SP; Williams, O; Zonnenberg, IA, 2023
)
3.8
"Doxapram has been advocated as a treatment for persistent apnea of prematurity (AOP)."( Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity.
Brouwer, E; Onland, W; Rijken, M; Te Pas, AB; Ten Hove, CH; van Kaam, AH; van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, AG; Vliegenthart, RJ, 2016
)
2.14
"Doxapram has been used to stimulate breathing and so prevent apnea and its consequences."( Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants.
Henderson-Smart, D; Steer, P, 2004
)
2.49
"Doxapram has been available for over forty years for the treatment of these conditions and it has a low side effect profile compared to other available agents."( A new look at the respiratory stimulant doxapram.
Yost, CS,
)
1.12
"Doxapram has been used to stimulate breathing and so prevent apnea and its consequences."( Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants.
Henderson-Smart, DJ; Steer, PA, 2000
)
2.47
"Doxapram has been used to stimulate breathing and so prevent apnea and its consequences."( Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants.
Henderson-Smart, DJ; Steer, PA, 2001
)
2.47

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The doxapram-induced increase in VE appears to be caused by increased neural drive."( Serum doxapram and respiratory neuromuscular drive in normal man.
Ishizaki, T; Konno, K; Okubo, S; Suganuma, T; Takizawa, T; Takubo, T; Tanaka, M, 1988
)
1.24

Treatment

Doxapram is a treatment option for severe apnea of prematurity (AOP) In doxapram-treated AF pigs, the AF burden was significantly reduced.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In doxapram-treated AF pigs, the AF burden was significantly reduced."( Treatment of atrial fibrillation with doxapram: TASK-1 potassium channel inhibition as a novel pharmacological strategy.
Akin, I; Arif, R; Beyersdorf, C; Blank, A; Borggrefe, M; Büscher, A; Decher, N; El-Battrawy, I; Foerster, KI; Haefeli, WE; Heijman, J; Jávorszky, N; Kallenberger, S; Karck, M; Katus, HA; Kraft, M; Kremer, J; Lang, S; Li, X; Paasche, A; Rinné, S; Schmidt, C; Sutanto, H; Tochtermann, U; van Loon, G; Wiedmann, F; Zhou, XB, 2022
)
1.51
"Doxapram is a treatment option for severe apnea of prematurity (AOP). "( Doxapram Treatment and Diaphragmatic Activity in Preterm Infants.
de Jongh, FH; de Waal, CG; Hutten, GJ; Kraaijenga, JV; van Kaam, AH, 2019
)
3.4
"Doxapram-treated infants were significantly younger and had a lower birth weight."( Doxapram and hypokalaemia in very preterm infants.
Ferdynus, C; Fischer, C; Gouyon, JB; Semama, DS, 2013
)
2.55
"Doxapram treatment influences aEEG in preterm infants, showing higher percentages of continuous activity as well as more electrographic seizure activity and less sleep-wake cycling. "( Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography shows that doxapram influences the brain activity of preterm infants.
Berger, A; Czaba-Hnizdo, C; Klebermass-Schrehof, K; Olischar, M; Rona, Z; Weninger, M, 2014
)
2.09
"Doxapram-treated infants had a higher risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus, but a lower risk of spontaneous intestinal perforation."( Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity.
Brouwer, E; Onland, W; Rijken, M; Te Pas, AB; Ten Hove, CH; van Kaam, AH; van Wassenaer-Leemhuis, AG; Vliegenthart, RJ, 2016
)
1.42
"When doxapram is used for treatment of refractory neonatal apnea the starting dosage should be no more than 0.5 mg/kg/h."( Dose-response relationship of doxapram in the therapy for refractory idiopathic apnea of prematurity.
Barrington, KJ; Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Torok-Both, G, 1987
)
1.02

Toxicity

After inclusion of 18 patients a serious adverse event was encountered with development of a brain stem infarction in a 90-year-old woman receiving doxapram.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"It has been shown in both mice and rats that the LD50 value for doxapram is reduced in rodents treated with narcotic analgesics."( A study of the enhanced toxicity of doxapram in rodents treated with narcotic analgesics.
Pleuvry, BJ, 1978
)
0.77
"After inclusion of 18 patients a serious adverse event was encountered with development of a brain stem infarction in a 90-year-old woman receiving doxapram."( Adverse events with continuous doxapram infusion against late postoperative hypoxaemia.
Kristensen, PA; Overgaard, H; Pedersen, MH; Rosenberg, J, 1996
)
0.78
" The aim of the study was to evaluate this microtechnique and to report the cases involving severe adverse effects to determine toxic plasma levels in neonates."( Severe side effects and drug plasma concentrations in preterm infants treated with doxapram.
Badonnel, Y; Barbé, F; Boutroy, MJ; Hansen, C; Legagneur, H; Vert, P, 1999
)
0.53

Pharmacokinetics

Doxapram has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression. The structural co-treatment with caffeine impedes ascribe the efficacy to doxapram itself or to a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To examine the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline, both drugs (1."( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between doxapram and theophylline in apnea of prematurity.
Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Malek, F; Peliowski, A, 1991
)
0.77
" Our study characterizes its ventilatory properties, pharmacodynamic effects, and pharmacokinetic profile, and those of its parent compound, doxapram."( Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of keto-doxapram and doxapram in newborn lambs.
Aranda, JV; Bairam, A; Beharry, K; Blanchard, PW; Laudignon, N; Mullahoo, K, 1990
)
0.72
" Other pharmacokinetic indices, although variable, did not exhibit binomial distribution."( Doxapram dosage regimen in apnea of prematurity based on pharmacokinetic data.
Barrington, KJ; Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Torok-Both, GA, 1988
)
1.72
" The steady-state volume of distribution was approximately 1,200 ml/kg bwt and the median biological half-life ranged from 121 to 178 mins."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of intravenous doxapram in horses.
Detra, RL; Muir, WW; Sams, RA, 1992
)
0.54
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008
)
0.35
" The final pharmacokinetic model was as follows: CL = BW / PMA × 0."( Population pharmacokinetics of doxapram in low-birth-weight Japanese infants with apnea.
Irie, T; Irikura, M; Ishitsuka, Y; Kamada, N; Kobaru, Y; Kochiyama, Y; Kondo, Y; Ogawa, Y; Ohno, H; Tomiyasu, M; Uriu, M; Yamazaki, T; Yukawa, E, 2015
)
0.7
" Although multiple small studies have reported the efficacy of doxapram, the structural co-treatment with caffeine impedes to ascribe the efficacy to doxapram itself or to a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction where doxapram increases the exposure to caffeine."( The Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine in Preterm Newborns: No Influence of Doxapram but Important Maturation with Age.
Engbers, AGJ; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Koch, BCP; Poets, CF; Reiss, IKM; Simons, SHP; Völler, S, 2021
)
1.09

Compound-Compound Interactions

Doxapram may attenuate respiratory and circulatory depression during anesthesia with remifentanil given by TCI combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To observe the impacts of doxapram on anesthetic efficacy and respiratory and circulatory functions during anesthesia with remifentanil given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion."( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion].
Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006
)
0.85
"Doxapram may attenuate respiratory and circulatory depression during anesthesia with remifentanil given by TCI combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion, and provide comparable anesthetic efficacy."( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion].
Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006
)
2

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" They received 12, 24, and 36 mg/kg/6 hr on day 1, 2, and 3, respectively, assuming a bioavailability of 50%."( Gastrointestinal absorption of doxapram in neonates.
Akramoff-Gershan, L; Aranda, JV; Bairam, A; Beharry, K; Laudignon, N; Papageorgiou, A, 1991
)
0.57
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010
)
0.36

Dosage Studied

Doxapram evoked an immediate increase in phrenic output in all groups. A persistent increase in burst amplitude only occurred after repeated dosing with 2mg/kg. complementary studies using higher dosage of doxapram are warranted.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" However, complementary studies using higher dosage of doxapram are warranted."( [Effect of almitrine on arterial gases in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Comparison with doxapram. Preliminary results].
Erven, W; Gepts, L; Marcq, M; Minette, A, 1979
)
0.72
" A dose-response increase in sodium hexobarbital induced narcosis was produced by Dopram(R)."( Evaluation of Dopram(R) and its effects on hexobarbital narcosis.
Flint, BA; Ho, IK, 1978
)
0.26
" Minute ventilation significantly increased and PCO2 significantly decreased as the doxapram dosage was increased (P = ."( Dose-response relationship of doxapram in the therapy for refractory idiopathic apnea of prematurity.
Barrington, KJ; Coutts, RT; Finer, NN; Jamali, F; Torok-Both, G, 1987
)
0.79
"1 mg/kg, IV), but not after the smallest dosage was given."( Doxapram: cardiopulmonary effects in the horse.
Hubbell, JA; Muir, WW; Sams, RA; Wernette, KM, 1986
)
1.71
" At the moment, xanthines are the drugs of choice, since they are both effective and safe, provided dosage is adjusted to each patient."( [Drug treatment of apnoea in premature infants (author's transl)].
Klethi, J; Mack, G; Messer, J; Willard, D, 1981
)
0.26
" The mechanism of action, indications, dosing methods, and potential side effects of this agent are discussed."( Doxapram reversal of respiratory failure in a patient refusing assisted ventilation.
Euerle, BD; McNamara, RM, 1994
)
1.73
" There was a marked difference in the cumulative dosage and duration of doxapram therapy used for apnea of prematurity (total dose 2233 +/- 1927 mg vs 615 +/- 767 mg, P < ."( Isolated mental developmental delay in very low birth weight infants: association with prolonged doxapram therapy for apnea.
Demianczuk, N; Etches, PC; Robertson, CM; Sreenan, C, 2001
)
0.76
"Isolated mental delay in infants weighing < 1250 g at birth was associated with the total dosage and duration of doxapram therapy for severe apnea."( Isolated mental developmental delay in very low birth weight infants: association with prolonged doxapram therapy for apnea.
Demianczuk, N; Etches, PC; Robertson, CM; Sreenan, C, 2001
)
0.74
" An inverted U-shaped dose-response curve was identified for fear conditioning to cue."( Rodent doxapram model of panic: behavioral effects and c-Fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala.
Apergis, J; Gorman, JM; LeDoux, JE; Sullivan, GM, 2003
)
0.77
"To compare the effectiveness of three dosing regimens of caffeine for preterm infants in the periextubation period."( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial.
Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI,
)
0.13
"A randomized double-blind clinical trial of three dosing regimens of caffeine citrate (3, 15 and 30 mg/kg) for periextubation management of ventilated preterm infants was undertaken."( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial.
Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI,
)
0.13
" No statistically significant difference was demonstrated in the incidence of extubation failure between dosing groups (19, 10, and 11 infants in the 3, 15, and 30 mg/kg groups, respectively), however, infants in the two higher dose groups had statistically significantly less documented apnoea than the lowest dose group."( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial.
Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI,
)
0.13
" Further studies with larger numbers of infants assessing longer-term outcomes are necessary to determine the optimal dosing regimen of caffeine in preterm infants."( Periextubation caffeine in preterm neonates: a randomized dose response trial.
Charles, BG; Flenady, VJ; Lee, TC; Shearman, A; Steer, PA; Tudehope, DI,
)
0.13
"To compare two dosing regimens for caffeine citrate in the periextubation period for neonates born at less than 30 weeks gestation in terms of successful extubation and adverse effects."( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.
Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004
)
0.32
"Two dosing regimens of caffeine citrate (20 v 5 mg/kg/day) for periextubation management."( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.
Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004
)
0.32
" A significant reduction in failure to extubate was shown for the 20 mg/kg/day dosing group (15."( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.
Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004
)
0.32
"This trial shows short term benefits for a 20 mg/kg/day dosing regimen of caffeine citrate for neonates born at less than 30 weeks gestation in the periextubation period, without evidence of harm in the first year of life."( High dose caffeine citrate for extubation of preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial.
Bury, G; Charles, B; Charlton, M; Flenady, V; Fraser, S; Gray, PH; Hegarty, J; Henderson-Smart, D; Horton, L; Jacklin, R; Reid, S; Rogers, Y; Shearman, A; Steer, P; Walsh, A, 2004
)
0.32
"Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant widely used for the treatment of idiopathic apnea of prematurity, although it has been demonstrated that it can induce a transient decrease of cerebral blood flow and that isolated mental delay in infants weighing <1,250 g is associated with the total dosage and duration of doxapram therapy."( Brain hemodynamic effects of doxapram in preterm infants.
Bertini, G; Dani, C; Filippi, L; Pezzati, M; Pratesi, S; Rubaltelli, FF; Tronchin, M, 2006
)
2.07
" Depending on the intended indication and dosing regimen, PPL can delay or stop development of a compound in the drug discovery process."( Evaluation of a published in silico model and construction of a novel Bayesian model for predicting phospholipidosis inducing potential.
Gehlhaar, D; Greene, N; Johnson, TO; Pelletier, DJ; Tilloy-Ellul, A,
)
0.13
" The correlation was reproduced when animals were challenged under the same dosing regimen."( Evaluation of respiratory function in freely moving Beagle dogs using implanted impedance technology.
Atterson, P; Edwards, T; Gleason, T; Kearney, K; Metea, M,
)
0.13
" Doxapram evoked an immediate increase in phrenic output in all groups, but a persistent increase in burst amplitude only occurred after repeated dosing with 2mg/kg."( Repeated intravenous doxapram induces phrenic motor facilitation.
Fuller, DD; Gonzalez-Rothi, EJ; Lee, KZ; Sandhu, MS, 2013
)
1.62
" The final model of population pharmacokinetics may be useful for formulating a safe and effective dosage regimen and for predicting serum doxapram concentrations in neonates."( Population pharmacokinetics of doxapram in low-birth-weight Japanese infants with apnea.
Irie, T; Irikura, M; Ishitsuka, Y; Kamada, N; Kobaru, Y; Kochiyama, Y; Kondo, Y; Ogawa, Y; Ohno, H; Tomiyasu, M; Uriu, M; Yamazaki, T; Yukawa, E, 2015
)
0.91
"The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of dosing adjusted for gender and postmenstrual age (PMA) (GrA) versus infants' weight alone (GrW) on doxapram plasma levels, clinical efficacy, and side effects."( Doxapram Dosing for Apnea of Prematurity Based on Postmenstrual Age and Gender: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Benard, M; Boutroy, MJ; Casper, C; Greze, E; Haddad, FE; Hamon, I; Hascoët, JM, 2016
)
2.07
"Taking gender and PMA into account for doxapram dosing did not significantly increase the number of infants with a plasma level in the therapeutic range."( Doxapram Dosing for Apnea of Prematurity Based on Postmenstrual Age and Gender: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Benard, M; Boutroy, MJ; Casper, C; Greze, E; Haddad, FE; Hamon, I; Hascoët, JM, 2016
)
2.15
" Further studies are warranted using different sedation protocols and dosing regimens."( Doxapram as an additive to propofol sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded study.
Belozerskikh, A; Jokelainen, J; Kylänpää, L; Lindström, O; Mazanikov, M; Mustonen, H; Pöyhiä, R; Udd, M, 2020
)
2
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
central nervous system stimulantAny drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
morpholinesAny compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.
pyrrolidin-2-onesA pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (3)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Potassium channel subfamily K member 3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.41000.41000.41000.4100AID1525562
Cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.10000.00002.015110.0000AID625249
Potassium channel subfamily K member 9Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)26.50000.03600.03600.0360AID1525548; AID1525563
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
alkaloid catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative demethylationCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular organofluorine metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 8,9 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 11,12 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
anandamide 14,15 epoxidase activityCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (5)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (54)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1525562Inhibition of rat TASK1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes by whole cell voltage clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-27, Volume: 62, Issue:22
TASK Channels Pharmacology: New Challenges in Drug Design.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID588208Literature-mined public compounds from Lowe et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2010Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-04, Volume: 7, Issue:5
Predicting phospholipidosis using machine learning.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID540235Phospholipidosis-negative literature compound
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1525563Inhibition of rat TASK3 expressed in Xenopus oocytes by whole cell voltage clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-27, Volume: 62, Issue:22
TASK Channels Pharmacology: New Challenges in Drug Design.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1525548Inhibition of rat TASK3 expressed in (FRT) epithelial cells by chamber based electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-27, Volume: 62, Issue:22
TASK Channels Pharmacology: New Challenges in Drug Design.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (534)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990307 (57.49)18.7374
1990's90 (16.85)18.2507
2000's57 (10.67)29.6817
2010's55 (10.30)24.3611
2020's25 (4.68)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 65.00

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index65.00 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.54 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.43 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index112.18 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (65.00)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials95 (15.94%)5.53%
Reviews45 (7.55%)6.00%
Case Studies33 (5.54%)4.05%
Observational3 (0.50%)0.25%
Other420 (70.47%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (7)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Effect of Doxapram Versus Theophylline on Diaphragmatic Function and Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation After Open Heart Surgery [NCT03894189]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-31Recruiting
Doxapram as an Additive to Propofol Sedation in Sedation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography [NCT02171910]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Aminophylline Improves Early Postoperative Cognitive Recovery After Sevoflurane Anaesthesia: A Dose-Dependent Study [NCT01022151]Phase 2180 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
To Investigate the Effect and Mechanism of Respiratory Stimulant Doxapram on Facilitating Emergence From General Anesthesia Undergoing Elective Lumbar Surgery [NCT02820025]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Dosing Chart Taking Into Account Age and Gender for Calculating the First Dose of Doxapram in Premature Infants [NCT00389909]Phase 485 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-11-30Completed
Doxapram Versus Placebo in Preterm Newborns: An International Double Blinded Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04430790]Phase 3398 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-15Recruiting
Investigation of a Single Dose of Staccato™ Alprazolam for Inhalation on Doxapram-Induced Panic Attack in Patients With Panic Disorder [NCT00477451]Phase 249 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00477451 (3) [back to overview]Borg Max Change From Baseline
NCT00477451 (3) [back to overview]Duration of the Doxapram-induced Panic Attack
NCT00477451 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Doxapram-induced Panic Attack

Borg Max Change From Baseline

"Subjects asked to Point to the number (0 to 10) which matches how breathless you feel now where 0=nothing at all to 10=very, very strong" (NCT00477451)
Timeframe: 45 minutes

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
RCT Placebo5.73
RCT Alprazolam 1 mg4.63

[back to top]

Duration of the Doxapram-induced Panic Attack

Length of time from the doxapram injection to the time at which the acute panic inventory (API) value returns to within 10 points of the baseline API value. 0=never exceeded 0, 61=exceeded by more than 10 points still at end of assessment of 60 minutes. Thus each would have a duration whether or not they had a panic attack (DIPASI) (NCT00477451)
Timeframe: 1 hr post-dose

Interventionminutes (Mean)
RCT Placebo12.2
RCT Alprazolam 1 mg9.25

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Doxapram-induced Panic Attack

doxapram-induced panic attack of sufficient intensity (DIPASI) defined as a 10 or greater increase from baseline in the acute panic inventory (API) (NCT00477451)
Timeframe: 0 to 2 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
RCT Placebo14
RCT Alprazolam 1 mg9

[back to top]