lignans profile

Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	443013
SCHEMBL ID	13661743
MeSH ID	M0026769

Synonym
lignans
(5r,8as,9r)-5-hydroxy-9-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-5a,6,8a,9-tetrahydro-5h-[2]benzofuro[5,6-f][1,3]benzodioxol-8-one
CCG-203057
SCHEMBL13661743
(10r,11s,16r)-16-hydroxy-10-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,6,13-trioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.0^{3,7}.0^{11,15}]hexadeca-1,3(7),8-trien-12-one
(+)-picropodophyllotoxin

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lignans are a large category of polyphenolic compounds that have low molecular weight and are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. "	( A review on multi-therapeutic potential of (-)-cubebin: experimental evidences. Agrawal, N; Goyal, A; Goyal, D, )	1.57
"Lignans are a group of phenolic compounds found in plant-based diets. "	( The What and Who of Dietary Lignans in Human Health: Special Attention to Estrogen Effects and Safety Evaluation. Li, J; Luo, L; Ma, X; Tang, D; Zhang, L, 2023)	2.65
"Lignans are a group of polyphenolic phytochemicals that possess a large spectrum of chemical structures and biological activities. "	( Synthesis of Lignans Based on a Borate-mediated One-pot Sequential Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of Cyclic Boranes. Sato, K; Tanaka, H, 2021)	2.43
"Lignans are a large class of naturally occurring secondary metabolites which are widely spread within the plant kingdom. "	( Synthetic studies on optically active furofuran and diarylbutane lignans. Mori, N, 2018)	2.16
"lignans. Lignans are a sub-group of non-flavonoid polyphenols that play an active role in plants' defense against bacteria and fungi infections."	( Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of novel synthetic lignan-like compounds. Buommino, E; Catania, MR; Cermola, F; D'Abrosca, B; De Filippis, A; DellaGreca, M; Donnarumma, G; Iesce, MR; Sferruzza, R; Vollaro, A, 2019)	1.24
"Lignans are a structurally diverse class of natural products with extensive pharmacological effects. "	( Asymmetric Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Dibenzylbutane Lignans from a Common Intermediate. Jeffries, DE; Lindsley, CW, 2019)	2.2
"Lignans are a class of polyphenols considered to be phytoestrogens because of their oestrogenic/antiestrogenic activities and their plant origin. "	( Quantification of lignans in 30 ground coffee samples and evaluation of theirs extraction yield in espresso coffee by HPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. Angeloni, S; Caprioli, G; Khamitova, G; Navarini, L; Sagratini, G; Vittori, S, 2020)	2.33
"Lignans are known to be an important class of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites. "	( Comprehensive Characterization of Lignans from Cho, N; Cho, YC; Huh, J; Kim, S; Lee, CM; Lee, S, 2019)	2.24
"Lignans are a group of compounds consisting of dimers of phenyl propane units. "	( Lignans of sesame: purification methods, biological activities and biosynthesis--a review. Arumugam, N; Dar, AA, 2013)	3.28
"Lignans are a group of diphenolic compounds with anticancer and antioxidant properties which are present in various grains, although their effect on toxigenic fungi has been poorly examined to date. "	( Plant lignans inhibit growth and trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Buśko, M; Kulik, T; Okorski, A; Perkowski, J; Pszczółkowska, A, 2014)	2.33
"Lignans are a class of diphenolic nonsteroidal phytoestrogens often found glycosylated in planta. "	( Identification and functional characterization of a flax UDP-glycosyltransferase glucosylating secoisolariciresinol (SECO) into secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG) and diglucoside (SDG). Cloutier, SJ; Datla, R; Deyholos, M; Fofana, B; Ghose, K; Kirby, CW; McCallum, J; Selvaraj, K; Sweeney-Nixon, M, 2014)	1.85
"Lignans are a ubiquitous group of natural products of plant or mammalian origin. "	( Electrophilic Aromatic Deuteration of Lignans: Mostly Reliable but Occasionally Aberrant Selectivities. Pohjoispää, M; Wähälä, K, 2015)	2.13
"Lignans are a group of phytonutrients which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. "	( Potential protective properties of flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Ahmad, N; Anjum, FM; Hussain, S; Imran, M; Khan, MK; Mushtaq, Z; Nadeem, M, 2015)	1.86
"Lignans are a large class of secondary metabolites in plants, with numerous biological effects in mammals, including antitumor and antioxidant activities. "	( Metabolic engineering of lignan biosynthesis in Forsythia cell culture. Kim, HJ; Kobayashi, A; Morimoto, K; Okazawa, A; Ono, E; Satake, H; Yamagaki, T, 2009)	1.8
"Lignans are a group of estrogenic compounds present in plants. "	( Serum enterolactone and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen, progesterone and herceptin 2 receptor status. Becker, S; Buck, K; Chang-Claude, J; Flesch-Janys, D; Kaaks, R; Linseisen, J; Vrieling, A; Zaineddin, AK, 2012)	1.82
"Lignans are a class of secondary plant metabolites produced by oxidative dimerization of two phenylpropanoid units. "	( Separation procedures applicable to lignan analysis. Glatz, Z; Slanina, J, 2004)	1.77
"Lignans are a class of secondary plant metabolites produced by oxidative dimerization of two phenylpropanoid units. "	( An update on bioactive plant lignans. Ali, MS; Kim, HJ; Lee, YS; Saleem, M, 2005)	2.06
"The lignans are a class of phytoestrogen and can be metabolized to the biologically active enterolignans, enterodiol, and enterolactone by a consortium of intestinal bacteria."	( Assessing exposure to lignans and their metabolites in humans. Atkinson, C; Hullar, MA; Lampe, JW, )	0.93
"Lignans are a large group of fiber-associated phenolic compounds widely distributed in edible plants. "	( Role of dietary lignans in the reduction of breast cancer risk. Airio, M; Mäkelä, S; Saarinen, NM; Smeds, A; Wärri, A, 2007)	2.13
"Lignans are a group of phytochemicals shown to have weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties. "	( Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. Kurzer, MS; Lampe, JW; Martini, MC; Phipps, WR; Slavin, JL, 1993)	1.73

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lignans have been measured by a validated LC-MS/MS method."	( Influence of different processing method on lignan content of selected Malaysian plant-based foods. Capuano, E; Feskens, EJM; Fryganas, C; Hussain Zaki, UK; Trijsburg, L, 2023)	1.63
"Norlignans have been reported to accumulate in the sapwood during the drying of C."	( Expressed sequence tags from Cryptomeria japonica sapwood during the drying process. Futamura, N; Nanjo, T; Nishiguchi, M; Yoshida, K, 2007)	0.85
"Lignans in flaxseed have been part of the human diet for centuries. "	( Determination of mammalian lignans in biological samples by modified gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Arasada, BL; Bommareddy, A; Dwivedi, C; Mathees, DP, )	1.87

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Lignans enhance the efficiency of insecticides and possess antifeedant activity, but their biological function in plants remains hypothetical."	( Lignans of Sesame ( Andargie, M; Karlovsky, P; Möller, E; Rathgeb, A; Vinas, M, 2021)	2.79
"The lignans can increase the retention of the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 in CEM/ADR 5000 cells, indicating that lignans can inhibit the activity of P-gp."	( Natural lignans from Arctium lappa modulate P-glycoprotein efflux function in multidrug resistant cancer cells. Cheng, X; Su, S; Wink, M, 2015)	1.33
"Lignans plays an anti-oxidative stress role via the activation of AMPK signaling."	( Neuroprotective effect of lignans extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. on glaucoma-related neurodegeneration. Chen, JL; Fu, HT; Li, CP; Liu, B; Qiu, GZ, 2016)	1.46

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Six lignans pretreatment before APAP dosing could prevent the depletions of total liver glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial GSH caused by APAP."	( Hepato-protective effects of six schisandra lignans on acetaminophen-induced liver injury are partially associated with the inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation. Bi, H; Chen, P; Fan, X; Huang, M; Jiang, Y; Tan, H; Wang, Y; Zeng, H, 2015)	1.16
"Lignans treatment could improve oxidative stress response in RGCs and retinas of glaucomatous rats."	( Neuroprotective effect of lignans extracted from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. on glaucoma-related neurodegeneration. Chen, JL; Fu, HT; Li, CP; Liu, B; Qiu, GZ, 2016)	1.46
"Lignans treatment could regulate oxidative stress response in retinal endothelial cell line, retina, and liver."	( Lignans Extracted from Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv. Protects Against AGEs-Induced Retinal Endothelial Cell Injury. Li, CP; Liu, B; Liu, XM; Song, SG; Wang, WQ, 2016)	2.6
"Lignans treatment could protect against endothelial dysfunction in vivo and in vitro via regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. "	( Lignans Extracted from Eucommia Ulmoides Oliv. Protects Against AGEs-Induced Retinal Endothelial Cell Injury. Li, CP; Liu, B; Liu, XM; Song, SG; Wang, WQ, 2016)	3.32

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Some of these inhibitors (namely, colchicine, vinblastine, taxol, and maytansine) were found to exhibit large (between tenfold and fiftyfold) differences in their toxic and antimitotic concentrations toward various cell lines and these differences appeared to be species related inasmuch as all cell lines from a particular species showed similar sensitivities toward these inhibitors."	( Species-specific differences in toxicity of antimitotic agents toward cultured mammalian cells. Gupta, RS, 1985)	0.27
" Arecoline was also toxic to GK, but did not induce intracellular vacuolization."	( Effects of areca nut, inflorescence piper betle extracts and arecoline on cytotoxicity, total and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured gingival keratinocytes. Chan, CP; Chang, MC; Hahn, LJ; Hsieh, CC; Jeng, JH; Lin, BR, 1999)	0.3
"Exogenous nutritional factors modulate the faecal contents leading to an enhanced or reduced burden with toxic and cancerogenic factors."	( Inter- and intra-individual variation of faecal water - genotoxicity in human colon cells. Becker, TW; Grimm, M; Jahreis, G; Osswald, K; Pool-Zobel, BL, 2000)	0.31
" All main flavonolignans of silymarin tested displayed concentration-dependent cytoprotection against the toxic effects of both allyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride but neither paracetamol nor galactosamine."	( Primary cultures of human hepatocytes as a tool in cytotoxicity studies: cell protection against model toxins by flavonolignans obtained from Silybum marianum. Bachleda, P; Dvorák, Z; Kosina, P; Simánek, V; Ulrichová, J; Walterová, D, 2003)	0.87
" LD50 was found to be 1690 mg/kg."	( Effect of potassium channel modulators on toxicity of Cleistanthus collinus. Anand, KN; Ernest, K; Jeyaseelan, L; Jose, VM; Kuruvilla, A, 2004)	0.32
" These changes, which have also been reported for other (flaxseed) lignans, were not considered to represent adverse effects."	( A thirteen week dietary toxicity study with 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (HMRlignan) in rats. Korte, H; Lina, B; Nyman, L; Unkila, M, 2005)	0.56
" However, adverse health effects of phytoestrogens have often been ignored."	( Genotoxicity of phytoestrogens. Kobras, K; Schmitt, E; Stopper, H, 2005)	0.33
" Considering the good trypanocidal activity of (-)-hinokinin, as well as its potential for the development of new drugs, it is extremely important to evaluate its possible mutagenic activity to allow its safe use in humans."	( (-)-Hinokinin causes antigenotoxicity but not genotoxicity in peripheral blood of Wistar rats. Albuquerque, S; Andrade E Silva, ML; Bastos, JK; Cintra, VP; da Silva, R; de Andrade Royo, V; Medola, JF; Pesqueira E Silva, EP; Saraiva, J; Tavares, DC, 2007)	0.34
" It is markedly less toxic than podophyllotoxin (IC (50) : 13 - 61 nM), but exhibits tumoricidal effects close to those of etoposide."	( Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux by eudesmin from Haplophyllum perforatum and cytotoxicity pattern versus diphyllin, podophyllotoxin and etoposide. Akhmedjanova, V; Balansard, G; Barthomeuf, C; Beliveau, R; Debiton, E; Grassi, J; Lim, S, 2007)	0.34
" In this regard, the toxic effect of Aβ on a cultured Aβ-sensitive neuronal cell line was used as a primary screening tool for potential anti-Alzheimer's therapeutic agents."	( Neuroprotective effect of honokiol and magnolol, compounds from Magnolia officinalis, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Baum, L; Chow, AH; Ho, YP; Hoi, CP, 2010)	0.36
" Because this compound shows interesting biological activities, it is extremely important to evaluate its possible genotoxic activity to allow its safe use in humans."	( Genotoxic effects of (-)-cubebin in somatic cells of mice. de Souza, GH; Maistro, EL; Natel, AV; Perazzo, FF, 2011)	0.37
" Further investigation indicated that pretreatment with TP and Sch B significantly reversed the toxic effects of HgCl(2)."	( The protective effects of tea polyphenols and schisandrin B on nephrotoxicity of mercury. Deng, Y; Liu, W; Wei, Y; Xu, B; Xu, Z; Yang, H, 2011)	0.37
" The selectivity index (SI) of LS-2 (1) was 91 and the calculated LD50 was 1870 mg/kg, highlighting the very low toxicity in mice."	( Structure activity relationship, acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of antimycobacterial neolignan analogues. Alderete, JB; Barata, LE; da Silva Melo, P; de Souza, AO; Ferreira, I; Minarini, PR; Silva, CL, 2011)	0.37
" dealbata and its active compounds have selective antimicrobial effects against drug-resistant fungal and Gram (-) bacteria and exert minimal toxic effects on human PMBC."	( Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effects of Magnolia dealbata and its active compounds. Alonso-Castro, AJ; Domínguez, F; Garcia-Carranca, A; Gonzalez-Espindola, LA; Gonzalez-Martinez, Mdel R; Jacobo-Salcedo, Mdel R, 2011)	0.37
" The 94 participants who completed the study were stratified by age (<65 years versus ≥65 years) and treatment category to determine whether older adults were more susceptible to adverse effects."	( No evidence of hypoglycemia or hypotension in older adults during 6 months of flax lignan supplementation in a randomized controlled trial: a safety evaluation. Alcorn, J; Billinsky, J; Chilibeck, PD; Cornish, SM; Glew, RA; Hadjistavropoulos, T; Paus-Jenssen, L; Thorpe, LU; Whiting, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" No incidents of hypoglycemia or hypotension were observed during BeneFlax treatment, suggesting that 543 mg falls at or below the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL)."	( No evidence of hypoglycemia or hypotension in older adults during 6 months of flax lignan supplementation in a randomized controlled trial: a safety evaluation. Alcorn, J; Billinsky, J; Chilibeck, PD; Cornish, SM; Glew, RA; Hadjistavropoulos, T; Paus-Jenssen, L; Thorpe, LU; Whiting, SJ, 2013)	0.39
" No serious adverse events were observed in this study."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the sesame lignans, sesamin and episesamin, in healthy subjects. Fujii, W; Kitagawa, Y; Sakakibara, Y; Shibata, H; Tanaka, Y; Tomimori, N, 2013)	0.65
"Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells are the main targets of toxic drugs such as cisplatin (CisPt), an alkylating agent indicated for the treatment of solid organ tumors."	( Protective effects of schizandrin and schizandrin B towards cisplatin nephrotoxicity in vitro. Antoine, MH; Bunel, V; Duez, P; Nortier, J; Stévigny, C, 2014)	0.4
" In the acute toxicity tests, the mice were intravenously injected graded doses of honokiol microemulsion and were observed for toxic symptoms and mortality daily for 14 days."	( Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of honokiol microemulsion. An, Q; Chen, S; Jin, H; Li, J; Wang, A; Wen, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.42
" However, the potential hepatotoxicity of Sch B is a major safety concern, and the underlying mechanism for Sch B-induced liver toxic effects is not fully elucidated."	( Schisandrin B inhibits cell growth and induces cellular apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hepatocytes and macrophages: implications for its hepatotoxicity. He, ZX; Hu, C; Jin, H; Ko, KM; Pan, SY; Yang, T; Yu, ZL; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, SF; Zhou, ZW, 2015)	0.42
"This article aims to conduct toxicity test research on honokiol microemulsion(HM) to provide reference frame for the safe dose design as well as the toxic and adverse reaction monitoring in clinic."	( Acute and subchronic toxicities in dogs and genotoxicity of honokiol microemulsion. Chen, S; Li, J; Qin, X; Wen, J; Yin, J; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.48
"Radix Wikstroemia indica (RWI), named "Liao Ge Wang" in Chinese, is a kind of toxic Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) commonly used in Miao nationality of South China."	( Exploring the Q-marker of "sweat soaking method" processed radix Wikstroemia indica: Based on the "effect-toxicity-chemicals" study. Chen, YL; Feng, G; Hai, Y; He, X; Li, LL; Li, W; Liu, CX; Wu, ZG; Wu, ZJ; Zhang, SC; Zheng, CQ, 2018)	0.48
" These findings demonstrated that, among three sesame lignans tested, sesamin protected against Aβ toxicity by reducing toxic Aβ oligomers."	( Sesamin and sesamolin reduce amyloid-β toxicity in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Bunargin, W; Keowkase, R; Shoomarom, N; Sitthithaworn, W; Weerapreeyakul, N, 2018)	0.73
" Previous studies have demonstrated that HKL exerts cardio-protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or chemical-induced cardiotoxicity by counteracting the toxic effects on mitochondria."	( Honokiol attenuate the arsenic trioxide-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing the myocardial apoptosis. Cheng, P; Cheng, TT; Huang, AL; Ji, XL; Liao, DY; Ma, L; Peng, DD; Xia, XG; Yang, F; Zhang, L; Zhou, L, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide safe and effective treatment for patients."	( Study on the Protective Effect of Schizandrin B against Acetaminophen-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Hepatocyte. Cao, Y; Cheng, L; Gao, Z; Wang, L; Wang, T; Wu, W; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" SchB diet effectively alleviated these adverse reactions."	( Schisandrin B Diet Inhibits Oxidative Stress to Reduce Ferroptosis and Lipid Peroxidation to Prevent Pirarubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Pu, P; Shi, H; Tang, H; Yan, Y; Yang, H, 2022)	0.72
" One of the hallmarks in AD is amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, where the soluble oligomers of Aβ (AβOs) are the most toxic species, deteriorating the synaptic function, membrane integrity, and neuronal structures, which ultimately lead to apoptosis."	( Neuroprotective Properties of Eudesmin on a Cellular Model of Amyloid-β Peptide Toxicity. Ahumada-Rudolph, R; Becerra, J; Bravo-Arrepol, G; Burgos, CF; Cabrera-Pardo, JR; Castillo, C; Fuentealba, J; Gavilán, J; Millar, C; Napiórkowska, M; Pacheco, C; Pérez, C; Saez-Orellana, F; Wendt, A, 2023)	0.91
" Although Arctii Fructus extract had no toxicity, arctigenin was toxic at a certain dose."	( A systematic review on botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arctium lappa L. fruit. Chang, Y; Chen, S; Cui, Y; Fang, S; He, J; Jin, X; Li, J; Liu, S; Wang, L, 2023)	0.91
" This review not only considers the estrogen-like activity of lignans but also discusses the safe dosage of lignans at different life stages."	( The What and Who of Dietary Lignans in Human Health: Special Attention to Estrogen Effects and Safety Evaluation. Li, J; Luo, L; Ma, X; Tang, D; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.44
" However, its toxic effect, material basis, and underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated."	( Discovery of the toxicity-related quality markers and mechanisms of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction based on Chinmedomics combined with differentially absorbed components and network pharmacology. Feng, F; Wan, S; Xie, X; Yang, G, 2024)	1.44

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of honokiol in rat following 5 or 10 mg/kg intravenous administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of honokiol after intravenous administration in rats assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chen, CF; Cheng, FC; Chou, CJ; Tsai, TH, 1994)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary excretion of enterodiol and enterolactone were evaluated after consumption of their purified plant precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)."	( Pharmacokinetics of enterolignans in healthy men and women consuming a single dose of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Arts, IC; Hollman, PC; Kuijsten, A; Vree, TB, 2005)	0.63
" This method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic studies in rats."	( Determination of schizandrin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in rat pharmacokinetic studies. Li, H; Li, X; Wang, G; Wang, R; Wang, W; Xie, H; Xu, M; Yue, L; Zhu, D, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3P97 software."	( [Pharmacokinetics of (-)-clausenamide and its major metabolite 6-hydroxyl-clausenamide in beagle dogs by HPLC/MS]. Hang, TJ; Qian, W; Song, M; Zhang, ZX, 2005)	0.33
" The method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of lignans in rats."	( Analysis of lignans from Phyllanthus niruri L. in plasma using a simple HPLC method with fluorescence detection and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Chan, KL; Murugaiyah, V, 2007)	0.95
"5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12h) after administration, the concentrations of schizandrin in rat plasma were determined by LC-MS, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of schizandrin after oral administration of schizandrin monomer, Fructus Schisandrae aqueous extract and Sheng-Mai-San to rats. Huang, Q; Jia, Y; Wang, G; Wang, W; Xie, H; Xu, M, 2008)	0.35
"To study pharmacokinetics of honokiol in Cortex of Magnolia officinalis and its compound prescription Houpu Sanwu Decoction (HPSWD) in rat, and discuss the change on pharmacokinetic process affected by other components."	( [Pharmacokinetics of honokiol in rat after oral administration of Cortex of Magnolia officinalis and its compound preparation Houpu Sanwu Decoction]. Huang, X; Jiang, L; Qin, E; Ren, P; Su, WJ, 2008)	0.35
" Concentrations of honokiol in rat plasma were then determined using HPLC method and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( [Pharmacokinetics of honokiol in rat after oral administration of Cortex of Magnolia officinalis and its compound preparation Houpu Sanwu Decoction]. Huang, X; Jiang, L; Qin, E; Ren, P; Su, WJ, 2008)	0.35
" The terminate half-life (T(1/2)) in male rats was shorter than that in female rats."	( Gender difference regarding schizandrin pharmacokinetics in rats. Huang, Q; Jia, YW; Li, H; Lv, T; Wang, GJ; Wang, R; Xie, HT; Xu, MJ, )	0.13
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of magnolin and epimagnolin A after an oral administration of NDC-052 in male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Simultaneous determination of magnolin and epimagnolin A in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Application to pharmacokinetic study of a purified extract of the dried flower buds of Magnolia fargesii, NDC-052 in rats. Kim, NJ; Lee, HK; Lee, HS; Oh, SR, 2009)	0.35
"SAP can significantly impact the absorption of DCQD components in rats and their pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of severe acute pancreatitis on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction components. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Liang, MZ; Tang, WF; Xia, Q; Xiang, J; Yu, Q, 2009)	0.35
" Its pharmacokinetic process calculated with 3p97 software was fitted to a one-compartment model."	( [Preparation of enteric nanoparticles of Schisandra total lignanoids and preliminary study on its pharmacokinetics]. Huang, X; Huang, YJ; Li, YB; Wang, Q; Xiao, XH; Yuan, HL, 2009)	0.35
" Our method was successfully used for pharmacokinetic study of the five components in the Wuzhi capsule."	( Simultaneous determination of five lignan constituents of Wuzhi capsule in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic study. Cai, F; Chen, W; Feng, J; Sun, L; Wei, H; Xu, W; Zhao, G, 2010)	0.36
"Although pharmacokinetic alternations by hepatic injury have been extensively studied, little is known about the potential influence of hepatoprotective agent's treatment."	( Integral pharmacokinetics of multiple lignan components in normal, CCl4-induced hepatic injury and hepatoprotective agents pretreated rats and correlations with hepatic injury biomarkers. Dai, C; Hao, H; Kang, A; Li, J; Liang, Y; Sun, S; Wang, G; Xie, L; Xie, T; Xie, Y; Zheng, X, 2010)	0.36
" Other pharmacokinetic parameters of magnolin (except the V ( ss ) after the intravenous administration) were also independent of the doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of magnolin in rats. Kim, NJ; Lee, HK; Lee, HS; Oh, SR; Song, WY; Yoo, SD, 2010)	0.36
" The method was proved to be rapid, sensitive and reproducible, and it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of six lignans in rat plasma after oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extracts."	( Rapid determination and pharmacokinetics study of lignans in rat plasma after oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract and pure deoxyschisandrin. Chai, Y; Lv, L; Mao, S; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, Z, 2011)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic study revealed that honokiol-in-HP-β-CD-in-liposome significantly retarded the elimination and prolonged the residence time in circulating system."	( Preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivity of honokiol-in-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-in-liposome. Cai, L; Chen, L; Deng, C; Deng, L; Duan, X; Wang, X; Wei, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, X; Zheng, H, 2011)	0.37
" The validated method was by means of linearity, precision, matrix effect and recovery so that it could be used for the pharmacokinetic study of PG."	( Validation of a HPLC-tandem MS/MS method for pharmacokinetics study of (+)-pinoresinol-di-β-D-glucopyranoside from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv extract in rats' plasma. Gao, XM; Han, LF; Liu, EW; Wang, JL; Wang, T; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"A simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination and pharmacokinetic study of magnolol in rat blood."	( A simple LC-MS/MS method for determination of magnolol in rat blood and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Di, W; Li, H; Wen, XS, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction among three major bioactive compounds of Shengmai formula."	( [Pharmacokinetics interaction among three major active compounds of Shengmai formula in rats]. Fan, XH; Guo, WJ; Shao, Q; Zhang, YF, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of three compounds in single or combination form were calculated by WinNonLinu6."	( [Pharmacokinetics interaction among three major active compounds of Shengmai formula in rats]. Fan, XH; Guo, WJ; Shao, Q; Zhang, YF, 2012)	0.38
"Compared with single drug group, the peak concentration of ginsenoside Rg(1) in combined group increased from(0."	( [Pharmacokinetics interaction among three major active compounds of Shengmai formula in rats]. Fan, XH; Guo, WJ; Shao, Q; Zhang, YF, 2012)	0.38
"Combined oral administration of three compounds of Shengmai formula can improve the bioavailability of ginsenoside RgRg(1), however it does not change the pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside RbRg(1) and schisandrin."	( [Pharmacokinetics interaction among three major active compounds of Shengmai formula in rats]. Fan, XH; Guo, WJ; Shao, Q; Zhang, YF, 2012)	0.38
"A selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of asarinin, sesamin, helioxanthin and savinin in rat plasma."	( LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of four lignan components in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus extract. Deng, Y; Huang, D; Li, F; Liu, Z; Song, Y; Wen, J, 2012)	0.38
"The current LC-MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, extraction recovery and stability and was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of the four lignans after oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus extract."	( LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of four lignan components in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus extract. Deng, Y; Huang, D; Li, F; Liu, Z; Song, Y; Wen, J, 2012)	0.57
"This paper described a simple, sensitive and validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four lignans in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus extract, and investigated on their pharmacokinetic studies as well."	( LC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of four lignan components in rat plasma after oral administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus extract. Deng, Y; Huang, D; Li, F; Liu, Z; Song, Y; Wen, J, 2012)	0.59
"The concentration-time curve of Schisandra chinensis extract was described by a single compartment model, Cmax was (2."	( [Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Schisandra chinensis extract in mice]. Guan, J; Sun, DY; Zhang, XR; Zhao, Y; Zhu, HY, 2011)	0.37
" The levels of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, honokiol, magnolol, hesperidin, and naringin in rat serum were quantified using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of formula compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of components from Dachengqi Decoction [See Text] in rats. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Tang, WF; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The area under the curve (AUC), mean retention time (MRT), the peak concentration (C(max)) of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, and chrysophanol in the DCQD group were significantly different compared with the Dahuang group (P <0."	( Effect of formula compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of components from Dachengqi Decoction [See Text] in rats. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Tang, WF; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
"The compatibility in Chinese medicine could affect the drug's pharmacokinetics in DCQD, which proves that the prescription compatibility principle of Chinese medicine formulations has its own pharmacokinetic basis."	( Effect of formula compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of components from Dachengqi Decoction [See Text] in rats. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Tang, WF; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
" In this work, plasma pharmacokinetic characteristics of lignans components after oral administration SMS were investigated using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS method."	( Pharmacokinetic study of schisandrin, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, deoxyschisandrin, and schisandrin B in rat plasma after oral administration of Shengmaisan formula by UPLC-MS. Han, Y; Sun, H; Wang, X; Wei, W; Wu, F; Zhang, A, 2013)	0.64
" This paper was designed to study on the plasma pharmacokinetic for its absorption process, and to compare the pharmacokinetics of its active ingredients in normal and insomnic rats orally administrated with the prescription."	( Development of a UFLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of six lignans of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. in rat plasma and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and insomnic rats. Bi, K; Chen, X; Fan, R; Geng, L; He, B; Jia, Y; Li, Q; Su, D; Wei, B; Zhao, L, 2013)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic results showed that the drug concentration-time curves of HK-SLEs and HK-SOL could both be described by an open two-compartment model."	( Characterization, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and antitumor activity of honokiol submicron lipid emulsions in tumor-burdened mice. Li, Q; Sun, M; Tang, Y; Wang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zheng, J; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic curve showed double peaks after oral administration, which demonstrated that a hepatoenteral circulation may exist."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of schisandrin B in rats by ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Cui, B; Guan, J; Zhang, X; Zhao, L; Zhao, X; Zhu, H, 2013)	0.39
" However, there is a lack of information about the effects of gender and repeated-dose on the pharmacokinetic properties of the schisandra lignans."	( Gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of lignans in rats after single and multiple oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract. Gan, J; Jin, Y; Li, M; Liu, X; Wu, R; Xu, H; Yuan, B, 2013)	0.86
" chinensis extract and to compare their pharmacokinetic behaviors between single and multiple administration."	( Gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of lignans in rats after single and multiple oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract. Gan, J; Jin, Y; Li, M; Liu, X; Wu, R; Xu, H; Yuan, B, 2013)	0.66
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of schisandrin, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, γ-schisandrin and schisantherin A were significantly different by gender difference."	( Gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of lignans in rats after single and multiple oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract. Gan, J; Jin, Y; Li, M; Liu, X; Wu, R; Xu, H; Yuan, B, 2013)	0.66
" Their pharmacokinetic profiles were not affected by repeated-dose except γ-schisandrin, which was eliminated more slowly in female rats after multiple administration."	( Gender-dependent pharmacokinetics of lignans in rats after single and multiple oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract. Gan, J; Jin, Y; Li, M; Liu, X; Wu, R; Xu, H; Yuan, B, 2013)	0.66
" In a recent study, phillygenin was found to be a potential "metabolite" of phillyrin and the effective material of phillyrin may be changed according to the in vivo pharmacokinetic process."	( Determination of phillygenin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Gong, XH; Li, YX; Peng, C; Ye, LH; Zheng, XG, 2013)	0.39
" The validated LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic study of arctigenin in rats."	( Development of an LC/MS/MS method in order to determine arctigenin in rat plasma: its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Gu, Y; Liu, C; Lu, R; Si, D; Zhang, T; Zhao, GR; Zou, Q, 2013)	0.39
" Here we determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the four most abundant compounds in DCQD using a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of four major phytochemical components of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction to treat acute pancreatitis. Chen, G; Gong, H; Tang, W; Wang, J; Xiang, J; Zhao, J, 2013)	0.39
" 4-O-Methylhonokiol was rapidly metabolized and converted at least in part to honokiol in a concentration-dependent manner by cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes, predicting a high systemic clearance consistent with the pharmacokinetic results."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 4-O-methylhonokiol in rats. Han, SB; Hong, JT; Jung, JK; Kang, JS; Kim, HM; Kim, YH; Lee, K; Oh, SJ; Park, SK; Ryu, JK; Seo, SY; Yu, HE, 2014)	0.4
" The LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied for oral pharmacokinetic evaluation of kadsurenone using the rat as an animal model."	( Development of an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of kadsurenone in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Dong, N; Li, R; Shi, D; Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, N; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.39
" It is valuable to investigate their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior and potential synergistic effect for better drug development and clinical application."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, X; Guo, W; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2014)	0.4
"Pharmacokinetic and nitric oxide (NO) release pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schisandrin were studied after intravenous administration of each compound with the dose of 10 mg/kg and their mixture with the total dose of 10 mg/kg to isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia rats."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, X; Guo, W; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2014)	0.4
"The result obtained from this study suggested pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions between ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and schisandrin."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, X; Guo, W; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2014)	0.4
" The parameters area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the final measurable point and from time zero to infinity, and peak concentration were significantly increased, with a prolonged mean residence time and a corresponding decrease in clearance in comparision with the Schisandra-alone group."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of schisandrin, deoxyschisandrin and schisandrin B in rats after combining acupuncture and herb medicine (schisandra chinensis). Dai, G; Ji, D; Li, L; Lu, T; Mao, C; Sun, Y; Wu, X; Xu, B; Yin, F; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"A single-blind, parallel, pharmacokinetic and dose-comparison study was conducted on 22 postmenopausal females not receiving hormone replacement therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of plant lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol and effects on serum enterolactone and clinical symptoms in postmenopausal women: a single-blinded, parallel, dose-comparison study. Brown, DJ; Hardy, M; Tan, MO; Udani, JK, 2013)	0.39
" This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the five compounds in rats after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets."	( Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, calycosin, formononetin, astragaloside IV and schisandrin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Shenqi Wuwei chewable tablets. An, Y; Shi, G; Sun, X; Wu, Q; Wu, X; Zhang, M; Zhang, P, 2014)	0.4
" This validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of honokiol in dogs by intravenous guttae."	( Pharmacokinetics of honokiol after intravenous guttae in beagle dogs assessed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An, Q; Chen, S; Cui, G; Liang, Y; Lin, Z; Wang, H; Wang, X; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
"The results showed that following the use of the two medicinal plants, for AU and GP, the values of Cmax markedly increased, and the values of cmax markedly decreased."	( LC/MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic studies of six compounds in rat plasma following oral administration of the single and combined extracts of Eucommia ulmoides and Dipsacus asperoides. Gao, XM; Huang, YX; Huo, Y; Liu, EW; Olaleye, O; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Wang, T, 2014)	0.4
"The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of all analytes in rats after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection."	( Development of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of eleven constituents in rat serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of a Chinese medicine Shengmai injection. Fan, X; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2015)	0.42
" This study aims to determine the isomers in rat plasma and evaluate their pharmacokinetic pattern after administration emulsion."	( UPLC-MS/MS-ESI assay for simultaneous determination of magnolol and honokiol in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study after administration emulsion of the isomer. Li, N; Li, W; Sheng, YL; Shi, CH; Xu, HY; Xu, JH; Zhang, XR; Zhao, YQ, 2014)	0.4
" The current study aims to provide information regarding the pharmacokinetic properties of AR via various in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Elucidation of arctigenin pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administrations in rats: integration of in vitro and in vivo findings via semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling. Gao, Q; Wo, S; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2014)	0.4
"0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters while the SPSS 17."	( [Comparative pharmacokinetics of syringin, eleutheroside E and isofraxidin in rat plasma after intravenous administration of each monomer and Ciwujia injection]. Deng, ZP; Fan, HX; Xu, XT; Yao, QQ; Zhong, H, 2014)	0.4
"The paper aims to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of gastrodin in rats effected by compound compatibilitiy and different doses of Tiangou Jiangya capsule."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.4
"05) between the two study groups in various pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effects of acupuncture at ST36 on pharmacokinetics of Schisandra lignans in rats. Huang, ZJ; Ji, D; Ji, L; Liu, J; Lu, T; Mao, C; Ning, Z; Sun, Y; Yang, H, 2015)	0.65
" After oral administration of FZHY at a dose of 15g/kg, the pharmacokinetic behaviors of schizandrin A (SIA), schizandrin B (SIB), schizandrin C (SIC), schisandrol A (SOA), Schisandrol B (SOB) and schisantherin A (STA) have been significantly changed in hepatic fibrosis rats compared with the normal rats, and their AUC(0-t) values were increased by 235."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution profiles of lignan components in normal and hepatic fibrosis rats after oral administration of Fuzheng Huayu recipe. Liu, CH; Liu, S; Tao, YY; Yang, T; Zheng, TH, 2015)	0.42
" There is limited information available for differences in pharmacokinetic properties of active components between unripe and ripe Fructus Forsythiae in vivo."	( Pharmacokinetic of 5 components after oral administration of Fructus Forsythiae by HPLC-MS/MS and the effects of harvest time and administration times. Bai, Y; Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Jiao, XC; Li, J; Liu, J; Liu, W; Ma, L, 2015)	0.42
" As compared to normal rats, Cmax and AUC(0-10h) values of oral arctigenin in diabetic rats increased by 356."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of arctigenin in normal and type 2 diabetic rats after oral and intravenous administration. Dai, Y; Dong, S; He, NN; Jiang, CJ; Xia, YF; Zeng, XY, 2015)	0.42
" Compared with the HP group, Tmax (time to reach peak drug concentration in plasma) and AUC(0-τ) significantly increased in the ZZHPD and HP-ZZ groups."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of magnolol and honokiol after oral administration of Magnolia officinalis cortex extract and its compatibility with other herbal medicines in Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po Decoction to rats. Feng, F; Liu, Y; Shi, Q; Wang, D; Yang, G, 2016)	0.43
" In order to make good and rational use of this formula in the future, this paper presents the first attempt to track the pharmacokinetic features of MZRW in rat using rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)."	( Simultaneous determination of ten compounds in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application in the pharmacokinetic study of Ma-Zi-Ren-Wan. Bian, ZX; Han, QB; Ho, HM; Hu, DD; Huang, T; Li, YH; Lin, CY; Lin, SH; Mi, H; Tan, HS; Xu, HX; Zhang, M; Zhao, L; Zhong, LL, 2015)	0.42
"A selective and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol-4'-O-β -D-glucopyranoside, prinsepiol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-pinoresinol-4,4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and (-)-massoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in rat plasma after the oral administration of a Valeriana amurensis extract."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of four lignans in rat plasma after oral administration of an extract of Valeriana amurensis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Kuang, H; Mi, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, C; Wang, Q; Wang, Z; Wu, Q; Xue, J; Yang, X; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.69
" The pharmacokinetic profile of 3'-methoxy-3",4"-(methylenedioxy)-2,5-epoxylignan-4'-ol-6'-one was rapidly determined using ultra-fast liquid chromatography."	( Synthesis, Molecular Mechanism and Pharmacokinetic Studies of New Epoxy Lignan-Based Derivatives. Aswad, M; Lallo, S; Nur, M; Rifai, Y; Tani, HB; Wahyudin, E, 2016)	0.43
" In pharmacokinetic studies, rats were divided into four groups."	( Study on the pharmacokinetics of deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin in combination with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea, in rats. Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.48
"To conduct multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) quantitative analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method, establish the quantification method of magnolol and honokiol in blood sample under negative ion mode with ibuprofen as internal standard, investigate the pharmacokinetic process of lignans constituents after oral administration of Weichang'an pill(WCA) at different doses, and provide theoretical basis to further reveal the material basis of WCA's anti-diarrhea effect."	( [Pharmacokinetics of magnolol and honokiol in Weichang'an pill]. Chen, H; Chen, YL; Gao, WY; Jin, ZX; Wang, L; Wang, SP; Zhang, JZ, 2016)	0.61
" We aimed to predict the contribution of schisantherin A and schisandrin A to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Wuzhi capsule and tacrolimus using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Principal Ingredients of Wuzhi Capsule in Chinese Healthy Volunteers Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Bu, F; Cai, W; Jiao, Z; Li, L; Lin, HS; Ma, G; Shin, JG; Xiang, X; Zhang, H; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.48
" However, pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated the extensive glucuronidation and hydrolysis of AR in liver, intestine and plasma, which might hinder its in vivo and clinical efficacy after oral administration."	( Overview of the anti-inflammatory effects, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacies of arctigenin and arctiin from Arctium lappa L. Gao, Q; Yang, M; Zuo, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution results showed that HS15-LP-HNK could improve the bioavailability and increase tumor accumulation of honokiol."	( A novel honokiol liposome: formulation, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor studies. Dong, J; Gong, T; Guo, C; Li, W; Song, X; Tan, T; Wan, Z; Yang, Q; Zhao, J; Zhou, C, 2018)	0.48
"9 g/kg SY, nifedipine clearance decreased by 34% and half-life increased by 142%."	( Shenmai-Yin decreased the clearance of nifedipine in rats: The involvement of time-dependent inhibition of nifedipine oxidation. Chen, AC; Chen, WC; Lu, CK; Ueng, YF; Wang, HJ, 2019)	0.51
" The SD, ST, and SZ were selected as effective candidates to perform comparisons of liver targeting among the solution (SES), β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound (SCF-E-β-CD), liposome (SEL), and SCL of SCF-E to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviors and liver targeting in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and liver uptake of three Schisandra lignans in rats after oral administration of liposome encapsulating β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound of Schisandra extract. Chen, W; Ding, Z; Guo, Y; Hu, J; Jiang, Y; Xiao, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.76
" The essential adjusted physicochemical data and pharmacokinetic parameters of SIA, STA, and CsA were collected."	( The Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Cyclosporin A after Coadministration with Wuzhi Capsule. Chen, L; Fan, J; Li, M; Lu, X; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
" Although, the clinical efficacy of SJG, is sufficient, the pharmacokinetic behavior of various substances in the plasma of SJG is unknown."	( Simultaneous Determination of Saponins and Lignans in Rat Plasma by UPLC- MS/MS and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Shenqi Jiangtang Granule. Chen, R; Guan, Y; Tian, Q; Wang, B; Xu, C; Yan, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.88
" This approach could be applied to study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of various analytes in plasma after oral administration of SJG in rats."	( Simultaneous Determination of Saponins and Lignans in Rat Plasma by UPLC- MS/MS and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Shenqi Jiangtang Granule. Chen, R; Guan, Y; Tian, Q; Wang, B; Xu, C; Yan, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.88
" These data suggest a similar pharmacokinetic profile between the enriched and polymer form of SDG, providing support for the use of SDG polymer as a more economical precursor for SECO, ED, and EL in applications of chronic disease management."	( Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. Alcorn, J; Guo, Y; Mustafa, R; Purdy, SK; Reaney, MJT; Shen, J; Tse, TJ; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
" However, pharmacokinetic data on the ingredients are essential in addition to data on their pharmacological activities to accurately determine the active ingredients in NYT."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Ninjin'yoeito: Absorption and brain distribution of Ninjin'yoeito ingredients in mice. Kaifuchi, N; Matsumoto, T; Sakamoto, T; Setou, M; Takahashi, Y; Takiyama, M; Watanabe, J, 2021)	0.62
" And this method was further applied for pharmacokinetic study to compare the metabolism of LFS in normal and AD rats."	( Pharmacokinetic and metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-MS to evaluate therapeutic effect of lignans from S. Chinensis in alzheimer's disease. Fan, M; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Men, L; Pi, Z; Song, F; Wang, A; Wei, M; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.84
" This study is the first to report the pharmacokinetic parameters of myrislignan in mice and to compare its pharmacokinetics after oral and intraperitoneal administration, which will be useful for further research on the administration of myrislignan in animals and humans."	( Determination of myrislignan levels in BALB/c mouse plasma by LC-MS/MS and a comparison of its pharmacokinetics after oral and intraperitoneal administration. Li, B; Lv, K; Si, H; Sun, J; Yan, B; Zhang, J; Zhou, X, 2021)	0.62
" The method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of the six lignans in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration of SC extract."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic study of six lignans in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration of Saururus chinensis extract by LC-MS/MS. Chen, H; Chen, J; Chen, Y; Li, X; Liu, J; Luo, Y, 2022)	1.21
" The integrated UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, pharmacodynamic study, histopathological combination with network pharmacology and molecular docking technology were used to explore the potential mechanisms."	( Network pharmacology, molecular docking technology integrated with pharmacodynamic study to reveal the potential targets of Schisandrol A in drug-induced liver injury by acetaminophen. Deng, S; Ge, J; Li, J; Li, M; Li, X; Ma, L; Ma, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, Y, 2022)	0.72
" This review is the first to provide an overview of SA-related pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( A review: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrin A. Fu, K; Gong, L; Li, Y; Ma, C; Wang, C; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetics of three glycosides (magnoloside A, magnoloside B, and syringin) and two lignans (honokiol and magnolol) in both normal and functional dyspepsia rats were firstly investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method and the influences of the coexisting compounds on the pharmacokinetic parameters of honokiol and magnolol were also studied."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolites of glycosides and lignans of the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis in functional dyspepsia and normal rats using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Hou, L; Kang, L; Li, H; Nan, T; Rong, P; Sun, J; Wang, W; Yang, B; Yang, W; Zhang, J, 2022)	1.19
" For CA, 5-CQA, Scu, and 4 related metabolites, the enterohepatic circulation was observed and resulted in bimodal or multimodal pharmacokinetic profiles."	( A comprehensive perspective on the disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative multi-components of Dengzhan Shengmai in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after oral administration. Li, Y; Ma, C; Sheng, N; Wang, Z; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2023)	0.91
"The disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic profiles of representative active components of DZSM were comprehensively characterized and elucidated."	( A comprehensive perspective on the disposition, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of representative multi-components of Dengzhan Shengmai in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion after oral administration. Li, Y; Ma, C; Sheng, N; Wang, Z; Zhang, J; Zheng, H, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This study determined the effect of the mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein (GEN) on the growth of MCF-7 tumors in ovariectomized nude mice."	( Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF-7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Chen, JM; Power, KA; Saarinen, NM; Thompson, LU, 2006)	0.99
" The lignans do not exert adverse effects on any tissue, however, when combined with GEN, they exert an adverse effect on the uterus."	( Genistein alone and in combination with the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol induce estrogenic effects on bone and uterus in a postmenopausal breast cancer mouse model. Chen, JM; Power, KA; Saarinen, NM; Thompson, LU; Ward, WE, 2006)	1.1
" This study determined whether the effect of FS, alone or in combination with TAM, is dose dependent, and it explored the potential mechanism of action."	( Flaxseed alone or in combination with tamoxifen inhibits MCF-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high circulating levels of estrogen. Chen, J; Cheng, A; Mann, J; Power, KA; Thompson, LU, 2007)	0.34
" In conclusion, honokiol, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, could serve as a new, promising approach for breast cancer treatment."	( Anti-tumor effect of honokiol alone and in combination with other anti-cancer agents in breast cancer. Elstner, E; Emde, A; Eucker, J; Kühnl, A; Liu, H; Planas-Silva, MD; Possinger, K; Rosche, M; Schulz, CO; Zang, C, 2008)	0.35
"Honokiol is an active compound purified from magnolia that has been shown to induce cell differentiation, apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis effects, as well as an enhancement in tumor growth delay in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in several mouse xenograft models."	( Liposomal honokiol, a potent anti-angiogenesis agent, in combination with radiotherapy produces a synergistic antitumor efficacy without increasing toxicity. Chen, LJ; Chen, PL; Chen, X; Hou, WL; Hu, J; Liu, L; Tang, MH; Wang, XH; Wei, YQ; Yang, G; Zhang, F; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
" Moreover, honikiol exhibited schedule-dependent synergy in combination with imatinib and sequential administration of imatinib followed by honokiol could be the optimal sequence to combine these two drugs in K562 cells."	( Honokiol induces paraptosis and apoptosis and exhibits schedule-dependent synergy in combination with imatinib in human leukemia cells. Wang, Y; Yang, Z; Zhao, X, 2010)	0.36
" After dynamic catalytic transformation by 201×7 resin combined with purification of HPD5000 resin, the yield and the purity of free biphenyl cyclooctene lignans in the product were 132."	( Preparation of high purity biphenyl cyclooctene lignans from Schisandra extract by ion exchange resin catalytic transformation combined with macroporous resin separation. Liu, TT; Ma, CH; Yang, FJ; Yang, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, ZH; Zhao, CJ; Zu, YG, 2011)	0.82
"Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment combined with high-speed counter-current chromatography for the transformation and isolation of arctigenin from Fructus Arctii was successfully developed."	( Isolation and purification of arctigenin from Fructus Arctii by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high-speed counter-current chromatography. Fan, L; Geng, Y; Liu, F; Wang, M; Wang, X; Xi, X, 2014)	0.4
"Pharmacokinetic and nitric oxide (NO) release pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schisandrin were studied after intravenous administration of each compound with the dose of 10 mg/kg and their mixture with the total dose of 10 mg/kg to isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia rats."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, X; Guo, W; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2014)	0.4
"The result obtained from this study suggested pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions between ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1 and schisandrin."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of drug-drug interaction between ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and schizandrin after intravenous administration to rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, X; Guo, W; Li, Z; Shao, Q; Zhan, S, 2014)	0.4
"This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Honokiol (HNK) combined with Gemcitabine (GEM) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human Burkitt lymphoma Raji cells."	( [Honokiol combined with Gemcitabine synergistically inhibits the proliferation of human Burkitt lymphoma cells and induces their apoptosis]. Fan, JX; Guo, KY; Hung, YX; Wang, J; Xu, XJ; Ye, YB; Zhang, MW, 2014)	0.4
"To study the protective effect of Arctigenin in goto-kakizaki (GK) rats combined with hypertension macroangiopathy."	( [Protective effect of arctigenin in GK rats combined with hypertension macroangiopathy]. Feng, Q; Sun, BC; Xia, WK, 2015)	0.42
" Each group was orally treated with DSD alone (Group 1), DSD combined with EGCG (Group 2), SD alone (Group 3) and SD combined with EGCG (Group 4)."	( Study on the pharmacokinetics of deoxyschizandrin and schizandrin in combination with epigallocatechin gallate, a component of green tea, in rats. Liu, X; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.48
" We aimed to predict the contribution of schisantherin A and schisandrin A to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Wuzhi capsule and tacrolimus using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Prediction of Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Principal Ingredients of Wuzhi Capsule in Chinese Healthy Volunteers Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling. Bu, F; Cai, W; Jiao, Z; Li, L; Lin, HS; Ma, G; Shin, JG; Xiang, X; Zhang, H; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.48
"To develop a quantitative models for simultaneous determination of pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) and geniposidic acid (GPA) in Eucommia ulmoides with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics."	( [Rapid Determination of Pinoresinol Diglucoside and Geniposidic Acid in Eucommia ulmoides with Near Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics Methods]. Li, FF; Liu, R; Liu, S; Peng, YZ; Xu, XB; Zi, W, 2016)	0.43
"A novel surface plasmon resonance-based P-gp ligand screening system (SPR-PLSS) combined with lentiviral particle (LVP) stabilization strategy was constructed to screen out potential P-gp inhibitors from natural products."	( Surface plasmon resonance biosensor combined with lentiviral particle stabilization strategy for rapid and specific screening of P-Glycoprotein ligands. Cai, Y; Cao, Y; Chai, Y; Chen, L; Chen, X; Hong, Z; Liu, Y; Shi, Y; Wang, D; Zhu, Z, 2021)	0.62
" HNK in combination with HCPT produces a synergistic cell-killing effect on bladder cancer cells."	( Mechanism of apoptotic induction on T24 cells by honokiol and its synergistic anticancer effect in combination with hydroxycamptothecin. Hu, Q; Lou, GG; Luo, YT; Xie, LP; Yao, HP, 2021)	0.62
"This research provides some references for the application of UAATPS combined with MRP in natural products."	( Ultrasonic-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Combined with Macroporous Resin Enrichment of Lignans from Flaxseed Meal and Their Antioxidant Activities. Jiang, Y; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2022)	0.94
" In vitro cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis tests against 4T1 cells proved the synergistic effects of free PTX combined with HK-NS-Gel."	( Honokiol nanosuspensions loaded thermosensitive hydrogels as the local delivery system in combination with systemic paclitaxel for synergistic therapy of breast cancer. Lu, X; Lv, H; Yang, P; Zhang, Z, 2022)	0.72
" The results revealed that QAMS method combined with chemometric analyses could accurately measure and clearly distinguish the different quality samples of TLFA."	( Chromatographic fingerprint combined with quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker for quality control of total lignans from Fructus arctii by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mei, JW; Wang, HY; Xu, ZH; Zhang, JY, 2022)	0.93
" Then, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS combined with multivariate data analysis was utilized to identify the endogenous differential metabolites and the prototype components of ZZHPD in the plasma."	( Discovery of the toxicity-related quality markers and mechanisms of Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po decoction based on Chinmedomics combined with differentially absorbed components and network pharmacology. Feng, F; Wan, S; Xie, X; Yang, G, 2024)	1.44

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These data indicate that the bioavailability of silybin is much greater after administration of silipide than after administration of silymarin."	( Pharmacokinetics of silybin in bile following administration of silipide and silymarin in cholecystectomy patients. Gatti, G; Perucca, E; Schandalik, R, 1992)	0.28
" A Western-type diet elevates plasma levels of sex hormones and decreases the sex hormone binding globulin concentration, increasing the bioavailability of these steroids."	( Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Adlercreutz, H, 1990)	0.28
" This suggests that the bioavailability of gamma-tocopherol is enhanced in phenol-containing diets as compared with purified diets."	( Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum. Appelqvist, LA; Kamal-Eldin, A; Pettersson, D, 1995)	0.29
" These results suggest that the magnolol might be responsible for the therapeutic effect of Saiboku-To, indicating practical bioavailability in the responders."	( Impact of free magnolol excretions in asthmatic patients who responded well to saiboku-to, a Chinese herbal medicine. Homma, M; Itoh, H; Kobayashi, H; Niitsuma, T; Oka, K; Takahashi, N; Yamamoto, S, 1993)	0.29
" More recent studies have shown that aqueous extracts of the roots contain appreciable amounts of GABA which could directly cause sedation but there is some controversy surrounding the bioavailability of this compound."	( The scientific basis for the reputed activity of Valerian. Houghton, PJ, 1999)	0.3
" However, its oral preparations have been known to have limited bioavailability due to its extremely low solubility in water, and its solubility problem also limits preparation of its parenteral dosage forms."	( Solubilization of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate by cosolvency. Han, SK; Kim, GY; Park, YH, 1999)	0.3
" Further studies will also be needed to determine the bioavailability and absorption rate of lignans."	( Determinants of serum enterolactone concentration. Adlercreutz, H; Kilkkinen, A; Pietinen, P; Stumpf, K; Tapanainen, H; Valsta, LM, 2001)	0.53
" to rats and dogs (daily doses up to 2000 and 665 mg/kg, respectively); HM-3000 was shown to be well absorbed (> 50% of the dose) and rapidly eliminated."	( Antioxidant and antitumor effects of hydroxymatairesinol (HM-3000, HMR), a lignan isolated from the knots of spruce. Ahotupa, M; Hirsinummi, R; Kangas, L; Korte, H; Laatikainen, R; Mutanen, M; Perälä, M; Saarinen, N; Santti, R; Soininen, P; Unkila, M, 2002)	0.31
" Isoflavones are present predominantly as glucosides in most commercially available soya products; there is evidence that they are not absorbed in this form and that their bioavailability requires initial hydrolysis of the sugar moiety by intestinal beta-glucosidases."	( Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. Cassidy, A; Faughnan, M; Hoey, L; Rowland, I; Wähälä, K; Williamson, G, 2003)	0.32
" In a third study with six pigs, we quantified the bioavailability of the plant lignans that can be converted to enterolactone (lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and syringaresinol) and the concentration in the peripheral blood."	( Rye bread in the diet of pigs enhances the formation of enterolactone and increases its levels in plasma, urine and feces. Adlercreutz, H; Bach Knudsen, KE; Heinonen, SM; Kjaer, AK; Nurmi, T; Serena, A; Tetens, I, 2003)	0.55
" Information concerning their dietary sources and bioavailability is scarce."	( Intake of lignans is associated with serum enterolactone concentration in Finnish men and women. Adlercreutz, H; Kilkkinen, A; Pietinen, P; Stumpf, K; Valsta, LM; Virtamo, J, 2003)	0.72
" More research is warranted to determine the bioavailability of lignins in the human diet."	( Dietary lignins are precursors of mammalian lignans in rats. Adlercreutz, H; Begum, AN; Fukushima, K; Heinonen, SM; Lapierre, C; Mila, I; Nagano, K; Nicolle, C; Rémésy, C; Scalbert, A, 2004)	0.58
" The increased bioavailability of tocopherols in the presence of dietary lignans might be due to the regeneration of oxidized tocopherols."	( Dietary sesame oils inhibits iron-induced oxidative stress in rats [corrected]. Hemalatha, S; Raghunath, M, 2004)	0.56
" For a proper evaluation of potential health effects of enterolignans, information on their bioavailability is essential."	( The relative bioavailability of enterolignans in humans is enhanced by milling and crushing of flaxseed. Arts, IC; Hollman, PC; Kuijsten, A; van't Veer, P, 2005)	0.84
" Differences in bioavailability may contribute to the divergent effects of sesamin and sesamolin on hepatic fatty acid oxidation."	( Comparative analysis of sesame lignans (sesamin and sesamolin) in affecting hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Adachi, Y; Ide, T; Lim, JS; Takahashi, Y, 2007)	0.63
" Data also suggested minimal competition between lignan and isoflavones for bioavailability when measured by the excretion concentrations."	( Effects of a flaxseed-derived lignan supplement in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Chen, X; Chen, Y; Demark-Wahnefried, W; Gu, W; Li, H; Lin, X; Liu, Y; Pan, A; Sun, J; Wang, Y; Ye, X; Yu, Z; Zhang, X, 2007)	0.34
" These results indicate that some ingredients in SMS may increase the dissolution of schizandrin when decocting in vitro, and delay its elimination and enhance its bioavailability in rat."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of schizandrin after oral administration of schizandrin monomer, Fructus Schisandrae aqueous extract and Sheng-Mai-San to rats. Huang, Q; Jia, Y; Wang, G; Wang, W; Xie, H; Xu, M, 2008)	0.35
" Even if its reversal activity is insufficient for clinical application, its capacity to accumulate [(3)H]-vinblastine in MDCK/MDR1 and MCF7/Dox cells suggests that eudesmin may positively affect the bioavailability and, thereby, the therapeutic potency of anticancer drugs in Pgp-overexpressing cells."	( Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux by eudesmin from Haplophyllum perforatum and cytotoxicity pattern versus diphyllin, podophyllotoxin and etoposide. Akhmedjanova, V; Balansard, G; Barthomeuf, C; Beliveau, R; Debiton, E; Grassi, J; Lim, S, 2007)	0.34
" Potential mechanisms of anticancer action and bioavailability of berry phenolics, as well as gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future berry research, are also briefly discussed."	( Berry fruits for cancer prevention: current status and future prospects. Seeram, NP, 2008)	0.35
" Bioavailability of lignans is influenced by the food matrix and gut microbial action, of which the latter is subject to a large interindividual variation."	( Metabolism of the lignan macromolecule into enterolignans in the gastrointestinal lumen as determined in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. Eeckhaut, E; Keukeleire, DD; Possemiers, S; Struijs, K; Verstraete, W; Vincken, JP, 2008)	0.92
"Pre-clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans."	( Sesame supplementation does not improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women. Belski, R; Burke, V; Croft, KD; Hodgson, JM; Puddey, IB; Wu, JH, 2009)	0.61
" The differences in bioavailability among these lignans appear to be important to their divergent physiological activities."	( Lipid metabolism and nutrigenomics - impact of sesame lignans on gene expression profiles and fatty acid oxidation in rat liver. Ide, T; Iida, H; Katsuta, M; Nakashima, Y; Yasumoto, S, 2009)	0.86
" In conclusion, the bioavailability of phytoestrogens, especially when given in mixtures, is subject to high interindividual variation."	( Cosupplementation of isoflavones, prenylflavonoids, and lignans alters human exposure to phytoestrogen-derived 17beta-estradiol equivalents. Bolca, S; Bracke, M; De Keukeleire, D; Depypere, H; Heyerick, A; Possemiers, S; Verstraete, W; Wyns, C, 2009)	0.6
" An HPLC method was employed to determine the concentration of deoxyschisandrin (QS) and schisantherin A (SA) in plasma, which were used as an index of Schisandra total lignanoids, and the bioavailability of the nanoparticles was compared with the reference group by oral administration using SD rats."	( [Preparation of enteric nanoparticles of Schisandra total lignanoids and preliminary study on its pharmacokinetics]. Huang, X; Huang, YJ; Li, YB; Wang, Q; Xiao, XH; Yuan, HL, 2009)	0.35
" As the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel was increased about 3-fold in the presence of Sch B, the concomitant use of Sch B may provide a benefit in the oral delivery of paclitaxel."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of paclitaxel after oral administration of Schisandrol B in rats. Bi, H; Hu, J; Huang, M; Huang, Z; Jin, J; Zhao, L; Zhong, G, 2010)	0.36
"This study investigated the effect of macelignan on the P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux as well as CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism and subsequently its in vivo implication on the bioavailability of paclitaxel."	( Effect of maceligan on the systemic exposure of paclitaxel: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Ha, I; Han, HK; Kang, KW; Lee, BJ; Qiang, F; Woo, ER, 2010)	0.36
" The extent of absolute oral bioavailability ranged from 54."	( Pharmacokinetics of magnolin in rats. Kim, NJ; Lee, HK; Lee, HS; Oh, SR; Song, WY; Yoo, SD, 2010)	0.36
" The main purpose of this work is to prepare self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for enhancing the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble traditional Chinese medicines, Wurenchun."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of Wurenchun (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis extracts) by self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Ji, H; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Shao, B; Tang, J; Wu, L; Zhu, D, 2010)	0.36
" Some ingredients in the extract may increase the dissolution of deoxyschisandrin, delay its elimination and enhance its bioavailability in rat."	( Rapid determination and pharmacokinetics study of lignans in rat plasma after oral administration of Schisandra chinensis extract and pure deoxyschisandrin. Chai, Y; Lv, L; Mao, S; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zhu, Z, 2011)	0.62
" These results indicate that SDG hydrolysis is not a common feature in Bifidobacterium genus, but selected probiotic strains can be combined to β-glucoside-based prebiotics to enhance the release of SECO, thus improving its bioavailability for absorption by colonic mucosa and/or the biotransformation to ED and EL by other intestinal microorganisms."	( Role of bifidobacteria in the activation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Amaretti, A; Leonardi, A; Raimondi, S; Roncaglia, L; Rossi, M, 2011)	0.37
" To understand the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of M, Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously injected with a bolus of M (20 mg/kg) and orally given a single dose and seven doses of M (50 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and tissue distribution of magnolol following single and repeated dosing of magnolol to rats. Chen, YC; Hou, YC; Lee Chao, PD; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2011)	0.37
" It appeared that co-existing curcuminoids improved the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in mice tumor after intragastric administration of nanoparticle formulations by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Guo, D; He, R; Li, Q; Li, R; Lin, X; Qiao, X; Xiang, C; Ye, M, 2011)	0.37
"Combined oral administration of three compounds of Shengmai formula can improve the bioavailability of ginsenoside RgRg(1), however it does not change the pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside RbRg(1) and schisandrin."	( [Pharmacokinetics interaction among three major active compounds of Shengmai formula in rats]. Fan, XH; Guo, WJ; Shao, Q; Zhang, YF, 2012)	0.38
" The formulation was investigated for its antioxidant status and its bioavailability and toxicity in different organs of mice."	( Bioavailability, antioxidant and non toxic properties of a radioprotective formulation prepared from isolated compounds of Podophyllum hexandrum: a study in mouse model. Dutta, A; Flora, SJ; Gupta, ML; Sankhwar, S; Verma, S, 2012)	0.38
" The attenuated hepatoprotection afforded by curcumin may be attributed to its low bioavailability in vivo."	( Prooxidant-induced glutathione antioxidant response in vitro and in vivo: a comparative study between schisandrin B and curcumin. Chiu, PY; Ko, KM; Leong, PK, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggested that GA attenuated the increase in BP via preservation of vascular NO bioavailability not only by inhibiting ROS production but also by preventing the impairment of eNOS function in the vasculature of Ang II-induced hypertensive mice."	( Antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability. Jin Lee, S; Kim, CD; Ung Bae, J; Whan Choi, Y; Whan Hong, K; Won Seo, K; Wook Yun, J; Youn Park, S; Young Park, J, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability (F) of HJA was estimated to be 36."	( LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and pharmacokinetics of 6'-hydroxy justicidin A, a potential antitumor active component isolated from Justicia procumbens, in rats. Fu, S; Kong, W; Qiu, F; Yang, M; Yang, S; Zhou, S, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, pharmacokinetic profile of honokiol has revealed a desirable spectrum of bioavailability after intravenous administration in animal models, thus making it a suitable agent for clinical trials."	( Honokiol: a novel natural agent for cancer prevention and therapy. Arora, S; Contreras, CM; Panyam, J; Piazza, GA; Singh, AP; Singh, S, 2012)	0.38
" SLE was also tested in a study where dietary milled flaxseed supplementation (30g/day for 1month) and enterolignan bioavailability was examined in a healthy, human population (n=10)."	( Supported liquid extraction in the quantitation of plasma enterolignans using isotope dilution GC/MS with application to flaxseed consumption in healthy adults. Aliani, M; Edel, AL; Pierce, GN, 2013)	0.63
" Subsequently, the bioavailability of magnolol pure compound, its physical mixture and solid dispersion were compared in rabbits."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits using melting solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Hou, YC; Liao, TY; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2014)	0.4
"Magnolol-loaded amorphous solid dispersion with PVP has demonstrated enhanced bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits using melting solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Hou, YC; Liao, TY; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY, 2014)	0.4
" The appropriate size of nanoparticles (~93 nm), the solubilization of the surfactant, the noncrystalline state of the drug in the matrix and the fast dissolution rate contributed to a significantly enhanced oral bioavailability from the nanoparticles when compared to pure drug suspension."	( Schisandra lignans-loaded enteric nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Han, J; Huang, Y; Jin, S; Li, X; Lv, Q; Pei, J; Yuan, H, 2013)	0.78
" These results suggested that 3-day treatment of Sch B could increase concentration and oral bioavailability of drug metabolized by CYP3A."	( In vivo effect of Schisandrin B on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Li, WL; Wu, XC; Xin, HW; Yu, AR, 2013)	0.39
" In-vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability in rats of phy-SMEDDS were studied and compared with those of plain phyllanthin."	( Development of phyllanthin-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for oral bioavailability enhancement. Duc Hanh, N; Mitrevej, A; Peungvicha, P; Sathirakul, K; Sinchaipanid, N, 2015)	0.42
" ENL is estrogenic with no effect on the E-screen test and is a natural Selected Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) with health interests that have to be checked in clinical studies with bioavailability assessment."	( Design and validation of a novel immunological test for enterolactone. Baguenard, L; Bennetau, B; Bennetau-Pelissero, C; Lamothe, V; Pinot, E; Schmitter, JM; Shinkaruk, S, 2014)	0.4
" Our objective was to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of SDG in purified flaxseed extracts under dose-ranging and steady-state conditions, and to examine whether differences in secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside purity influence bioavailability."	( Metabolism of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside the dietary precursor to the intestinally derived lignan enterolactone in humans. Brown, NM; Heubi, JE; Jha, P; Setchell, KD; Wolfe, B; Zimmer-Nechemias, L, 2014)	0.4
" Docking experiments raveled that 10 and 19 occupied the same binding pocket of paclitaxel with some difference in active site amino acids and good bioavailability of both the compounds."	( Synthesis of neolignans as microtubule stabilisers. Chanda, D; Hasanain, M; Khan, F; Konwar, R; Kumar, A; Luqman, S; Masood, N; Mitra, K; Negi, AS; Pal, A; Sarkar, J; Sathish Kumar, B; Singh, A; Singh, J; Yadav, DK, 2014)	0.75
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a proprietary 7-HMR product (HMRlignan, Linnea SA, Locarno, Switzerland) through measurement of lignan metabolites and metabolic precursors."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of plant lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol and effects on serum enterolactone and clinical symptoms in postmenopausal women: a single-blinded, parallel, dose-comparison study. Brown, DJ; Hardy, M; Tan, MO; Udani, JK, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, the bioavailability of 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from Magnolia officinalis was first demonstrated in the mouse embryos exposed to nicotine using a whole embryo culture system."	( 4-O-methylhonokiol inhibits serious embryo anomalies caused by nicotine via modulations of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Baek, IJ; Hong, JT; Jeong, J; Lee, BJ; Lee, JK; Lin, C; Nam, SY; Yon, JM; Yun, YW, 2014)	0.4
" Methyl pinosylvin, pinosylvin, matairesinol, nortrachelogenin, as well as resveratrol, a metabolite of pinosylvin, were detected in serum at total concentration of 7-73 μM, confirming the bioavailability of pine knot extract derived lignans and stilbenoids."	( Novel Lignan and stilbenoid mixture shows anticarcinogenic efficacy in preclinical PC-3M-luc2 prostate cancer model. Aittokallio, T; Eckerman, C; Holmbom, B; Laajala, TD; Mäkelä, SI; Polari, L; Saarinen, NM; Smeds, A; Yatkin, E, 2014)	0.59
" The absolute bioavailability of magnolol and honokiol is 17."	( UPLC-MS/MS-ESI assay for simultaneous determination of magnolol and honokiol in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study after administration emulsion of the isomer. Li, N; Li, W; Sheng, YL; Shi, CH; Xu, HY; Xu, JH; Zhang, XR; Zhao, YQ, 2014)	0.4
" Morever, comparison with the Gastrodiae Rhizoma extract, isodose gastrodin in Tiangou Jiangya capsule showed a significant decrease for Cmax, Ke and increase for t1/2Ke, V/Fc, this indicated that compound compatibility can delay the absorbtion of gastrodin, prolong the resident time and promote the distribution in vivo, but its bioavailability is not significantly effected."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.4
" Collectively, an increase in BP in mice treated with Ang II was markedly attenuated by GJ, which was attributed to the preservations of vascular NO bioavailability and eNOS function, and to the inhibition of ROS production in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice."	( Preventive effect of gomisin J from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via an increased nitric oxide bioavailability. Choi, YW; Kim, CD; Lee, SJ; Park, SY; Ye, BH, 2015)	0.42
" This method cannot only separate the lignans from [C4mim]Ac solution, also improve the purity of lignans, the absorption rate of lignans in [C4mim]Ac solution was found to be higher (69."	( Two solid-phase recycling method for basic ionic liquid [C4mim]Ac by macroporous resin and ion exchange resin from Schisandra chinensis fruits extract. Li, J; Ma, CH; Yang, L; Zu, YG, 2015)	0.69
"Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats. Alcorn, J; Krol, ES; Muir, AD; Mukker, JK; Singh, RS, 2015)	0.95
" The poor bioavailability of a polyphenol will affect the effective dose delivered to cancer cells."	( In vitro and in vivo antitumoral effects of combinations of polyphenols, or polyphenols and anticancer drugs: perspectives on cancer treatment. Bei, R; Benvenuto, M; Fantini, M; Frajese, GV; Masuelli, L; Modesti, A; Tresoldi, I, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, the exact modulation of MH on CB2 receptor activity was elucidated and its endocannabinoid substrate-specific inhibition (SSI) of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and CNS bioavailability are described for the first time."	( 4'-O-methylhonokiol increases levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in mouse brain via selective inhibition of its COX-2-mediated oxygenation. Charles, RP; Chicca, A; Gachet, MS; Gertsch, J; Petrucci, V; Schuehly, W, 2015)	0.42
" The results indicated that harvest time is not only effects the contents but the bioavailability of active components of Fructus Forsythiae, which suggests that the rate and extent of drug metabolism were altered when the clinical forms of commercial Fructus Forsythiae with different harvest time."	( Pharmacokinetic of 5 components after oral administration of Fructus Forsythiae by HPLC-MS/MS and the effects of harvest time and administration times. Bai, Y; Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Jiao, XC; Li, J; Liu, J; Liu, W; Ma, L, 2015)	0.42
" In order to explore how the bioavailability of oral arctigenin increased under diabetic condition, the absorption behavior of arctigenin was evaluated by in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of arctigenin in normal and type 2 diabetic rats after oral and intravenous administration. Dai, Y; Dong, S; He, NN; Jiang, CJ; Xia, YF; Zeng, XY, 2015)	0.42
" There was little change in the HP-ZS group in comparison with the HP group, which indicated that ZZ promotes absorption extent and defers the absorption rate of MN."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of magnolol and honokiol after oral administration of Magnolia officinalis cortex extract and its compatibility with other herbal medicines in Zhi-Zi-Hou-Po Decoction to rats. Feng, F; Liu, Y; Shi, Q; Wang, D; Yang, G, 2016)	0.43
" Phyllanthin along with piperine (a nutraceutical bioenhancer) was formulated as a mixed micellar lipid formulation (MMLF) in the present study and investigated to resolve the low bioavailability and enhance hepatoprotective effects on oral administration."	( Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of mixed micellar lipid formulation of phyllanthin and piperine in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rodents. Mishra, SH; Nagar, PA; Rajpara, A; Sethiya, NK; Shah, P, 2015)	0.42
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter G2/breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP) is an efflux protein involved in the bioavailability and milk secretion of endogenous and exogenous compounds, actively affecting milk composition."	( Effect of bovine ABCG2 polymorphism Y581S SNP on secretion into milk of enterolactone, riboflavin and uric acid. Álvarez, AI; Espín, JC; García-Villalba, R; González-Lobato, L; Merino, G; Miguel, V; Otero, JA; Prieto, JG, 2016)	0.43
" The definite bioavailability of honokiol (HO) and magnolol (MA) in processed MO (PMO) and the effect of chemical profiling change on the pharmacokinetics of HO and MA are always a greater challenge compared with those of MO."	( Effect of Chemical Profiling Change of Processed Magnolia officinalis on the Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Honokiol and Magnolol in Rats. Hu, H; Hua, W; Wang, Z; You, Y; Zou, L, 2016)	0.43
" AN could only be detected in the plasma and liver homogenate of normal mice, which was poorly absorbed in OVX mice and low in other measured tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of five active ingredients of Eucommiae cortex in normal and ovariectomized mice by UHPLC-MS/MS. An, J; Hu, F; Wang, C; Wang, Z; Yang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Owing to a difference in the affinity of T3 and Toc for the α-tocopherol transfer protein, the bioavailability of orally ingested T3 is lower than that of Toc."	( Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Tocotrienol Combined with Chemotherapeutic Agents or Dietary Components: A Review. Eitsuka, T; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K; Nishida, H; Tatewaki, N, 2016)	0.43
" Honokiol (HNK), a natural compound present in the extracts of magnolia bark, has a favorable bioavailability profile and recently has been shown to readily cross the blood-brain barrier."	( Honokiol Decreases Lung Cancer Metastasis through Inhibition of the STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Lee, Y; Pan, J; Wan, TC; Wang, Y; Xiong, D; You, M; Zhang, Q, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, in vivo study showed that HK-CS-NPs exhibited good ocular tolerability and could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of honokiol."	( Development of a Chitosan-based Nanoparticle Formulation for Ophthalmic Delivery of Honokiol. Chen, H; Deng, F; Hu, W; Tang, Y; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" Honokiol can permeate the blood brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid to increase its bioavailability in neurological tissues."	( Neuroprotective effects of honokiol: from chemistry to medicine. Barreca, D; Braidy, N; Listos, J; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM; Sureda, A; Talarek, S; Tellone, E, 2017)	0.46
" The influence of PVPP on MPC's flowability, dissolution and oral bioavailability was investigated."	( [Solidification of magnolol phospholipid complex with polyvingypyrrolidone]. Dai, YH; Ju, JM; Wang, M; Zhang, ZH, 2016)	0.43
"The present study was designed to improve storage stability and oral bioavailability of Ganneng dropping pills (GNDP) by transforming lignans of Herpetospermum caudigerum (HL) composed of herpetrione (HPE) and herpetin (HPN) into nanosuspension (HL-NS), the main active ingredient of GNDP, HL-NS was prepared by high pressure homogenization and lyophilized to transform into solid nanoparticles (HL nanoparticles), and then the formulated HL nanoparticles were perfused into matrix to obtain NS-GNDP by melting method."	( Improved stability and oral bioavailability of Ganneng dropping pills following transforming lignans of herpetospermum caudigerum into nanosuspensions. Cheng, L; Li, JJ; Qiu, L; Shen, CY; Shen, G; Xu, R; Yuan, HL; Zheng, J, 2018)	0.9
"83-fold increase in relative oral bioavailability compared with raw MAG."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of magnolol by encapsulation in mixed micelles containing pluronic F127 and L61. Ding, P; Ju, J; Liang, G; Liu, S; Shen, H; Wang, L, 2018)	0.48
"The mixed micelles containing pluronic F127 and L61 as drug delivery system provided a well strategy for resolving the poor solubility and bioavailability problems of MAG."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of magnolol by encapsulation in mixed micelles containing pluronic F127 and L61. Ding, P; Ju, J; Liang, G; Liu, S; Shen, H; Wang, L, 2018)	0.48
" The outcomes suggest that a unique drug delivery mechanism may exist in nature, thereby potentially improving the bioavailability of lipophilic metabolites through physicochemical interactions with the NADES."	( The influence of natural deep eutectic solvents on bioactive natural products: studying interactions between a hydrogel model and Schisandra chinensis metabolites. Chen, SN; Choules, MP; Friesen, JB; Gemeinhart, RA; Lankin, DC; Liu, Y; McAlpine, JB; Nikolić, D; Pauli, GF; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution results showed that HS15-LP-HNK could improve the bioavailability and increase tumor accumulation of honokiol."	( A novel honokiol liposome: formulation, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor studies. Dong, J; Gong, T; Guo, C; Li, W; Song, X; Tan, T; Wan, Z; Yang, Q; Zhao, J; Zhou, C, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, the honokiol nanoparticles obtained were investigated and evaluated in terms of morphology, physicochemical properties, saturation solubility, dissolution in vitro, bioavailability in vivo, toxicity, and the inhibitory effect on growth of HepG2 cells."	( Preparation of honokiol nanoparticles by liquid antisolvent precipitation technique, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and evaluation of inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells. Liu, P; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wu, W; Zhao, X; Zu, Y, 2018)	0.48
"52 times greater than that of free honokiol; therefore, the honokiol nanoparticles had a higher bioavailability than free honokiol but were innoxious to the organs of rats."	( Preparation of honokiol nanoparticles by liquid antisolvent precipitation technique, characterization, pharmacokinetics, and evaluation of inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells. Liu, P; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wu, W; Zhao, X; Zu, Y, 2018)	0.48
" The main problem associated with the major bioactive lignans oral administration is low oral bioavailability due to the lignans' poor aqueous solubility and taste."	( Pharmacokinetics and liver uptake of three Schisandra lignans in rats after oral administration of liposome encapsulating β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound of Schisandra extract. Chen, W; Ding, Z; Guo, Y; Hu, J; Jiang, Y; Xiao, J; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2019)	1.01
" These results could be used to help improve the bioavailability of SL and obtaining high quality sesame byproducts."	( Effects of thermal preparation and in vitro digestion on lignan profiles and antioxidant activity in defatted-sesame meal. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Lin, H; Lin, M; Lin, P, 2019)	0.51
" However,HPT has a poor oral bioavailability due to its poor water solubility."	( [Preparation and in vitro anti-hepatic fibrosis evaluation of herpetone nanosuspensions]. Liu, X; Liu, Y; Shen, BD; Shen, CY; Wang, XH; Yuan, HL; Zhong, RN; Zuo, JJ, 2019)	0.51
" However, the bioavailability of sesamin and sesamolin was poor in mice."	( Using Turmeric Oil as a Solvent Improves the Distribution of Sesamin-Sesamolin in the Serum and Brain of Mice. Iwamoto, K; Makino, S; Matsumura, S; Moriyama, T; Yamamoto, A; Yoshioka, Y; Zaima, N, 2019)	0.51
"B to mice showed enhanced bioavailability and dose-dependent repression of the behavioral/cognitive impairment by regulating the cholinergic function, restoring the antioxidant status, attenuating the inflammatory cytokines/mediators and actively enriching neurotropic proteins in the hippocampal regions of the scopolamine-administered mice."	( Cognitive-enhancing and ameliorative effects of acanthoside B in a scopolamine-induced amnesic mouse model through regulation of oxidative/inflammatory/cholinergic systems and activation of the TrkB/CREB/BDNF pathway. Choi, DK; Ganesan, P; Karthivashan, G; Kim, DH; Kim, JS; Kweon, MH; Park, SY, 2019)	0.51
" Low aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability of HK have hindered its clinical application, especially for cancer treatment."	( Design, Formulation and in vivo Evaluation of Novel Honokiol-Loaded PEGylated PLGA Nanocapsules for Treatment of Breast Cancer. Hafiz, AA; Haggag, YA; Ibrahim, RR, 2020)	0.56
" However, its poor solubility and low bioavailability severely limits its application."	( Evaluation of anticancer activity of honokiol by complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Wu, W; Xue, W, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, poor water solubility as well as low bioavailability of honokiol has limited its practical use."	( Honokiol-mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Inhibit Vascular Restenosis via the Suppression of TGF-β Signaling Pathway. Fang, Z; Lu, P; Sheng, J; Wang, Y; Wei, X, 2020)	0.56
" The pharmacokinetic results illustrate that RA-HK can increase the oral bioavailability of HK that and RA-HK is widely distributed in rats."	( Novel nanomicelles based on rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for oral delivery of honokiol with enhanced oral bioavailability and antitumor activity. Di, G; Fan, J; Guo, C; Li, Q; Wang, J; Wei, D; Wu, X; Yang, H, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, techniques to improve their sustainable resourcing, stability and bioavailability will be presented and discussed."	( Phenolic compounds: current industrial applications, limitations and future challenges. Albuquerque, BR; Barros, L; Ferreira, ICFR; Heleno, SA; Oliveira, MBPP, 2021)	0.62
" However, variation in enterolignans production by the gut microbiota is strictly related to both bioaccessibility and bioavailability of lignans through the entire gastrointestinal tract."	( Lignans and Gut Microbiota: An Interplay Revealing Potential Health Implications. Callegari, ML; Lucini, L; Morelli, L; Mosele, JI; Patrone, V; Rocchetti, G; Senizza, A, 2020)	2.29
" With SchB suspensions as the reference formulation, the relative bioavailability of SchB-F-LPNs was 568."	( [Preparation and evaluation of schisandrin B-loaded F127 modified lipid-polymer nanoparticles for inhibition of breast cancer lung metastasis]. Fei, Y; Hai-Zhen, C; Jiang-Pei, S; Jun-Yi, S; Nian-Ping, F; Xiao-Yan, GU; Xing-Mei, X; Ying, L; Zi-Fei, J, 2020)	0.56
" It suggested that the potential interactions of SMS with CYP 3A drug substrates should be noticed, especially the drugs whose bioavailability depends heavily on intestinal CYP3A."	( Effects of Shengmai San on key enzymes involved in hepatic and intestinal drug metabolism in rats. Chia-Hui Tan, E; Chiang, TY; Lee, IJ; Ueng, YF; Wang, HJ; Wang, YC; Yun, CH, 2021)	0.62
" The extent of SDG release from the polymer and subsequent bioavailability of SDG metabolites are unknown."	( Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. Alcorn, J; Guo, Y; Mustafa, R; Purdy, SK; Reaney, MJT; Shen, J; Tse, TJ; Yang, X, 2021)	0.62
" However, it shows very low bioavailability when administered orally."	( Green Synthesized Honokiol Transfersomes Relieve the Immunosuppressive and Stem-Like Cell Characteristics of the Aggressive B16F10 Melanoma. ElMeshad, A; Ezzeldeen, Y; Sebak, A; Swidan, S, 2021)	0.62
" During the application of TCM, the researches about bioavailability enhancement of the bioactive constituents in formula are flourishing."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study is to explore the material basis and molecular mechanism from BSYZ in the bioavailability enhancement of OST."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
"Schisantherin B, a profoundly effective CYP3A4 inhibitor screened from BSYZ antagonized the metabolism of CYP3A4 on OST via activity inhibition, therefore significantly enhanced the bioavailability of OST in rat plasma."	( Screening and verification of CYP3A4 inhibitors from Bushen-Yizhi formula to enhance the bioavailability of osthole in rat plasma. Chen, JM; Fang, JS; Huang, MJ; Li, WR; Liang, Y; Lin, MJ; Liu, JM; Ma, CR; Wang, Q; Wu, FC; Yu, WQ; Zuo, X, 2022)	0.72
" Its physical-chemical properties, solubility and oral bioavailability were also investigated."	( Construction, characterization, and bioavailability evaluation of honokiol-loaded porous starch by melting method without any solvent. Wu, W; Xu, H, 2021)	0.62
"Honokiol (HO) exerts neuroprotective effects in several animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the poor dissolution hampers its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( Nano-Honokiol ameliorates the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting neuropathology and modulating gut microbiota. Huang, YF; Ip, SP; Li, QP; Lin, ZX; Qu, C; Su, ZR; Xian, YF; Xie, YL; Xu, QQ; Yang, W; Yuan, QJ, 2022)	0.72
"A novel honokiol nanoscale drug delivery system (Nano-HO) with smaller size and excellent stability was developed in this study to improve the solubility and bioavailability of HO."	( Nano-Honokiol ameliorates the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting neuropathology and modulating gut microbiota. Huang, YF; Ip, SP; Li, QP; Lin, ZX; Qu, C; Su, ZR; Xian, YF; Xie, YL; Xu, QQ; Yang, W; Yuan, QJ, 2022)	0.72
"Our pharmacokinetic study indicated that the oral bioavailability was greatly improved by Nano-HO."	( Nano-Honokiol ameliorates the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting neuropathology and modulating gut microbiota. Huang, YF; Ip, SP; Li, QP; Lin, ZX; Qu, C; Su, ZR; Xian, YF; Xie, YL; Xu, QQ; Yang, W; Yuan, QJ, 2022)	0.72
" The sugar moieties of DG enhance bioavailability and pharmacological activities."	( Antiviral, Anticancer and Hypotensive Potential of Diphyllin Glycosides and their Mechanisms of Action. Nekrakalaya, B; Ramaiah, CK, 2022)	0.72
" More research is needed to improve the bioavailability of magnolol and honokiol and perform experiments to examine the therapeutic potential of magnolol and honokiol."	( The Neuropharmacological Effects of Magnolol and Honokiol: A Review of Signal Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms. Cao, Y; Dai, X; Li, X; Liang, Y; Liu, K; Lu, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91
"This article aimed to design a new type of supersaturated solid dispersion (NS-SD) loaded with Magnolol (Mag) to raise the oral bioavailability in rats."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Supersaturated Solid Dispersion of Magnolol : Theme: Advancements in Amorphous Solid Dispersions to Improve Bioavailability. Deng, W; Gao, P; Ji, D; Mu, C; Ning, J; Sun, H; Yang, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" Herein, we aimed to formulate BXL-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN-BXL) to improve the bioavailability and interaction with the skin, and also to investigate the protective impact against intracellular ROS generation in HFF-1 in comparison with the drug-free situation."	( Benzo[k,l]xanthene Lignan-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Application: A Preliminary Study. Acquaviva, R; Cardullo, N; Castelli, F; La Mantia, A; Muccilli, V; Russo, S; Sarpietro, MG; Torrisi, C, 2022)	0.72
" In this work, the phenolic profiling of quebracho, yellow maize, and violet rice extracts was comprehensively investigated, together with the impact of in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of these phytochemicals."	( Phenolic acids, lignans, and low-molecular-weight phenolics exhibit the highest in vitro cellular bioavailability in different digested and faecal-fermented phenolics-rich plant extracts. García-Pérez, P; Giuberti, G; Lucchini, F; Lucini, L; Rocchetti, G, 2023)	1.26
" This review summarizes the bioavailability of FLs, their anticancer mechanisms in relevance to molecular targets, safety, and the scope of future research."	( Anticancer potential of flaxseed lignans, their metabolites and synthetic counterparts in relation with molecular targets: current challenges and future perspectives. Deng, Z; Jahangir, M; Korma, SA; Mueed, A; Shibli, S, 2023)	1.19
" Moreover, this study also furnished a strategy for improving the oral bioavailability of different types of ginsenosides by drug combinations."	( Effects of schisandra lignans on the absorption of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides mediated by P-glycoprotein and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides mediated by CYP3A4. Hu, H; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, C; Yang, K; You, Y; Zhao, L; Zhou, W, 2024)	1.76
" These factors contribute towards the high bioavailability of honokiol which further support its candidature in medicinal research."	( Honokiol and its analogues as anticancer compounds: Current mechanistic insights and structure-activity relationship. Alshahrani, AM; Ateşşahin, DA; Calina, D; Fatima, R; Prasher, P; Sharifi-Rad, J; Sharma, M; Tynybekov, B, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In this study, we quantitated the dose-response effects of topically applied PAF on microvascular permselectivity and investigated the biochemical pathways of this compound."	( Effect of platelet-activating factor on microvascular permselectivity: dose-response relations and pathways of action in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Dillon, PK; Durán, WN, 1988)	0.27
" All antagonists produced a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to Paf (0."	( Antagonism of platelet activating factor-induced chemiluminescence in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages in differing states of activation. Bittner, C; Lambrecht, G; Parnham, MJ, 1989)	0.28
" The monkey metabolites of the two drugs were isolated as their glucuronide conjugates from the urine of iv dosed males."	( Metabolism of kadsurenone and 9,10-dihydrokadsurenone in rhesus monkeys and rat liver microsomes. Arison, BH; Chabala, JC; Chang, MN; Chiu, SH; Eline, D; Hucker, HB; Smith, JL; Sweeney, BM; Thompson, KL; White, SD, )	0.13
" They were challenged with a maximum dosage of 80 mg of red cedar dust and spruce dust (control) with a rotahaler on separate days in a single blinded manner."	( New method for an occupational dust challenge test. Chan-Yeung, M; Chen, H; Lin, FJ, 1995)	0.29
") increased the hepatic mitochondrial-reduced glutathione (GSH) level, BHT treatment at the same dosage regimen decreased it."	( The crucial antioxidant action of schisandrin B in protecting against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice: a comparative study with butylated hydroxytoluene. Ip, SP; Ko, KM, 1996)	0.29
" Pretreating mice with Sch A at a daily oral dose of 1 mmol/kg for 3 days did not protect against CCl4 hepatotoxicity, whereas pretreatment with Sch B or Sch C at the same dosage regimen produced almost complete protection."	( Methylenedioxy group as determinant of schisandrin in enhancing hepatic mitochondrial glutathione in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice. Che, CT; Ip, SP; Ko, KM; Ma, CY, 1997)	0.3
"2 mmol/kg for 3 days did not protect the isolated-perfused hearts against IR-induced damage, pretreatment with Sch B or Sch C at the same dosage regimen produced cardioprotective action."	( Methylenedioxy group and cyclooctadiene ring as structural determinants of schisandrin in protecting against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Ko, KM; Yim, TK, 1999)	0.3
"05) in a linear, dose-response fashion."	( Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. Haggans, CJ; Hutchins, AM; Martini, MC; Olson, BA; Slavin, JL; Thomas, W, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction were performed before and after continuous infusions of two different PAF-receptor antagonists (WEB 2086 and yangambin) and of the phospholipase A2 inhibitor mepacrine."	( Involvement of platelet-activating factor in the modulation of vascular tone in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. Aimbire, F; Cailleaux, S; Cordeiro, RS; Lopes-Martins, RA; Tibiriçá, E, 1999)	0.3
" However, its oral preparations have been known to have limited bioavailability due to its extremely low solubility in water, and its solubility problem also limits preparation of its parenteral dosage forms."	( Solubilization of biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate by cosolvency. Han, SK; Kim, GY; Park, YH, 1999)	0.3
" Pretreating mice with Sch B or DDB at the same dosage regimen significantly suppressed the CCl4-induced increase in plasma ALT activity, with the inhibitory effect of Sch B being much more potent."	( Differential effect of schisandrin B and dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) on hepatic mitochondrial glutathione redox status in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated mice. Ip, SP; Ko, KM; Yiu, HY, 2000)	0.31
"To analyse the lignan content of phloem powder enriched rye bread and to study the dose-response relationship of the effect of dietary plant lignans derived from phloem on intestinal production of enterolactone by measuring enterolactone concentration in serum."	( Phloem fortification in rye bread elevates serum enterolactone level. Adlercreutz, H; Mursu, J; Nurmi, T; Rissanen, TH; Salonen, JT; Salonen, R; Vanharanta, M; Voutilainen, S, 2002)	0.52
" However, from preliminary experiments with rats dosed orally with secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol, it appears that the intestinal absorption and subsequent oxidative metabolism of these plant lignans occur only to a very small extent due to the highly efficient conversion of secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone by the gut microflora."	( Studies on the metabolism of the plant lignans secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. Honig, DM; Kulling, SE; Metzler, M; Niemeyer, HB, 2003)	0.78
" acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phomopsis obscurans in a dose-response growth-inhibitory bioassay at 50."	( Isolation and identification of antifungal and antialgal alkaloids from Haplophyllum sieversii. Cantrell, CL; Dunbar, C; Kustova, TS; Mamonov, LK; Schrader, KK; Sitpaeva, GT; Wedge, DE, 2005)	0.33
" Asarinin can decrease the dosage of CsA."	( [Effect of asarinin on the acute heart transplantation rejection and the expression of adhesion molecule]. Guan, ZZ; Lu, SF; Nie, HG; Yang, BF; Zhang, LL; Zhang, S, 2006)	0.33
" However, many important scientific problems have not been constrained, whether do the metabolites of lignans from foods have their potential genic toxicity? What are the anticancer mechanisms of lignans? What is the dosage of lignans to achieve the desired biological effect? In this paper, the references on lignans have systematically been reviewed in the following aspects: classification, distribution, metabolism, pharmacological activities and analytical methods, and a prospective of future studies on lignans is also elucidated."	( [Lignan: an important natural estrogen from plants]. Li, X; Liu, X; Wang, JH; Yuan, JP, 2006)	0.55
" Furthermore, we examined the dose-response and distribution of END and ENL in liver, testes, prostate, and lung, and we investigated the effects of competition between lignans and isoflavones on metabolite distribution."	( Tissue distribution of lignans in rats in response to diet, dose-response, and competition with isoflavones. Astheimer, L; Kang, J; Murray, T; Price, WE, 2007)	0.84
" Fasting blood samples (12 h) were collected predose and at the end of the dosing period for serum lipid analyses."	( Effects of the flaxseed lignans secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and its aglycone on serum and hepatic lipids in hyperlipidaemic rats. Alcorn, J; Felmlee, MA; Krol, ES; Muir, AD; Simko, E; Woo, G, 2009)	0.66
" In rats treated with Sch B and HgCl2, HSP72, HSP25 and MTs were overexpressed in liver zones 1 and 3 irrespective of HgCl2 dosing schedules."	( Schisandrin B stimulates a cytoprotective response in rat liver exposed to mercuric chloride. Lavazza, A; Li Volti, G; Rezzani, R; Rodella, LF; Stacchiotti, A, 2009)	0.35
" The coincubation of increasing concentration of E2 (10(-12)-10(-6) M) with 10 μM of tested compounds resulted in a downward shift of E2-ERE dose-response curves."	( Estrogenic activities of sesame lignans and their metabolites on human breast cancer cells. Mahidol, C; Pianjing, P; Rangkadilok, N; Satayavivad, J; Thiantanawat, A; Watcharasit, P, 2011)	0.65
" Twenty-five compounds including 14 prototype components and 11 metabolites were detected in dosed rat plasma compared with blank rat plasma."	( Identification of multiple constituents in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Sheng-Mai San and rat plasma after oral administration by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Hu, ZF; Qiu, C; Wang, DW; Wang, YH; Yu, BY; Zhu, DN, 2011)	0.37
" Identification and structural elucidation of the components in FZHY and dosed serum were performed by comparing their retention time and MSn spectra with those of reference compounds and reported data in the literatures."	( [Identification of the lignans components after oral administration of fuzheng huayu decoction in rat serum by HPLC-MSn]. Liu, C; Shen, D; Tao, Y; Wang, Q; Yang, L, 2011)	0.68
"Schisandrin, schisandrol B, schisantherin A and schisandrin B were found in FZHY and dosed serum, but schisandrin C and deoxyschizandrin were only found in FZHY."	( [Identification of the lignans components after oral administration of fuzheng huayu decoction in rat serum by HPLC-MSn]. Liu, C; Shen, D; Tao, Y; Wang, Q; Yang, L, 2011)	0.68
" Furthermore, we dosed CETP transgenic mice with leoligin and vehicle control by oral gavage for 7 days and measured subsequently the in vivo modulation of CETP activity (n=5 for each treatment group)."	( Leoligin, the major lignan from Edelweiss, activates cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Bernhard, D; Duwensee, K; Eller, K; Eller, P; Linder, T; Markt, P; Patsch, JR; Ritsch, A; Schuster, D; Schwaiger, S; Stanzl, U; Stuppner, H; Tancevski, I; van Eck, M, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo, there was also a higher CETP activity after oral dosage of CETP transgenic mice with leoligin (p=0."	( Leoligin, the major lignan from Edelweiss, activates cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Bernhard, D; Duwensee, K; Eller, K; Eller, P; Linder, T; Markt, P; Patsch, JR; Ritsch, A; Schuster, D; Schwaiger, S; Stanzl, U; Stuppner, H; Tancevski, I; van Eck, M, 2011)	0.37
" The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel treatment for TB meant to improve patient compliance by reducing drug dosage frequency."	( Antimycobacterial activity of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone, a synthetic analogue of neolignan, entrapped in polymeric microparticles. Barata, LE; Bentley, MV; de Souza, AO; Minarini, PR; Silva, CL; Soares, EG, 2012)	0.38
" For curcumin-SLNs group, the dosing of 250 mg/kg of curcumin resulted in AUC((0-48 h)) of 2285 ngh/mL and C(max) of 209 ng/mL."	( Metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in mice tumor after intragastric administration of nanoparticle formulations by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Guo, D; He, R; Li, Q; Li, R; Lin, X; Qiao, X; Xiang, C; Ye, M, 2011)	0.37
" The in vitro incubation was conducted using liver microsomes of rats after multiple dosing of alcoholic/water extract from Schisandra chinensis."	( [Effects of Schisandra chinensis (Wuweizi) constituents on the activity of hepatic microsomal CYP450 isozymes in rats detected by using a cocktail probe substrates method]. Hu, JP; Li, Y; Sheng, L; Wang, BL, 2011)	0.37
" However, little is known about the possible reversing effects of hepatoprotective agents, the understanding of which is of great importance in guiding clinical dosage adjustment for patients with liver injury."	( Cytochrome P450 dysregulations in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats and the counteracting effects of hepatoprotective agents. Hao, H; Jiang, S; Kang, A; Wang, G; Wang, H; Xie, T; Xie, Y; Yao, X; Zhou, F, 2012)	0.38
"The minimum dosage of Tiangou Jiangya capsule is relatively safe."	( [Experimental studies on toxic effects of Tiangou Jiangya capsule]. Chen, Y; Li, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhu, X; Zou, L, 2011)	0.37
" However, their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties remain poorly characterized, and high dosage animal studies may provide further information on their in vivo functions and pharmacological effects."	( Plasma and tissue concentrations of α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol following high dose dietary supplementation in mice. Baxter, LL; Incao, A; Marugan, JJ; McKew, JC; Pavan, WJ; Xiao, J; Zheng, W, 2012)	0.38
" Magnolol under low and moderate dosage possesses the ability to protect heart from ischemic/reperfusion injury, reduces atherosclerotic change, protects endothelial cell against apoptosis and inhibits neutrophil-endothelial adhesion."	( Cardiovascular protection of magnolol: cell-type specificity and dose-related effects. Ho, JH; Hong, CY, 2012)	0.38
" For the dose-response study, animals were treated topically with acetone or honokiol (30, 45, and 60 μg) one hour before the UVB exposure."	( Time and dose-response effects of honokiol on UVB-induced skin cancer development. Chilampalli, C; Dwivedi, C; Fahmy, H; Guillermo, RF; Zeman, D; Zhang, X, 2012)	0.38
" The blood samples were collected before dosing and subsequently at 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h following gavage."	( Effect of formula compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of components from Dachengqi Decoction [See Text] in rats. Chen, GY; Gong, HL; Huang, X; Tang, WF; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response curves were also constructed for pre-incubation of vascular rings with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (a non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), indomethacin (an unspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor), and 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor)."	( The lignan (-)-cubebin inhibits vascular contraction and induces relaxation via nitric oxide activation in isolated rat aorta. Andrade E Silva, ML; Bastos, JK; Carvalho, MT; Celotto, AC; Cunha, WR; Evora, PR; Rezende, KC, 2013)	0.39
" The findings could be useful tools for the development of stable and bioavailable oral dosage forms of phyllanthin."	( Physicochemical characterization of phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn. Hanh, ND; Mitrevej, A; Sinchaipanid, N, 2014)	0.4
" Also, there might be potential interactions between SLE or DDB and co-administered medicines and it is necessary to adjust the dosage of co-administrated medicines in clinical medication of liver disease."	( Reversing effects of lignans on CCl4-induced hepatic CYP450 down regulation by attenuating oxidative stress. Guo, C; Hao, H; Kang, A; Wang, G; Wang, H; Xie, Y, 2014)	0.72
" Our results showed that cell injury (indicated by apoptosis ratio, caspase 3/7-like activity, and LDH release), oxidative stress (indicated by ROS production, 4-HNE, and MDA contents), NOX activity, and NOX expression (NOX2 and NOX4 isoforms) were dramatically increased in PC12 cells following H/R, which were attenuated in the presence of VB-1 at dosage of 10(-7) or 10(-6) M."	( Protective effect of vitexin compound B-1 against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury in differentiated PC12 cells via NADPH oxidase inhibition. Jiang, JL; Li, TB; Lou, Z; Luo, XJ; Peng, J; Tan, B; Yang, J; Yang, ZB; Zhou, YJ, 2014)	0.4
" And the in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activity was evaluated on the expression of HBV replication, HBsAg, HBeAg, ALT and AST on day 0, 7, 14, 17 after niranthin was dosed intragastricly (i."	( In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. Cao, X; Liu, S; Liu, Z; Shi, K; Wei, W; Zhou, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, both single and multiple dosing treatments of SC alcoholic extract remarkably decreased the in vivo metabolism of tacrolimus indicated by the enhanced AUC (7-12 fold) and elevated Cmax (10 fold)."	( Multifaceted interaction of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Schisandra chinensis with cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism in rats. Hu, J; Li, Y; Wang, B; Yang, S, 2014)	0.4
"Rats were divided into 7 groups and dosed consecutively for 7 days with mono and combined-therapy administrations."	( A metabonomic study of cardioprotection of ginsenosides, schizandrin, and ophiopogonin D against acute myocardial infarction in rats. Jiang, M; Kang, L; Li, Z; Liu, X; Wang, Y; Xu, L; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" And the in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activity was evaluated on the expression of HBV replication, HBsAg, HBeAg, ALT and AST on day 0, 7, 14, 17 after nirtetralin B was dosed intragastricly (i."	( In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan nirtetralin B isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. Cao, X; Li, Y; Lin, X; Liu, S; Shi, K; Wei, W; Zhou, M, 2014)	0.4
" This study was conducted to compare the time- and dose-response between Sch B- and SF oil (SFO)-induced changes in hepatic and serum parameters in mice."	( Time and dose relationships between schisandrin B- and schisandrae fructus oil-induced hepatotoxicity and the associated elevations in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in mice. Chu, ZS; Ko, KM; Pan, SY; Sun, N; Wang, XY; Yu, ZL; Zhang, Y; Zhou, SF; Zhu, PL, 2014)	0.4
" In the acute toxicity tests, the estimated median lethal dosage (LD50) was 50."	( Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of honokiol microemulsion. An, Q; Chen, S; Jin, H; Li, J; Wang, A; Wen, J; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.42
" Meanwhile, there was no observable acute toxicity of arctigenic acid treatment at the dosage of 280 mg/kg body weight daily in the acute 14-day toxicity study in mice."	( Arctigenic acid, the key substance responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of Fructus Arctii. Feng, Y; Gu, C; Ju, J; Ruan, K; Wang, H; Wang, K; Xu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Six lignans pretreatment before APAP dosing could prevent the depletions of total liver glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial GSH caused by APAP."	( Hepato-protective effects of six schisandra lignans on acetaminophen-induced liver injury are partially associated with the inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation. Bi, H; Chen, P; Fan, X; Huang, M; Jiang, Y; Tan, H; Wang, Y; Zeng, H, 2015)	1.19
" Future studies will assess appropriate dosing and target populations for FS, while exploring clinical outcomes."	( Flaxseed modulates inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Christofidou-Solomidou, M; Hadjiliadis, D; Lawson, JA; Pietrofesa, RA; Turowski, JB, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of honokiol microemulsion is 600 μg/kg/day, 75 times above the therapeutic dosage and it has embryo-fetal toxicity at a dose level of 2000 μg/kg/day, which is approximately 250 times above the therapeutic dosage."	( Embryo-fetal development toxicity of honokiol microemulsion intravenously administered to pregnant rats. Bao, J; Chen, S; Jin, H; Li, W; Peng, B; Wang, A; Wang, L; Wei, J; Ye, X; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Results showed that dosing of 15."	( The antiviral activity of arctigenin in traditional Chinese medicine on porcine circovirus type 2. Chen, J; Chen, X; Fu, S; Gong, S; Guo, Y; He, Q; Jin, E; Li, W; Qian, Y; Yan, W; Yang, H; Ye, S, 2016)	0.43
" More importantly, intratracheal delivery of these magnolol-loaded microparticles significantly reduced the lung inflammatory responses at low dosage of magnolol (0."	( Protective effect of magnolol-loaded polyketal microparticles on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Chou, CL; Chou, TC; Kao, CY; Liu, LC; Tsai, T, 2016)	0.43
" Based on these results, ARG and its two amino acid derivatives without protective group (ARG8, ARG10) were selected to evaluate their anti-tumor activity in vivo at a dosage of 40 mg/kg."	( The Synthesis and Evaluation of Arctigenin Amino Acid Ester Derivatives. Cai, EB; Jia, CX; Li, W; Song, XZ; Yang, LM; Zhang, WY; Zhao, Y; Zheng, ML, 2016)	0.43
" Study-specific relative risks (RR) were pooled in both categorical and dose-response meta-analyses."	( Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Botma, A; Chang-Claude, J; Hüsing, A; Jiang, R; Rudolph, A, 2016)	0.43
" Compared with the serum sample of blank and dosed samples, 24 prototype compositions were characterized."	( High-throughput ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry approach for the rapid analysis and characterization of multiple constituents of the fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms. Han, Y; Liu, L; Meng, X; Sun, H; Wang, X; Yan, G; Zhang, A; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Based on these results, ARG6' and ARG9' were selected at a dosage of 40 mg/kg to evaluate their antitumour activity."	( Synthesis and antitumour activity of arctigenin amino acid ester derivatives against H22 hepatocellular carcinoma. Cai, E; Gao, X; Guo, S; Han, M; Wang, Y; Xia, J; Yang, L; Zhao, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Nonlinear dose-response analysis was modeled by using restricted cubic splines."	( Dietary Flavonoid and Lignan Intake and Mortality in Prospective Cohort Studies: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Galvano, F; Giovannucci, EL; Godos, J; Grosso, G; Micek, A; Pajak, A; Sciacca, S, 2017)	0.46
" At the dosage of 20 μmol•L⁻¹, schisantherin A attenuated the migration and tube formation of SK-HEP-1 cells induced by VEGF, and also inhibition the formation of rat aortic rings and intersegmental vessel changes of transgenic zebrafish, and significantly reduce the number of vessels in zebrafish."	( [Effect of schisantherin A inhibit liver sinusoid endothelial cell function and action against liver fibrosis relating to angiogenesis]. Liu, CH; Lv, J; Tao, YY; Zhao, ZM; Zhu, CW, 2016)	0.43
" The results demonstrated that uniformity of dosage units of NS-GNDP was acceptable according to the criteria of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015J."	( Improved stability and oral bioavailability of Ganneng dropping pills following transforming lignans of herpetospermum caudigerum into nanosuspensions. Cheng, L; Li, JJ; Qiu, L; Shen, CY; Shen, G; Xu, R; Yuan, HL; Zheng, J, 2018)	0.7
" The results showed\ that pretreatment with a lower dosage of Sch B (25, 50 mg·kg−1) prevented CLZ-induced liver injury as indicated\ by the reduced levels of ALT, AST and ALP, and the preserved activities of SOD, GSH and inhibiting MDA."	( [Protection effects of schizandrin B against liver injury induced by clozapine in mice]. Bai, HY; Feng, S, 2017)	0.46
" Kampo formulation containing SF is usually prepared as decoctions in the dosage form of whole crude drug (W), as its size is small enough to measure using a spoon."	( Effects of crushed Schisandra Fruit on the content of lignans in Kampo decoction. Atsumi, T; Makino, T; Ohtsuka, I; Yokogawa, T; Yokoyama, Y, 2019)	0.76
" It can be further studied for optimum dosage to be used as a future of anti-anxiety drug development or as a standardized Phytomedicine."	( An Insight Into the Anxiolytic Effects of Lignans (Phyllanthin and Hypophyllanthin) and Tannin (Corilagin) Rich Extracts of Chopade, AR; Dharanguttikar, VR; Dias, RJ; Mali, SN; Naikwade, NS; Patil, PA; Pol, RP, 2021)	0.89
" Therefore, identifying novel drug delivery approaches to achieve optimal dosing of therapeutic agents can be beneficial in managing toxicities and to attain optimal therapeutic effects."	( Novel Honokiol-eluting PLGA-based scaffold effectively restricts the growth of renal cancer cells. Balan, M; Bhowmick, S; Chakraborty, S; Hamedani, Y; Pal, S; Sabarwal, A, 2020)	0.56
"Male TgCRND8 mice were daily orally administered Nano-HO or HO at the same dosage (20 mg/kg) for 17 consecutive weeks, followed by assessment of the spatial learning and memory functions using the Morris Water Maze test (MWMT)."	( Nano-Honokiol ameliorates the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting neuropathology and modulating gut microbiota. Huang, YF; Ip, SP; Li, QP; Lin, ZX; Qu, C; Su, ZR; Xian, YF; Xie, YL; Xu, QQ; Yang, W; Yuan, QJ, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, the dose-response relationships between urinary lignans or enterolactone and depressive symptoms showed a linear trend."	( The association between urinary phytoestrogens and depressive symptoms. Cui, K; Feng, Z; Luo, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.96
" In addition, Mag-NS-SD was prepared by adding Monoglyceride (MG) and Lecithin High Potency (LHP) into the Mag-S-SD (Mag:PS-630 = 1:3), so as to reduce the dosage of carrier and improve the release rate."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Supersaturated Solid Dispersion of Magnolol : Theme: Advancements in Amorphous Solid Dispersions to Improve Bioavailability. Deng, W; Gao, P; Ji, D; Mu, C; Ning, J; Sun, H; Yang, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" The best dosage to improve risk biomarkers of patients with T2DM and MetS is 30-35 ml daily of sesame oil or inclusion of sesame oil in daily dietary patterns up to 30% of total energy for 8-12 weeks and/or 200 mg daily of sesamin supplementation for eight weeks."	( Therapeutic Effectiveness of Sesame Preparations and its Bioactive Ingredients in Management of Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Abbasi, MM; Mahmoodi, MR, 2023)	0.91
"7 cells in a manner that is dependent on the dosage administered."	( Schisandrin A ameliorates airway inflammation in model of asthma by attenuating Th2 response. Deng, L; He, J; Huang, F; Lin, Q; Liu, K; Luo, L; Qiu, Q; Su, J; Zhang, W, 2023)	0.91
" The optimal processing parameters of GMOC were ginger juice dosage of 8%, moistening time of 120 min, and processing at 100 ℃ for 7 min."	( [Processing Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex with ginger juice: process optimization based on AHP-CRITIC weighting method and composition changes after processing]. Fan, XC; Lu, TL; Mao, CQ; Qi, YF; Su, YA; Wang, SC; Zhang, KW, 2023)	0.91
" This review not only considers the estrogen-like activity of lignans but also discusses the safe dosage of lignans at different life stages."	( The What and Who of Dietary Lignans in Human Health: Special Attention to Estrogen Effects and Safety Evaluation. Li, J; Luo, L; Ma, X; Tang, D; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.44

Product Category	Products
Food & Beverages	6
Vitamins & Supplements	1

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Carrington Farms Organic Flax Chia Blend Gluten Free -- 12 oz	Carrington Farms	Food & Beverages	Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Carrington Farms Organic Flax Hemp Blend -- 10 oz	Carrington Farms	Food & Beverages	Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Herbal Secrets Organic Whole Flaxseed -- 2 lbs	Herbal Secrets	Vitamins & Supplements	Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Spectrum Essentials Ground Flax with Mixed Berries -- 12 oz	Spectrum	Food & Beverages	Omega-3, Lignans, cane sugar	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Spectrum Essentials Organic Whole Premium Flaxseed -- 15 oz	Spectrum	Food & Beverages	Omega-3, Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Spectrum Essentials® Organic Cold Milled Ground Premium Flaxseed -- 24 oz	Spectrum	Food & Beverages	Omega-3, Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Spectrum Organic Ground Flaxseed -- 14 oz	Spectrum	Food & Beverages	Omega-3, Lignans	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
podophyllotoxin glucosides metabolism	0	14

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	203 (2.96)	18.7374
1990's	440 (6.42)	18.2507
2000's	1763 (25.73)	29.6817
2010's	3346 (48.83)	24.3611
2020's	1101 (16.07)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	95 (1.35%)	5.53%
Reviews	415 (5.91%)	6.00%
Case Studies	15 (0.21%)	4.05%
Observational	4 (0.06%)	0.25%
Other	6,495 (92.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.82	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	3.51	7	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	1.99	1	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	4.54	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.48	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.25	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.1	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.05	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.88	10	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.74	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.4	6	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	3.66	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.31	1	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene [no description available]	2.44	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.86	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.51	2	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.76	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.29	6	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.41	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	3.01	4	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	7.97	4	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.32	6	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.72	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.03	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.28	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.13	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	4.49	6	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.22	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.79	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.75	3	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	5.13	13	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.63	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	1.99	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	6.46	66	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	3.41	1	1	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.44	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.7	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.98	8	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.95	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.34	6	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	3.11	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceric acid glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	trionic acid	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.52	5	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.01	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	3.77	11	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.43	7	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.71	3	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.08	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.87	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.73	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.54	2	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	13.32	87	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.5	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.83	3	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.55	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	4.49	7	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.81	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.61	6	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.68	17	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.25	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.43	2	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.77	10	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	5.32	9	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.72	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.31	1	1	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.06	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.48	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.44	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.49	2	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.8	3	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.31	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	3.21	5	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.06	4	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.52	8	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.03	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.59	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.55	2	0	quinolone
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.1	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.06	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.95	11	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.07	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.13	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.01	1	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.66	3	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	3.11	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.72	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2	1	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.44	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.48	2	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	10.53	20	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.06	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2.37	2	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
theophylline [no description available]	3.05	4	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.1	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
anastrozole [no description available]	4.4	1	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	3.5	7	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	4.42	20	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.07	5	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	2.05	1	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.16	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	5.51	11	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.76	3	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.03	1	0
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.08	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	4.52	7	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.78	10	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.46	2	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
celecoxib [no description available]	3.07	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	2.25	1	0	pyridinium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.08	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.38	6	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.5	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.03	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	4.77	2	1	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
croconazole croconazole: RN & structure given from first source for parent cpd	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; monochlorobenzenes
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.15	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	1.99	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.17	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.37	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.12	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.48	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.06	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.11	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.37	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.08	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	1.99	1	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	2	1	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.07	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.02	13	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.54	8	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	8.14	5	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.07	1	0	phenoxazine
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	4.41	6	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.11	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.02	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.15	5	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.41	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.71	9	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.4	2	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.01	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.76	3	0
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	sulfonamide
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.43	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	3.52	2	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.58	2	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.11	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.21	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.38	2	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.21	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.13	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	3.53	8	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
ioversol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.21	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.12	4	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.85	11	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.31	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.55	2	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.15	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.07	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.25	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.96	4	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.1	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.59	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
nocodazole [no description available]	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.43	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.67	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.33	6	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.02	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.78	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.45	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.41	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	3.43	1	1	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.22	5	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.45	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.8	2	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.51	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.03	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	4.15	14	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.47	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.1	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.54	8	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.14	5	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2.31	1	0	oxopurine
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.52	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.89	4	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phloretin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.58	2	0	aromatic ketone
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pomiferin pomiferin: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	isoflavanones
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.41	7	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.98	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.06	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.41	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.27	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.47	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.44	2	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.46	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.39	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.01	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.06	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.5	2	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	3.01	4	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.61	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.45	2	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.47	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.31	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.25	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.07	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
temozolomide [no description available]	3.27	5	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.1	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.49	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	1.97	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	2.15	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tyramine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.97	1	0
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	3.23	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.27	17	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.06	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.03	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.5	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	3.27	1	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	3.47	1	1	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.53	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.53	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	3.25	6	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	6.03	5	2	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.5	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.97	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.05	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.45	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	2.9	4	0
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.57	2	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	11.86	49	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.02	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.01	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.58	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	3	4	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.23	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.1	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.14	15	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.03	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.1	1	0	steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	5.11	10	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.17	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	2.15	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.4	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	9.19	3	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.7	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.21	5	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.13	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.38	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	5.06	15	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.03	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.52	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.97	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.05	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.59	9	0	quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.25	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.13	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.15	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.92	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	3.08	5	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.11	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.41	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.99	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.69	3	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.57	8	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.03	1	0	oxo steroid
mannitol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.55	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	9.09	4	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.02	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	4.95	2	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.03	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.21	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	7.42	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.07	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	7.31	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.97	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.3	6	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
isocyanic acid isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.	3.06	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.02	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.45	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.91	12	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.08	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.97	8	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	8.5	7	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.21	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methacrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.18	5	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.42	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.97	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.45	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.75	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
2-methylanthraquinone 2-methylanthraquinone: form Morinda officinalis How.. 2-methylanthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.07	1	0	anthraquinone
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.01	1	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	3.7	1	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.05	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.01	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.1	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.11	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	7.05	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.97	4	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.21	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.64	8	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	5.63	13	0	xanthene
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.	2.03	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.	1.98	1	0	benzyl alcohols; dimethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	fungal metabolite
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.97	4	0	phenylpropanoid
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	3.6	8	0	organic molecular entity
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.49	2	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
piperonylic acid piperonylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. piperonylic acid : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a carboxy group at position 5. It is a natural product isolated from several plant species. It is a selective mechanism-based inactivator of the trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase enzyme and exhibits antifungal and skin wound healing properties.	2.07	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; benzodioxoles; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; EC 1.14.14.91 ( trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; vulnerary
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.25	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	dioxanes
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	18.31	416	33	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.78	3	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
1,4-dinitrobenzene 1,4-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene carrying nitro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.11	1	0	dinitrobenzene
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.1	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
n,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine N,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine: universal thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent	2	1	0
4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate: used as a hardening agent incorporated in polyurethanes. diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate : A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.	1.97	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylmethane diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.	2.17	1	0	diarylmethane
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
boric acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	boric acids	astringent
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	7.73	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
acrolein [no description available]	3.85	11	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.42	2	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	4.02	13	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	3.3	6	0
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.96	4	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	6.81	45	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	4.3	5	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.15	5	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.73	9	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.6	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
talbutal [no description available]	2.02	1	0	barbiturates
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.17	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
tetralin tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.	3.16	5	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon; tetralins
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	3.12	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
veratraldehyde [no description available]	2.72	3	0	benzaldehydes; dimethoxybenzene	antifungal agent
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.41	2	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.19	5	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.1	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.08	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
indolebutyric acid indolebutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. indole-3-butyric acid : A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.	2.07	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; plant hormone; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.04	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	9.42	66	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	4.56	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.17	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
estragole estragole : A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.5	2	0	alkenylbenzene; monomethoxybenzene; phenylpropanoid	carcinogenic agent; flavouring agent; genotoxin; insect attractant; plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.62	8	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.02	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	4.7	4	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.15	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.05	25	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	4.67	8	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.11	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.37	3	0	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	3.17	5	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.57	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
1,3-benzodioxole 1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.	2.01	1	0	benzodioxole
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.58	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.98	11	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.1	4	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.99	4	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	6.29	28	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.06	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.51	2	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.02	1	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.77	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.53	7	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.78	3	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.11	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.51	2	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	8.11	4	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	8.71	9	0
rhein [no description available]	3.69	9	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	3.33	6	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.47	7	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.44	2	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.85	3	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.69	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.14	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.47	2	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
1,4-benzodioxan 1,4-benzodioxan: structure in first source	7.07	1	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.41	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	4.25	6	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.82	2	0	epsilon-lactone
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	2.1	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.48	2	0	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	2.11	1	0	dithiane
hexacosanoic acid hexacosanoic acid: a C(26) saturated acid. hexacosanoic acid : A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.	2.06	1	0	fatty acid 26:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid
oleanolic acid [no description available]	4.3	18	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	1.97	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.31	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	11.52	105	3	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
triphenylmethane triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.	2.13	1	0	triarylmethane	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.87	11	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	7	1	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.49	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.78	3	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
tropic acid tropic acid: acid moiety of ester alkaloids hyoscyamine & scopolamine; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tropic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.99	4	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
tetralol tetralol: structure	7.03	1	0
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.04	1	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.39	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	6.61	75	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.52	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	3.66	8	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.13	1	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	1.96	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.99	4	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
linamarin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	beta-D-glucoside
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.15	1	0	triglyceride
lignoceric acid lignoceric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetracosanoic acid : A C24 straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.05	1	0	straight-chain saturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	7.38	22	2	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.15	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.05	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
galactitol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	2.03	1	0	anthracenamine
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.44	7	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	2.06	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.03	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.42	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.95	4	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-2-ene bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-2-ene: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	4.59	5	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrrolnitrin Pyrrolnitrin: 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.. pyrrolnitrin : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	3.1	1	0	alkaloid; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.51	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.21	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.04	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.41	1	0
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	2.08	1	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.98	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	5.15	8	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	12.56	67	3	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	6.48	13	1
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.13	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent	2.11	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.08	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.07	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.84	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
beta-butyrolactone beta-butyrolactone: structure	2.17	1	0	beta-lactone
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.93	4	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3	4	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.21	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.03	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.15	1	0	carbon oxoanion
n-methylacetamide-oxotremorine m N-methylacetamide-oxotremorine M: RN given refers to iodide; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
cladribine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
ochratoxin b ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.	2.03	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
1,3-dithiolane [no description available]	2	1	0	dithiolane
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.41	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.42	7	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.53	2	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.94	4	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.06	1	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	8.18	5	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.8	9	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	7.03	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.16	5	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	8.32	6	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.76	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.07	1	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.09	4	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.07	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.88	3	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.46	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.71	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.23	5	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.17	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2	1	0	titanium group element atom
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.76	3	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	9.27	18	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.03	1	0	sodium phosphate
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.37	6	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.44	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.08	1	0	calcium phosphate
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.03	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.83	10	0	dihydrogen
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.13	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.08	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
bromine trifluoride bromine trifluoride: a nucleophilic fluorinating agent	2.03	1	0
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.08	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.17	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3	1	0
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.1	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.48	2	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.07	1	0
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.37	2	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
n-ethyl-n-hydroxyethylnitrosamine N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is N-nitrosodiethylamine in which one of the ethyl froups has been replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It is used to induce renal and liver tumours in rodents.	1.99	1	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl 2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.31	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.44	7	0
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.46	22	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.9	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one: structure in first source. DIBOA : A lactol that consists of 1,4-benzoxazine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4 as well as a keto group at position 3.	3.47	1	1	benzoxazine; cyclic hydroxamic acid; lactol	allelochemical; herbicide; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.44	7	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.35	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.42	18	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.35	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	2.02	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	3.75	10	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.46	21	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.44	2	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.98	4	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.43	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	8.24	31	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	4.67	8	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.31	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.02	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.06	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.03	4	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.71	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.21	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.41	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2	1	0
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	3.18	5	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	1.99	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.25	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	2.01	1	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	1.98	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.78	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.13	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.97	1	0
glu-p-2 Glu-P-2: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	3.47	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
magnocurarine magnocurarine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.69	3	0	isoquinolines
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.11	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.94	4	0
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.31	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.59	5	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	2.13	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.46	2	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	2.05	1	0	pentenoic acid
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
3-n-butylphthalide 3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0	benzofurans
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.46	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.1	1	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.47	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.59	2	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
4-vinylphenol 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	7.02	1	0	phenols	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.17	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	11.18	26	8	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	15	347	5	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.1	1	0
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.59	8	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.08	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.98	13	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	4.7	10	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	11.18	228	1	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	3.03	4	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.08	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	6.28	13	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.08	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	2.07	1	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
xanthyletine xanthyletine: structure	2.73	3	0	coumarins
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.04	1	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.01	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.99	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
secoisolariciresinol secoisolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((R-(R,R))-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89; precursor of lignans found in human urine; structure given in first source. secoisolariciresinol : A lignan that is butane-1,4-diol in which the 2 and 3 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups. (-)-secoisolariciresinol : An enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having (-)-(2R,3R)-configuration.	10.38	126	4	secoisolariciresinol	antidepressant; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
quassin quassin: article discusses quassinoid principle; structure	3.09	1	0	triterpenoid
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.08	1	0	beta-carbolines
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.1	5	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	2.03	1	0
methacycline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
2-ethylimidazole [no description available]	2.31	1	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.71	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.73	3	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	6.49	16	1	1,2,3-triazole
triflic anhydride triflic anhydride: structure in first source	2.53	2	0	organosulfonic anhydride
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	2.53	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	isocoumarins
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.99	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
beta-tetralone [no description available]	2.11	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	11.65	20	0	benzodioxoles
alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position.	2.06	1	0	butan-4-olide	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	6.04	110	0	tannin
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
4-ethylcatechol 4-ethylcatechol: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	catechols
danofloxacin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	quinolines
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	2.1	1	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	6.06	22	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	2	0	tocol
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.08	1	0	benzofurans
hesperetin [no description available]	2.49	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	13.54	496	1	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	13.48	708	1	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	16.64	399	9	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
plumieride plumieride: RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,7alpha(R*),7aalpha))-isomer; from Allamanda cathartica & Himatanthus fallax; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	glycoside
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.06	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
zaluzanin C zaluzanin C: from Ainsliaea yunnanensis and Zaluzania robinsonii; structure in first source. zaluzanin C : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by methylidene groups at positions 3, 6 and 9 and a hydroxy group at position 8.	2.03	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	1.97	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
nodakenin nodakenin: RN given for (R)-isomer; has anti-inflammatory properties	2.25	1	0	furanocoumarin
heraclenol heraclenol: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren	1.98	1	0
isoalantolactone isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.	2.1	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; sesquiterpene lactone	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
hederagenin [no description available]	2.78	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin	plant metabolite
magnoflorine magnoflorine: opium alkaloid having the aporphine configuration; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer; structure. (S)-magnoflorine : An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group.	2.21	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; quaternary ammonium ion	plant metabolite
cornin iridoid cornin iridoid: structure	2.6	1	0	terpene glycoside
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2.9	3	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bilobalide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
homoeriodictyol homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.	2.52	2	0	3'-methoxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	flavouring agent; metabolite
arjunolic acid arjunolic acid: oleanane type; isol from Cochlospermum tinctorium (Bixaceae); structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/89. arjunolic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.	2.11	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antioxidant; metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	3.63	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.51	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4'-methoxyflavone 4'-methoxyflavone: from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae); structure in first source	2.07	1	0	ether; flavonoids
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.81	3	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.	2.44	2	0
pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate): structure in first source	2.21	1	0
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	2.8	3	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	3.34	6	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.25	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
asperuloside asperuloside : A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.	2.47	2	0	acetate ester; beta-D-glucoside; gamma-lactone; iridoid monoterpenoid; monosaccharide derivative	metabolite
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
loganin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	3.25	1	0
o-desmethylangolensin O-desmethylangolensin: structure given in first source	5.01	9	1	stilbenoid
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	8.02	4	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.79	2	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
beta-eudesmol beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).	2.46	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	volatile oil component
aucubin [no description available]	2.55	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	9.47	37	4	hydroxyisoflavans
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.17	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	8.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2.17	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.44	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
alpha-peltatin alpha-peltatin: RN given for (5R-(5alpha,5beta,8aalpha))-isomer. alpha-peltatin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10 but which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 9. It is found as a glucoside in the rhizomes of Podophyllum peltatum.	2.39	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	10.44	11	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
indole-3-lactic acid indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	human metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.1	1	0
xanthorrhizol xanthorrhizol: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n'-phenylurea forchlorfenuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.	2.1	1	0	monochloropyridine; phenylureas	plant growth regulator
1,2-hexanediol [no description available]	2.11	1	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
bursehernin bursehernin: a dibenzylbutyrolactone found in PODOPHYLLIN; analog of podorhizol; RN & N1 from CA Vol 90 Form Index; structure in first source. (-)-bursehernin : A butan-4-olide that is (-)-pluviatolide in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding methyl ether.	3.42	7	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; butan-4-olide; lignan	plant metabolite
sesaminol sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.	10.34	17	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; organic hydroxy compound	antioxidant; plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.49	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
allenolic acid allenolic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	naphthols
benzothiazoline [no description available]	2.15	1	0
aristolactam i aristolactam I: metabolite of aristolochic acid; forms DNA adducts;	2.1	1	0
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
syringaresinol [no description available]	11.72	68	0	aromatic ether; furofuran; lignan; polyether; polyphenol	plant metabolite
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	3.08	1	0
burchellin burchellin: isolated from Piper hancei Maxim; structure given in first source. burchellin : A neolignan with formula C20H20O5 that is isolated from Ocotea cymbarum and Piper wallichii. It is active against a variety of parasites including T. cruzi, the vector for Chagas disease.	3.81	3	0
malabaricone c malabaricone C: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.54	2	0	butanone	metabolite
loliolide loliolide: RN given refers to (6S-cis)-isomer	2.21	1	0	benzofurans	metabolite
diphyllin diphyllin: extract of Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb), a highly poisonous plant; do not confuse with diphyllin or diphylline which is the main heading AMINOPHYLLINE; do not confuse with the theophylline derivative DYPHYLLINE	6.84	32	0	lignan
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	9.53	77	1	glycoside; lignan
obovatol obovatol: antineoplastic agent from Magnolis obovata; structure given in first source	3.37	6	0
friedelinol friedelinol: isolated from seeds of Aster auriculatus Franch; structure given in first source; RN given refers to friedelanol (friedelinol), the (3alpha)-isomer	2.49	2	0
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	7.08	41	0	benzodioxoles
galgravin galgravin: an anti-PAF constituent from the stems of Piper futokadsura, the Chinese drug haifengteng; structures of the isomers galgravin, galbelgin (10569-12-7) and veraguensin (19950-55-1) given in first source; RN given refers to galgravin, the (2alpha,3beta,4beta,5alpha)-isomer. galgravin : A member of the class of aryltetrahydrofurans carrying two 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as two methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	3.65	9	0	aryltetrahydrofuran; dimethoxybenzene; lignan; ring assembly	bone density conservation agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
erythrodiol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.05	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.77	3	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.48	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	2	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
plicatic acid plicatic acid: major non-volatile fraction in red cedar dust; identified by inhalation challenge as allergen; RN given refers to (1S-(1 alpha,2 alpha,3 beta))-isomer	8.86	38	1	lignan
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.15	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.11	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	4.5	4	0
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.16	5	0
geniposide [no description available]	3.22	5	0	terpene glycoside
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.21	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	5.83	6	1	proanthocyanidin
pisatin pisatin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (6aS-cis)-isomer; structure	2.11	1	0
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	drug metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
gamma-fagarine gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	3.03	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid
triptolide [no description available]	3.54	2	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
cafestol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	3.46	1	1
parthenolide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	germacranolide
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	9.48	299	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	8.2	58	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	4.81	10	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.78	3	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source	17.57	304	32	lignan
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.66	2	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
16-hydroxyestrone 16-hydroxyestrone: has implications in estrogen physiology & pathophysiology; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3670	3.94	2	1
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.01	4	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
toosendanin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
geraniin Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	2.1	1	0	glycoside
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2.03	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran: orally active & competitive receptor antagonist of platelet activating factor; structure given in first source	4.17	5	0
bn 52063 BN 52063: mixture of ginkolide A derivatives; platelet activating factor antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba tree	3.08	1	0
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.44	2	0	diterpene lactone
cp 65,526 azidoprazosin: labeled with 125I	2.03	1	0
cubebin cubebin: structure in first source. (-)-cubebin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran-2-ol substituted by two 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively (the 2S,3R,4R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves of Piper nigrum and exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and trypanocidal activities.	4.84	31	0	benzodioxoles; cyclic acetal; lactol; lignan; secondary alcohol	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antimicrobial agent; histamine antagonist; plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
lithospermate b lithospermate B: major biologically active component of dan shen ; improves renal failure	2.03	1	0
matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).	8.26	82	1	gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
cucurbitacins [no description available]	2	1	0	11-oxo steroid
linustatin linustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; structure	2.82	3	0	cyanogenic glycoside
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
foropafant Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.39	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.03	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	thiadiazole
cleistanthin b cleistanthin B: toxic constituent of Cleistanthus collinus. cleistanthin B : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is cleistanthin A in which the 3,4-di-O-methyl-D-xylopyranosyl group is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group.	2.47	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; cleistanthins; monosaccharide derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
neolinustatin neolinustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; related to amygdalin; structure	2.53	2	0	cyanogenic glycoside
allitol allitol: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	hexitol
rp 48740 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.97	1	0
formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester [no description available]	2.01	1	0	peptide
kadsurenone kadsurenone: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2s-(2alpha,3beta,3aalpha))-isomer	12.21	41	0	benzofurans
aschantin aschantin: from flower buds of Magnolia fargesii; structure in first source	3.22	5	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.1	1	0
3'-o-methyl-nordihydroguaiaretic acid heminordihydroguaiaretic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
dibenzyl trisulfide dibenzyl trisulfide: structure in first source; an antiproliferative agent	2.04	1	0
betulonic acid betulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first source	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
aromadedrin aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.	2.05	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavanone	metabolite
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	3.82	3	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	2.45	2	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.44	7	0	nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
anisodine anisodine: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals	18.68	125	12	lignan
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	3.41	1	1	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
f-chemotactic peptide F-chemotactic peptide: potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils	2.15	1	0
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.05	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
genkwadaphnin genkwadaphnin: from Daphne genkwa; structure given in first source	2	1	0
skullcapflavone ii skullcapflavone II: cytotoxic principle from Scutellariae radix; structure given in first source. scullcapflavone II : A tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively.	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	anti-asthmatic drug; plant metabolite
2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0
methotrexate [no description available]	4.36	2	2	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
u 66985 U 66985: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
ono 6240 [no description available]	3.47	2	0
schisanhenol b schisanhenol B: isolated from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
sri 63072 SRI 63072: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	6.75	44	0
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.17	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
planinin planinin: from Zanthoxylum planispinum; structure given in first source	5.5	19	0	lignan
4,7-bis(chlorosulfophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid 4,7-bis(chlorosulfophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid: forms chelate with europium	2	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman: natriuretic metabolite of gamma-tocopherol; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	benzopyran	antioxidant
methylenolactocin methylenolactocin: from Penicillium sp.; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	D-xylose
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	5.15	13	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.78	3	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
molybdenum chloride [no description available]	2.06	1	0
quebrachitol quebrachitol: RN given refers to (D-chiro)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cyclohexanols
evodiamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	beta-carbolines
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	1.98	1	0	organofluorine acaricide
aguerin b aguerin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
4-methoxyhonokiol 4-methoxyhonokiol: an NSAID isolated from Magnolia obovata; structure in first source	4.89	32	0
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	9.27	130	1
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
nectandrin-b nectandrin-B: antifungal lignan from the seeds of Myristica fragrans; structure in first source	3.71	9	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.52	8	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
rhodioloside [no description available]	3.91	3	0	glycoside
torcetrapib [no description available]	3.27	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
interleukin 1beta (193-195) [no description available]	2	1	0
beta-peltatin a methyl ether beta-peltatin A methyl ether: isolated from Mexican plant Bursera fagaroides; antitumor agent of podophyllotoxin (III) class; RN given refers to (5alpha,5beta,8aalpha)-isomer	2.13	1	0	lactone; lignan
justicidin a justicidins: from Justica procumbens	6	33	0	lignan
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.1	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
cycloartane cycloartane : A triterpene that is lanostane in which there is a methylene bridge between the 5- and 9-positions.	2.11	1	0	triterpene
isolariciresinol isolariciresinol: RN given refers to ((1-S-(1alpha,2beta,3alpha))-isomer); structure given in first source. (+)-isolariciresinol : A lignan that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol substituted by hydroxymethyl groups at positions 6 and 7, a methoxy group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.	4.23	17	0	guaiacols; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin 4'-demethyldesoxypodophyllotoxin: from the root of Bursera tonkinensis Guillaum; structure in first source. 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group.	2.02	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; methoxybenzenes; phenols	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
isoflavanone isoflavanone: structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide. isoflavanone : Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond.	2.42	2	0	isoflavanones
t-cadinol T-cadinol: extract of scented myrrh; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92; structure given in first source. tau-cadinol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that is cadin-4-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 10.	2.1	1	0	cadinane sesquiterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
3,5-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,5-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: structure	3.47	1	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
dihydroguaiaretic acid dihydroguaiaretic acid: lignan extracted form Larrea divaricata; inhibitory to beef heart mitochondrial succinoxidase & NADH-oxidase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	10.15	44	0
isovitexin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
malabaricone b malabaricone B: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
schisantherin d schisantherin D: a lignan from the fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera	3.14	5	0
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	5.54	63	0
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.96	1	0
dehydrodieugenol dehydrodieugenol: structure in first source	3.48	7	0	biphenyls
pluviatolide pluviatolide: structure. (-)-pluviatolide : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one which is substituted by a vanillyl group at position 3 and by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at position 4 (the R,R stereoisomer).	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; butan-4-olide; lignan; phenols	plant metabolite
pectolinarin pectolinarin: antihemorrhagic principle from Chinese plant Cirsium japonicum DC.. pectolinarin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of pectolinarigenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavanone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
magnolin magnolin: from flower buds of Magnolia biondii	5.8	26	0
tracheloside tracheloside: a lignan isolated from the seeds of Arctium lappa and Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source	3.1	5	0	glycoside; lignan	metabolite
elenolic acid elenolic acid: extract of olive plant; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure	3.37	2	0
cinnamophilin cinnamophilin: a lignan isolated from Cinnamomum philippinense; thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.82	12	0
kadsurin kadsurin: from the stems of Kadsura heteroclita; has anti-lipid peroxidative effect; cinnamate dimer similar to schisanhenol of Schisandra	3.8	3	0	tannin	metabolite
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	4.1	14	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	2.06	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
pinoresinol diglucoside pinoresinol diglucoside: major antihypertensive principle of Tu-Chung (Eucummia ulmoides, Oliver); structure	9.76	29	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.46	2	0
rubschisandrin rubschisandrin: isolated from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	tannin
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	11.49	128	0
dendrophenol dendrophenol: isolated from Dendrobium loddigesii	2.17	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	3.3	6	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.49	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
dihydrodaidzein dihydrodaidzein: structure in first source. dihydrodaidzein : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4' and 7.	2.48	2	0	hydroxyisoflavanone	metabolite
homoegonol homoegonol: has anti-asthmatic activity; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
helioxanthin helioxanthin: structure in first source. helioxanthin : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-7(9H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at posiiton 10. It is a inhibitor of HBV, HCV and HSV-1 viruses.	5.52	20	0	benzodioxoles; furonaphthodioxole; lignan	anti-HBV agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
medioresinol medioresinol: has both leishmanicidal and antifungal activities; isolated from Sambucus williamsii; structure in first source. (-)-medioresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 1 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the stems of Sinocalamus affinis.	4.02	13	0	dimethoxybenzene; furofuran; lignan; polyphenol	plant metabolite
kutkoside kutkoside: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
kobusin kobusin: from flower buds of Magnolia fargesii; structure in first source. demethoxyaschantin : A member of the class of furofurans that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan-1-yl]-1,3-benzodioxole carrying an additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl substituent at position 4.	3.23	5	0	benzodioxoles; dimethoxybenzene; furofuran; lignan	plant metabolite
6-o-veratroyl catalpol [no description available]	2.15	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.46	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
glycitin glycitin: structure in first source. glycitin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
dihydrocubebin dihydrocubebin: extract of leaves of Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn.; structure. dihydrocubebin : A glycol that is butane-1,4-diol substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl groups (the R,R-configuration).	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; butanediols; glycol; lignan
eudesmane eudesmane: a bicyclododecane; not a napthalene	7.44	2	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone 5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one: from extracts of Hyptis verticillata; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
rhinacanthone rhinacanthone: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
n-propionylprocainamide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
n-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea: induces dysplasia and premalignant lesions	2.1	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
lapatinib [no description available]	2.44	2	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pimaric acid pimaric acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.21	1	0	diterpenoid
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.08	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cefmetazole 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone: structure in first source	2.76	3	0	2-aryloxyketone
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.98	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol: structure in first source. 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by an allyl group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6 respectively.	2	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylpropanoid
eudesmin eudesmin: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source; very similar to pinoresinol	4.51	22	0
gmelinol gmelinol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	lignan
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.46	7	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	2.78	3	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.41	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	8.74	127	0
lupeol [no description available]	3.16	5	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
rocaglamide rocaglamide: RN refers to (1alpha,2alpha,3beta,3abeta,8bbeta)-isomer; isolated from stems of Aglaia elliptifolia; structure given in first source. rocaglamide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; organic heterotricyclic compound	antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lariciresinol lariciresinol: found in human urine. (+)-lariciresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer).	7.08	59	0	aromatic ether; lignan; oxolanes; phenols; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
o-iodoxybenzoic acid o-iodoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 1-hydroxy-1,3-dioxobenziodoxole : A benziodoxole compound having hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 1-position and an oxo substituent at the 3-position. It is a mild and efficient hypervalent iodine synthetic reagent used to carry out several selective oxidation reactions.	2.05	1	0	benziodoxole	EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; oxidising agent
anthricin anthricin: antitumor constituent from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm; structure in first source. deoxypodophyllotoxin : A member of the class of furonaphthodioxoles that is (5R,5aR,8aR)-5,8,8a,9-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(5aH)-one substituted at position 5 by a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl group.	5.23	15	0	furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; lignan; methoxybenzenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
amyrin acetate [no description available]	2.49	2	0
phyllanthin [no description available]	6.67	37	0	lignan
taiwanin c taiwanin C: were isolated from the root of Acanthopanax chiisanensis; structure in first source. taiwanin C : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-6(8H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It is a naturally occurring lignan extracted from Taiwania cryptomerioides and found to be a potential inhibitor of COX2 expression.	3.86	11	0	benzodioxoles; furonaphthodioxole; lignan	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
pomolic acid pomolic acid: from Rosa woodsii & Hyptis capitata; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
kusunokinin kusunokinin: a trypanocidal agent isolated from Aristolochia cymbifera; structure in first source	3.27	5	0
chamaejasmin chamaejasmin: from roots of Enkleia siamensis; has acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antimalarial activities; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.51	2	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
nortrachelogenin nortrachelogenin: pharmacologically active lignan from Wikstroemia indica; RN & N1 from 9th CI; RN refers to (3S-cis)-isomer; structure in first source	4.28	18	0	lignan
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.02	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.04	1	0
schisanhenol schisanhenol: a dibenzyl cyclooctane from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	4.03	14	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.9	3	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.41	2	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.21	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.51	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
elastin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	oligopeptide
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	3.62	8	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.63	2	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.01	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.94	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.07	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopolin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.83	3	0	taxifolin	metabolite
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	3.94	2	1	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.17	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.02	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.96	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.43	1	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
linezolid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
lotaustralin lotaustralin: higher homologue of linamarin from flax; a cyanogenic glycoside; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	2.5	2	0	cyanogenic glycoside
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.99	1	0
ruscogenin ruscogenin: basic sapogenin of Ruscus sp.; RN given refers to (1 beta,3 beta,25R)-isomer	2.88	3	0	triterpenoid
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.16	5	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
ferruginol ferruginol: structure in first source. ferruginol : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.	2.06	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; meroterpenoid; phenols	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protective agent
isopimaric acid isopimaric acid: isolated from the bark of Illicium jadifengpi	2.02	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	3.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	coumarins
naringin [no description available]	3.31	6	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isonaringin isonaringin: structure in first source. narirutin : A disaccharide derivative that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a 6-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
neoastilbin neoastilbin: from rhizoma smilacis glabrae; structure in first source. neoastilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (-)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone
cleomiscosin a cleomiscosin A: has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities; coumarinolignan derivative from Simaba multiflora & Soulamea soulameoides; structure in first source. cleomiscosin A : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3-dihydro-9H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-h]chromen-9-one substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl group at position 3, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5 (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.03	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.72	3	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
trifolirhizin trifolirhizin: from Sophora flavescens; has inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	pterocarpans
yatein yatein: isolated from Anthriscus sylvestris; structure in first source. dihydroanhydropodorhizol : A member of the class of butan-4-olides carrying 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl and (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	2.72	3	0	benzodioxoles; butan-4-olide; lignan; methoxybenzenes	plant metabolite
grandisin grandisin: structure given in first source; a lignan isolated from the bark of Cryptocarya crassinervia; RN given refers to ((2alpha,3beta,4alpha,5beta)-(-))-isomer	4.28	17	0	lignan
hinokinin hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg. hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer).	11.14	38	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	trypanocidal drug
acanthoside b acanthoside B: isolated from the herb Huanghuaren; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer	2.74	3	0	beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
schizandrin c schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;	7.37	58	0	tannin
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.09	15	0	tripeptide
geniposidic acid [no description available]	9.44	6	0	terpene glycoside
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.21	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.75	9	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	4.88	10	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.85	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.08	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.46	2	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	9.26	18	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.03	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	11.47	13	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.41	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.77	9	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.37	6	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	6.94	21	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.11	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	4.51	7	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.28	6	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	2.41	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	1.99	1	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.25	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.49	2	0
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.69	3	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.52	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.46	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.03	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
trachelogenin trachelogenin: structure in first source	3.05	4	0	lignan
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	8.31	67	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.13	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
conidendrin conidendrin: RN given for (3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,9alpha,9abeta))-isomer; a phenyl-naphthyl-furanolactone	4.06	15	0	lignan	metabolite
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	4.73	28	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
retrojusticidin b retrojusticidin B: isolated from Phyllanthus myrtifolius; structure in first source	8.3	6	0
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.04	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	14.39	181	0
euscaphic acid euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.07	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triol	plant metabolite
terameprocol [no description available]	3.35	1	0	lignan
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
8-prenylnaringenin 8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.	2.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.13	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
likviriton liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.	2.99	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; flavanone glycoside; monohydroxyflavanone; monosaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium acetate Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions	2.42	2	0	potassium salt	food acidity regulator
kakoul kakoul: from Asarum forbesii Maxim.; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	benzodioxoles
galbulin galbulin: RN given for (5S-(5alpha,6beta,7alpha))-isomer; structure in first source	7.41	2	0
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.82	3	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
pyrrolezanthine pyrrolezanthine: isolated from the stem wood of Formosan Zanthoxylum simulans; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	3.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.59	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	4.43	6	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.13	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
glycosides [no description available]	14.9	300	8
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	9.05	4	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	3.16	5	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.35	19	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.2	5	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	8.55	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	10.74	51	0	stilbene
coumestan coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	10.22	5	0	coumestans; delta-lactone	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.11	1	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
isochaihulactone isochaihulactone: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	1.99	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.61	2	0	benzamides
haplamine haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
azidopine azidopine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	benzamides
amygdalin [no description available]	3.06	4	0
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2	1	0	11-oxo steroid
fludarabine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	purine nucleoside
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	7.84	69	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	8.36	81	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.05	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	4.22	16	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.	2.44	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester; methyl ester
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.01	1	0	methoxycinnamic acid
3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid with three methoxy substituents at the 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	2.01	1	0
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.72	3	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.11	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.17	16	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.48	2	0	thiazolidinone
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.63	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.72	3	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.01	1	0
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	5.28	16	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	7.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.83	27	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.04	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.01	4	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	8.25	6	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	8.92	12	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
methyltrioxorhenium methyltrioxorhenium VII: reagent used as an oxidation catalyst for a wide range of materials	2.73	3	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.45	2	0
buclizine 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is octyl.	2.17	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
nadp [no description available]	4.21	17	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	5.65	71	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.75	2	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gomisin j gomisin J: a lignan from Schizandra fruits	4.41	20	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
8-hydroxypinoresinol 8-hydroxypinoresinol: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	3.33	6	0	lignan
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.56	8	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2	1	0	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.77	3	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.21	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
kaurenoic acid kaurenoic acid: isolated from leaves of Montanoa tomentosa; structure given in first source. ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is ent-kauran-19-oic acid in which a double bond is present at position 16(17); exhibits anticancer and anti-HIV 1 activity.	2.25	1	0
manool manool: structure in first source. manool : A labdane diterpenoid in which the labdane skeleton has double bonds at positions 8(17) and 14 and carries an R-hydroxy group at position 13.	2.1	1	0	labdane diterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified glucuronide locant	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
5-methoxypodophyllotoxin 5-methoxypodophyllotoxin: from root culture of Linum flavum; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	furonaphthodioxole
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide
methyl-n-dansylgalactosaminide methyl-N-dansylgalactosaminide: probe for the combining sites of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectins; RN given refers to the (alpha-D-Galacto)-isomer	2.03	1	0
valmane valtrates (combination): from Valerianaceae species; combination of valtratum, acevaltratum & didrovaltratum; structure (valtratum)	2	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sesamoside sesamoside: an iridoid glucoside; from Phlomis mongolica Turz; RN given refers to (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
phillygenin phillygenin: cytoprotective lignan from Forsythia suspensa; structure in first source	5.45	17	0
ladanein ladanein: from Marrubium peregrinum; structure in first source. ladanein : A dimethoxyflavone that is scutellarein in which the hydroxy groups at positions 4' and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is an effective anti-HCV agent.	3.17	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone	antiviral agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	5.08	40	0
paulownin paulownin: lignan isolated from heartwood of Phyllarthron comorense DC; structure	2.91	4	0
gigantol gigantol: structure in first source	2.53	2	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	6.27	25	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.17	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	8.77	9	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.95	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
fh535 FH535: inhibits Wnt signaling	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.47	2	0
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.61	2	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	9.07	4	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	9.93	11	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.48	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.49	2	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.87	11	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.07	1	0
calceolarioside a calceolarioside A: structure given in first source; isolated from Calceolaria hypericina; induces platelet aggregation	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
calceolarioside b calceorioside B: a cardioprotective agent isolated from Akebia; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
fraxetin fraxetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.	3	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; apoptosis inhibitor; Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent
olivil olivil: from the olive tree (Olea europaea Linne; Oleaceae); structure in first source	8.71	9	0
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; quercetin O-glycoside	antidepressant; antioxidant; metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	11.15	38	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.84	2	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.47	54	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
coniferin coniferin : A monosaccharide derivative that is coniferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; cinnamyl alcohol beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.71	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	3.16	5	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
vitexin [no description available]	3.17	5	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.48	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.83	11	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.65	9	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.55	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.83	10	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.02	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pinosylvin pinosylvin: phytoalexin found in pine and eucalyptus	7.74	3	0	pinosylvin
scopoletin [no description available]	3.74	10	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	4.12	3	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.87	12	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.96	4	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.09	5	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
sinapyl alcohol sinapyl alcohol: has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties; structure in first source. trans-sinapyl alcohol : Sinapyl alcohol in which the configuration of the propenyl double bond is E. It is one of the main monolignols.. sinapyl alcohol : A primary alcohol, being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 and methoxylated at C-3 and -5.	2.03	1	0	sinapyl alcohol	monolignol
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.43	7	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
feruloyltyramine feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer	2.13	1	0	tyramines	metabolite
daphnetin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.72	3	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.06	1	0
ayanin ayanin: has cytoprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities; isolated from Croton schiedeanus (Euphorbiaceae); structure in first source. 3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',7-trimethoxyflavone : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4' and 7 have been replaced by methoxy groups.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	plant metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.03	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	3.68	9	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.2	5	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.47	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	1.98	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.42	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.44	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	15.57	26	3	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.07	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.43	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	10.61	62	4	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.52	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	2.08	1	0	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.41	1	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.6	1	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	5.15	5	2	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.11	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
isobavachalcone isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	2.03	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
spinasterol spinasterol: RN given refers to alpha-spinasterol ((3beta,5alpha,22E)-isomer)	2.17	1	0	steroid
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.52	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.43	2	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
daphnoretin daphnoretin: isolated from the whole plant Wikstroemia indica. daphnoretin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 6 and a (2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy group at position 3.	3.16	5	0	aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.44	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	3.02	4	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	3.48	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.92	3	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.42	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	1.99	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmetin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
genkwanin genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.	2.48	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	3.36	6	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
pachypodol pachypodol: new flavonoid isolated from Pachypodanthium confine; from Chinese herb Agastache folium; structure. pachypodol : A trimethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy groups at position 3, 7 and 3' are replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Combretum quadrangulare and Euodia elleryana.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antiemetic; plant metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.07	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
sciadopitysin sciadopitysin: biflavonoid from Taxus celebica & Ginkgo biloba. sciadopitysin : A biflavonoid that is a 7, 4', 4'''-trimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone.	2.03	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; methoxyflavone; ring assembly	bone density conservation agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tricin tricin: from Spartina cynosuroides and other plants; structure	3.47	7	0	3'-methoxyflavones; dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.83	3	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	4.29	18	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	9.73	48	4	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.11	1	0	stilbenoid
5-o-caffeoylshikimic acid 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid: from bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum; structure given in first source. 5-[(E)-caffeoyl]shikimic acid : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (E)-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of shikimic acid.	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; catechols; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.01	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
forsythiaside forsythiaside: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source; from the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (qinglianquiao)	2.98	4	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
3,4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid: isolated from Siphonostegia chinensis	2.21	1	0	quinic acid
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.29	6	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	2.01	1	0	stilbenoid
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
suspensaside suspensaside: from fruit of Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae); structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	3.18	5	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
prunetin prunetin: reduces herpes virus-1 plaque formation. prunetin : A hydroxyisoflavone that is genistein in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.01	1	0	7-methoxyisoflavones; hydroxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
psoralidin psoralidin : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 9 and a prenyl group at position 2 respectively.	2.11	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	estrogen receptor agonist; plant metabolite
tectoridin tectoridin: glycosylated tectorigenin. tectoridin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	1.96	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
arborinine arborinine: structure	2.11	1	0	acridines
ellagic acid [no description available]	4.29	2	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
savinin savinin: a lignan from Pterocarpus santalinus inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and T cell proliferation; structure in first source. savinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylidene group at position 3 and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at position 4 (the 3E,4R-isomer). It exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.	4.36	7	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; T-cell proliferation inhibitor
surinamensin surinamensin: RN given for (S-(R,R-(E)))-isomer; structure in first source	8.32	6	0	phenylpropanoid
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.31	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.09	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
curacin a curacin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	thiazoles
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	3.19	5	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.52	2	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.08	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.37	2	0	cinnamic acids
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.05	1	0	octadecadienoic acid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.25	6	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	3.43	1	1	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.08	1	0
codeine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.99	1	0	pyridoindole
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	2.05	1	0	pyridoindole
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.08	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.51	7	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.85	3	0	cyclodextrin
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.06	1	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.49	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.02	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.02	1	0	piperazines
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.06	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
broussonin a broussonin A: has antiviral activity; isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	7.03	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
n-cinnamoyltyramine N-cinnamoyltyramine: isolated from Lycianthes biflora; structure in first source. N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine : A member of the class of cinnamamides that is tyramine substituted by a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is found in rice and exhibits an allelopathic effect to suppress the growth of weeds.	2.13	1	0	cinnamamides; phenols; secondary carboxamide	allelochemical; antimicrobial agent; phytoalexin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cycloolivil cycloolivil: a free radical scavenger with platelet aggregation inhibitory activity; isolated from the olive tree	7.93	4	0	lignan
7-demethylsuberosin 7-demethylsuberosin: fucocoumarin derivative of Angelicae dahuricae. 7-demethylsuberosin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 7-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 6 by a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group. A natural product found in Citropsis articulata.	2.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant metabolite
kaempferol 3-o-rhamnoside kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside: from apple (Malus domestica) leaves; structure in first source. afzelin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is kaempferol attached to an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.13	1	0	glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	5.67	24	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
ailanthoidol ailanthoidol: from Zanthoxylum ailanthoidos; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.94	4	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.1	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative
pellitorine pellitorine: consists of piper sylvaticum Roxb.; structure	2.15	1	0	fatty amide	metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	4.76	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isoelemicin isoelemicin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	olefinic compound
isofraxidin isofraxidin: also see fraxidin	5.28	9	0	hydroxycoumarin
icariin [no description available]	3.84	3	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
martynoside martynoside: isolated from Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
neoisoliquiritin neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available	2.25	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
octadecyl caffeate caffeic acid n-octadecyl ester: isolated from Daphne acutiloba Rehd; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.15	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
artemetin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ether; flavonoids
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.08	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.15	1	0
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.49	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.	1.99	1	0	cinnamate ester; hydroquinones; methyl ester	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
indanocine indanocine: a microtubule-binding indanone with antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.93	4	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	3.09	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.13	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.42	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.69	2	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.1	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
alternariol monomethyl ether djalonensone : A benzochromenone that is alternariol in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been converted into the corresponding methyl ether. A natural product found in Chaetomium globosum as well as being one of the two most important compounds belonging to the group of Altenaria mycotoxins.	2.69	2	0	aromatic ether; benzochromenone	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol: structure given in first source. dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol : A guaiacyl lignin obtained by cyclodimerisation of coniferol.	3.01	4	0	1-benzofurans; guaiacols; guaiacyl lignin; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.46	2	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
hinokiresinol hinokiresinol: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer; inhibits binding of leukotriene B4 to neutrophils; structurein first source	4.04	14	0
aldosterone dehydrodiisoeugenol: an isoeugenol dimer, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages; structure in first source	5.72	24	0
urolithin b urolithin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	coumarins
puerarin [no description available]	2.79	3	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
americanin a americanin A: structure given in first source; structure originally thought to be that given for isoamericanin A; isolated from the seeds of Phytolacca americana; chemline record for americanin A is for isoamericanin A	2.74	3	0	benzodioxine
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.13	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.03	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.7	3	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.32	6	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.25	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.17	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	4.72	10	0
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.06	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
urolithin d urolithin D: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	2.06	1	0
citrusinine i citrusinine I: acridone alkaloid isolated from Rutaceae	2.49	2	0	acridines
hydnocarpin hydnocarpin: structure given in first source; isolated from Hydnocarpus wightiana seeds	2.08	1	0
avicularin avicularin: from Polygonum aviculare L.; RN given refers to L-isomer. avicularin : A quercetin O-glycoside in which an alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue is attached at position 3 of quercetin via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated particularly from Juglans regia and Foeniculum vulgare.	2.1	1	0	alpha-L-arabinofuranoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.58	2	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	8.34	6	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.06	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
eupomatenoid 6 eupomatenoid 6: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. rataniaphenol II : A member of the class of benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 3 and a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 5. It is a lignan derivative isolated from the roots of Krameria lappacea.	2.46	2	0	benzofurans; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
helioxanthin 8-1 helioxanthin 8-1: an antiviral agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.06	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.71	3	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.98	4	0	amidobenzoic acid
terrein terrein: from culture solution of fungus, Pestilotiopsis microspora;structure in first source	2.07	1	0	polyol
12-o-tetradeca-2,4,6,8-tetranoylphorbol-13-acetate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
verrucosidin verrucosidin: tremorgenic mycotoxin; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1alpha,2alpha(1E(2S,3R),3E),4alpha,5alpha)-(+-)-isomer	2.08	1	0
isocupressic acid isocupressic acid: a labdane that induces premature LABOR	2.21	1	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.48	2	0
schisantherin b schisantherin B: lignan isolated from fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera; RN given refers to schisanterin B and gomisin B	3.51	8	0	tannin
phomopsin phomopsin: RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/18/83	3.31	1	0	oligopeptide
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.42	2	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
comfrey Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested.	2.31	1	0
sanshool sanshool: isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum; RN given for (E,E,Z,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	fatty amide
valerenic acid valerenic acid: a saturated oplopanone type indene from Valeriana officinalis. valerenic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.	7.47	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; sesquiterpenoid	GABA modulator; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
acuminatin acuminatin: from Epimedium acuminatum; Chemline give RN 41744-39-2 for acuminatin, but the compound has a different structure than the one given in journal. acuminatin : A neolignan that is 5-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran carrying additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2, 3 and 7 respectively.	7.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; dimethoxybenzene; neolignan; olefinic compound; ring assembly	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
licarin b licarin B: neolignan; RN given for (2S-(2alpha,3beta,5(E)))-isomer; isolated from seeds of Myristica fragrans; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one: antineoplastic, non-toxic fungal steroid. ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one : An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.11	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; ergostanoid	fungal metabolite
isoobtusilactone a isoobtusilactone A: structure in first source	3	4	0	oxolanes
eupomatenoid 5 eupomatenoid 5: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.98	4	0
alyssonoside alyssonoside: from Marrubium alysson; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
idb 1016 [no description available]	2.89	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.45	2	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.21	1	0
rhinacanthin-c rhinacanthin-C: isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus; structure in first source. rhinacanthin C : A naphthoquinone isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.	2.21	1	0
isoacteoside isoacteoside: a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Indian paintbrush (Verbenaceae) Castilleja linariaefolia; also in other plants; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
panduratin a panduratin A: isolated from Kaempferia pandurata; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	diarylheptanoid	metabolite
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.15	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
aurone [no description available]	2.59	2	0	aurones; cyclic ketone
beta-escin [no description available]	7.2	37	0
echinocystic acid echinocystic acid: aglycone moiety of saponin chrysantellin	2.11	1	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	3.25	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.1	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
nyasol nyasol: from roots Asparagus africanus; structure given in first source	3.91	12	0	1,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pentane-1,4-diene	plant metabolite
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
etoposide phosphate [no description available]	3.12	1	0	furonaphthodioxole
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	3.27	1	0	anilide
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bornyl acetate [no description available]	2	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.36	6	0	ammonium ion derivative
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	7.75	3	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.25	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
guaiane guaiane: from Artemisia caruifolia; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
cadinane cadinane: structure in first source. cadinane : A sesquiterpene consisting of decalin having two methyl substituents at the 1- and 6-positions, an isopropyl substituent at the 4-position and (1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-configuration.	2.17	1	0	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.04	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.66	2	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.75	3	0
beta-sitosterone beta-sitosterone: from Torreya jackii	2.11	1	0
1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide [no description available]	3.41	1	0
bicyclol bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.	3.64	2	0
rosavin rosavin: isolated from Rhodiola rosea; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
neoandrographolide neoandrographolide: structure in first source; isolated from Andrographis paniculata	3.14	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.38	21	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	3.53	7	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
hki 272 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
secoisolariciresinol diglucoside secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: major precursor of mammalian lignans; structure given in first source; RN given refers to B-D-GLUCO isomer	12.07	77	4
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.17	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	5.64	5	0	diterpenoid
pipernonaline pipernonaline: derived from long pepper, Piper longum; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzodioxoles
epiyangambin epiyangambin: a furofuran lignan; also a PAF receptor antagonist; from the leaves of Rollinia pickeli; RN given for epiyangambin, the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	5.19	15	0
hetacillin taxiresinol: tetrahydrofuran-type lignan isolated from the wood of Taxus yunnanensis; structure in first source. taxiresinol : A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 2, a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from Taxus yunnanensis.	3.12	5	0	guaiacols; lignan; oxolanes; polyphenol; tetrol	plant metabolite
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.25	1	0
az10606120 AZ10606120: a P2X7 receptor antagonist	2.15	1	0
rosarin rosarin: isolated from Rhodiola rosea; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
clovanemagnolol clovanemagnolol: has neuroregenerative activity; isolated from Magnolina obovata	2.07	1	0
haouamine a haouamine A: from ascidian Aplidium haouarianum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sb 204990 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pumiloside pumiloside: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	glycoside
machilin a machilin A: stimulates osteoblast differentiation; isolated from Myristica fragrans; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
macelignan macelignan: an NSAID with antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and neuroprotective activities; structure in first source	5.85	28	0	lignan
cannabisin g cannabisin G: lignanamide from the fruit of Cannabis sativa; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
manassantin b manassantin B: isolated from the roots of Saururus chinensis; structure in first source. manassantin B : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	8.84	11	0	benzodioxoles; dimethoxybenzene; lignan; oxolanes; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
magnosalin magnosalin: from crude Japanese drug Shin-i; inhibits adjuvant-induced angiogenesis & granuloma formation in the mouse pouch; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.08	5	0	lignan
elenoside elenoside: a lignan from Justicia hyssopifolia; structure in first source	3.27	6	0
peperomin e peperomin E: an NSAID that inhibits the NF-kappaB signaling pathway; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.76	2	0
verrucosin verrucosin: disrupts ion homeostasis in the presence of acridine orange; isolated from Virola oleifera; structure in first source; do not confuse with either verrucosin A or verrucosin B	3.04	4	0
nigranoic acid nigranoic acid: from stem of Schisandra sphaerandra; structure in first source. nigranoic acid : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 3,4-secocycloarta-4(28),24-(Z)-diene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 3 and 26. Isolated from Schisandra henryi and Schisandra propinqua, it exhibits cytotoxic and anti-HIV activities.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; metabolite
imperanene imperanene: a phenolic compound; isolated from Imperata cylindrica; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.02	1	0
hydroxymatairesinol hydroxymatairesinol: a plant lignan from Norway spruce (Picea abies); structure in first source	5.95	32	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.21	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
conocarpan conocarpan: RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3beta,5(E))-isomer; from the roots of Krameria tomentosa (Krameriaceae); structure in first source	8.13	5	0
schisandrol a schisandrol A: dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan from Schisandra chinensis; structure in first source	4.82	29	0
copalic acid copalic acid: a trypanocidal agent isolated from Aristolochia cymbifera; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	anthracycline
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
eupomatilone-6 eupomatilone-6: structure in first source	8.13	5	0
anacetrapib [no description available]	3.27	1	0
talaumidin talaumidin: a neolignan from Aristolochia arcuata; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
niranthin niranthin: RN given for (R,R)-isomer; has anti-HBsAg activity; structure in first source	8.46	7	0
14-deoxyandrographolide 14-deoxyandrographolide: from Andrographis paniculata; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
lyoniresinol lyoniresinol: isoalted from the vine stem of Bauhinia championii; structure in first source. (+)-lyoniresinol : A lignan that is tetralin substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy group at position 4, hydroxymethyl groups at positions 2 and 3, methoxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6. Isolated from Machilus robusta and Sinocalamus affinis, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	8.49	7	0	dimethoxybenzene; lignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
avrainvillamide avrainvillamide: from Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	1-benzopyran
sauchinone sauchinone: isolated from Saururus chinensis; structure in first source	3.84	11	0
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	2	1	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.51	8	0	benzoxazole
dihydroouabain dihydroouabain: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,5beta,11alpha,20xi)-isomer. dihydroouabain : A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.	1.96	1	0
tachioside tachioside: from the linseed meal; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	1.96	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.87	11	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	8.21	6	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	6.97	17	0
oplodiol oplodiol: RN given for (1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. oplodiol : A carbobicyclic compound that is 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 4, an isoopropyl group at position 7, and by methyl groups at positions 1 and 4a (the 1S,4R,4aR,8aR isomer). A sesquiterpenoid plant metabolite.	2.05	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
santalol santalol: combination of alpha and beta isomers	2.08	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	3.31	6	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.46	2	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.03	1	0
4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid 4,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
odoratin odoratin: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0
cleomiscosin d cleomiscosin D: from the root bark of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae); structure in first source	2	1	0
ligstroside ligstroside: structure in first source. ligstroside : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 4-hydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). An important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.47	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; diester; methyl ester; phenols; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
curcumol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	4.13	15	0
norisoboldine norisoboldine: from Croton lechleri, a source of the wound healing latex sangre de grado; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
agatharesinol agatharesinol: structure in first source. agatharesinol : A major heartwood norlignan characterised by a core trans-3-p-hydroxyphenyl-1-phenylpropene structural unit.	3.28	6	0	norlignan
hinckdentine a hinckdentine A: structurally unique marine alkaloid containing an 11b,12,13,14,15,16-hexahydroazepino[4',5':2,3] indolo[1,2-c]quinazoline ring system; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.68	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
herpetrione herpetrione: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.86	32	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.06	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.05	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.83	3	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.41	1	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.52	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.05	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.17	1	0	peptide hormone
viscotoxin viscotoxin: 5 kDa, 46 aa peptide from VISCUM related to other thionins; do not confuse with other proteins from VISCUM	1.96	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.31	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	12.81	22	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.1	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.99	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.83	11	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	4.35	4	1
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	5.22	4	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
machilin d machilin D: from Saururus chinensis (Saururaceae); structure in first source	3.18	5	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.9	3	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
endiandrin a endiandrin A: a potent glucocorticoid receptor binder isolated from the Australian plant Endiandra anthropophagorum; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.01	2	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	9.2	142	0
florbenazine f 18 florbenazine F 18: a PET tracer; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.32	6	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.21	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
interiotherin b interiotherin B: isolated from kadsura interior; structure given in first source. interiotherin B : A lignan with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton attached to a fatty acid ester side chain. It is isolated from Kadsura interior and has been shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; fatty acid ester; lignan; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-HIV agent; metabolite
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	1.99	1	0
arjunic acid arjunic acid: from Terminalia arjuna; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
tricin 4'-o-(threo-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether tricin 4'-O-(threo-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether: structure in first source. (-)-(7''S,8''S)-4'',5,7-trihydroxy-3',3'',5'-trimethoxy-4',8''-oxyflavonolignan-7'',9''-diol : A flavonolignan isolated from the stems of Sinocalamus affinis.	2.11	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; flavonolignan; polyphenol; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite
strictosidinic acid strictosidinic acid: a neurotransmitter agent isolated from Psychotria myriantha; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
Icariside E4 icariside E4: has antinociceptive activity; isolated from Tabebuia roseo-alba; structure in first source	2.55	2	0	benzofurans	metabolite
cycloeucalenone cycloeucalenone: from the stems of Tinospora crispa; structure in first source. cycloeucalenone : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 4alpha,14-dimethyl-9beta,19-cyclo-5alpha-ergost-24(28)-ene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from several plant species including Quercus variabilis, Ammocharis coranica, Solanum cernuum and Tinospora crispa.	2.11	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
chitosan [no description available]	3.51	7	0
2',3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 2',3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: inhibitor of protein sumoylation; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
balanophonin balanophonin: from fruit wall of Cirsium vulgare; structure in first source	3.63	8	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.5	2	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.17	1	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	3.12	1	0
srt1720 [no description available]	3.27	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	9.69	8	0
liriodendrin liriodendrin: 573-33-4 is liriodendrin; from bark of Plumeria rubra; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.44	2	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.45	2	0
glochidioboside glochidioboside: from medicinal plant Sambucus williamsii	2.51	2	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	5.58	9	0
plx4032 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids [no description available]	2	1	0
cinerin c cinerin C: isolated from Pleurothyrium cinereum; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.71	9	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.07	1	0
manassantin a manassantin A: a dineolignan from Saururus cernuus; structure in first source. manassantin A : A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	4.68	27	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	5.34	16	0
mauritianin mauritianin: from Chenopodium quinoa	2.02	1	0
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	5.96	19	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
saucerneol d saucerneol D: has antioxidant, anti-infllammatory, and antiasthmatic activities; a sesquilignan isolated from Saururus chinensis; structure in first source	2.99	4	0
phillyrin [no description available]	2.75	3	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	tannin
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.25	1	0
cinerin a cinerin A: isolated from Pleurothyrium cinereum; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
gomisin d gomisin D: a lignan from Schizandra chinensis	3.15	5	0
ophiopogonin d ophiopogonin D: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.57	2	0	steroid saponin
evacetrapib [no description available]	3.27	1	0	benzazepine
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.55	2	0
nirtetralin nirtetralin: RN given for (5alpha,6beta,7alpha)-isomer; suppresses HBsAg and HBeAg expression; structure in first source	8.45	7	0
tatanan a tatanan A: from the rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott; structure in first source	2.79	3	0
gardenoside gardenoside: structure given in first source; RN given refers to 1S(1alpha,4alpha,7alpha,7aalpha)-isomer. gardenoside : A cyclopentapyran that is 7-deoxyloganin with a methyl and hydrogen replaced by hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups at position 7.	2.13	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; tertiary alcohol	metabolite
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.03	4	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.05	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.3	18	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.05	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.96	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.19	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.17	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.39	108	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	1.98	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
tenuazonic acid Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.	2.31	1	0
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.03	1	0
antimycin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	3.1	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.94	8	1
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	1.99	1	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.11	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.15	14	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	16.44	270	7
oleuropein aglycone oleuropein aglycone: an agonist of both TRPA1 and TRPV1 receptors. oleuropein aglycone : A secoiridoid that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2R,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.17	1	0	catechols; diester; lactol; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; mTOR inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; TRPA1 channel agonist
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.03	1	0	ketal
coutaric acid coutaric acid: phenolic compound from grape; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.41	1	0
carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman carboxyethyl-hydroxychroman: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester: a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
imbricatolic acid imbricatolic acid: isolated from Araucaria araucana resin; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
tatanan b tatanan B: from the rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.11	1	0
2',7'-bis-(carboxypropyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pravastatin acanthoside D: from Salsola collina	4.28	5	0	glycoside; lignan
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	7.76	2	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
hypophyllanthin hypophyllanthin: Anti-inflammatory from Phyllanthus amarus	5.96	18	0
ilexsaponin a1 ilexsaponin A1: extract from the leaves of the plant	2.07	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	4.7	26	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.54	2	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	2.76	3	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	2.13	1	0
azd9496 AZD9496: an estrogen receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.08	1	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.41	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
glaucarubin Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.	3.09	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.71	3	0
denudatine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
rabdosiin rabdosiin: isolated from the stem of Rabdosia Japonica; structure in first source	3.29	6	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	4.86	11	0
ginkgolide c ginkgolide C: ginkolide; inactive to PAF receptor; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
morroniside morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.08	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.79	3	0
steganacin steganacin: bisbenzocyclooctadiene lactone extract from Steganotaenia araliacea; structure	6.98	16	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.47	2	0
catalposide catalposide: structure	2.15	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.08	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.89	11	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.99	1	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.86	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.15	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	1.97	1	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	8.14	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	2.15	1	0
phenanthroindolizidine phenanthroindolizidine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2',5'-dideoxyadenosylcobalamin 2',5'-dideoxyadenosylcobalamin: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	1.97	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.13	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.78	3	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.25	1	0
liriodendrin, 1r-(1alpha,3abeta,4beta,6aalpha)-isomer eleutheroside E: from Eleutherococcus senticosus extract	7.39	31	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.76	2	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.74	3	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.21	1	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	2.02	1	0
roseoside roseoside: from Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae); structure in first source	2.57	2	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	8.14	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.21	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.72	10	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.95	4	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.39	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.52	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.4	6	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.73	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.15	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.54	2	0	dacarbazine
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.57	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.06	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.03	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.73	3	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.17	5	0	guanosines	biomarker
enng [no description available]	2.43	2	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.08	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	1.98	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.17	1	0
nephrosteranic acid nephrosteranic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	gamma-lactone
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	1.99	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.67	9	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.11	1	0
leoligin leoligin: inhibits intimal hyperplasia of venous bypass grafts; isolated from Edelweiss; structure in first source	4.72	8	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.07	5	0
hopeaphenol hopeaphenol: resveratrol tetramer in wines from North Africa	2.17	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.07	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	5.24	9	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.56	22	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	9.56	22	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	10.5	114	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	10.5	114	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.17	5	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.17	5	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.5	20	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	13.36	197	3
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	13.36	197	3
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.5	20	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	11.42	291	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	6	24	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	7.4	39	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	6	24	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.77	3	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	5.64	25	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.16	5	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	5.64	25	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.76	2	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	10.8	32	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	6.17	47	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.8	32	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	6.17	47	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.83	33	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.88	35	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	5.83	33	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.88	35	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	15.57	214	6
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	15.57	214	6
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	12.69	43	5
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	5.42	12	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3.8	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	12.69	43	5
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	5.42	12	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3.8	3	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.41	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	6.1	41	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.81	30	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	8.89	79	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.81	30	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	8.89	79	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	5.45	22	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	5.45	22	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.26	15	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.56	22	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	4.86	6	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	3.67	8	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.53	7	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.72	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.37	2	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	3.67	8	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.53	7	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	3.46	7	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	9.56	22	0
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	7.16	39	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.8	3	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6.3	12	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	7.25	45	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	7.25	45	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	6.3	12	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.78	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.94	13	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.4	6	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	5.26	8	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	5.26	8	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.4	6	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	6.25	18	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	6.25	18	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.41	1	0
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	2.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	7.45	81	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	7.45	81	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	3.35	6	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.56	8	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.56	8	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	14.55	60	7
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	4.69	24	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	4.69	24	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	7.46	14	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.64	2	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	3.62	7	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	3.62	7	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	2.61	2	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	5.59	25	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.59	25	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	4.31	6	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	9.93	65	4
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	5.96	20	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	7.08	27	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.08	27	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	5.96	20	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.8	9	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.8	9	0
Anasarca [description not available]	4.86	32	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	9.86	32	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.41	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.51	2	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	8.76	41	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	8.76	41	2
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	4.11	14	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.97	6	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.97	6	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	10.42	33	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	5.25	8	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	5.25	8	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.82	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.82	3	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	8.32	5	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	10.72	15	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	5.72	15	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	5.11	9	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	3.69	8	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	5.11	9	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.69	8	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	5.43	14	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.64	40	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	8.64	40	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.94	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	9.48	63	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.03	15	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	4.49	5	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	9.48	63	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.03	15	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.82	9	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.82	9	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.6	7	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.6	7	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	5.7	27	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.41	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.41	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.58	25	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.41	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	4.41	19	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.53	2	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.41	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	3.88	10	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.29	5	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.89	3	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.41	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	4.54	8	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	4.54	8	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	4.48	21	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.99	4	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.46	21	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.46	21	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.8	3	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.72	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.41	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.59	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	5	13	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	5	13	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	7.96	3	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.69	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.54	8	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.54	8	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	5.8	31	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	5.8	31	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	3.82	9	0
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	3.36	5	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.77	27	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6	8	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	6	8	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	9.47	13	3
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	9.47	13	3
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	5.21	16	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	5.21	16	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.1	4	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.89	11	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.89	11	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.3	5	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.3	5	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	3.43	6	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	3.43	6	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.6	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.36	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.36	4	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.52	6	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.52	6	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	3.2	5	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	6.74	19	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.04	2	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	6.74	19	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.04	2	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.85	29	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	4.85	29	0
Indigestion [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	7.49	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	6.74	38	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	4.53	21	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	4.53	21	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	8.11	4	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.11	4	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.94	3	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.87	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.41	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.41	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.72	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	4.19	13	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	4.24	14	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.19	13	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	4.24	14	0
Ache [description not available]	6.03	24	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	6.03	24	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	10.87	70	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	10.87	70	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.79	9	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.79	9	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	3.18	5	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.57	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.36	18	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.36	18	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4	13	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	3.52	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.6	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.6	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.6	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.58	2	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	3.88	10	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	8.88	10	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.83	3	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.83	3	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.75	9	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	9.35	26	9
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	9.35	26	9
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.72	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.48	8	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.52	1	0
Acne [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.66	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.6	1	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	8.07	7	3
Allodynia [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.89	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	3.1	4	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.21	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	4.78	7	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	4.78	7	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	8.63	19	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.52	7	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.52	7	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.21	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	6.21	6	2
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	4.75	6	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.09	4	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	7.17	12	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.17	12	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.25	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	4.22	16	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	4.22	16	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	4.34	7	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.57	2	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	6.59	17	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	11.59	17	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.83	3	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.31	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	4.39	21	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.91	12	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.91	12	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	5.53	15	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	5.53	15	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.3	17	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.3	17	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.25	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.78	3	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	8.5	17	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	8.5	17	1
Aura [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.57	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.1	4	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	7.54	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	9.73	48	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	9.73	48	1
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.25	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.78	3	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.28	16	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.28	16	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.25	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.25	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.25	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	3.17	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	3.17	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.61	2	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	3.83	3	0
Metastase [description not available]	6.57	24	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.83	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	6.57	24	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	11.8	22	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	4.92	7	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	4.92	7	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.53	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.25	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.48	22	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.99	12	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.44	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.69	2	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.52	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	5.85	8	1
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	10.85	8	1
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.59	2	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.22	5	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	3.22	5	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.94	3	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.48	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.77	3	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.17	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.25	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.8	3	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	3.82	10	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.82	10	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.31	6	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.25	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.25	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	9.46	67	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.25	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.61	6	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	5.61	6	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.25	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	7.25	23	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	7.25	23	1
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	2.25	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	4.48	21	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	4.48	21	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	3.2	5	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.77	3	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.74	3	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.48	2	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.82	3	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.31	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	8.29	11	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	8.29	11	1
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.41	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.08	4	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.54	2	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.64	2	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.83	3	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.66	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.31	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.59	2	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.15	5	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.15	5	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	5.5	5	1
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.57	2	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	3.01	4	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.46	2	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	3.03	4	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	8.19	24	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.54	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.48	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.94	4	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	3.25	5	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.15	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	3.36	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.15	15	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	3.06	1	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	3.06	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	3.06	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	2.15	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.47	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.53	2	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.57	2	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.03	4	0
LCIS, Lobular Carcinoma In Situ [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Breast Carcinoma In Situ A condition in which abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct, lobule, or nipple to other tissues of the breast. There are 3 types of breast carcinoma in situ: DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU; LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU; and PAGET DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE.	2.15	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.53	2	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.85	3	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.83	3	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.06	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.77	3	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.52	2	0
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.	2.15	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.35	19	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.35	19	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.15	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.17	1	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.17	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.17	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.17	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.15	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.28	6	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	3.47	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.67	10	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.21	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	3.2	5	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	3.18	5	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	4.41	2	2
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	3.09	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.17	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	4.04	5	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.77	3	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	3.56	1	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.59	8	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.03	4	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	8.84	18	2
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	8.84	18	2
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.73	3	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.33	6	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.19	6	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.41	7	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.17	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.45	2	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.54	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.53	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.9	12	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.25	5	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.25	5	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.22	5	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.17	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.21	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.21	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.21	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.21	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.52	2	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.21	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.21	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.21	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.21	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.78	3	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.21	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.51	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	6	14	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	11	14	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.08	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.08	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.3	6	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.51	2	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.77	3	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	4.32	4	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	4.32	4	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	4.1	3	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.73	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	2.08	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	3.86	2	1
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.78	3	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	3.72	3	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	3.72	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.46	2	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	10.71	7	1
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.78	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	5.09	3	1
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	3.38	2	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.99	13	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.99	13	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.51	2	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.93	4	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	2.48	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	4.07	5	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.55	8	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.01	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.79	3	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.78	3	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.1	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.76	3	0
Lassitude [description not available]	6.1	6	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	6.1	6	1
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.11	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.11	1	0
Bites [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	2.1	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.11	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.13	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.52	2	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.13	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.11	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.75	3	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.81	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	4.41	1	1
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.41	1	1
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Anastomotic Leak Breakdown of the connection and subsequent leakage of effluent (fluids, secretions, air) from a SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS of the digestive, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems. Most common leakages are from the breakdown of suture lines in gastrointestinal or bowel anastomosis.	2.11	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.11	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.11	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2.49	2	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.5	2	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.11	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.11	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.99	4	0
Asthma, Occupational Asthma attacks caused, triggered, or exacerbated by OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.	2.49	2	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.61	9	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.53	2	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.11	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.11	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.13	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.92	4	0
Central Pontine Myelinolysis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.13	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.13	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.13	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.13	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.74	3	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.74	3	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.13	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.13	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.13	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.4	7	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	5.23	6	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.11	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	2.49	2	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.13	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.13	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	3.12	5	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.13	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.15	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	2.15	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.65	4	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.65	4	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.52	8	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.71	3	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.05	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.29	6	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.05	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.68	3	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.96	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.05	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	5.24	7	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.05	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	2.05	1	0
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	2.05	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.46	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.45	2	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	7.7	3	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	5.09	5	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.09	5	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.06	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.95	4	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.06	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.06	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	3.46	1	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.07	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	4.37	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	4.37	1	1
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	8.69	15	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.37	1	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.06	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.06	1	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.42	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	3.37	2	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.07	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.07	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.05	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.07	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.74	3	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.07	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.35	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.08	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.08	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	4.17	6	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	3.81	2	1
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.43	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.01	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.01	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.01	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.59	9	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.02	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.01	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.02	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2.02	1	0
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.02	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.03	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.02	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.03	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.03	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.03	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.03	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.7	3	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.03	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.03	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.03	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.03	1	0
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Itching [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.44	2	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.03	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.03	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.42	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.04	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	4.9	4	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.37	2	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	1.96	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	1.96	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	1.96	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.98	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.68	3	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	1.98	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	1.99	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	1.99	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	1.99	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.4	2	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	2	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.91	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	2	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	3.39	1	1
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.8	2	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	3.8	2	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	1.97	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.37	2	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.88	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	3.29	2	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	1.97	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2.88	1	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	1.97	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.96	1	0

lignans

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (6)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (7 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Pathways (1)

Research

Studies (6,853)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 47.52

Study Types