norgestrel profile

Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	121231040
MeSH ID	M0014981

Synonym
norgestrel
6533-00-2
ES-2467
levonorgestrel-d6 (major)
AKOS037652714

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Also examined was the probability that a side effect would occur in the 2nd or 3rd cycle if the user had not experienced such an effect in the 1st cycle."	( The probability of side effects with ovral, norinyl 1/50 and norlestrin. Berger, GS; Edelman, DA; Talwar, PP, 1979)	0.26
" Climacteric symptoms, Kupperman index scores and potential adverse progestogen effects were recorded before treatment and three times per month during therapy."	( Progestogens: therapeutic and adverse effects in early post-menopausal women. Christiansen, C; Marslew, U; Riis, B, 1991)	0.28
" Despite the overall high level of acceptability, some important variations were found with respect to the sociodemographic characteristics, effectiveness, satisafction, and adverse experiences between the 2 groups of acceptors in the study centers."	( Evaluation of safety, efficacy, and acceptability of NORPLANT implants in Sri Lanka. Balogh, SA; Basnayake, S; Thapa, S, )	0.13
" Neither clinical, functional nor morphological investigations revealed toxic side effects of the drugs on the liver, the kidneys, the bone marrow, or on blood clotting function."	( Toxicity of the progestagen STS 557 compared to levonorgestrel in beagles after oral administration for 6 months. Güttner, J; Hillesheim, HG; Hoffmann, H; Oettel, M, 1982)	0.26
" Although higher proportions of women in the vitamin B-6 group reported decreases in OC-related side effect severity between admission and the 30-day follow-up visit, these differences were appreciable only for headache and dizziness and none was statistically significant."	( Effect of vitamin B6 on the side effects of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive. Grubb, GS; Juárez-Perez, MA; Ponce de León, R; Villegas-Salas, E, 1997)	0.3
" This analysis revealed that the OC exhibited a side effect profile that was similar, in many cases, to that of placebo."	( Use of placebo controls in an oral contraceptive trial: methodological issues and adverse event incidence. Godwin, AJ; Lippman, JS; Olson, W; Redmond, G, 1999)	0.3
" Adverse events were typical of hormonal contraception, and most were mild-to-moderate in severity and not treatment limiting."	( Efficacy and safety of a transdermal contraceptive system. Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC; Lenihan, JP; Meador, ML; Shangold, GA; Smallwood, GH, 2001)	0.31
"2%) participants experienced a serious adverse event classified as possibly, probably, or likely related to the patch."	( A comparative and pooled analysis of the safety and tolerability of the contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra/Evra). Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC; Meador, ML; Odlind, V; Shangold, GA; Sibai, BM, 2002)	0.31
"Overall, the contraceptive patch is well tolerated and has a side effect profile similar to an established oral contraceptive."	( A comparative and pooled analysis of the safety and tolerability of the contraceptive patch (Ortho Evra/Evra). Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC; Meador, ML; Odlind, V; Shangold, GA; Sibai, BM, 2002)	0.31
"evaluation of the frequency of adverse events during the therapy with a transdermal contraceptive system (TCS) in comparison to an oral contraceptive."	( [Safety evaluation of a transdermal contraceptive system with an oral contraceptive]. Radowicki, S; Skórzewska, K; Szlendak, K, 2005)	0.33
" Safety evaluation was based on the frequency of adverse effects, changes in physical and gynecological examinations."	( [Safety evaluation of a transdermal contraceptive system with an oral contraceptive]. Radowicki, S; Skórzewska, K; Szlendak, K, 2005)	0.33
"The incidence of most adverse effects was similar between the transdermal and oral contraceptive therapies, except of a higher incidence of breast pain, dysmenorrhoea and application site reactions in the patch group."	( [Safety evaluation of a transdermal contraceptive system with an oral contraceptive]. Radowicki, S; Skórzewska, K; Szlendak, K, 2005)	0.33
"The study suggests that a transdermal contraceptive system is a safe and well tolerated therapy."	( [Safety evaluation of a transdermal contraceptive system with an oral contraceptive]. Radowicki, S; Skórzewska, K; Szlendak, K, 2005)	0.33
"Treatment-emergent adverse events of 2% or greater in the LNG/EE contraceptive patch were nasopharyngitis (5."	( Safety and tolerability of a new low-dose contraceptive patch in obese and nonobese women. Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Kaunitz, AM; Mishell, DR, 2015)	0.42
"The LNG/EE contraceptive patch and combination oral contraceptives were well tolerated and associated with similar treatment-emergent adverse event incidences in obese and nonobese women."	( Safety and tolerability of a new low-dose contraceptive patch in obese and nonobese women. Archer, DF; Foegh, M; Kaunitz, AM; Mishell, DR, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of TE using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database."	( Thromboembolic adverse event study of combined estrogen-progestin preparations using Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. Abe, J; Fukuda, A; Hane, Y; Hasegawa, S; Hatahira, H; Hirade, K; Kinosada, Y; Matsui, T; Motooka, Y; Naganuma, M; Nakamura, M; Sasaoka, S; Takahashi, Y, 2017)	0.46

Pharmacokinetics

levonorgestrel was significantly lower in chronic OC users (mean elimination half-life of 30 hours) than in single-dose subjects. Measurement by radioimmunoassay of plasma levonorfestrel has been used to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug after oral and intravenous administration in control and liver-affected animals.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by graphical and regression analyses showed that the elimination half-life of the LN had a positive correlation and the peak plasma concentration a negative correlation with the 2 anthropometric indexes: weight/height sq."	( Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in Indian women belonging to low socio-economic group. Nair, KM; Prema, K; Rao, BS; Sivakumar, B, 1979)	0.26
"This investigation, using levonorgestrel, estimated the extent of a first-pass effect and established a pharmacokinetic model to describe drug concentrations after intravenous and oral administration."	( Investigations of pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel to specific consideration of a possible first-pass effect in women. Hümpel, M; Pommerenke, G; Speck, U; Weiss, C; Wendt, H, 1978)	0.26
"Serum concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters (cmax, tmax, AUC24, AUC0-00, MRT) of ethinylestradiol (EE2) and levonorgestrel (LNG) were obtained following administration of two combined oral contraceptives."	( Pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel after administration of two oral contraceptive preparations. Brandstädt, A; Carol, W; Jäger, R; Kasch, R; Klinger, G, 1992)	0.28
"Serum concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and levonorgestrel (LNG) were obtained after administration of 2 combined oral contraceptives (OCs)."	( Pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel after administration of two oral contraceptive preparations. Brandstädt, A; Carol, W; Jäger, R; Kasch, R; Klinger, G, 1992)	0.28
" Blood samples were collected at the end of each treatment month, assayed for EE and the half-life of elimination (Tel) and bioavailability (area under the serum concentration-time curve, AUC) calculated."	( Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol. Fotherby, K, 1991)	0.28
" Wide variations were observed between the women in the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters, while there was a relatively close correspondence between the intra-individually obtained values, except for one case."	( [Inter- and intra-individual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters for contraceptive steroids]. Carol, W; Jäger, R; Kasch, R; Klinger, G; Michels, W, 1991)	0.28
" The ranges of mean values calculated for other pharmacokinetic parameters were: volume of distribution: LNG--1."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of two triphasic oral contraceptive formulations containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol. Chiang, ST; Lobo, RA; Stanczyk, FZ; Woutersz, TB, 1990)	0.28
"A pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic study was carried out on levonorgestrel tablets from two different sources (Hungarian- and Chinese-made)."	( Comparative cross-over pharmacokinetic study on two types of postcoital contraceptive tablets containing levonorgestrel. Fotherby, K; He, CH; Liao, DL; Matlin, SA; Shi, YE; Van Look, PF; Vince, PM; Xu, JQ; Zhu, YH, 1990)	0.28
" This wide variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters, problems that arise in the derivation and interpretation of the parameters, the biologic significance of most of these parameters, and their lack of correlation with pharmacodynamic responses severely limit the usefulness of pharmacokinetic studies of the gestagens."	( Pharmacokinetics of gestagens: some problems. Fotherby, K, 1990)	0.28
" The mean half-life of elimination, usually calculated using two-compartment open modeling, ranged from 8 to 18 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of gestagens: some problems. Fotherby, K, 1990)	0.28
" The predictive value of single-dose administration for the pharmacokinetic behavior of a progestin during long-term treatment was investigated for two triphasic oral contraceptives."	( Pharmacokinetics of the contraceptive steroids levonorgestrel and gestodene after single and multiple oral administration to women. Kuhnz, W, 1990)	0.28
"Biotransformation, pharmacologic, and pharmacokinetic studies of norgestimate and its metabolites indicate that 17-deacetyl norgestimate, along with the parent drug, contributes to the biologic response."	( Pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of norgestimate and its metabolites. Flor, S; Hahn, DW; Kafrissen, ME; McGuire, JL; Phillips, A; Tolman, EL, 1990)	0.28
" These differences in serum concentrations are determined by the different pharmacokinetic behaviour of the gestagens, which in turn is largely determined by their binding to serum proteins."	( Potency and pharmacokinetics of gestagens. Fotherby, K, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic properties of desogestrel were characterized by the following parameters: (1) maximum serum concentration, (2) time to maximum serum concentration, (3) total area under the serum concentration versus time curve, and (4) serum half-life of elimination."	( Serum pharmacokinetics of orally administered desogestrel and binding of contraceptive progestogens to sex hormone-binding globulin. Assendorp, R; Bergink, W; Kloosterboer, L; Qvist, I; van Lier, W; Voortman, G, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic properties of desogestrel were characterized by the following parameters: maximum serum concentration, time to maximum serum concentration, total area under the serum concentration vs time curve, and serum 1/2 life of elimination."	( Serum pharmacokinetics of orally administered desogestrel and binding of contraceptive progestogens to sex hormone-binding globulin. Assendorp, R; Bergink, W; Kloosterboer, L; Qvist, I; van Lier, W; Voortman, G, 1990)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic data showed pronounced interindividual variations."	( [Pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol following the administration of combination contraceptive preparations]. Carol, W; Jäger, R; Kasch, R; Klinger, G, 1990)	0.28
"Plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters have been obtained following single dose administration of three commonly used oral contraceptive steroid preparations, Ovral, Nordette and Norminest to Egyptian women."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids in Egyptian women: studies with Ovral, Nordette and Norminest. Back, DJ; el-Raghy, I; Fathalla, M; Makeram, M; Orme, ML; Osman, F; Salem, H, 1986)	0.27
" The volume of distribution was not significantly different in patients and controls; thus there was a tendency (nonsignificant) for the elimination half-life and area under curve after the intravenous dose to be less in the women with cystic fibrosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Back, DJ; Batten, JC; Grimmer, SF; Hodson, ME; Orme, ML; Rogers, SM; Stead, RJ, 1987)	0.27
"6 ml/hr/kg and the half-life was 19."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel in relation to smoking. D'Ambrosio, R; Gardner, MJ; Jusko, WJ; Kanarkowski, R; Tornatore, KM, 1988)	0.27
" The clearance of levonorgestrel was significantly lower in chronic OC users (mean elimination half-life of 30 hours) than in single-dose subjects (mean elimination half-life of 23 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel in relation to smoking. D'Ambrosio, R; Gardner, MJ; Jusko, WJ; Kanarkowski, R; Tornatore, KM, 1988)	0.27
" The time to peak (tmax) was significantly longer and the peak concentration (Cmax) significantly reduced following vaginal administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol following intravenous, oral and vaginal administration. Back, DJ; Grimmer, SF; Orme, ML; Rogers, S; Stevenson, PJ, 1987)	0.27
" It was found that the levonorgestrel decay rate after implant removal can be entirely accounted assuming one half-life of 42 +/- 16 h (mean +/- SD; range 13 to 62 h)."	( Clearance of levonorgestrel from the circulation following removal of NORPLANT subdermal implants. Cárdenas, H; Croxatto, HB; Díaz, S; Johansson, ED; Larsson, M; Pavez, M, 1988)	0.27
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a vaginal ring releasing 20 micrograms/day levonorgestrel (L-NOG) have been studied in 15 women."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of vaginal rings releasing low-dose levonorgestrel. Feng, DD; Xiao, BL; Zhang, XL, 1985)	0.27
" Plasma levels of levonorgestrel at various intervals after dosing were analysed by a specific radioimmunoassay and its pharmacokinetic parameters were computed."	( Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in Indian women. Madhavan Nair, K; Narasinga Rao, BS; Prema, K; Sivakumar, B, 1983)	0.27
" Measurement by radioimmunoassay of plasma levonorgestrel has been used to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug after oral and intravenous administration in both control and liver-affected animals."	( Influence of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel. Gommaa, AA; Osman, FH, 1983)	0.27
" had any significant effect on plasma concentrations of EE2 or levonorgestrel or on any pharmacokinetic parameter determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids following the administration of the antimalarial drugs primaquine and chloroquine. Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Grimmer, SF; Orme, ML; Purba, HS, 1984)	0.27
" Neither drug given 1 hour before the OC had any significant effect on pharmacokinetic concentrations of EE2 or levonorgestrel or on any pharmacokinetic parameter determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids following the administration of the antimalarial drugs primaquine and chloroquine. Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Grimmer, SF; Orme, ML; Purba, HS, 1984)	0.27
" Significance of dose-dependent pharmacokinetic studies is discussed."	( Effect of dose on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in the rat during the rapid elimination phase following subcutaneous administration. Lindberg, MC; Mitra, SB; Naqvi, RH, 1984)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of vaginal devices releasing levonorgestrel (L-NOG) at a constant rate (in vitro release: approximately 20 micrograms/day) were studied in a group of 20 normally menstruating women during a period of 90 days of continuous use."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations with vaginal devices releasing levonorgestrel at a constant, near zero order rate. Diczfalusy, E; Johannisson, E; Landgren, BM; Masironi, B, 1982)	0.26
"The purpose of the present report is to summarize the most important pharmacokinetic features of the new progestogens."	( Pharmacokinetics of the new progestogens and influence of gestodene and desogestrel on ethinylestradiol metabolism. Stanczyk, FZ, 1997)	0.3
" This overview summarizes the relevant pharmacokinetic data for the contraceptive patch."	( Pharmacokinetic overview of Ortho Evra/Evra. Abrams, LS; Natarajan, J; Skee, D; Wong, FA, 2002)	0.31
"The contraceptive patch exhibits an excellent pharmacokinetic profile, maintaining efficacious serum hormone concentrations under varying conditions."	( Pharmacokinetic overview of Ortho Evra/Evra. Abrams, LS; Natarajan, J; Skee, D; Wong, FA, 2002)	0.31
"To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of norelgestromin (NGMN) and ethinyloestradiol (EE) following application of the contraceptive patch, Evra/Ortho Evra, at each of four anatomic sites (abdomen, buttock, arm, and torso)."	( Pharmacokinetics of a contraceptive patch (Evra/Ortho Evra) containing norelgestromin and ethinyloestradiol at four application sites. Abrams, LS; Anderson, GD; Natarajan, J; Skee, DM; Wong, FA, 2002)	0.31
" Comparable systemic exposure of EE and 17-DNE in the presence and absence of dexloxiglumide suggests that dexloxiglumide treatment is unlikely to interfere with the safety and efficacy of oral contraceptives based on the analysis of the resulting pharmacokinetic profile."	( Effect of multiple-dose dexloxiglumide on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy women. Abramowitz, W; Jakate, AS; Kapil, R; Patel, A; Persiani, S; Roy, P; Wangsa, J, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters were characterized for EE and 2 major metabolites of norgestimate, norgestrel (NG) and 17-deacetyl norgestimate (17-DNGM)."	( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females. Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)	0.34
" No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed for EE, NG, or 17-DNGM when a single dose of the OC was administered alone or with rifaximin."	( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females. Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)	0.34
" The clinical significance of the differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles between the patch and oral contraceptive is not fully known."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a transdermal contraceptive patch and an oral contraceptive. Devineni, D; Janssens, L; LaGuardia, KD; Leung, AT; Massarella, J; Skee, D; Vaccaro, N, 2007)	0.34
"5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours postdose on day 21 of each cycle for determination of AUC0-24 h and Cmax of ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin."	( Influence of taranabant, an orally active, highly selective, potent cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist, on ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin plasma pharmacokinetics. Dunbar, S; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Lasseter, KC; Li, S; Miller, DL; Rosko, K; Schwartz, JI; Wagner, JA; Yuan, J, 2009)	0.35
" The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the ORTHO EVRA patch in rabbits."	( Determination of norelgestromin in rabbit plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to the pharmacokinetic study of ORTHO EVRA. Ding, C; Ge, Q; Liu, X; Zhi, X; Zhou, Z, 2009)	0.35
"Thirty-day, open-label, fixed-sequence, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
" Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for the pharmacokinetic parameters for deacetyl norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol were estimated by using analysis of variance and compared with the no-effect criterion for bioequivalence."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
" Comparability would be declared if the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratio of AUC0-24hr and Cmax in the absence and presence of laropiprant were within predefined bounds (0."	( Effect of laropiprant, a PGD2 receptor 1 antagonist, on estradiol and norgestimate pharmacokinetics after oral contraceptive administration in women. Gutierrez, MJ; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Lai, E; Liu, F; Pramanik, B; Schwartz, JI; Wagner, JA; Wang, YH, )	0.13
" This was a 112-day, open-label, fixed-sequence pharmacokinetic (PK) study in healthy female subjects that included a lead-in cycle (OC only; N = 21), cycle 1 (OC only; N = 15), cycle 2 (OC + sofosbuvir; N = 15), and cycle 3 (OC + ledipasvir; N = 15)."	( Lack of a clinically important pharmacokinetic interaction between sofosbuvir or ledipasvir and hormonal oral contraceptives norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol in HCV-uninfected female subjects. German, P; Mathias, A; Moorehead, L; Pang, P; Vimal, M, 2014)	0.4
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were taken until 168 hours postdose."	( Evaluation of the effects of the weak CYP3A inhibitors atorvastatin and ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate on lomitapide pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Dutta, S; Foulds, P; King, A; Korb, S; Patel, G; Sumeray, M; Wade, JR, 2016)	0.43
"In study 1, pharmacokinetic exposures for EE in period 2 increased by 30% and the norgestimate metabolites decreased by approximately 15% when coadministered with elagolix."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Ethinylestradiol/Norgestimate Combination or Norethindrone upon Coadministration with Elagolix 150 mg Once Daily in Healthy Premenopausal Women. Chiu, YL; Feldman, RA; Klein, CE; Ng, J, 2021)	0.62
"Coadministration of elagolix 150 mg once daily with oral contraceptives containing EE and norgestimate, or norethindrone, resulted in small pharmacokinetic changes in the oral contraceptive components."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Ethinylestradiol/Norgestimate Combination or Norethindrone upon Coadministration with Elagolix 150 mg Once Daily in Healthy Premenopausal Women. Chiu, YL; Feldman, RA; Klein, CE; Ng, J, 2021)	0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

The spermatogenic effects of levonorgestrel butanoate were studied in adult male bonnet monkeys when administered alone and in combination with testosterone buciclate. The results of the study suggest that the use of trimegestone in conjunction with E2 may be preferable to norgestrell because of the more favorable lipid profile.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The four groups receiving hormone replacement therapy were given 2 mg estradiol valerate equivalents (E), either sequentially combined with 75 micrograms levonorgestrel (E/LNG), 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (E/MPA), or 150 micrograms desogestrel (E/DG), or continuously combined with 1 mg cyproterone acetate (E/CPA)."	( Serum lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins during postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy combined with either 19-nortestosterone derivatives or 17-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives. Christiansen, C; Haarbo, J; Hassager, C; Jensen, SB; Riis, BJ, 1991)	0.28
" A multicenter study was therefore done, in which two preparations containing CA in combination with ethinylestradiol (EE) were compared with a marketed combined oral contraceptive pill."	( Cyproterone acetate versus levonorgestrel combined with ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of acne. Results of a multicenter study. Carlborg, L, 1986)	0.27
" In combination with EE, however, DG seems to counteract the effects of EE to a lesser extent than NORG, as judged particularly from the effects on TG and PL in serum and VLDL."	( The effects of two gonane progestins alone and in combination with ethinyl estradiol on serum lipoproteins. Crona, N; Samsioe, G; Silfverstolpe, G, 1985)	0.27
" In combination with EE, however, DG seems to be less "anti-oestrogenic" than NORG, as judged from the higher apo-AI and SHBG values after the combination DG + EE compared to those after NORG + EE."	( Changes in serum apo-lipoprotein AI and sex-hormone-binding globulin levels after treatment with two different progestins administered alone and in combination with ethinyl estradiol. Crona, N; Samsioe, G; Silfverstolpe, G, 1984)	0.27
" In combination with EE, however, DG seems to be less antiestrogenic than NORG, as judged from the higher apo-AI and SHBG values after the combination of DG EE compared to those after NORG & EE."	( Changes in serum apo-lipoprotein AI and sex-hormone-binding globulin levels after treatment with two different progestins administered alone and in combination with ethinyl estradiol. Crona, N; Samsioe, G; Silfverstolpe, G, 1984)	0.27
"The study purpose was to obtain additional clinical experience with 200 mcg of ethinyl estradiol combined with 2 mg dl-norgestrel as an emergency postcoital contraceptive."	( A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent. Rademaker, AW; Smith, RP; Yuzpe, AA, 1982)	0.26
"125 mg Ng (norgestimate) combined with ."	( Effects of norgestimate in combination with ethinyl estradiol on cervical mucus. Borin, K; Moghissi, KS; Mohsenian, M, 1981)	0.26
" It was concluded that 8 mg/kg testosterone buciclate would provide adequate androgen replacement when combined with 4 mg/kg levonorgestrel butanoate as a putative male contraceptive regimen."	( A non-human primate study (baboon; Papio hamadryas) to determine if a long-acting progestogen, levonorgestrel butanoate, combined with a long-acting androgen, testosterone buciclate, can suppress spermatogenesis: I. Dose-finding study. Butnev, VU; Goncharov, NP; Katzia, GV; Matikainen, T; Richkor, EG; Waites, GM, 1995)	0.29
" This study was undertaken to compare safety and efficacy of a low dose of flutamide (125 mg twice daily) alone and in combination with a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) in women with idiopathic hirsutism."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of low-dose flutamide alone and combined with an oral contraceptive for the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Cédrin, I; Dodin, S; Faure, N; Guy, J; Lemay, A; Méchain, C; Turcot-Lemay, L, 1995)	0.29
" Nevertheless, at 6 months post-treatment this decrease was still significant only in the group who took flutamide in combination with an oral contraceptive."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of low-dose flutamide alone and combined with an oral contraceptive for the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Cédrin, I; Dodin, S; Faure, N; Guy, J; Lemay, A; Méchain, C; Turcot-Lemay, L, 1995)	0.29
" Levonorgestrel butanoate at the same doses combined with two simultaneous injections of 40 mg testosterone buciclate (groups V, VI, VII), consistently suppressed spermatogenesis in the period 60-240 days and in most animals to azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia (<5 x 106/mL) during days 90-210."	( Evaluation of the ability of levonorgestrel butanoate alone, or in combination with testosterone buciclate, to suppress spermatogenesis in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Griffin, PD; Jeyaraj, DA; Pal, PC; Rajalakshmi, M; Sharma, RS; Waites, GM, 2000)	0.31
" The results of the study suggest that the use of trimegestone in combination with E2 may be preferable to norgestrel because of the more favorable lipid profile."	( Assessment of the metabolic tolerance in postmenopausal women over a 1-year period of two hormone replacement therapies containing estradiol in combination with either norgestrel or trimegestone. Beijers-De Bie, L; De Villiers, TJ; Houben, PW; Magaril, C; Meuwissen, JH; Murga, M; Siseles, N; Spielmann, D; The, HS; Tuimala, R; Vihtamaki, T, 2002)	0.31
"The spermatogenic effects of levonorgestrel butanoate were studied in adult male bonnet monkeys when administered alone and in combination with testosterone buciclate."	( Effects of levonorgestrel butanoate alone and in combination with testosterone buciclate on spermatogenesis in the bonnet monkey. Griffin, PD; Pal, PC; Rajalakshmi, M; Sharma, RS; Waites, GM, 2007)	0.34
" This 2-period crossover study was conducted to evaluate the potential for drug-drug interaction between DMF (240 mg twice daily) and a combined oral contraceptive (OC; norgestimate 250 μg, ethinyl estradiol 35 μg)."	( Evaluation of Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Between Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate and a Commonly Used Oral Contraceptive (Norgestimate/Ethinyl Estradiol) in Healthy Women. Kam, J; Leahy, M; Meka, V; Nestorov, I; Sheikh, SI; Zhao, G; Zhu, B, 2017)	0.46
" Migraine predominately affects women of childbearing age; thus, it is important to determine potential drug-drug interactions between a common oral contraceptive and drugs used to treat migraine."	( A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Erenumab and a Combined Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Females. Eisele, O; Gabriel, K; Lee, E; Mikol, DD; Vutikullird, A; Wang, Y; Xu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.51
"We sought to evaluate potential drug-drug interactions between erenumab and a common oral contraceptive."	( A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Erenumab and a Combined Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Females. Eisele, O; Gabriel, K; Lee, E; Mikol, DD; Vutikullird, A; Wang, Y; Xu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	0.51

Bioavailability

The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) administered concomitantly both as an oral tablet and as a solution was assessed in a randomized two-period crossover study in 24 healthy women. In baboons, it was found that the bioavailability depended on the chain length of the esterified fatty acids, irrespective of the assay methods.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Disappointing results with levonorgestrel nonanoate and levonorgestrel undecylate showed that elongation of the fatty acid, esterified with the steroid, decreased the bioavailability of the latter due to incomplete hydrolysis of the ester."	( A new principle of injectable depot contraceptives. I Drug selection and studies in monkeys. Hümpel, M; Schulze, PE; Speck, U, 1979)	0.26
" Comparison of the results of the intravenous and oral administration of the steroid suggested that its oral bioavailability is 42%."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay. Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Crawford, FE; MacIver, M; Orme, ML; Rowe, PH; Watts, MJ, 1979)	0.26
" In addition, the bioavailability of EE, by comparison of its pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral ingestion, was determined."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay. Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Crawford, FE; MacIver, M; Orme, ML; Rowe, PH; Watts, MJ, 1979)	0.26
" In baboons, it was found that the bioavailability of d-norgestrel depended on the chain length of the esterified fatty acids, irrespective of the assay methods."	( Injectable depot contraceptives on d-norgestrel basis. I. Pharmacokinetic studies in dog and baboons. Hümpel, M; Kühne, G; Schulze, PE; Speck, U, 1977)	0.26
" Blood samples were collected at the end of each treatment month, assayed for EE and the half-life of elimination (Tel) and bioavailability (area under the serum concentration-time curve, AUC) calculated."	( Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of ethynyloestradiol. Fotherby, K, 1991)	0.28
" Absorption and bioavailability of the Hungarian-made tablets were greater as evidenced by higher serum concentrations of levonorgestrel, a greater area under the concentration-time curve during the first 24 hours, and a more marked suppressive effect on SHBG levels."	( Comparative cross-over pharmacokinetic study on two types of postcoital contraceptive tablets containing levonorgestrel. Fotherby, K; He, CH; Liao, DL; Matlin, SA; Shi, YE; Van Look, PF; Vince, PM; Xu, JQ; Zhu, YH, 1990)	0.28
" Another common parameter, mean pharmacokinetic bioavailability of LNG (as calculated by the area under the curve method), ranged from 20 to 35 ng/ml/hour in patients given 150 mcg of LNG with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol."	( Pharmacokinetics of gestagens: some problems. Fotherby, K, 1990)	0.28
" Ethinyl estradiol (mean systemic bioavailability 40% to 50%) is extensively metabolized, principally to a sulfate conjugate."	( Gastrointestinal metabolism of contraceptive steroids. Back, DJ; Madden, S; Orme, ML, 1990)	0.28
" Levonorgestrel was well absorbed and the serum levels remained almost constant throughout treatment."	( Effects of treatment with oestradiol/levonorgestrel on bone, lipoproteins and hormone status in postmenopausal women. Beastall, G; Farish, E; Fletcher, CD; Gray, CE; Hart, DM; Lindsay, R, 1989)	0.28
"The bioavailability of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel has been studied in 5 young women with an ileostomy following surgery for ulcerative colitis and compared to that in 5 control subjects."	( The bioavailability of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel in patients with an ileostomy. Back, DJ; Cowie, A; Gilmore, I; Grimmer, SF; Orme, ML; Tjia, J, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of contraceptive steroids was studied in 12 women who were given an antacid and a contraceptive pill simultaneously."	( Antacid does not reduce the bioavailability of oral contraceptive steroids in women. Joshi, JV; Joshi, UM; Sankolli, GM; Shah, RS, 1986)	0.27
" Apparently, self-dosing with this antacid will not affect bioavailability of oral contraceptive steroids."	( Antacid does not reduce the bioavailability of oral contraceptive steroids in women. Joshi, JV; Joshi, UM; Sankolli, GM; Shah, RS, 1986)	0.27
" For bioavailability study, blood samples were collected twice weekly for a period of one month in the first cycle in 8 women."	( Bioavailability of levonorgestrel from intravaginal rings in women of low income groups. Madhavan Nair, K; Narasinga Rao, BS; Prema, K; Sivakumar, B, 1986)	0.27
"The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) administered concomitantly both as an oral tablet and as a solution was assessed in a randomized two-period crossover study in 24 healthy women."	( The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol administered as a low-dose combination oral contraceptive. Chiang, S; Goebelsmann, U; Hoffman, D; Woutersz, T, 1986)	0.27
"The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) administered concomitantly both as an oral tablet and as a solution was assessed in a randomized 2-period crossover study in 24 healthy women."	( The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol administered as a low-dose combination oral contraceptive. Chiang, S; Goebelsmann, U; Hoffman, D; Woutersz, T, 1986)	0.27
" Phase II studies typically provide an opportunity to examine issues of efficacy and safety in a clinical target population and often permit a determination of the dose and dose intervals which will be most appropriate for that particular population and allow for a more definitive evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and, perhaps, bioavailability of a particular formulation."	( Clinical evaluation of drugs used in fertility regulation. Siemens, AJ, 1986)	0.27
" In addition, the oral bioavailability of ethinyloestradiol was greater in women with cystic fibrosis than in controls (76."	( Pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Back, DJ; Batten, JC; Grimmer, SF; Hodson, ME; Orme, ML; Rogers, SM; Stead, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" The bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol was significantly greater in women with cystic fibrosis (76."	( Pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in patients with cystic fibrosis. Back, DJ; Batten, JC; Grimmer, SF; Hodson, ME; Orme, ML; Rogers, SM; Stead, RJ, 1987)	0.27
"The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) administered as a conventional tablet (150/30) or capsule has been assessed in a randomized two-period crossover study in 9 healthy volunteer women."	( The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol when administered in tablet and capsule form. Back, DJ; Cohen, M; Elstein, M; Killick, SR; Shenoy, N; Stevenson, PJ, 1987)	0.27
"9 female volunteers, aged 18-38 years participated in this study contrasting the bioavailability of levonorgestrel (LNG) and ethinylestradiol (EE2)."	( The relative bioavailability of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol when administered in tablet and capsule form. Back, DJ; Cohen, M; Elstein, M; Killick, SR; Shenoy, N; Stevenson, PJ, 1987)	0.27
" Thus the distribution of synthetic steroids between various protein bound and nonprotein bound components in serum may influence their bioavailability at different target tissues."	( Distribution and percentages of non-protein bound contraceptive steroids in human serum. Hammond, GL; Lähteenmäki, P; Lähteenmäki, PL; Luukkainen, T, 1982)	0.26
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of levonorgestrel in control mice showed some similarity to those observed in human subjects, save the systemic bioavailability which was about 67% in mice compared to 100% in humans."	( Influence of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel. Gommaa, AA; Osman, FH, 1983)	0.27
" However, very little is known concerning the bioavailability and plasma levels of unmetabolized gestagens in the animal species used for chronic toxicity testing and pharmacological investigation."	( Terminal half-lives in plasma and bioavailability of norethisterone, levonorgestrel, cyproterone acetate and gestodene in rats, beagles and rhesus monkeys. Düsterberg, B; Hümpel, M; Speck, U, 1981)	0.26
" Comparison of the results of the intravenous and oral administration of the steroid show a mean systemic bioavailability of 89% after the 150 microgram dose and 99% after a 250 microgram dose."	( The pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ethynylestradiol in women - studies with Ovran and Ovranette. Back, DJ; Bates, M; Breckenridge, AM; Hall, JM; MacIver, M; Orme, ML; Park, BK; Rowe, PH, 1981)	0.26
" With reference to the present efforts to reduce the hormone content of the pill, 3 factors which influence the bioavailability of these substances are of great importance."	( [Oral contraceptives. Clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions (author's transl)]. Staiger, C, 1982)	0.26
" In addition, the initial absorption rate and removal half-life of L-NOG were assessed in 7 subjects using the devices for a period of 8 days only."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations with vaginal devices releasing levonorgestrel at a constant, near zero order rate. Diczfalusy, E; Johannisson, E; Landgren, BM; Masironi, B, 1982)	0.26
" Basic pharmacokinetic parameters of levonorgestrel were calculated and from the ratio of the AUC values obtained after both administrations, the bioavailability of norgestimate-derived levonorgestrel was calculated."	( Systemic availability of levonorgestrel after single oral administration of a norgestimate-containing combination oral contraceptive to 12 young women. Blode, H; Kuhnz, W; Mahler, M, 1994)	0.29
" All of these agents are pharmacokinetically similar to older agents: they are highly bioavailable when administered orally, hepatically metabolized, and obtain steady-state concentrations after 8-10 days of continuous administration."	( Desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene: the newer progestins. Kaplan, B, )	0.13
" All of these agents are highly bioavailable when administered orally, hepatically metabolized, and obtain steady-state concentrations after 8-10 days of continuous administration."	( Desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene: the newer progestins. Kaplan, B, )	0.13
" This levels off until at the 10th day the absorption rate is 15 mcg/day."	( Contraceptive pellet: small size but long life. , 1977)	0.26
" The comparative bioavailability was carried out on levonorgestrel tablets (0."	( Bioequivalence study of postcoital emergency contraceptions containing levonorgestrel. Chompootaweep, S; Leepipatpibul, S, 2004)	0.32
" The comparative bioavailability of the two products was determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two way crossover design."	( Bioequivalence study of postcoital emergency contraceptions containing levonorgestrel. Chompootaweep, S; Leepipatpibul, S, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, the 90% CI for the bioavailability contrasts (OC alone vs OC with rifaximin) for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last measurable plasma concentration or to infinity for EE, NG, and 17-DNGM all ranged from 86-118%."	( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females. Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)	0.34
" The very poor solubility and wettability of these drugs, along with their high potency (adsorption issues), give rise to difficulties in designing intravenous (IV) formulations to assess absolute bioavailability of products containing both drugs."	( Norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol intravenous infusion formulation optimization, stability and compatibility testing: A case study to overcome polysorbate 80 interference in chromatographic analysis. Abdallah, IA; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Stinchcomb, AL, 2016)	0.43
" Doses were scaled from human doses to account for differences in bioavailability and body weight, and OCs were administered daily via oral gavage for 4 rat estrous cycles (20 days)."	( The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Hormones on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strength. Chang, W; Dragoo, JL; Hsue, L; Konopka, JA; Thio, T, 2020)	0.56

Dosage Studied

The currently recommended dosage of norethindrone and dl-norgestrel greatly exceed those necessary to suppress endometrial proliferation effectively. High norgest Rel dosages caused atrophies of the corpus endometrium significantly more often than low norgerrel dosages, desogestrel or lynestrenol.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The effects of two differing dosage schedules of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel, taken cyclically as oral contraceptives, on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides were measured."	( The effect of cyclical administration of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides. Bloch, B, 1979)	0.26
" Over the dosage range studied, the effects of the two kinds of estrogen were indistinguishable."	( Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives. VII. Effects with and without progestational agents on ultracentrifugally fractionated plasma lipoproteins in humans, baboons, and beagles. Chenault, CB; de la Peña, A; Dozier, TS; Goldzieher, JW; Kraemer, DC, 1978)	0.26
" Effects of the 2 kinds of estrogens were indistinguishable over the dosage range studied."	( Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives. VII. Effects with and without progestational agents on ultracentrifugally fractionated plasma lipoproteins in humans, baboons, and beagles. Chenault, CB; de la Peña, A; Dozier, TS; Goldzieher, JW; Kraemer, DC, 1978)	0.26
" The two oral contraceptive dosage forms studied produced qualitatively and quantitatively similar metabolic changes."	( Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen. Cornish, EJ; Hain, R; Nash, AL, 1979)	0.26
" In both studies, the 2 oral contraceptive dosage forms had similar metabolic quantitative and qualitative changes: both resulted in an increase in serum concentration of triglycerides (30 to 33%), B-lipoproteins (27 to 29%), and ceruloplasmin (75 to 90%), and a decrease in serum levels of antithrombin 3 (22 to 29%) and ascorbic acid (30 to 42%)."	( Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen. Cornish, EJ; Hain, R; Nash, AL, 1979)	0.26
" Each dosage increase improved cycle control and lessened bleeding irregularities."	( Low-dose combination oral contraceptives: a controlled clinical study of three different norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol ratios. Arnt, IC; Ferrari, A; Sartoretto, JN; Woutersz, TB, 1977)	0.26
" A total of 1,991 patients were studied for more than two years while they were receiving various dosage combinations of these steroids."	( Optimum dosage of an oral contraceptive. A report from the study of seven combinations of norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. Lawson, JS; Osterman, JJ; Pasquale, SA; Yuliano, SE, 1979)	0.26
" Inhibition of the estrous cycle and vulvar enlargement were seen in all dosed dogs."	( FDA studies of estrogen, progestogens, and estrogen/progestogen combinations in the dog and monkey. Geil, RG; Lamar, JK, 1977)	0.26
" The occurrence of a secondary peak in plasma at around 12 hours after dosing gave strong evidence that EE undergoes enterohepatic circulation in women; an event that may have considerable clinical significance."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethynylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay. Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Crawford, FE; MacIver, M; Orme, ML; Rowe, PH; Watts, MJ, 1979)	0.26
" This dosage schedule called for 4 tablets over 12 hours, and the clinician claims that this schedule avoids some of the semantic difficulties associated with the usual treatment of 50-60 tablets of estrogen over 5 days."	( An alternative to the use of high-dose estrogens for postcoital contraception. Schilling, LH, 1979)	0.26
"This study determined whether a reduction in ethinyl estradiol (EE) dosage from 50-30 mcg was associated with any change in biological features of estrogenic effects in the genital tract (karyopyknotic index, ferning, spinnbarkeit, volume, and clarity of cervical mucus) or biochemical effects (ceruloplasmin and sex hormone binding globulin)."	( Some estrogenic effects of two oral contraceptives consisting of norgestrel and two different doses of ethynylestradiol. Bye, PG; Elstein, M; Fotherby, K; Miller, JF, 1979)	0.26
" 189 campus women received the dosage of 2 tablets in 12 hours, given within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse."	( Post-coital contraception using d1-norgestrel/ethinyl estradiol combination. Ross, A; Smith, RP, 1978)	0.26
" Malignant neoplasms were seen in dogs given 10 and 25 times the proposed human dosage of anagestone acetate plus mestranol and 25 times the proposed human dosage of WY-4355 plus mestranol and ethynerone plus mestranol."	( Mammary nodules in beagle dogs administered investigational oral contraceptive steroids. Casey, HW; Geil, RG; Giles, RC; Kwapien, RP, 1978)	0.26
" The morphometric parameters as well as the histological pattern obtained of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland appear to prove that in boar the antigonadotropic effect of norgestrel is lower than that of chloromadinone acetate, with dosage and duration of treatment identical."	( [Quantifiable morphokinesis in members of the hypothalamo-adenohypophyseogonadal axis of hormonally castrated boars. 2. Studies on norgestrel treated boars]. Busch, W; Dorst, J; Hagelschuer, H; Sajonski, H, 1978)	0.26
" The potency and dosage is correlated with the pathogenic effects observed."	( Effects of contraceptive pills and intrauterine devices on urinary bladder. Fayad, M; Kamel, M; Mooro, H; Osman, MI; Youssef, AF; Zahran, MM, 1976)	0.26
" The serum levels of d-norgestrel were related to the dosage of dl-norgestrel ingested."	( Serum levels of d-norgestrel, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone in women during and following ingestion of combination oral contraceptives containing dl-norgestrel. Brenner, PF; Goebelsmann, U; Mishell, DR; Stanczyk, FZ, 1977)	0.26
"48 women, aged 17-41, were treated with weekly dosages of 1 mg ethinylestradiolsulfonate (EES) and a 10 mg dosage of norethisterone acetate (NEA) or a ."	( [Changes of the endometrium during oral hormonal contraception with ethinyl estradiol sulfonate and norethisterone acetate or d-noregestrel]. Büttner, HH; Göretzlehner, G; Rudolf, K, 1976)	0.26
" This decrease varied with the type of progestogen used in continuous low dosage therapy."	( The effect of combination and low dose progestogen oral contraceptives on serum lipids. Donde, UM; Virkar, K, 1975)	0.25
"05 mg ethinyl estradiol per tablet), is given to young female rats at 50 x the human dosage for an extended period, plasma vitamin A levels are elevated about 50%."	( Effect of Ovral, a combination type oral contraceptive agent, on vitamin A metabolism in rats. Olson, JA; Supopark, W, 1975)	0.25
" Research on combination norethynodrel-containing products revealed that the dosage was too high."	( Oral contraception: a review. Edgren, RA, 1991)	0.28
"0 hours after dosing with their OCS on days 5, 6, 7 and 8 of their contraceptive cycle, for measurement of EE2, Ng, FSH and LH by radioimmunoassay."	( The lack of interaction between temafloxacin and combined oral contraceptive steroids. Back, DJ; Mant, T; Martin, C; Millar, E; Morrison, P; Orme, M; Tjia, J, 1991)	0.28
"0 hours after dosing with OCs on days 5, 6, 7, and 8 of their contraceptive cycle, for measurement of EE2, Ng, FSH, and LH by radioimmunoassay."	( The lack of interaction between temafloxacin and combined oral contraceptive steroids. Back, DJ; Mant, T; Martin, C; Millar, E; Morrison, P; Orme, M; Tjia, J, 1991)	0.28
" However, due to the low dosage of steroids, it is of utmost importance to avoid errors in its use."	( Clinical experience with triphasic oral contraceptive (Triquilar) in 527 women in China. Qian, LJ; Sang, GW; Weng, LJ; Xu, D; Zhang, JY; Zheng, HZ, 1991)	0.28
" These results indicate that these changes are related to the dosage and estrogen-progestogen ratio of the preparation."	( A comparative study of the effects of a monophasic and a triphasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Holck, S; Loke, DF; Ng, CS; Ratnam, SS; Samsioe, G, 1990)	0.28
" A further complication is the multiplicity of pharmacological effects elicited by the gestagens and each of these effects is likely to have its own dose-response relationship."	( Potency and pharmacokinetics of gestagens. Fotherby, K, 1990)	0.28
" Contraceptive agents with reduced dosage of steroid components (rigevidon or triquilar) produced less pronounced increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure (less than by 2-3 mm Hg)."	( [Changes in arterial blood pressure of women using hormonal contraceptives in relation to their cardiovascular history]. Dubnitskaia, LV; Korsakov, SG; Manuilova, IA, 1989)	0.28
" The recommended dosage is 2 tablets taken 12 hours apart, preferably within 12-24 hours, and no later that 72 hours, after intercourse."	( Ovral as a "morning-after" contraceptive. , 1989)	0.28
" This even occurs with those methods which do not usually suppress ovulation, but the disturbance is generally less severe with lower dosage systems."	( Menstrual changes associated with progestogen-only contraception. Fraser, IS, 1986)	0.27
" Studies of the oral contraceptives in current use show that the coagulation effects depend on the dosage of estrogen and the type of progestogen used in combination."	( Coagulation effects of oral contraception. Bonnar, J, 1987)	0.27
" One of the main objects of the study was to determine whether the lower dosage would be sufficient to prevent the development of endometrial hyperplasia."	( Clinical experience with a low-dose combination of estradiol valerate and levonorgestrel. Double-blind comparative study between SH D 386 F and Cyclabil. Effects on symptoms, lipids and endometrial condition. Fredricsson, B; Hirt, M; Lagrelius, A; Weintraub, L, 1986)	0.27
"Oral contraceptives were initially very high in estrogen and progestogen and had a uniform dosage schedule throughout the entire cycle."	( Phasic approach to oral contraceptives. Hale, RW, 1987)	0.27
"Oral contraceptives were initially very high in estrogen and progestogen and had a uniform dosage schedule throughout the entire cycle."	( Phasic approach to oral contraceptives. Hale, RW, 1987)	0.27
" This is the first dosing study of contraceptive steroids in a murine model of lupus."	( Suppression of reproductive function in autoimmune NZB/W mice: effective doses of four contraceptive steroids. Keisler, LW; Walker, SE, 1987)	0.27
" High norgestrel dosages caused atrophies of the corpus endometrium significantly more often than low norgestrel dosages, desogestrel or lynestrenol at low dosage levels."	( [Dependence of morphologic changes in portio, cervix and endometrium on dosage or potency of synthetic gestagens]. Dallenbach-Hellweg, G; Fenzel, J, 1985)	0.27
"The effects of two cyclically administered, triphasic, combined low dosage oestrogen and progestogen oral contraceptives on haemostasis have been compared in a longitudinal study, over 6 months, in 26 healthy females aged 16-30 years."	( A comparison of the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on haemostasis. Cohen, H; Gillmer, MD; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Walshe, K, 1988)	0.27
"Ethinylestradiol (EE), at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 5 consecutive days (5 mg EE), has generally been used for interception."	( A comparison of high-dose estrogens versus low-dose ethinylestradiol and norgestrel combination in postcoital interception: a study in 493 women. Haspels, AA; Van Santen, MR, 1985)	0.27
"Ethinyl estradiol (EE), at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 5 consecutive days (5 mg EE) has generally been used for interception."	( A comparison of high-dose estrogens versus low-dose ethinylestradiol and norgestrel combination in postcoital interception: a study in 493 women. Haspels, AA; Van Santen, MR, 1985)	0.27
"Eighty-six women of proved fertility used an incremental dosage regimen of a combined oral contraceptive for a total of 570 cycles over one year."	( Assessment of incremental dosage regimen of combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptive. Brosens, IA; Robertson, WB; Van Assche, FA, 1974)	0.25
" Serum percentage of iodine uptake, total thyroxine, free thoraxine, and weight changes in 38 women taking combination oral contraceptives and 27 taking low dosage progestagens were studied."	( Thyroid functions of women taking oral contraceptives. Barsivala, V; Virkar, K, 1974)	0.25
" However, the currently recommended dosage of norethindrone and dl-norgestrel greatly exceed those necessary to suppress endometrial proliferation effectively."	( Actions of progestins on the morphology and biochemistry of the endometrium of postmenopausal women receiving low-dose estrogen therapy. King, RJ; Lane, G; Pryse-Davies, J; Ryder, T; Siddle, N; Townsend, PT; Whitehead, MI, 1982)	0.26
" It is concluded that the dosages of progestins currently added in post-menopausal estrogen therapy are greatly in excess of those necessary to suppress endometrial proliferation effectively; lowering the daily progestin dosage is unlikely to result in any lessening of this protective effect and will probably reduce the incidence of side effects, as these appear to be dose-dependent."	( Dose-dependent effects of synthetic progestins on the biochemistry of the estrogenized post-menopausal endometrium. King, RJ; Minardi, J; Siddle, NC; Townsend, PT; Whitehead, MI; Young, O, 1981)	0.26
" With the same contraceptive reliability its cycle stability is very much better than the monophase preparations, which are 40% high dosed in the progestin proportion (levonorgestrel and desogestrel)."	( [Progress in oral contraception. Advantages of a levonorgestrel-containing 3-stage preparation over low-dose levonorgestrel and desogestrel containing monophasic combination preparations]. Lachnit-Fixson, U, 1984)	0.27
" It is very difficult to show a correlation of ambiguous side effects such as depression and mood changes and the dosage level."	( Advances in oral contraception. An international review of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol. Goldzieher, JW, 1983)	0.27
" Plasma levels of levonorgestrel at various intervals after dosing were analysed by a specific radioimmunoassay and its pharmacokinetic parameters were computed."	( Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel in Indian women. Madhavan Nair, K; Narasinga Rao, BS; Prema, K; Sivakumar, B, 1983)	0.27
" This finding demonstrates that postcoital STS 557 in the chosen dosage does not suppress ovulation."	( STS 557 as an interceptive in baboons. Goncharov, NP; Komor, A; Oettel, M; Schubert, K, 1983)	0.27
"In the present study the Authors consider whether estroprogestins at low dosage may influence the basal levels of plasma Prolactin in a group of patients subdivided on the basis of their different ways of life."	( Prolactin plasma levels and oral contraceptives at low dosage. Dessole, S; Firinu, C; Milia, S; Piras, G, 1983)	0.27
"In this study, the authors considered whether estroprogestins at low dosage may influence the basal levels of plasma prolactin (PRL) in a group of patients subdivided on the basis of different lifestyle."	( Prolactin plasma levels and oral contraceptives at low dosage. Dessole, S; Firinu, C; Milia, S; Piras, G, 1983)	0.27
" Low dosage and strong affinity for target cell receptors are important in the selection of the appropriate agent."	( Prescribing an oral contraceptive for the individual woman. Chick, P, 1980)	0.26
" The effectiveness of Stediril may be compromised by failure to follow the dosage schedule: 1 pill daily for 21 days followed by a pill-free interval of 7 days when withdrawal bleeding occurs."	( [Stediril]. Csech, J; Gervais, C, 1984)	0.27
" Due to the fact that menstrual cycles in a given woman may vary in length and that it takes patients several days on intermediate or long-acting insulin to achieve a steady state with regard to any dosage adjustment, it is difficult to design an insulin regimen that maintains euglycemia throughout the menstrual cycle in these labile patients."	( Oral contraceptives abolish luteal phase exacerbation of hyperglycemia in type I diabetes. Bleicher, SJ; Sacerdote, A, )	0.13
" Analysis of the dose-response curves shows induction by Oe2 to be 10 times and 50 times greater than Oe3 and Oe4, respectively."	( Different effects of oestradiol, oestriol, oestetrol and of oestrone on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in long term tissue culture. Bayard, F; Jozan, S; Kreitmann, B, 1981)	0.26
" The results indicate that hormonal contraception of the low dosage type may be administered to women with previously impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy without any deterioration of the glucose metabolism post partum."	( Low dosage oral contraception in women with previous gestational diabetes. Kühl, C; Mølsted-Pedersen, L; Skouby, SO, 1982)	0.26
"Scanning electron microscopy and a capillary tube sperm penetration test were used to study the cervical mucus of women using a triphasic oral contraceptive supplying a varying dosage of estrogen and gestagen during the cycle."	( Ultrastructure of cervical mucus and sperm penetration during use of a triphasic oral contraceptive. Myklebust, RU; Ulstein, M, 1982)	0.26
" Half the dosage was administered immediately upon entry into the study and the remainder 12 hours later."	( A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent. Rademaker, AW; Smith, RP; Yuzpe, AA, 1982)	0.26
"To study the effects of exogenous estrogens on the postmenopausal endometrium, and to determine the time course and minimum dosage of added progestins necessary to oppose estrogen stimulation, we obtained endometrial specimens from symptomatic postmenopausal women being treated with various preparations of estrogens and progestins."	( Effects of estrogens and progestins on the biochemistry and morphology of the postmenopausal endometrium. King, RJ; Pryse-Davies, J; Ryder, TA; Townsend, PT; Whitehead, MI, 1981)	0.26
" Four women in each group were taking either a low dosage progestogen compound like norethisterone (NET) 350 micrograms or d-norgestrel (d-Ng) 50 micrograms alone or low dosage combination pills containing NET 1 mg or d-Ng 150 micrograms with 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (EE2) or a biodegradable implant containing 25 mg NET or d-Ng."	( Release of 19-nor-testosterone type of contraceptive steroids through different drug delivery systems into serum and breast milk of lactating women. Mehta, S; Saxena, BN; Toddywalla, VS; Virkar, KD, 1980)	0.26
"01) suggest that a hypercoagulable state persists in low dosage OC users."	( Large increase in plasmatic 11-dehydro-TxB2 levels due to oral contraceptives. Donnez, J; Grandjean, P; Lavenne, E; Schlit, AF, 1995)	0.29
" The use of the lowest efficacious dosage could reduce costs."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of low-dose flutamide alone and combined with an oral contraceptive for the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. Cédrin, I; Dodin, S; Faure, N; Guy, J; Lemay, A; Méchain, C; Turcot-Lemay, L, 1995)	0.29
" Up to date a drastic dosage reduction of both steroid hormones has been accomplished ameliorating the side effects on the one hand, and being active compounds as contraceptives, in the other."	( [Endometrial interference of synthetic estrogens in fertility regulation.Is it necessary to interfere with the antiovulatory mechanism at the central nervous system level in order to obtain contraception?]. Cortés-Gallegos, V; Rojas, T; Sojo Aranda, QI, 1997)	0.3
"Our purpose was to compare the effects on fasting plasma lipoprotein lipids of adding low dosage C-19 continuous progestin (dl-norgestrel) versus conventional low-dosage continuous C-21 progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate) to cyclic conjugated estrogen therapy."	( Effects of adding C-19 versus C-21 progestin to conjugated estrogen in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Koval, JJ; Nisker, JA; Wolfe, BM, 1998)	0.3
"To compare the effects of (i) continuous low dosage C-19 progestin (dl-norgestrel, NG) plus cyclical conjugated estrogen (CEE) versus (ii) continuous low dosage C-21 progestin [medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)] plus CEE on postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, mood and somatic, psychosomatic and psychological symptoms."	( Impact on postmenopausal symptoms of adding continuous C-21 versus C-19 progestin to estrogen. Koval, JJ; Nisker, JA; Wolfe, BM, 1999)	0.3
"Pulsed dosing of NGM 90 microg for 3 days off and 3 days on along with continuous administration of E2 is effective in treating vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy, provides endometrial protection (i."	( Efficacy and safety of a constant-estrogen, pulsed-progestin regimen in hormone replacement therapy. Caubel, P; Lane, R; Sulak, PJ, )	0.13
"This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of 3 dosage levels of intermittent norgestimate plus a constant dose of 17beta-estradiol on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 236 postmenopausal women."	( A novel intermittent regimen of norgestimate to preserve the beneficial effects of 17beta-estradiol on lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Caubel, P; Lane, R; Lobo, RA; Zacur, HZ, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response increases to peak levels of levonorgestrel were attained on day 7 in groups V, VI and VII, after the first injection."	( Evaluation of the ability of levonorgestrel butanoate alone, or in combination with testosterone buciclate, to suppress spermatogenesis in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Griffin, PD; Jeyaraj, DA; Pal, PC; Rajalakshmi, M; Sharma, RS; Waites, GM, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response experiments indicated that the lowest stimulatory concentration of 17 beta-estradiol, DHT, and norgestrel is 10(-11) M, 10(-10) M, and 10(-10) M, respectively."	( The normal epithelial cell-specific 1 (NES1) gene is up-regulated by steroid hormones in the breast carcinoma cell line BT-474. Diamandis, EP; Grass, L; Luo, LY, )	0.13
" Serial blood samples were collected before and after dosing and assayed using validated methods."	( Lack of effect of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of 17 beta-estradiol/norgestimate in healthy postmenopausal women. Bourg, D; Curtin, CR; Gisclon, LG; Larson, KL; Morrison, DN; Natarajan, J; Wong, FA, 2000)	0.31
" In a new type of HRT three-day dosing with 17 beta-estradiol (E2) alone is followed by three-day dosing with E2 plus NGM."	( Norgestimate. From the laboratory to three clinical indications. Henzl, MR, 2001)	0.31
" The contraceptive patch provided ovulation suppression and cycle control similar to that of oral norgestimate 250 microg/EE 35 microg, significantly decreased mean maximum follicular diameter following a 3-day intentional delayed dosing phase when compared with oral levonorgestrel (LNG) 50/75/125 microg/EE 30/40/30 micorg and oral LNG 100 microg/EE 20 microg, and was as effective as oral LNG 50/75/125 microg/EE 30/40/30 microg and oral desogestrel 150 microg/EE 20 microg in altering cervical mucus composition (i."	( Transdermal contraception. Abrams, LS; Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC, 2001)	0.31
" Eighty-five women who met study criteria, made minimal dosing errors, and underwent at least three ultrasonographic examinations were analyzed."	( Predicting risk of ovulation in new start oral contraceptive users. Creinin, MD; Pymar, HC; Reid, L; Schwartz, JL, 2002)	0.31
" A major advantage of this method compared to oral contraceptives is a nearly 90% perfect adherence to the dosing schedule across all age groups."	( The transdermal contraceptive patch: a new approach to hormonal contraception. Burkman, RT, )	0.13
"The effect on liver functions of oral contraceptives (OCs) was studied by measuring the effect low dosage (Primovlar and Ovulen) OCs on serum pseudocholine esterase, a hepatic enzyme."	( Effect of low dosage contraceptive pills on serum pseudocholine esterase level. El Khodary, M; Mikaty, N; Nagui, AR; Shaarawy, M; Shalaby, M, 1976)	0.26
" Lipid modifications provoked by combined OCs are a function of the nature and dosage of the components."	( [Sex steroids and vascular risk]. Rozenbaum, H, )	0.13
"To compare the effects of the contraceptive patch to oral contraceptives (OCs) on follicular size and incidence of ovulation in normal cycles and after dosing errors."	( Ortho Evra/Evra versus oral contraceptives: follicular development and ovulation in normal cycles and after an intentional dosing error. Archer, DF; Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC; Moreau, M; Pierson, RA; Shangold, GA, 2003)	0.32
"Follicular size and incidence of ovulation were significantly reduced among contraceptive patch users compared with women using OCs in normal cycles and after planned dosing errors."	( Ortho Evra/Evra versus oral contraceptives: follicular development and ovulation in normal cycles and after an intentional dosing error. Archer, DF; Creasy, GW; Fisher, AC; Moreau, M; Pierson, RA; Shangold, GA, 2003)	0.32
" Reduced frequency of dosing has the potential to improve patient compliance."	( Transdermal delivery of sex steroids for hormone replacement therapy and contraception. A review of principles and practice. Henzl, MR; Loomba, PK, 2003)	0.32
"250 mg per 7-day phase, respectively) for 5 days (days 17-21) concurrently with either 200 mg dexloxiglumide (3 times a day on days 17-20, followed by a single dose on day 21) or matching placebo during 2 consecutive 28-day OC dosing cycles."	( Effect of multiple-dose dexloxiglumide on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy women. Abramowitz, W; Jakate, AS; Kapil, R; Patel, A; Persiani, S; Roy, P; Wangsa, J, 2005)	0.33
" continuous oral contraceptive (OC) dosing regimens, to explore follicular development during the hormone-free interval (HFI) and to examine follicular development following OC discontinuation."	( Ovarian follicular dynamics during conventional vs. continuous oral contraceptive use. Birtch, RL; Olatunbosun, OA; Pierson, RA, 2006)	0.33
"Administration of a 3 day dosing regimen of oral rifaximin was well tolerated and did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a commonly used combination OC containing EE and norgestimate."	( Absence of effect of oral rifaximin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate in healthy females. Bettenhausen, DK; Connolly, M; Forbes, WP; Pentikis, H; Trapnell, CB, 2007)	0.34
"Film forming polymeric solutions may present an alternative to the common transdermal dosage forms such as patches or gels."	( Delivery of ethinylestradiol from film forming polymeric solutions across human epidermis in vitro and in vivo in pigs. Franke, P; Lehr, CM; Schaefer, UF; Zurdo Schroeder, I, 2007)	0.34
"Tenofovir DF and norgestimate-ethinyl estradiol are not involved in a clinically significant drug-drug interaction; tenofovir DF did not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of norgestimate or ethinyl estradiol, including the concentration at the end of the dosing interval."	( Lack of effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on pharmacokinetics of hormonal contraceptives. Kearney, BP; Mathias, A, 2009)	0.35
" This might be an effect of the convenience of the weekly dosing schedule."	( Evaluation of the contraceptive efficacy, compliance, and satisfaction with the transdermal contraceptive patch system Evra: a comparison between adolescent and adult users. Bodner, K; Bodner-Adler, B; Grünberger, W, 2011)	0.37
" The peak plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the concentration-time curve for a dosing interval (AUC([τ])), and lowest plasma concentration (C(min)) for EE and NGMN during cycles of treatment with Ortho Cyclen with and without coadministration of efavirenz were compared."	( The effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate in healthy HIV-negative women. Bertz, R; Eley, T; Garner, D; Krantz, K; Nettles, R; Persson, A; Sevinsky, H; Yones, C; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
"ATV/RTV with dose-normalized EE/NGM resulted in geometric mean reductions of 16% in EE peak plasma concentration (C(max)), 19% in EE area under the concentration-time curve for a dosing interval (AUC([τ])) and 37% in EE lowest plasma concentration (C(min)), compared with EE 35 μg with NGM in the absence of ATV/RTV."	( The effect of atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate in healthy women. Bertz, R; Chung, E; Eley, T; Mahnke, L; Persson, A; Xu, X; Yones, C; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing with Norgestrel protects photoreceptor cells from undergoing apoptosis in two distinct models of retinal degeneration; the light damage model and the Pde6b(rd10) model."	( Enhancing survival of photoreceptor cells in vivo using the synthetic progestin Norgestrel. Cotter, TG; Doonan, F; Kenna, P; O'Driscoll, C, 2011)	0.37
"25 mg once daily, n = 32) dosing was initiated on days 11 or 8, respectively, with evening (arm 1) or morning (arm 2) dosing; at steady state (days 15 or 22), a single lomitapide dose was administered; CYP3A inhibitor dosing continued for 6 days."	( Evaluation of the effects of the weak CYP3A inhibitors atorvastatin and ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate on lomitapide pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Dutta, S; Foulds, P; King, A; Korb, S; Patel, G; Sumeray, M; Wade, JR, 2016)	0.43

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1478 (67.30)	18.7374
1990's	400 (18.21)	18.2507
2000's	200 (9.11)	29.6817
2010's	97 (4.42)	24.3611
2020's	21 (0.96)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	492 (21.29%)	5.53%
Reviews	113 (4.89%)	6.00%
Case Studies	132 (5.71%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.09%)	0.25%
Other	1,572 (68.02%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Multi-Center Oral Contraceptive Pill Use Trial Conducted In an OTC Naturalistic Environment (OPTION) [NCT03559010]	Phase 3	189 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-27	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated prematurely due to issues with one of the data collection systems, no impact on subject safety)
Contraceptive Hormones and Women With Cystic Fibrosis: Satisfaction and Effects on Disease [NCT02144246]	Phase 1	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Terminated
A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Cross-over Study to Assess the Effect of Norgestrel 75 mcg on Cervical Mucus and Ovarian Activity During Perfect Use, After One Delayed Intake and After a Missed Pill [NCT03585712]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-24	Completed
A Single-Dose, Open-Label, Randomized, 2-Way Crossover Pivotal Study to Assess the Bioequivalence of NGM/EE Tablets Manufactured at 2 Different Facilities [NCT02127593]	Phase 1	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
Open-label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Prove the Bioequivalence Between Opxion® (Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg Coated Tablet From Bayer de Mexico) and Postinor 2® (Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg Tablet From Biofarma Natural CMD) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01073904]	Phase 1	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
Modulation Of Putative Surrogate Endpoint Biomarkers In Endometrial Biopsies From Women With HNPCC [NCT00033358]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-02-28	Completed
Effects of Different Progesterone Containing Contraceptive Methods on Safety and Endogenous Progesterone Level [NCT05742503]		80 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2021-03-30	Completed
Adherence With Continuous-dose Oral Contraceptive: Evaluation of Self-Selection and Use (ACCESS) [NCT04112095]	Phase 3	962 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-06	Completed
Phase II Double Blind Randomized Trial Evaluating the Biologic Effect of Levonorgestrel on the Double Blind Randomized Trial Evaluating the Biologic Effect of Levonorgestrel on the Ovarian Epithelium in Women at High Risk for Ovarian Cancer [NCT00445887]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-10	Completed
The Effect of the Co-administration of Atazanavir (ATV) and Ritonavir (RTV) on the Pharmacokinetics of a Combined Oral Contraceptive Containing Ethinyl Estradiol and Norgestimate in Healthy Female Subjects [NCT00357604]	Phase 1	22 participants	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00445887 (5) [back to overview]	Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Epithelial Ovarian Tissue
NCT00445887 (5) [back to overview]	Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Fallopian Tube Tissue
NCT00445887 (5) [back to overview]	Patients With High Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1
NCT00445887 (5) [back to overview]	Proportion of Proliferation as Measured by Ki-67
NCT00445887 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events According to Grade as Determined by NCI CTCAE v.3.0
NCT03559010 (1) [back to overview]	Safety Population: Number of Pregnancies Reported During the Course of the Study
NCT03585712 (3) [back to overview]	Duration of Protective Effect of Cervical Mucus After a 6h Delayed or a Missed Pill
NCT03585712 (3) [back to overview]	Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)
NCT03585712 (3) [back to overview]	Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)

Intervention	proportion of total cells (Median)
Arm I (Levenorgestrel)	.093
Arm II (Placebo)	.115

Intervention	proportion of total cells (Median)
Arm I (Levenorgestrel)	.205
Arm II (Placebo)	.079

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Arm I (Levenorgestrel)	6
Arm II (Placebo)	3

Intervention	Proportion of cells exhibiting Ki-67 (Median)
Arm I (Levenorgestrel)	.003
Arm II (Placebo)	.008

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Allergy/Immunology	Constitutional Symptoms	Cardiac	Dermatology/Skin	Endocrine	Gastrointestinal	Renal/Genitourinary	Hemorrhage/Bleeding	Blood/Bone Marrow	Infection	Metabolic/Laboratory	Neurology	Pulmonary/Upper Respiratory	Pain	Sexual/Reproductive Function
Grade 1 CTCAE 3.0 Arm II (Placebo)	0	0	0	1	2	0	0	1	3	0	2	1	0	2	1
Grade 1 CTCAE v 3.0 Arm I (Levonorgestrel)	1	1	1	2	1	1	2	3	5	0	2	0	1	3	3
Grade 2 CTCAE 3.0 Arm II (Placebo)	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	2	0
Grade 2 CTCAE v 3.0 Arm 1 (Levonorgestrel)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	1	0
Grade 3 CTCAE 3.0 Arm II (Placebo)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grade 3 CTCAE v 3.0 Arm 1 (Levonorgestrel)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Grade 4 CTCAE 3.0 Arm II (Placebo)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grade 4 CTCAE v3.0 Arm 1 Levonorgestrel)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grade 5 CTCAE 3.0 Arm II (Placebo)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grade 5 CTCAE v3.0 Arm I (Levonorgestrel)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
Use Phase Norgestrel 0.075 mg	1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Full Protection	Absence of risk increase	Transient risk increase	Prolonged risk increase
Delayed Pill Intake	30	38	5	1
Missed Pill Intake	30	37	4	0

Intervention	changes in scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Difference in CMs after a 3-hour late pill	Difference in CMS between 3h delay and next pill 18h later
Delayed Pill Intake	1.0	0.3

Intervention	changes in scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Difference in CMs after a 6-hour late pill	Difference in CMs after a 24-hour late pill (missed pill)
Missed Pill Intake	0.7	0.1

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
adenine [no description available]	3.43	1	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	1.98	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	1.99	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.95	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	3.48	1	1	amino-acid anion
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	1.95	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.36	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	1.97	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.44	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.37	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.49	2	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.25	4	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	1.95	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	1.97	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.34	1	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	3.74	2	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	1.95	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.96	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.03	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
pyridoxal [no description available]	2.37	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.01	5	2	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	7.37	14	3	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.35	1	1	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.64	3	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	1.98	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.74	7	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
phenytoin [no description available]	7.69	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.37	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	1.95	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.87	4	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.4	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
busulfan [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	3.41	1	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.66	3	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.85	2	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	3.11	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.88	4	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	3.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	5.14	3	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.95	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.42	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.02	1	0
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.94	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	7.89	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.37	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.23	1	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.96	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.04	1	0	methoxybenzenes
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.77	2	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.96	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	1.95	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.35	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	1.95	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.37	1	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.01	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	7.64	3	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.41	1	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.45	1	1	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.41	1	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	8.22	11	6	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	1.95	1	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.95	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.89	4	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	1.97	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.36	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.96	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	1.96	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.03	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	7.89	1	0	amino acid
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	1.97	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.96	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.04	3	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.17	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	5.92	14	2	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	4.61	3	2	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.21	6	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
methacetin methacetin: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacetin : A member of the class of acetamides that is paracetamol in which the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	9.83	39	17	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.65	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.22	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.37	2	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	10.68	98	8	steroid
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	1.95	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.64	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	9.72	32	6	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	3.39	1	1	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	7.77	13	6	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.65	3	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.36	2	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	1.97	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.36	1	1	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	23.35	1,154	295	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.45	2	0	steroid ester
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.96	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	8.06	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.03	3	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.1	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.36	1	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.97	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.95	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	7.8	16	5	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	1.95	1	0	lactose
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	17.96	423	72	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	8.3	40	1	oxo steroid
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	4.85	4	2	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.96	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	17.71	56	14	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.48	1	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	13.27	153	20	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.25	4	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetylene [no description available]	1.94	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	2.37	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	7.1	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethisterone Dimethisterone: A synthetic progestational hormone without significant estrogenic or androgenic properties. It was formerly used as the progestational component in SEQUENTIAL ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS	4.03	15	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	1.97	1	0	fatty acid ester
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	1.96	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.96	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.01	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.66	3	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.64	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	2.36	2	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.96	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	3.35	7	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone [no description available]	10.21	12	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.46	1	1	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	11.37	79	9	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	9.06	69	2	corticosteroid hormone
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	3.34	1	1	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2.37	2	0
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	10.53	31	15	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	9.17	35	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	1.95	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	1.96	1	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
estriol succinate estriol succinate: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.37	2	0	hemisuccinate; steroid ester
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	13.03	91	14	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	6.63	20	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.78	2	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.96	1	0
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	1.95	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
megestrol acetate [no description available]	4.95	9	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
algestone Algestone: A synthetic progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.. algestone : A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at position 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17.	3.36	1	1	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	progestin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	7.73	9	8	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	20.5	653	173	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norgestrienone Norgestrienone: A synthetic steroid with progestational and contraceptive activities.	6.77	12	6	steroid	estrogen
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.	1.96	1	0	steroid lactone
ethynodiol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin
mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.	2.36	2	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	3.45	1	1	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	3.05	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	12.81	53	4	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	1.97	1	0
estradiol enanthate [no description available]	3.36	1	1	steroid ester
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	1.97	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	1.95	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
thionyl chloride thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.	1.97	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; sulfinyl halide
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	1.99	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.35	2	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	15.98	278	68
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.96	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
estetrol Estetrol: A metabolite of ESTRIOL with a 15-alpha-hydroxyl group. Estetrol can be converted from estriol sulfate or DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE by the fetal-placental unit.. estetrol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol which has been substituted at the 15alpha and 16alpha positions by two additional hydroxy groups. It is a natural estrogen produced exclusively during pregnancy by the fetal liver.	1.96	1	0	15alpha-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; steroid hormone	estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; oral contraceptive
gestrinone Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.	4.27	4	1	oxo steroid
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.41	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	5.7	11	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
iodine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.96	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.21	12	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.37	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	1.95	1	0
algestone acetophenide Algestone Acetophenide: A progesterone that has been used in ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of ACNE.	3.36	1	1
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	3.37	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	4.84	4	2	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	16.19	134	49	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.07	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pipecuronium Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.	3.11	1	0	steroid ester
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	11.09	9	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	3.36	1	1	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
atorvastatin [no description available]	3.51	1	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	3.45	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
dt 5061 norethindrone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, ferrous fumarate drug combination: contains norethindrone & ethinyl estradiol	9.44	26	14
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	5.21	4	3
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.06	1	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	3.51	2	0	steroid ester
dexloxiglumide dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.41	1	1	glutamic acid derivative
norbolethone norbolethone: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
ovosiston Ovosiston: combination of mestranol & chlormadinone	3.06	5	0
sc-11800 ee SC-11800 EE: contains ethynodiol diacetate & ethinyl estradiol	2.66	3	0
girard's reagent t Girard's reagent T: used for separating ketosteroids; RN given refers to chloride	1.99	1	0
shd 415g Femovan: drug combination consisting of gestodene and ethinyl estradiol	7.15	8	4
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
dienogest [no description available]	5.36	19	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	7.51	8	2	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
spirorenone spirorenone: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
trimegestone trimegestone: ligand for progesterone receptor	4.36	2	2	20-oxo steroid
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
n,n-dimethyl-4-anisidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.03	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
noracycline Noracycline: contains lynestrenol & mestranol	3.35	7	0
bisecurin i Bisecurin I: bisecurin tablets contain 1 mg ethynodiol acetate & 0.1 mg mestranol; see also bisecurin II	2.65	3	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.08	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	8.55	18	6	iditol	fungal metabolite
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.63	3	2	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
testosterone acetate testosterone acetate : An androstanoid that is the acetate derivative of testosterone.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; sterol ester	human metabolite
lopinavir [no description available]	4.36	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.71	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination [no description available]	5.64	5	4
st 1435 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.33	1	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
testosterone 4-n-butylcyclohexylcarboxylate testosterone 4-n-butylcyclohexylcarboxylic acid: testosterone ester which maintains serum testosterone of castrated monkeys in normal range for 4 months	4.2	5	0
androsterone glucuronide androsterone glucuronide: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer. androsterone 3-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid having androsterone as the steroid component.	3.39	1	1	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.96	1	0
estrone-3-glucuronide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	17-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
trisequens Trisequens: triphasic preparation for estrogen replacement therapy; each 28-day calendar pack contains 12 tablets of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg, 10 of estradiol 2 mg & estriol 1 mg & norethisterone acetate 1 mg, 6 of estradiol 1 mg & estriol 0.5 mg	1.97	1	0
4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile: a non-steroidal antiandrogen; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)	4.71	6	1
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	1.98	1	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.06	1	0	organic sulfate salt
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.87	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	4.26	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.43	1	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
dacuronium dacuronium: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.33	2	2
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	1.96	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.96	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
19-norprogesterone 19-norprogesterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
norethindrone enanthate norethindrone enanthate: structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5612	7.22	10	2	steroid ester
nandrolone phenpropionate nandrolone phenpropionate: RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0	3-phenylpropionate ester	anabolic agent; androgen
allylestrenol Allylestrenol: A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.	2.88	4	0	steroid
melengestrol acetate Melengestrol Acetate: A 6-methyl PROGESTERONE acetate with reported glucocorticoid activity and effect on ESTRUS.	2.36	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mibolerone mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.	2.39	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.96	1	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.77	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.05	5	0
bradykinin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	1.97	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
puromycin [no description available]	1.95	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.97	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	4.33	2	2	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	5.22	4	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.03	1	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.45	1	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.34	7	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.4	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.23	1	0
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	10.58	14	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	3.45	1	1	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	1.98	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.95	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.43	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.44	5	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	3.53	1	1	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	1.94	1	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	1.95	1	0	stilbene
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	3.53	1	1	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.34	1	1	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	1.97	1	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.38	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
canrenoic acid Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.	1.96	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	1.95	1	0
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.57	9	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.66	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.35	7	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	2.89	1	0
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	13.81	60	22	steroid	estrogen
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified glucuronide locant	3.37	1	1	steroid ester
levonorgestrel butanoate levonorgestrel butanoate: a long-acting progestogen	4.87	6	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.65	3	0
bilirubin [no description available]	5.71	11	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	4.3	4	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	4.29	4	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.41	1	1
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	1.97	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.37	2	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.37	1	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.27	4	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.37	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	1.97	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	3.53	1	1	organic molecular entity
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.01	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	1.97	1	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	4.05	3	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	10.59	45	16	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	5.77	8	3	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	15.49	51	19	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	1.95	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2	1	0	prostanoid
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.37	1	1	organic molecular entity
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.96	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.41	1	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	3.11	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.11	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.53	1	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	1.95	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.36	2	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.37	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
pregnanediol [no description available]	6.27	14	3
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
etonogestrel [no description available]	10.04	21	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
anordrin anordrin: RN given refers to (2beta,5alpha,17alpha)-isomer; structure	6.97	1	0
u 62840 U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist
tri-cyclen [no description available]	14.78	49	31
cyklabil Cyklabil: combination of estradiol valerate & norgestrel	4.74	7	1
bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.	3.51	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines	anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor
estradiol valerate-dienogest estradiol valerate-dienogest: structure in first source	4.39	1	1
nuvaring NuvaRing: female contraceptive ring	2.45	2	0
13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione 13-ethyl-gon-4-ene-3,17-dione: impurity found in Chinese norgestrel; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.43	1	1	stilbenoid
elagolix [no description available]	2.31	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
norgestimate [no description available]	18.45	172	64
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.39	2	0
rifamycins [no description available]	3.42	1	1
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.65	3	0
norelgestromin norelgestromin: transdermal hormonal contraceptive	16.95	76	34
16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione [no description available]	2.68	3	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.89	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bisaramil [no description available]	1.98	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.96	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	5.36	4	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	1.97	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	1.96	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	4.08	3	1
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	1.95	1	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5	5	2	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ministat Ministat: contains 1 mg lynestrenol & 0.04 mg ethinyl estradiol; administered as 7 days 1 tablet 0.05mg ethinylestradiol followed by 15 days 1 tablet 0.05mg ethinylestradiol & 1 mg lynestrenol combined	1.96	1	0
non-ovlon Non-Ovlon: inhibits ovulation; contains above two cpds	3.57	9	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	1.96	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	1.98	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	3.45	1	1
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	3.35	1	1	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.01	1	0
lutrelin acetate lutrelin acetate: LH-FSH agonist	2.66	3	0
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	3.36	1	1
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	3.48	1	1	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	1.97	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.1	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	1.97	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.03	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.41	1	0
ortho evra Ortho Evra: a combination transdermal contraceptive patch with a contact surface area of 20 cm2. It contains 6 mg norelgestromin and 0.75 mg ethinyl estradiol; was indexed to norelgestromin (2002-2006)	16.2	36	8
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	3.21	6	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	1.97	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.28	4	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dolutegravir [no description available]	3.5	1	1	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.1	1	0	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
deposiston Deposiston: depot estrogen containing 17 alpha-ethinyl-3-isopropylsulfonyloxy-estradiol + norethisterone	2.87	4	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	11.93	83	15
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	1.95	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	1.95	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.64	3	0
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	4.59	6	1	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.36	2	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.41	1	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
eye [no description available]	2.35	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.1	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	4.36	1	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	19.97	396	110
Breast Cancer [description not available]	12.49	30	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	7.49	30	1
Hepatic Porphyria [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Porphyrias, Hepatic A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.	2.41	1	0
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	2.6	1	0
Acne [description not available]	12.99	44	17
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	12.99	44	17
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.72	2	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	2.72	2	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.67	3	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	5.08	9	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	10.08	9	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	8.25	5	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	14.34	27	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	3.31	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.82	11	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	10.48	22	14
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	5.78	2	2
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	4.39	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	10.48	22	14
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	5.78	2	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.66	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	7	8	4
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	11.25	53	21
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	11.25	53	21
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	12.53	12	3
Breast Pain [description not available]	4.41	1	1
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	10.22	41	15
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	8.31	9	2
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	7.91	9	6
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	10.22	41	15
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	8.31	9	2
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	7.91	9	6
Mastodynia Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.	4.41	1	1
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.44	2	0
Acne Inversa [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	3.04	1	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	6.03	6	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	6.03	6	1
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.01	4	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.88	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.04	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.4	7	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	5.3	13	1
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	11.59	83	30
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	10.3	13	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.44	1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	20.32	121	52
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	4.05	3	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	4.05	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	4.42	8	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	4.42	8	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.06	5	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	5.31	7	2
Aura [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.05	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	7.3	25	5
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	4.86	8	1
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	5.16	6	2
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.05	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	8.97	24	7
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	6.23	8	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.22	6	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	7.3	25	5
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.22	6	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	4.86	8	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.16	6	2
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.05	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.75	2	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.75	2	1
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	7.25	17	7
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	7.25	17	7
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.33	7	4
Leanness [description not available]	4.37	1	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.33	7	4
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.37	1	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Bleeding [description not available]	5.41	8	2
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	5.41	8	2
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Lymphatic Abnormalities Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.	2.07	1	0
Endothelioma, Lymphatic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.07	1	0
Lymphangioma A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.	2.07	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.4	2	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	6.74	8	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	6.74	8	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.07	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.07	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	5.66	7	3
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.42	2	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	5.66	7	3
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	7.44	11	5
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.66	10	0
Embolus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Infection [description not available]	5	5	2
Uterine Perforation A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.	3.74	2	1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	7.44	11	5
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.35	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	5	5	2
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.87	4	0
Signs and Symptoms Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient.	2.65	3	0
Emesis [description not available]	6.8	9	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	9.32	22	11
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.8	9	3
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	6.35	9	1
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	6.35	9	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.95	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.65	3	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.65	3	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	7.26	15	3
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	7.26	15	3
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	1.97	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	4.74	7	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.61	3	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.61	3	2
Adenoma, Hepatocellular [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	4.36	21	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	4.36	21	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	5.01	3	3
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.38	5	3
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	5.02	3	3
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	5.01	3	3
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.67	3	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	2.37	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	6.93	6	3
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	6.93	6	3
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	3.09	5	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	5.92	5	2
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	5.92	5	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	3.83	4	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.39	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	4.37	2	2
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	4.33	1	1
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	4.33	1	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.03	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.6	6	1
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Angioedema, Hereditary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Angioedemas, Hereditary Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.04	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.96	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.96	1	0
Ache [description not available]	7.12	13	8
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.12	13	8
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	16.59	75	21
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.65	3	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	1.96	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	1.96	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.83	12	0
Porphyria [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	3.21	6	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.88	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.83	12	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	7.43	26	2
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	7.43	26	2
Sex Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	1.96	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	3.66	10	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	2.87	4	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.9	13	0
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	2.65	3	0
Pregnancy, Tubal The most common (	2.36	2	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.65	3	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.36	2	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.75	2	1
Thalassemias [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	1.96	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	6.23	8	5
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.66	3	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	1.96	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.36	2	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	3.21	6	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.37	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.56	9	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	4.85	8	1
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	4.85	8	1
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	1.96	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	1.96	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	4.72	7	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	4.72	7	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.65	3	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.66	10	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	1.96	1	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	3.79	4	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.37	2	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	3.79	4	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.87	4	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	4.27	4	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.76	2	1
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	4.85	8	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	1.96	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.36	2	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.96	1	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	1.95	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.45	5	1
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.87	4	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	4.49	9	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.22	6	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	4.49	9	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	3.22	6	0
Peliosis Hepatis A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.	2.37	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.87	4	0
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	2.64	3	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	3.75	11	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	1.95	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	3.34	1	1
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	4.27	4	1
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	3.76	2	1
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	2.38	2	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	2.38	2	0
ARG1 Deficiency [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperargininemia A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)	1.98	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.67	2	1
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.37	1	1
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	1.98	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	4.98	3	3
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	4.98	3	3
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.78	2	1
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	5.69	11	2
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.38	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.06	3	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	1.98	1	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	1.99	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.37	1	1
Fibroid [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	4.29	4	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1.99	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	1.99	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	6.1	6	2
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.37	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	1.99	1	0
Angiodysplasia Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.	1.99	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	1.99	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.31	2	2
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	7	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	3.32	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	3.39	1	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	1.95	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	1.95	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.88	4	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	1.95	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	1.95	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	1.95	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.95	1	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	1.95	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	3.78	4	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.66	3	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.95	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	3.75	2	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	1.95	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.75	2	1
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.65	3	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	3.75	2	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.65	3	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.65	3	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Impotence [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	3.79	4	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2.87	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.27	2	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	1.95	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.36	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	1.95	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.35	2	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	1.95	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.86	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	1.95	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	1.95	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	1.95	1	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.28	2	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	1.95	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	1.95	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	3.74	2	1
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	1.95	1	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation.	4.04	3	1
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	2.36	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	1.95	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.95	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	1.95	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	2.38	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	1.98	1	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Cervix Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	3.98	5	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	1.97	1	0
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome A familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.	1.97	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.97	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	1.97	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.68	2	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.97	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.36	2	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	1.97	1	0
Follicular Cyst Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland.	1.97	1	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	1.97	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.97	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	3.75	2	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	3.75	2	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.66	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.89	4	0
Cramp [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	3.36	1	1
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	1.97	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	1.97	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	1.97	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	1.97	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	1.97	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	1.97	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	3.76	2	1
Erythremia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	2.36	2	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	1.97	1	0
Hypervitaminosis A A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.	1.97	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	1.97	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.97	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2.37	2	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	1.97	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.97	1	0
Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.	3.35	1	1
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.97	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.37	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	1.96	1	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.36	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	1.96	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.36	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	1.97	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.36	2	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	1.97	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	3.27	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	1.97	1	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	6.96	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Itching [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hypotrichosis Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	1.96	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.36	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	1.97	1	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	1.97	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	1.96	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	1.96	1	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	1.96	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	2.37	2	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	1.97	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	1.96	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	1.96	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	1.96	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	1.96	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	1.96	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.96	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.94	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	1.95	1	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	1.95	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	1.95	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	1.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	1.95	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	3.33	1	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	1.94	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.35	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	1.95	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	1.95	1	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	1.95	1	0
Androgenization [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.35	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.95	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	1.95	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	1.94	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.94	1	0

norgestrel

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (5)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (2,196)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Epithelial Ovarian Tissue

Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Fallopian Tube Tissue

Patients With High Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1

Proportion of Proliferation as Measured by Ki-67

Number of Participants With Adverse Events According to Grade as Determined by NCI CTCAE v.3.0

Safety Population: Number of Pregnancies Reported During the Course of the Study

Duration of Protective Effect of Cervical Mucus After a 6h Delayed or a Missed Pill

Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)

Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)

norgestrel

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (5)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (2,196)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (10)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Epithelial Ovarian Tissue

Median Proportion Cells That Are Apoptotic in Fallopian Tube Tissue

Patients With High Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1

Proportion of Proliferation as Measured by Ki-67

Number of Participants With Adverse Events According to Grade as Determined by NCI CTCAE v.3.0

Safety Population: Number of Pregnancies Reported During the Course of the Study

Duration of Protective Effect of Cervical Mucus After a 6h Delayed or a Missed Pill

Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)

Effect of Delayed Intake or Missed Pill on Cervical Mucus Score (CMS)

Related Drugs (415)

Related Conditions (569)