silver

Research Excerpts

Overview

Silver is a transition metal, toxic when ingested in significant amounts, causing argyria (skin deposition) and argyrosis (eye deposition) Silver is a heavy metal commonly used as bacteriostatic agents or disinfectants. Nanosilver is a metallic silver monomer with a diameter of <100 nm.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Silver is a well known antiseptic substance with many practical, clinical applications."	( Evaluation of Soft Tissue Reaction to Corundum Ceramic Implants Infiltrated with Colloidal Silver. Gosk, J; Reichert, P; Rutowski, R; Wnukiewicz, W; Zboromirska-Wnukiewicz, B, )	1.07
"Silver is a transition metal, toxic when ingested in significant amounts, causing argyria (skin deposition) and argyrosis (eye deposition). "	( Pauci Immune crescentic glomerulonephritis in a patient with T-cell lymphoma and argyria. Cunningham, J; Little, M; Owen-Casey, M; Penton, J; Rezk, T; Salama, AD; Stevenson, A, 2016)	1.88
"Silver is a heavy metal commonly used as bacteriostatic agents or disinfectants. "	( Visual quantitation of silver contamination in fresh water via accumulative length of microparticles in capillary-driven microfluidic devices. Chen, TH; Wang, G; Wu, M; Wu, S, 2021)	2.37
"Nanosilver is a metallic silver monomer with a diameter of <100 nm, which has excellent antibacterial activity and is widely used in the fields of medicine and sanitation, disinfection of drinking water in daily life and feed additives in livestock and poultry farming. "	( Nanosilver-stimulated heterophil extracellular traps promoted liver and kidney injury in chicken. Gao, X; Huang, W; Jiang, L; Li, S; Liu, W; Wei, Z; Xu, J; Yang, Z; Zhao, H, 2022)	1.84
"Silver is an excellent antibacterial agent but the optimal concentration is critical because excessive silver is detrimental to human health."	( Balancing the biocompatibility and bacterial resistance of polypyrrole by optimized silver incorporation. Chu, PK; Huang, C; Liao, Q; Liu, L; Liu, P; Mo, S; Ruan, Q; Wang, G; Wang, H; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.67
"Silver itself is a good anticancer and antibacterial agent and employing it with phytochemicals with anticancer properties, and nanotechnology can give the best approach for the treatment."	( A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its Role against Cancer. Bhatt, A; Narwal, S; Rani, N; Redhu, R; Singla, RK, 2022)	1.73
"Silver is an antimicrobial agent that is used extensively in consumer products, such as fabrics and humidifiers. "	( Effect of metal cations on antimicrobial activity and compartmentalization of silver in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 upon exposure to silver ions. Ahmad, HA; Chen, N; Dang, F; Ge, C; Huang, D; Huang, M; Huang, Y; Wu, S; Zhou, D; Zhu, C, 2022)	2.39
"Silver is a well-established antimicrobial agent. "	( Synthesis and Characterization of Ligand-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles and Comparative Antibacterial Activity against Egodawaththa, NM; Guisbert, E; Knight, AL; Knight, DA; Ma, J; Nesnas, N, 2022)	2.41
"Silver is a ubiquitous metal in the marine environment which can be accumulated by marine organisms. "	( Biochemical response of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum to silver (AgD and AgNPs) exposure and application of an integrated biomarker response approach. Aouini, F; Blasco, J; Sendra, M; Trombini, C, 2019)	2.2
"Nanosilver is an environment-friendly, harmless alternative of traditional disinfectants which can be potentially applied in the sericulture industry. "	( Analysis of the effects of nanosilver on bacterial community in the intestinal fluid of silkworms using high-throughput sequencing. Huamao, D; Lichun, F; Lin, C; Tingting, T; Wei, Z; Yi, Z, 2020)	1.4
"Silver, which is a widely applicable antibacterial agent, was used in this work."	( Bioactive Coating on Ti Alloy with High Osseointegration and Antibacterial Ag Nanoparticles. Borodianskiy, K; Kossenko, A; Sobolev, A; Valkov, A; Wolicki, I; Zinigrad, M, 2019)	1.24
"Silver (Ag) is a non-essential metal known to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. "	( Stranded false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, in Southern South America reveal potentially dangerous silver concentrations. Aguayo-Lobo, A; Arredondo, C; Blank, O; Cáceres-Saez, I; Cappozzo, HL; Dougnac, C; Haro, D; Ribeiro Guevara, S, 2019)	2.17
"Silver is a common heavy metal, and the detection of silver ion (Ag"	( Fluorescence Anisotropy Reduction of An Allosteric G-Rich Oligonucleotide for Specific Silver Ion and Cysteine Detection Based on the G-Ag Wang, H; Zhang, D, 2019)	2.18
"Silver nanoparticles are a type of Noble metal nanoparticles and it has tremendous applications in the field of diagnostics, therapeutics, antimicrobial activity, anticancer and neurodegenerative diseases."	( Anti-Alzheimer potential, metabolomic profiling and molecular docking of green synthesized silver nanoparticles of Lampranthus coccineus and Malephora lutea aqueous extracts. Abdelmohsen, UR; Elshamy, AM; Gabr, NM; Haggag, EG; Hussein, AS; Krischke, M; Mueller, MJ; Rabeh, MA; Salem, MA; Seleem, A; Youssif, KA, 2019)	1.46
"Silver is a broad-spectrum natural antimicrobial agent with wide applications extending to proprietary wound dressings."	( Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Curcumin-Cyclodextrins Loaded into Bacterial Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wound Dressing Applications. Adamus, G; Briffa, SM; Gibson, H; Gupta, A; Kannappan, V; Kowalczuk, M; Martin, C; Radecka, I; Swingler, S, 2020)	1.65
"Silver is an antimicrobial agent well known since antiquity. "	( Handling (Nano)Silver as Antimicrobial Agent: Therapeutic Window, Dissolution Dynamics, Detection Methods and Molecular Interactions. Abram, SL; Fromm, KM, 2020)	2.35
"Silver is a non-essential, toxic metal widespread in freshwaters and capable of causing adverse effects to wildlife. "	( Developmental exposure window influences silver toxicity but does not affect the susceptibility to subsequent exposures in zebrafish embryos. Lange, A; Littler, HR; Robinson, PC; Santos, EM, 2020)	2.27
"Silver is a poisonous but precious heavy metal that has widespread application in various biomedical and environmental divisions. "	( Optimization for biogenic microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles through response surface methodology, characterization, their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic potential. Adnan, A; Ahmad, Z; Faheem, Z; Ibrahim, S; Manzoor, MZ; Mujahid, M, 2021)	2.32
"Silver(I) is a soft metal with high affinity for soft donor atoms and displays much similarity to the chemistry of Cu(I)."	( Silver in biology and medicine: opportunities for metallomics researchers. Betts, HD; Harris, HH; Whitehead, C, 2021)	2.79
"Silver is a transition metal that is known to be less toxic than platinum. "	( The selective cytotoxicity of silver thiosulfate, a silver complex, on MCF-7 breast cancer cells through ROS-induced cell death. Mori, K; Ota, A; Sato, H; Sato, VH; Sugiyama, E; Tajima, M, 2021)	2.35
"Silver (Ag) is a widely used heavy metal, and its oxidation state (Ag"	( Label-Free, Fast Response, and Simply Operated Silver Ion Detection with a Ti Chen, X; Hao, S; Li, Z; Liu, C; Mao, S; Wei, X; Zong, B, 2021)	2.32
"Silver nanoparticles is a promising antitumor agent, however, the conventional production of silver nanoparticles have many drawbacks which led to increase in need of eco-friendly biological production methods."	( Nanosilver reinforced Parmelia sulcata extract efficiently induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferative signalling in MCF-7 cells. Abilash, D; Gandhi, AD; Miraclin, PA; Sathiyaraj, S; Sen, P; Soontarapa, K; Sridharan, TB; Velmurugan, R; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.9
"Silver is a non-essential element with promising antimicrobial and anticancer properties. "	( Ag+ Complexes as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Medicine and Pharmacy. Hecel, A; Kolkowska, P; Kozlowski, H; Krzywoszynska, K; Rowinska-Zyrek, M; Szebesczyk, A, 2019)	1.96
"Silver (Ag) is a pollutant of high concern in aquatic ecosystems, considered among the most toxic metallic ions. "	( Silver bioaccumulation in chironomid larvae as a potential source for upper trophic levels: a study case from northern Patagonia. Arribére, MA; Guevara, SR; Rizzo, A; Suárez, DA; Williams, N, 2018)	3.37
"Silver is a toxic but precious heavy metal that has been implemented in diverse biomedical and environmental sectors. "	( Optimization for silver remediation from aqueous solution by novel bacterial isolates using response surface methodology: Recovery and characterization of biogenic AgNPs. Ahmad, F; Ashraf, N; Chen, JJ; Liu, YL; Yin, DC; Zeng, X; Zhao, FZ; Zhou, RB, 2019)	2.3
"Nanosilver (nAg) is a considerably important nanomaterial due to its unique physical and chemical features and its intrinsic antimicrobial properties. "	( Evaluation of the biological fate and the transport through biological barriers of nanosilver in mice. Jiang, G; Jiang, J; Liu, S; Qu, G; Su, L; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yang, Z, 2013)	1.17
"Silver ion (Ag(+)) is a highly toxic heavy metal ion to fungi, viruses, bacteria, and animals. "	( Gold nanoparticles and cleavage-based dual signal amplification for ultrasensitive detection of silver ions. Li, X; Miao, P; Ning, L, 2013)	2.05
"Silver VMD is a viable process for visualising marks on certain dark fabrics and has the advantage over gold/zinc VMD in that the marks visualised are light in colour which contrasts well against the dark background."	( Visualisation of fingermarks and grab impressions on dark fabrics using silver vacuum metal deposition. Bleay, S; Bremner, DH; Deacon, P; Fraser, J; Knighting, S; Sturrock, K, 2013)	1.34
"Silver is a safe element but toxic effects have been reported."	( Localized argyria caused by metallic silver aortic grafts: a unique adverse effect. Berger, P; Liqui Lung, P; Moll, FL; Ricco, JB, 2013)	1.38
"Silver is a strong antibiotic that is increasingly incorporated into consumer products as a bulk, salt, or nanosilver, thus potentially causing side-effects related to human exposure. "	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. Bachler, G; Hungerbühler, K; von Goetz, N, 2013)	2.08
"Silver is a widely used antimicrobial agent, yet, when impregnated in macroscopic dressings, it stains wounds, can lead to tissue toxicity, and can inhibit healing. "	( Reduction in wound bioburden using a silver-loaded dissolvable microfilm construct. Abbott, NL; Agarwal, A; Calderon, DF; Czuprynski, CJ; Herron, M; Kierski, PR; McAnulty, JF; Murphy, CJ; Schurr, MJ; Teixeira, LB, 2014)	2.12
"Silver is a potential threat to aquatic organisms because of the increasing use of silver-based nanomaterials, which release free silver ions."	( Linking toxicity and adaptive responses across the transcriptome, proteome, and phenotype of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to silver. Behra, R; Nestler, H; Pillai, S; Schirmer, K; Sigg, L; Suter, MJ, 2014)	1.33
"Nanosilver is an emerging heavy metal which has a bright future of use in many applications."	( Assessment of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge: a case study of Limpopo province, South Africa. Gumbo, JR; Shamuyarira, KK, 2014)	0.88
"Silver is an ancient antibiotic that has found many new uses due to its unique properties on the nanoscale. "	( Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver. McShan, D; Ray, PC; Yu, H, 2014)	2.12
"Silver is a natural antibacterial agent and in nanoparticle form activity is increased by a high surface area."	( Mutation of environmental mycobacteria to resist silver nanoparticles also confers resistance to a common antibiotic. Islam, MS; Larimer, C; Nettleship, I; Ojha, A, 2014)	1.38
"Silver nanoparticles is an important nanotechnology material with many utilities in some areas such as medicine, biology and chemistry."	( Collagen-based silver nanoparticles for biological applications: synthesis and characterization. Amorin, A; Cardoso, VS; Corrêa, JR; dos Santos Júnior, JR; Eiras, C; Gobo, GG; Kuckelhaus, SA; Leite, JR; Mafud, AC; Mascarenhas, YP; Primo, FL; Quelemes, PV; Silva, D; Tedesco, AC, 2014)	1.48
"Silver is an indispensable metal but its use has to be minimised for sustainable growth. "	( Antimicrobial silver: an unprecedented anion effect. Aigal, S; Chaudhary, A; Pradeep, T; Sankar, MU; Swathy, JR, 2014)	2.21
"Silver is a naturally occurring element. "	( Silver in medicine: a brief history BC 335 to present. Barillo, DJ; Marx, DE, 2014)	3.29
"Silver is an alternative antimicrobial of interest for the prophylaxis of prosthetic infections and electrical activation is known to augment its oligodynamic efficacy. "	( Evaluation of silver-titanium implants activated by low intensity direct current for orthopedic infection control: An in vitro and in vivo study. Cavanaugh, DL; Dahners, LE; Hardee, A; Norris, JP; Orndorff, PE; Shirwaiker, RA; Tan, ZG; Weinhold, PS, 2016)	2.24
"Silver (Ag) is a highly toxic metal to organisms but despite this there are relatively few studies on how it affects marine macroalgae (seaweeds)."	( Accumulation of silver by Fucus spp. (Phaeophyceae) and its toxicity to Fucus ceranoides under different salinity regimes. Berry, S; Brown, MT; Ramesh, K, 2015)	1.48
"Silver (Ag) is an antibacterial material that disrupts bacterial physiology."	( Antibacterial property of Ag nanoparticle-impregnated N-doped titania films under visible light. Chang, HH; Chen, CW; Hsieh, CC; Hung, SC; Sun, DS; Wong, MS, 2015)	1.14
"Silver(I) is an unphysiological ion that, as the physiological copper(I) ion, shows high binding affinity for thiolate ligands; its toxicity has been proposed to be due to its capability to replace Cu(I) in the thiolate binding sites of proteins involved in copper homeostasis. "	( XAS Investigation of Silver(I) Coordination in Copper(I) Biological Binding Sites. Boff, B; Carrière, M; Delangle, P; Deniaud, A; Gallon, T; Gateau, C; Kieffer, I; Lebrun, C; Michaud-Soret, I; Mintz, E; Rollin-Genetet, F; Veronesi, G; Vidaud, C, 2015)	2.18
"Silver nanoparticles are an effective contrast agent for dual-energy x-ray imaging. "	( Development of silica-encapsulated silver nanoparticles as contrast agents intended for dual-energy mammography. Al-Zaki, A; Cormode, DP; Delikatny, EJ; Karunamuni, R; Lau, KC; Maidment, AD; Naha, PC; Popov, AV; Tsourkas, A, 2016)	2.15
"Silver is a very common heavy metal, and its detection is of significant analytical importance. "	( A Silver DNAzyme. Liu, J; Saran, R, 2016)	2.6
"Nanosilver (nAg) is a nanoparticle commonly incorporated into consumer products for its antimicrobial properties that has been detected in aquatic environments. "	( Effect of nanosilver on cortisol release and morphometrics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Enders, EC; Martin, JD; Murray, L; Pleskach, K; Rennie, MD, 2017)	1.37
"Silver is a common topical agent used to combat bacterial burden in chronic wounds."	( SILVER versus other antimicrobial dressings: best practices! Ayello, EA; Sibbald, RG; Woo, KY, 2008)	2.51
"Silver is a well known antimicrobial agent and has recently started to be used in nanoparticulate form, with the advantage of a high specific surface area and a continuous release of enough concentration of silver ions/radicals."	( Enrichment of anodic MgO layers with Ag nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Apachitei, I; Berkani, A; Duszczyk, J; Fratila-Apachitei, LE; Necula, BS, 2009)	1.07
"Silver is an effective antimicrobial agent with low toxicity, which is important especially in the treatment of burn wounds where transient bacteremia is prevalent and its fast control is essential. "	( Silver nanoparticles in therapeutics: development of an antimicrobial gel formulation for topical use. Arora, S; Jain, J; Khandelwal, S; Omray, P; Paknikar, KM; Rajwade, JM, )	3.02
"Silver dressings are an integral part of the management of burn patients. "	( Assessing the safety and compatibility of silver based wound dressings in a magnetic resonance environment. Chaudhry, Z; Coffey, R; Crockett, A; Miller, S; Sammet, S; Yuh, WT, 2009)	2.06
"Silver toxicity is a rare condition. "	( Unintentional silver intoxication following self-medication: an unusual case of corticobasal degeneration. Brown, S; Morgan, L; Morris, R; Stepien, KM; Taylor, A, 2009)	2.16
"Silver is a well-known disinfectant that is widely used in the treatment of clinical disease."	( Silver ion treatment of primary cultured bovine mammary gland epithelial cell (BMEC) damage from Staphylococcus aureus-derived alpha-toxin. Kang, SJ; Park, SY; Seol, JW, 2010)	2.52
"Silver is a non-essential, toxic metal. "	( Ctr1 transports silver into mammalian cells. Bertinato, J; Cheung, L; Hoque, R; Plouffe, LJ, 2010)	2.15
"The silver nanosheet is a two-dimensional crystalline film composed of myristate-capped silver nanoparticles (d = 5 nm), which has a sharp localized plasmon absorption band at lambda(max) = 470 nm."	( Ag nanoparticle sheet as a marker of lateral remote photocatalytic reactions. Hara, M; Hayashi, T; Ikezoe, Y; Ishibashi, K; Kimura, Y; Nagahiro, T; Niwano, M; Tamada, K; Tatsuma, T, 2010)	0.84
"Silver is a metal with well-known antibacterial effects. "	( Metallic silver fragments cause massive tissue loss in the mouse brain. Bibby, BM; Larsen, A; Locht, LJ; Markholt, S; Pedersen, MØ; Penkowa, M; Rungby, J; Stoltenberg, M, 2011)	2.23
"Silver is a proven antibacterial agent which bacteria such as MRSA have little or no defense against."	( Ag-doped 45S5 Bioglass®-based bone scaffolds by molten salt ion exchange: processing and characterisation. Boccaccini, AR; El-Gendy, R; Kirkham, J; Newby, PJ; Thompson, ID; Yang, XB, 2011)	1.09
"Silver nanoclusters are a class of fluorophores with attractive features, including brightness, photostability and subnanometer size. "	( Fluorescent silver nanoclusters. Díez, I; Ras, RH, 2011)	2.19
"Silverlon is a silver nylon dressing designed to prevent surgical site infections, but only anecdotal evidence has previously supported its efficacy."	( The use of silver nylon in preventing surgical site infections following colon and rectal surgery. Davis, DM; Frattini, JC; Krieger, BR; Marcet, JE; Mateka, JJ; Nfonsam, VN; Sanchez, JE, 2011)	1.48
"Silver toxicity is a problem that microorganisms face in medical and environmental settings. "	( Engineered Escherichia coli silver-binding periplasmic protein that promotes silver tolerance. Baneyx, F; Fong, H; Grosh, C; Hnilova, M; Sarikaya, M; Schwartz, D; Sedlak, RH; Tamerler, C; Traxler, B, 2012)	2.12
"Silver is a commonly used antimicrobial in wound care products, but current technology uses cytotoxic concentrations of silver in these dressings."	( Antibacterial efficacy of silver-impregnated polyelectrolyte multilayers immobilized on a biological dressing in a murine wound infection model. Abbott, NL; Agarwal, A; Czuprynski, CJ; Guthrie, KM; Johnson, KW; Kierski, PR; McAnulty, JF; Murphy, CJ; Schurr, MJ; Tackes, DS, 2012)	1.4
"Silver is a powerful antibacterial ion that may be useful for dealing with localized infections, such as periodontitis. "	( Effect of increasing silver content in phosphate-based glasses on biofilms of Streptococcus sanguis. Knowles, JC; Mulligan, AM; Wilson, M, 2003)	2.08
"Silver (Ag) is an important metal contaminant in many coastal waters and often is accompanied by high nutrient concentrations in the effluent outfall. "	( Silver uptake by a marine diatom and its transfer to the coastal copepod Acartia spinicauda. Wang, WX; Xu, Y, 2004)	3.21
"Silver is an effective antimicrobial agent, but older silver-containing formulations are rapidly inactivated by the wound environment, requiring frequent replenishment. "	( The role of Acticoat with nanocrystalline silver in the management of burns. Dunn, K; Edwards-Jones, V, 2004)	2.03
"Silver is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is gaining more and more importance in the wound-management industry. "	( Silver-containing alginate fibres and dressings. Qin, Y, 2005)	3.21
"Silver allergy is a known contra-indication for using silver in medical devices or antibiotic textiles."	( Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Lansdown, AB, 2006)	2.5
"Silver is a xenobiotic element with no recognized trace metal value in the human body. "	( Critical observations on the neurotoxicity of silver. Lansdown, AB, 2007)	2.04
"Silver was found to be an effective bactericidal agent against S."	( Effect of silver content on the structure and antibacterial activity of silver-doped phosphate-based glasses. Carroll, DL; Hope, CK; Knowles, JC; Newport, RJ; Pickup, DM; Pratten, J; Smith, ME; Valappil, SP; Wilson, M, 2007)	1.46
"Silver could prove to be a valuable alternative raw material for antibiotics and disinfectants as it is relatively free of adverse effects. "	( The effects of nano-silver on the proliferation and cytokine expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Kang, HS; Kim, HS; Shin, SH; Ye, MK, 2007)	2.11
"Silver seems to be a more specific inducer of antinucleolar/anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies than mercury and gold, lacks the general immune stimulating potential of mercury, and has only a weak tendency to induce renal immune deposits."	( Selective induction of anti-fibrillarin autoantibodies by silver nitrate in mice. Eneström, S; Hultman, P; Pollard, KM; Turley, SJ, 1994)	1.25
"Silver is a well known antimicrobial agent with broad effectiveness."	( Silver modification of polyethylene terephthalate textiles for antimicrobial protection. Barry, JE; Bianco, RW; Bricault, RJ; Cameron, JD; Holmberg, WR; Razzouk, AJ; Tobin, E; Tweden, KS, )	2.3
"Silver is a recognized cause of argyrosis and argyria. "	( Longitudinal medical surveillance showing lack of progression of argyrosis in a silver refiner. Williams, N, 1999)	1.97
"Silver is an antimicrobial agent that has been proven to reduce bacterial colonization."	( [Employment of St. Jude "silzone" valve in the surgical treatment of early prosthetic valve endocarditis: a preliminary case report and review of the literature]. Cánovas, S; Dalmau Sorlí, MJ; García Fuster, R; Gil Albarova, O; Hornero Sos, F; Montero Argudo, JA, 2000)	1.03
"Silver deposits are a rare cause of a pigmented localized episcleral lesion. "	( [Localized argyrosis 58 years after strabismus operation--an ophthalmological rarity]. Frei, J; Messerli, J; Meyer, P; Probst, A; Schröder, B, 2001)	1.75
"The silver acts as a bacterial shield to prevent bacterial invasion, and as a bacterial barrier to impede cross-infection."	( Avance: silver hydropolymer dressing for critically colonized wounds. Ballard, K; McGregor, F, )	1.05
"Silver sulfadiazine is a new topical antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against most bacterial (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and many fungal species. "	( In vitro study on the effects of silver sulfadiazine on bilirubin binding. Rosendranz, HS; Speck, WT, 1975)	1.98
"Silver staining is a valuable technique for special questions in clinical analysis."	( Silver staining in clinical cytogenetics. Martin, AO, 1985)	2.43
"Silver staining is a simple, reliable cytological method for the demonstration of ribosomal gene activity."	( Silver staining as an indicator of active ribosomal genes. Hubbell, HR, 1985)	2.43

Effects

Silver has a strong biocide activity, which for membranes can bring the advantage of minimizing the growth of bacteria. Silver in toothpaste has a greater antimicrobial effect than gold, but its effect is still inferior to that of a chemical antimicrobial agent.

Silver ions have been widely used as an effective water disinfectant or antimicrobial material for many decades. Silver colloids have been commonly used as substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nanosilver (AgNP) has a large surface area that contributes to enhanced interactions with bacteria, as well as silver ion release. "	( Neutrally charged nanosilver antimicrobial effects: A surface thermodynamic perspective. Chen, G; Clark, CJ; Lin, C; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.59
"Silver has a long history of antimicrobial activity and received an increasing interest in last decades owing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. "	( Structure-Activity Relationships in NHC-Silver Complexes as Antimicrobial Agents. Ronga, L; Tesauro, D; Varcamonti, M, 2023)	2.62
"Silver has a long history of antibacterial effectiveness. "	( DNA-Templated Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters Inhibit Bacterial Growth While Being Non-Toxic to Mammalian Cells. Afonin, KA; Beasock, D; Chandler, M; Danai, L; Kozlov, S; Krasnoslobodtsev, AV; Marshall, N; Rolband, L; Shevchenko, O; Yourston, L, 2021)	2.36
"Silver nanoparticle has an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and anti-inflammation."	( Comparative Trial of Silver Nanoparticle Gel and 1% Clindamycin Gel when Use in Combination with 2.5% Benzoyl Peroxide in Patients with Moderate Acne Vulgaris. Chalermchai, T; Jurairattanaporn, N; Ophaswongse, S; Udompataikul, M, 2017)	1.5
"Silver has a strong biocide activity, which for membranes can bring the advantage of minimizing the growth of bacteria and formation of biofilm."	( Silver-enhanced block copolymer membranes with biocidal activity. Hong, PY; Madhavan, P; Nunes, SP; Sougrat, R, 2014)	2.57
"The silver cluster has a single violet absorption band (λ(max) = 400 nm), and its single-stranded DNA host has two domains that stabilize this cluster and hybridize with target oligonucleotides."	( Ten-atom silver cluster signaling and tempering DNA hybridization. David, FD; Ganguly, M; Kantor, AG; Petty, JT; Rankine, IJ; Sergev, OO; Wheeler, JF; Wheeler, SK, 2015)	1.31
"Silver has a historic performance in medicine due to its potent antimicrobial activity, with a broad-spectrum on the activity of different types of microorganisms."	( Silver activation on thin films of Ag-ZrCN coatings for antimicrobial activity. Calderon V, S; Carvalho, S; Escobar Galindo, R; Ferreri, I; Henriques, M; Palacio, C; Piedade, AP, 2015)	2.58
"Silver in toothpaste has a greater antimicrobial effect than gold, but its effect is still inferior to that of a chemical antimicrobial agent."	( Antimicrobial activity of silver and gold in toothpastes: A comparative analysis. Česaitienė, G; Česaitis, K; Gleiznys, D; Junevičius, J; Maželienė, Ž; Žilinskas, J, 2015)	2.16
"Nanosilver has a broad range of applications with strong antimicrobial activity."	( Interactions of nanosilver with Escherichia coli cells in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Choi, O; Esteban Fernández, G; Hu, Z; Yu, CP, 2010)	1.17
"Silver has a long history of use as a disinfectant."	( Contribution of silver ions to the inhibition of infectivity of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae caused by silver nanoparticles. Chen, X; Cheng, Y; Kong, Z; Li, P; Liu, Y; Song, W, 2013)	1.46
"Silver has a long and intriguing history as an antibiotic in human health care. "	( Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Lansdown, AB, 2006)	3.22
"Silver formulation has been used for external use of burn wounds for several decades, mainly including silver sulfadiazine (SSD), nanosilver dressing (NSD), and silver ion dressing (SID). "	( Effects and Safety of Different Silver Preparation in Burns Treatment: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. Chen, Z; Kuerban, D; Maimaiti, M, 2023)	2.64
"Silver has no biological role, and it is particularly toxic to lower organisms. "	( Medical Uses of Silver: History, Myths, and Scientific Evidence. Medici, S; Nurchi, VM; Peana, M; Zoroddu, MA, 2019)	2.3
"Silver nanoparticles have been used for different purposes in dentistry, including endodontic treatments. "	( In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Used in Endodontic Treatments. Barbosa, DB; Bernabé, DG; Camargo, ER; Gomes-Filho, JE; Gorup, LF; Monteiro, DR; Oliveira, SH; Takamiya, AS, 2016)	2.13
"Silver has been used to treat infected wounds for a long time now, and the strength of the product depends on the number of Ag ions, where the greater the number of ions, the higher and faster the reactivity is."	( A renewed look at silver dressings for wound infections: Ag Oxysalts technology. Dhoonmoon, L; Staines, K; Turner-Dobbin, H, 2021)	1.68
"Silver has been reported to have antimicrobial properties when added to a variety of orthopaedic materials including bone cement, hydroxyapatite coatings and wound dressings."	( Silver Coatings in Reconstructive Orthopaedics: Basic Science and Clinical Rationale. Citak, M; Clinger, BN; Kendoff, D; Link, HD; Richter, DL; Sandiford, NA, 2021)	2.79
"Silver dressings have been associated with a decrease in postoperative pain in selected populations, but it is unknown if the benefit can be observed after cesarean deliveries. "	( Effect of Using Silver Nylon Dressings on Postoperative Pain after Cesarean Delivery. Connery, S; Louis, JM; Nikolic-Dorschel, D; Odibo, L; Raitano, O; Tanner, JP, 2023)	2.7
"Silver-based agents have been commercially available for the decontamination of dental unit water currently."	( The Application of Silver to Decontaminate Dental Unit Waterlines-a Systematic Review. Chen, P; Chen, Q; Hong, F; Yu, X, 2022)	1.77
"Nanosilver (AgNP) has a large surface area that contributes to enhanced interactions with bacteria, as well as silver ion release. "	( Neutrally charged nanosilver antimicrobial effects: A surface thermodynamic perspective. Chen, G; Clark, CJ; Lin, C; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.59
"Silver has long been known for its antibacterial properties."	( Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Dhandapani, R; Habeeb Rahuman, HB; Muthupandian, S; Narayanan, S; Palanivel, V; Paramasivam, R; Subbarayalu, R; Thangavelu, S, 2022)	1.7
"Silver nanoparticles have been intensively studied over a long period of time because they exhibit antibacterial properties in infection treatments, wound healing, or drug delivery systems. "	( Ag Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications-Synthesis and Characterization-A Review. Chicea, D; Chicea, LM; Nicolae-Maranciuc, A, 2022)	2.16
"Nano-silver (AgNP) has biological properties which are significant for consumer products, food technology, and medical applications (e.g., wound care products, implantable medical devices, in diagnosis, drug delivery, and imaging). "	( Cytotoxicity of lycopene-mediated silver nanoparticles in the embryonic development of zebrafish-An animal study. Garapati, B; Malaiappan, S; Murthykumar, K; Rajeshkumar, S, 2022)	1.51
"Silver has been in clinical use since ancient times and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted attention in cancer therapy. "	( Nanosilver inhibits the progression of pancreatic cancer by inducing a paraptosis-like mixed type of cell death. An, X; de la Torre, C; Gladkich, J; Herr, I; Hillmer, S; Liu, L; Schaefer, M; Yan, B, 2022)	2.72
"Silver dressings have been used in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). "	( Effectiveness of silver dressings in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, L; Luo, Y; Yang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, P, 2022)	2.5
"Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the medicinal plant,"	( The Antioxidant and In Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Madiehe, AM; Meyer, M; Meyer, S; Tyavambiza, C; Wusu, AD, 2022)	1.44
"Silver has been used for its antimicrobial properties to fight infection for thousands of years. "	( Structural and dynamical insights into SilE silver binding from combined analytical probes. Arrault, C; Chirot, F; Comby-Zerbino, C; Duroux, C; Girod, M; Hagège, A; Hologne, M; Mac Aleese, L; Martin, M; Monneau, Y; Walker, O, 2023)	2.61
"Silver has been used throughout history for many purposes."	( Silver Nanoparticle-Based Dressings for Various Wounds: Benefits and Adverse Effects. Angthong, C; Phatanodom, K, 2022)	2.89
"Silver(I) ions have been used in various studies as components within polymer membranes or ionic liquids (ILs) to enable separation of olefins from paraffins. "	( Comparison of olefin/paraffin separation by ionic liquid and polymeric ionic liquid stationary phases containing silver(I) ion using one-dimensional and multidimensional gas chromatography. Anderson, JL; Bara, JE; Eor, P; Ryoo, D, 2023)	2.56
"Silver has evolved into a potent antibacterial agent that can be used in a variety of nanostructured materials of various shapes and sizes."	( Advances in therapeutic applications of silver nanoparticles. Allawadhi, P; Banothu, AK; Barani, PJ; Bharani, KK; Kaushal, A; Khurana, A; Khurana, I; Naik, RR; Navik, U; Neeradi, D; Thalugula, S; Yadav, P, 2023)	1.9
"Silver has a long history of antimicrobial activity and received an increasing interest in last decades owing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. "	( Structure-Activity Relationships in NHC-Silver Complexes as Antimicrobial Agents. Ronga, L; Tesauro, D; Varcamonti, M, 2023)	2.62
"Silver nanoparticles have been studied as an alternative to antibiotics."	( Development of Silver Nanoparticles/Gelatin Thermoresponsive Nanocomposites: Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Desimone, MF; Galdopórpora, JM; Ibar, A; Morcillo, MF; Perez, CJ; Tuttolomondo, MV, 2019)	1.59
"Silver ion has strong antimicrobial properties and is used in a number of wound dressings. "	( Safety evaluation of silver-ion dressings in a porcine model of deep dermal wounds: A GLP study. Barillo, AR; Barillo, DJ; Croutch, CR; Reid, F; Singer, A, 2020)	2.32
"The silver NPs have been recognized as efficient broad spectrum antimicrobial agents, which have been fabricated using polysaccharides from mushrooms as reducing and capping agent."	( Comprehensive facts on dynamic antimicrobial properties of polysaccharides and biomolecules-silver nanoparticle conjugate. Abbas, M; Afzal, M; Irshad, A; Javed, I; Malik, K; Rizvi, H; Sadia, H; Sarwar, N, 2020)	1.26
"Silver compounds have been used extensively for wound healing because of their antimicrobial properties, but high concentrations of silver are toxic to mammalian cells. "	( Nine-Residue Peptide Self-Assembles in the Presence of Silver to Produce a Self-Healing, Cytocompatible, Antimicrobial Hydrogel. Beaman, H; Centola, G; D'Souza, A; Gosavi, P; Lengyel-Zhand, Z; Makhlynets, OV; Marshall, LR; Monroe, MB; Schultz, KM; Sternisha, A; Wehrman, MD; Yoon, JH, 2020)	2.25
"Silver nanoparticles have been used alone or with resin, glass ionomer, or fluoride for caries prevention. "	( Use of Silver Nanomaterials for Caries Prevention: A Concise Review. Chu, CH; Li, Q; Mei, ML; Yin, IX; Yu, OY; Zhao, IS, 2020)	2.46
"Silver nanoparticles have been used in a range of applications and although they are already employed in medicine, there are new, promising possibilities for their utilization. "	( Silver nanoparticles based on blackcurrant extract show potent anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in DSS-induced colitis in mice. Banach, M; Długosz, O; Fichna, J; Krajewska, JB; Sałaga, M, 2020)	3.44
"Silver nanoparticles have been studied as an important research area due to their specific and tunable properties and their application in the field of biomedicine such as tissue and tumor imaging and drug delivery."	( Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles through Plants. Ahmad, I; Amin, S; Khalid, S; Khan, H; Shumail, H; Ullah, B, 2021)	1.63
"Silver ions (Ag+) have been proposed as a biocide to treat the water in NASA's next generation of human space exploration vehicles/habitats. "	( Methods for onboard monitoring of silver biocide during future human space exploration missions. Ferreira Santos, MS; Mora, MF; Noell, AC, 2020)	2.28
"Silver has the ability to potentiate antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains."	( Nanosized-Ag-doped porous β-tricalcium phosphate for biological applications. Han, C; Huang, X; Lu, J; Lu, X; Wang, B; Xiao, H; Xie, Y; Xue, F; Yuan, J; Zhang, D, 2020)	1.28
"Silver nanocrystals have been successfully fabricated by the bioreduction route using the ethanolic extract of "	( Biogenic Ag Nanoparticles from Neem Extract: Their Structural Evaluation and Antimicrobial Effects against Maiti, KK; Mathew, GM; Nair, JB; Pai, BC; Pancrecious, JK; Rajan, TPD; Ulaeto, SB, 2020)	2
"Silver has become a global treatment option with the US Food and Drug Administration providing marketing clearance for many silver-impregnated wound dressings and topical agents. "	( Clinically isolated bacteria resistance to silver-based wound dressings. Finley, PJ; Norton, R, 2021)	2.33
"Silver nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of nanomedicine. "	( Pharmacokinetics of Bio-shell-silver-core Nanoparticles (AgNP) in Sprague-Dawley Rats - In Vivo Study. Abbaraju, V; Deshpande, R; Malashetty, VB; Marla, S; Parveen, A; Reddy, S; Sirsand, S; Yalagatti, M, 2021)	2.35
"Silver on this front has proven to be a great substituent as seen in the case of calcium phosphate-based ceramics that addresses the bactericidal properties of a biomaterial."	( Synthesis and characterization of silver substituted strontium phosphate silicate apatite using solid-state reaction for osteoregenerative applications. Chen, D; Jiang, X; Zhao, J, 2021)	1.62
"Silver has a long history of antibacterial effectiveness. "	( DNA-Templated Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters Inhibit Bacterial Growth While Being Non-Toxic to Mammalian Cells. Afonin, KA; Beasock, D; Chandler, M; Danai, L; Kozlov, S; Krasnoslobodtsev, AV; Marshall, N; Rolband, L; Shevchenko, O; Yourston, L, 2021)	2.36
"Silver ions have been used to sterilize many products, however, it has recently been demonstrated that silver ions can be toxic. "	( A microcantilever-based silver ion sensor using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles as a mass amplifier. Jang, K; Na, S; Park, C; Song, Y; You, J, 2017)	2.2
"Nanosilver (nAg) has been incorporated into many consumer products, including clothing and washing machines, because of its antimicrobial properties. "	( Effect of nanosilver on metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An investigation using different respirometric approaches. Enders, EC; Murray, L; Rennie, MD; Svendsen, JC, 2017)	1.37
"Silver nanoparticles have been extensively studied recently in many biomedical applications especially in cancer treatment, since they possess multifunctional effects that make these nanostructures ideal candidates for biomedical applications."	( ROS generation and DNA damage with photo-inactivation mediated by silver nanoparticles in lung cancer cell line. El-Hussein, A; Hamblin, MR, 2017)	1.41
"Silver has been widely used as an effective antibacterial agent especially for treating burns and wounds. "	( Antibacterial efficacy of poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nanofibers embedded with silver-anchored silica nanoparticles. Cha, HJ; Hwang, DS; Jatoi, AW; Jo, YK; Khatri, Z; Kim, IS; Lee, H; Oh, SG, 2018)	2.15
"Silver has attracted a lot of attention as a powerful, broad spectrum and natural antimicrobial agent since the ancient times because of its nontoxic nature to the human body at low concentrations. "	( The silver lining: towards the responsible and limited usage of silver. Kowshik, M; Naik, K, 2017)	2.46
"Silver nanoparticles have been shown to possess considerable antibacterial activity, but in vivo applications have been limited due to the inherent, but low, toxicity of silver. "	( In Situ Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in a Hydrogel of Carboxymethyl Cellulose with Phthalated-Cashew Gum as a Promising Antibacterial and Healing Agent. Amorim, ADGN; da Silva, DA; da Silva, FV; de Almeida Leite, JRS; de Almeida, MP; de Jesus Oliveira, AC; de Oliveira, RCM; Delerue-Matos, C; Eaton, P; Lustosa, AKMF; Oliveira, IS; Plácido, A; Quelemes, PV, 2017)	2.22
"Silver has been known for centuries for its bactericidal activity."	( Silver-nanoparticles increase bactericidal activity and radical oxygen responses against bacterial pathogens in human osteoclasts. Aurore, V; Blanchard, M; Caldana, F; Filgueira, L; Kharoubi Hess, S; Lannes, N; Mantel, PY; Walch, M, 2018)	2.64
"Silver nanomaterials have been mainly developed as antibacterial healthcare products worldwide, because of their antibacterial activity. "	( Effects of silver nanocolloids on plant complex type N-glycans in Oryza sativa roots. Horiuchi, R; Kashiwada, S; Miyanishi, N; Nakajima, Y, 2018)	2.31
"Silver has been known for a long time to be highly toxic to bacterial communities, aquatic organisms, and particularly to marine biota."	( Cytotoxicity and Physiological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Marine Invertebrates. Magesky, A; Pelletier, É, 2018)	1.47
"Silver nanoparticles have been studied in a wide range of medical and entomological research works due to their eco-friendly aspects. "	( Synthesis, characterization and efficacy of silver nanoparticles against Aedes albopictus larvae and pupae. Abbas, G; Fouad, H; Ga'al, H; Hu, Y; Mo, J; Tian, J, 2018)	2.18
"Silver has long been used as an antimicrobial agent in general and medicinal use. "	( Exposure of Bacillus subtilis to silver inhibits activity of cytochrome c oxidase in vivo via interaction with SCO, the Cu Andrews, D; Hill, BC; Hussain, S, 2018)	2.2
"Silver has emerged as an important therapeutic option for wound infections in recent years due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. "	( Bacterial Silver Resistance Gained by Cooperative Interspecies Redox Behavior. Muller, M, 2018)	2.33
"Silver nanoparticle has an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and anti-inflammation."	( Comparative Trial of Silver Nanoparticle Gel and 1% Clindamycin Gel when Use in Combination with 2.5% Benzoyl Peroxide in Patients with Moderate Acne Vulgaris. Chalermchai, T; Jurairattanaporn, N; Ophaswongse, S; Udompataikul, M, 2017)	1.5
"Silver has been found by others to improve the sensitivity of bacteria to certain conventional antibiotics."	( Synergistic antibacterial activity of silver with antibiotics correlating with the upregulation of the ROS production. Gao, Y; Holmgren, A; Lu, J; Ren, X; Rottenberg, ME; Wang, J; Zou, L, 2018)	1.47
"Silver has been used for numerous medical conditions for centuries, however, most of the current clinical silver agents all have their own disadvantages limiting the clinical usefulness. "	( Recent advances in the medical use of silver complex. He, C; He, M; Li, L; Liang, X; Luan, S; Lv, C; Song, X; Yin, L; Yin, Z; Yuan, Z; Zhang, W; Zou, Y, 2018)	2.19
"Silver has antibacterial activity associated with some dose-dependent toxicity."	( Formulation Optimization of Chitosan-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Using In Vitro Antimicrobial Assay. Chan, WY; Garg, S; Mehta, T; Mishra, R; Pansara, C; Parikh, A; Trott, DJ, 2019)	1.49
"As silver has effects on species at all trophic levels the community composition in aquatic habitats can be changed as a result of silver stress."	( Silver stress differentially affects growth of phototrophic and heterotrophic chrysomonad flagellate populations. Beisser, D; Bock, C; Boenigk, J; Dinglinger, SM; Engelskirchen, S; Giesemann, P; Klink, S; Olefeld, JL; Rahmann, S; Sures, B; Vos, M; Zimmermann, S, 2019)	2.47
"Silver nanoparticles have been shown to exert antibacterial and antiviral effects; their function in the BA mouse model is evaluated in this study."	( A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice. Chen, H; Chen, Y; Fu, M; Lin, H; Lin, Z; Tong, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, R, 2018)	1.92
"Silver has been widely used for disinfection. "	( Genetically encoded RNA-based sensors for intracellular imaging of silver ions. Mudiyanselage, APKKK; Shi, J; Wu, R; You, M; Yu, Q; Zhao, B; Zhou, M, 2019)	2.19
"Silver has been widely used as a topical antimicrobial agent in burn wound care. "	( Nano-silver modified porcine small intestinal submucosa for the treatment of infected partial-thickness burn wounds. Chai, Y; Hu, Z; Xu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, H, 2019)	2.47
"Silver has long been used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with a low incidence of resistance."	( Minocycline and Silver Dual-Loaded Polyphosphoester-Based Nanoparticles for Treatment of Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cannon, CL; Chen, Q; Li, R; Sacchettini, JC; Salazar, AJ; Shah, KN; Shah, PN; Wooley, KL; Zhang, F, 2019)	1.58
"Silver has been demonstrated to be a powerful cationization agent in mass spectrometry (MS) for various olefinic species such as cholesterol and fatty acids. "	( Silver-assisted laser desorption ionization for high spatial resolution imaging mass spectrometry of olefins from thin tissue sections. Breault-Turcot, J; Chaurand, P; Dufresne, M; Masson, JF; Thomas, A, 2013)	3.28
"The silver ion (Ag(I)) has well established antimicrobial properties and is widely used in a variety of anti-bacterial ointments and plasters for the control of wound infections. "	( Proteomic analysis of the proteins released from Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to Ag(I). Kavanagh, K; McCann, M; Smith, A, 2013)	0.95
"Silver has antimicrobial properties and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been some of the most widely used NPs. "	( Mechanisms of response to silver nanoparticles on Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta): survival, reproduction and gene expression profile. Amorim, MJB; Gomes, SIL; Scott-Fordsmand, JJ; Soares, AMVM, 2013)	2.13
"Silver nanoparticles have been prepared by a one-pot synthetic technique using the antibacterial drug, Ciprofloxacin (Cp), under optimized conditions. "	( Investigating the evolution of drug mediated silver nanoparticles. Anand, U; Ghosh, S; Mukherjee, S, 2013)	2.09
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial since antiquity, yet its mechanism of action remains unclear."	( Silver enhances antibiotic activity against gram-negative bacteria. Collins, JJ; Morones-Ramirez, JR; Spina, CS; Winkler, JA, 2013)	2.55
"Silver nanoparticles have been shown to inhibit viruses. "	( Silver nanoparticles inhibit vaccinia virus infection by preventing viral entry through a macropinocytosis-dependent mechanism. Trefry, JC; Wooley, DP, 2013)	3.28
"Silver nanoparticles have been characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy."	( Spectroscopy investigation on chemo-catalytic, free radical scavenging and bactericidal properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using Salicornia brachiata aqueous extract. Pemaiah, B; Raghavan, R; Seralathan, J; Sivasubramanian, A; Stevenson, P; Subramaniam, S; Veerappan, A, 2014)	1.34
"Silver has been utilized as a highly effective and broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in our daily life. "	( Ag@Fe2O3-GO nanocomposites prepared by a phase transfer method with long-term antibacterial property. Chen, Y; Gao, N; Jiang, J, 2013)	1.83
"Silver has long been advocated as an effective antimicrobial. "	( Synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: a case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Ghosh, IN; Navani, NK; Pathania, R; Patil, SD; Sharma, TK; Srivastava, SK, 2013)	2.1
"Nanosilver has been shown to penetrate the cell and become internalized."	( Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver. McShan, D; Ray, PC; Yu, H, 2014)	1.16
"Nanosilver has received increasing attention recently with respect to its antibacterial and antiviral properties."	( Inhibition effect of silver nanoparticles on herpes simplex virus 2. Guan, XL; Guo, F; Hou, RJ; Hu, RL; Kong, FJ; Li, SR, 2014)	1.2
"Silver and gold have been used for centuries as antimicrobial agents. "	( Evaluation of resin composites modified with nanogold and nanosilver. Kleczewska, J; Kowalski, Z; Pawlaczyk, A; Sobczak-Kupiec, A; Sokołowski, K; Szynkowska, MI; ŁSokołowski, J; Łukomska-Szymańska, M, 2014)	2.09
"Silver nanoparticles have been modified with self-assembled monolayers of hydroxyl-terminated long chain thiols and encapsulated with a silica shell. "	( Core-shell silver nanoparticles for optical labeling of cells. Christensen, KA; Chumanov, G; Dukes, KD, 2014)	2.23
"Silver complexes have been shown to possess antimicrobial and anticancer properties. "	( Singly protonated dehydronorcantharidin silver coordination polymer induces apoptosis of lung cancer cells via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Jin, X; Li, S; Lou, J; Tan, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2014)	2.11
"Silver has a strong biocide activity, which for membranes can bring the advantage of minimizing the growth of bacteria and formation of biofilm."	( Silver-enhanced block copolymer membranes with biocidal activity. Hong, PY; Madhavan, P; Nunes, SP; Sougrat, R, 2014)	2.57
"Silver cationization has been shown to enhance IR-MALDESI sensitivity and selectivity for unsaturated lipids, even when applied to complex samples. "	( Silver dopants for targeted and untargeted direct analysis of unsaturated lipids via infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI). Garrard, KP; Meier, F; Muddiman, DC, 2014)	3.29
"Silver materials have been widely used in diverse fields. "	( Silver wire amplifies the signaling mechanism for IL-1beta production more than silver submicroparticles in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Chung, N; Ju, JE; Jung, HJ; Kim, JS; Lee, HS; Pak, PJ; Park, SH, 2014)	3.29
"The silver nanoparticles has been characterized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-vis spectra analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements."	( Sequential injection technique as a tool for the automatic synthesis of silver nanoparticles in a greener way. Costa, D; Lima, JL; Passos, ML; Saraiva, ML, 2015)	1.13
"Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple and inexpensive solution combustion method with urea as fuel. "	( Surface enhanced Raman spectral studies of 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone. Geetha, K; Khoumeri, O; Sathe, GV; Terme, T; Umadevi, M; Vanelle, P, 2015)	1.86
"Silver nanoparticles have been used for their wound healing properties in addition to enhancing the tumor-killing effects of anticancer drugs."	( Therapeutic gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles. Foote, M; Prow, TW; Yamada, M, )	1.19
"Silver has long been valued as a precious metal, and it is used to make ornaments, jewelry, high-value tableware, utensils, and currency coins. "	( Increased DNA damage and oxidative stress among silver jewelry workers. Aktepe, N; Celik, H; Keskin, C; Kocyigit, A; Taskin, A; Yukselten, Y, 2015)	2.12
"Silver nanoparticles have been utilized for the enhanced chemiluminogenic estimation of fluoroquinolone antibiotic gatifloxacin. "	( Silver nanoparticles enhanced flow injection chemiluminescence determination of gatifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked urine sample. Alam, SM; Alothman, ZA; Mohsin, K; Wabaidur, Sm, 2015)	3.3
"Silver nanoparticles have been used in various fields, and several synthesis processes have been developed. "	( Synthesis and anti-fungal effect of silver nanoparticles-chitosan composite particles. Chen, SY; Hsieh, CL; Huang, KS; Shen, CY; Wang, CY; Wang, JJ; Wang, LS; Yang, CH, 2015)	2.13
"The silver cluster has a single violet absorption band (λ(max) = 400 nm), and its single-stranded DNA host has two domains that stabilize this cluster and hybridize with target oligonucleotides."	( Ten-atom silver cluster signaling and tempering DNA hybridization. David, FD; Ganguly, M; Kantor, AG; Petty, JT; Rankine, IJ; Sergev, OO; Wheeler, JF; Wheeler, SK, 2015)	1.31
"Silver (Ag) has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties; as a result, it is being used increasingly in a wide range of consumer products. "	( Influence of soil properties and soil leaching on the toxicity of ionic silver to plants. Kirby, JK; Langdon, KA; McLaughlin, MJ; Merrington, G, 2015)	2.09
"Silver has distinct antibacterial properties and has been used as a component of commercial products with many applications. "	( Interaction evaluation of silver and dithizone complexes using DFT calculations and NMR analysis. Kulthong, K; Kuno, M; Maniratanachote, R; Srisung, S; Wasukan, N, 2015)	2.16
"Silver (Ag) coatings have been incorporated into many medical materials due to its ability to eradicate harmful microbes. "	( Investigating the effect of silver coating on the solubility, antibacterial properties, and cytocompatibility of glass microspheres. Gong, Y; Haas, LM; Hall, MM; Mellott, NP; Placek, LM; Smith, CM; Wren, AW, 2015)	2.15
"Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized and were utilized for the enhanced luminometric estimation of moxifloxacin antibiotic. "	( Flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine using silver nanoparticles sensitized calcein-KMnO4 system. Alam, SM; Alothman, ZA; Alqadami, AA; Naushad, M; Siddiqui, MR; Wabaidur, SM, 2015)	2.07
"Silver has a historic performance in medicine due to its potent antimicrobial activity, with a broad-spectrum on the activity of different types of microorganisms."	( Silver activation on thin films of Ag-ZrCN coatings for antimicrobial activity. Calderon V, S; Carvalho, S; Escobar Galindo, R; Ferreri, I; Henriques, M; Palacio, C; Piedade, AP, 2015)	2.58
"Silver in toothpaste has a greater antimicrobial effect than gold, but its effect is still inferior to that of a chemical antimicrobial agent."	( Antimicrobial activity of silver and gold in toothpastes: A comparative analysis. Česaitienė, G; Česaitis, K; Gleiznys, D; Junevičius, J; Maželienė, Ž; Žilinskas, J, 2015)	2.16
"Silver nanoparticles have been successfully applied as a matrix replacement for the laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS). "	( Silver nanostructures in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging. Nizioł, J; Rode, W; Ruman, T; Sekuła, J, 2015)	3.3
"Such silver morphology has high SERS sensitivity that enables ultralow concentration detection of R6G dye molecules up to 10(-15) M."	( Porous Silicon Covered with Silver Nanoparticles as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrate for Ultra-Low Concentration Detection. Balarin, M; Gamulin, O; Ivanda, M; Kosović, M; Marciuš, M; Ristić, M; Đerek, V, 2015)	1.17
"• Silver has potential as a contrast agent for DE mammography. "	( Development of silica-encapsulated silver nanoparticles as contrast agents intended for dual-energy mammography. Al-Zaki, A; Cormode, DP; Delikatny, EJ; Karunamuni, R; Lau, KC; Maidment, AD; Naha, PC; Popov, AV; Tsourkas, A, 2016)	1.43
"Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by subjecting a reaction medium to a Fusarium oxysporum biomass at 28 °C for 96 h. "	( Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Behavior of Fungal Extracellular Synthesized Ag Nanoparticles Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. Al-Enizi, AM; Cowley, AH; Elzatahry, A; Husseiny, SM; Salaheldin, TA, 2016)	1.88
"Nano-silver has biological properties which are significant for consumer products, food technology, textiles, and medical applications (e.g."	( Study of Silymarin and Vitamin E Protective Effects on Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity on Mice Liver Primary Cell Culture. Ahmadi Ashtiani, H; Anjarani, S; Ejtemaeimehr, S; Faedmaleki, F; Rastegar, H; Salarian, AA; Shirazi, FH, 2016)	1.14
"Silver nanoparticles have been of great interest as plasmonic substrates for sensing and imaging, catalysts, or antimicrobial systems. "	( Nucleation and Growth of Ordered Arrays of Silver Nanoparticles on Peptide Nanofibers: Hybrid Nanostructures with Antimicrobial Properties. Lee, SS; Pazos, E; Rubert Pérez, CM; Sleep, E; Stupp, SI; Tantakitti, F, 2016)	2.14
"Silver ions have been widely applied to many fields and have harmful effects on environments and human health. "	( Thiazole orange as a fluorescent probe: Label-free and selective detection of silver ions based on the structural change of i-motif DNA at neutral pH. Gao, ZF; Kang, BH; Li, N; Li, NB; Luo, HQ; Shi, Y, 2016)	2.11
"Silver coating has demonstrated good antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. "	( Silver-Coated Hip Megaprosthesis in Oncological Limb Savage Surgery. Careri, S; D'Adamio, S; Di Giacomo, G; Donati, F; Maccauro, G; Rosa, M; Ziranu, A, 2016)	3.32
"Silver (Ag) has long been known as a strong antibacterial agent."	( Effect of gelatin sponge with colloid silver on bone healing in infected cranial defects. Chen, D; Dong, Y; Guo, Y; Lei, Y; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, T; Yuan, Q; Zhang, S, 2017)	1.45
"Silver materials have been widely used as antimicrobial agents. "	( Ultrasmall silver nanoclusters: Highly efficient antibacterial activity and their mechanisms. Jiang, FL; Jin, JC; Liu, Y; Wang, BB; Wu, XJ; Xu, J, 2017)	2.29
"Silver-NPs (Ag-NPs) have been successfully biosynthesized using Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis tetrathele cultures."	( Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using three marine plant species: anti-algal efficiencies against "Oscillatoria simplicissima". El-Kassas, HY; Ghobrial, MG, 2017)	1.18
"Silver has received much attention for its great anti-infection effect in wound. "	( [Advances in the research of antibacterial function of silver nanoparticle and its application in burn treatment]. Guo, GH; Liu, MX; Liu, MZ; Wang, XL, 2017)	2.15
"Silver nanoparticles have been widely used in medicinal and biological fields. "	( [Status of biological evaluation on silver nanoparticles]. Tang, J; Xi, T, 2008)	2.06
"Silver nanofibers have been produced by electrospinning a sol-gel consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) and silver nitrate."	( Surface plasmon resonances, optical properties, and electrical conductivity thermal hystersis of silver nanofibers produced by the electrospinning technique. Barakat, NA; Choi, KE; Kanjwal, MA; Khil, MS; Kim, HY; Woo, KD, 2008)	1.28
"Silver has been in use since time immemorial in the form of metallic silver, silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of burns, wounds and several bacterial infections. "	( Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Gade, A; Rai, M; Yadav, A, )	3.02
"Silver ions have been widely used as disinfectants that inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the essential enzymatic functions of the microorganism via interaction with the thiol-group of l-cysteine. "	( Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bactericidal activity. Gu, MB; Hahn, JS; Kim, J; Kim, JY; Lee, JH; Park, HJ; Yoon, J, 2009)	3.24
"Silver dressings have been widely used to successfully prevent burn wound infection and sepsis. "	( Silver absorption on burns after the application of Acticoat: data from pediatric patients and a porcine burn model. Chang, HE; Cuttle, L; Francis, R; Kempf, M; Kimble, RM; Kravchuk, O; Liu, PY; Mill, J; Mott, J; Olszowy, H; Wang, XQ, )	3.02
"Nanosilver has been used broadly in nanotechnology enhanced consumer products because of its strong antimicrobial properties. "	( Role of sulfide and ligand strength in controlling nanosilver toxicity. Choi, O; Clevenger, TE; Deng, B; Hu, Z; Ross, L; Surampalli, RY, 2009)	1.16
"Silver has been used for centuries as an antimicrobial agent to reduce bioburden and prevent infection. "	( The benefits of silver in hygiene, personal care and healthcare. Edwards-Jones, V, 2009)	2.14
"Silver dressings have been widely and successfully used to prevent cutaneous wounds, including burns, chronic ulcers, dermatitis and other cutaneous conditions, from infection. "	( Silver deposits in cutaneous burn scar tissue is a common phenomenon following application of a silver dressing. Chang, HE; Cuttle, L; Francis, R; Kempf, M; Kimble, RM; Kravchuk, O; Liu, PY; Olszowy, H; Phillips, GE; Wang, XQ, 2009)	3.24
"Silver has been used extensively throughout recorded history for a variety of medical purposes."	( History of the medical use of silver. Alexander, JW, 2009)	2.08
"Silver has been used for at least six millennia to prevent microbial infections. "	( History of the medical use of silver. Alexander, JW, 2009)	2.08
"Silver has long been known for its antimicrobial properties, and has been used with success for more than a century in informal medical applications. "	( Silver and new technology: dressings and devices. Meakins, JL, 2009)	3.24
"Nanosilver particles have been applied as a biocide in many aspects of disinfection, including healthcare products and water treatment."	( Application of nanosilver surface modification to RO membrane and spacer for mitigating biofouling in seawater desalination. Huang, C; Lin, JC; Yang, HL, 2009)	1.16
"Silver ions (Ag+) have been used in medical treatments for decades whereas Ag NPs have been used in a variety of consumer products within recent years."	( PVP-coated silver nanoparticles and silver ions induce reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and necrosis in THP-1 monocytes. Autrup, H; Dang, DA; Foldbjerg, R; Hoffmann, HJ; Hougaard, M; Olesen, P, 2009)	1.46
"Nanosilver has developed as a potent antibacterial, antifungal, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agent."	( Nanosilver--the burgeoning therapeutic molecule and its green synthesis. Gopalram, S; Gurunathan, S; Kalishwaralal, K; Vaidyanathan, R, )	1.17
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for a long time in the form of metallic silver and silver sulfadiazine ointments."	( Development of novel chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds for wound dressing applications. Abhilash, S; Jayakumar, R; Madhumathi, K; Manzoor, K; Nair, SV; Sreeja, V; Sudheesh Kumar, PT; Tamura, H, 2010)	1.37
"Nanosilver has well-known antibacterial properties, and is widely used in daily life as various medical and general products. "	( Cytotoxic effect and apoptosis induction by silver nanoparticles in HeLa cells. Miura, N; Shinohara, Y, 2009)	1.17
"Silver-enhancement has been applied to a wide variety of tissues and antigens for both light and scanning electron microscopy."	( Use of immunogold with silver enhancement. Oliver, C, 2010)	1.39
"Silver nanowires have been successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method by adding sodium sulfide (Na(2)S) into the solution. "	( Convenient synthesis of silver nanowires with adjustable diameters via a solvothermal method. Chen, D; Chen, J; Jiang, R; Qiao, X; Qiu, X, 2010)	2.11
"Silver nanoparticles have been used in numerous commercial products, including textiles, to prevent bacterial growth. "	( Determination of silver nanoparticle release from antibacterial fabrics into artificial sweat. Boonpavanitchakul, K; Kangwansupamonkon, W; Kulthong, K; Maniratanachote, R; Srisung, S, 2010)	2.14
"A silver nanorod array has been used for the intrinsic SERS detection of microRNAs based on different binding affinities of ssRNA, thiolated ssDNA, and the RNA:DNA duplex, eliminating the need for a labelling step."	( Label-free SERS detection of microRNA based on affinity for an unmodified silver nanorod array substrate. Driskell, JD; Tripp, RA, 2010)	1.31
"Nanosilver has a broad range of applications with strong antimicrobial activity."	( Interactions of nanosilver with Escherichia coli cells in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Choi, O; Esteban Fernández, G; Hu, Z; Yu, CP, 2010)	1.17
"Silver toxicity has not been described following the use of silver dressings in infants."	( Conservative management of exomphalos major with silver dressings: are they safe? Kolimarala, V; Lander, A; Lewis, N, 2010)	1.34
"Silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, ideally acting as antimicrobial agents. "	( Evidence for avoidance of Ag nanoparticles by earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Bertsch, PM; McNear, DH; Shoults-Wilson, WA; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM; Zhurbich, OI, 2011)	1.81
"Silver has been widely used for optical sensing and imaging applications which benefit from localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in a nanoscale configuration. "	( The fabrication of highly ordered silver nanodot patterns by platinum assisted nanoimprint lithography. Jung, HT; Jung, JM; Lee, SK; Yoo, HW, 2011)	2.09
"Silver and gold have been used as SPR active metals followed by a high-index dielectric layer of silicon."	( Surface-plasmon-resonance-based fiber-optic refractive index sensor: sensitivity enhancement. Bhatia, P; Gupta, BD, 2011)	1.09
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for a long time in different forms, but silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) have recently been recognized as potent antimicrobial agents. "	( Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of nanosilver in guinea pig. Adeli, S; Arbabi Bidgoli, S; Gilani, K; Korani, M; Rezayat, SM, 2011)	2.07
"Silver nanocrystals have been prepared by reacting silver nitrate with ascorbic acid in aqueous solution containing a low concentration of a commercial polynaphthalene sulfonate polymer (Daxad 19). "	( Control of silver-polymer aggregation mechanism by primary particle spatial correlations in dynamic fractal-like geometry. Amenitsch, H; Campi, G; Fratini, M; Mari, A; Pifferi, A; Suber, L, 2011)	2.2
"Silver has been used successfully for decades as an antibacterial agent and has become a standard treatment for burns and bacterial skin infections. "	( Nanoscalic silver possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and exhibits fewer toxicological side effects than silver sulfadiazine. Brandt, O; Egger, AE; Groessl, M; Keppler, BK; Mildner, M; Mueller, B; Posch, M; Rix, U; Stingl, G; Strupp, C, 2012)	2.21
"Nano silver has dose-dependent effects on the proliferation activity of vascular endothelial cells. "	( [Effects of different doses of nano silver on vascular endothelial cell proliferation in vitro]. Cui, J; Zhang, YD, 2011)	1.16
"Silver ions have been shown to combine good biocompatibility with a low risk of inducing bacterial resistance."	( Hard implant coatings with antimicrobial properties. Drechsler, P; Elter, P; Ewald, A; Gbureck, U; Moseke, C; Thull, R; Zoll, A, 2011)	1.09
"Silver nanoparticles have been shown to be detrimental to fungal cells although the mechanism(s) of action have not been clearly established. "	( Silver nanoparticles induce apoptotic cell death in Candida albicans through the increase of hydroxyl radicals. Hwang, IS; Hwang, JH; Kim, KJ; Lee, DG; Lee, J, 2012)	3.26
"Silver nanoparticles have been prepared through the chemical reduction of silver ions by ethanol using linoleic acid as a stabilising agent. "	( Preparation of linoleic acid-capped silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial effect. Bhattacharjee, R; Das, R; Gang, S; Nath, SS, 2012)	2.1
"Silver nanorod has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applications in display technologies, thermoelectric and electronic devices, optoelectronic devices and biomedicine. "	( Synthesis of silver nanorods using Coscinium fenestratum extracts and its cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 cell line. Jacob, SJ; Kamarudeen, M; Mohammed, H; Murali, K, 2012)	2.19
"Silver has been used since time immemorial in different chemical form to treat burns, wounds and several infections caused by pathogenic bacteria. "	( The green synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Iresine herbstii leaf aqueous extracts. Dipankar, C; Murugan, S, 2012)	2.05
"Silver has demonstrated great efficacy against a broad range of microorganisms, but there is very little data about the systemic absorption and toxicity of silver in vivo."	( The effect and safety of dressing composed by nylon threads covered with metallic silver in wound treatment. Barros, JF; Benjamim, CF; Borges, PA; Brogliato, AR; Izário-Filho, HJ; Lanzetti, M; Oliveira, NC; Valença, S, 2014)	1.35
"Silver ion release has been properly tuned in order to assure antibacterial activity while preserving osteoblasts' response at the implant interface."	( An innovative, easily fabricated, silver nanoparticle-based titanium implant coating: development and analytical characterization. Allegretta, A; Cafagna, D; Cometa, S; De Giglio, E; Giannossa, LC; Iatta, R; Mattioli-Belmonte, M; Pedico, A; Sabbatini, L, 2013)	1.39
"Silver has been used for centuries. "	( Silver as an antimicrobial: facts and gaps in knowledge. Hartemann, P; Maillard, JY, 2013)	3.28
"Silver has antiseptic properties, anti-inflammatory properties, and is a broad-spectrum antibiotic for multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria. "	( Evaluation of silver-containing activated carbon fiber for wound healing study: In vitro and in vivo. Ko, TH; Lin, JH; Lin, YH; Tseng, GC; Wang, SH, 2012)	2.18
"Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized in the inverse microemulsions formed using three different surfactants viz., cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), Tergitol and Triton X-100. "	( Structural characterization and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles prepared by inverse microemulsion method. Ahmad, T; Ahmed, J; Ganguly, A; Khatoon, S; Manzoor, N; Wani, IA, 2013)	2.07
"Silver has historically and extensively been used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. "	( Spectrum of antimicrobial activity associated with ionic colloidal silver. Crocker, E; Humphrey, M; Jacobs, B; Jeane, LD; Just, S; Langland, J; Langland, N; Leek, D; Lopez, E; May, K; Morrill, K; Nguyen, K; Oertle, J; Orian, M; Payne, D; Peters, R; Scherer, S; Skubisz, C; Ventura, J; Waters, R, 2013)	2.07
"Silver has been mainly investigated as an antibacterial agent and less as a fungicide in which concerns antimicrobial properties. "	( Antifungal activity of transparent nanocomposite thin films of pullulan and silver against Aspergillus niger. Almeida, A; Fernandes, SC; Freire, CS; Neto, CP; Pinto, RJ; Silvestre, AJ; Trindade, T, 2013)	2.06
"Silver has a long history of use as a disinfectant."	( Contribution of silver ions to the inhibition of infectivity of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae caused by silver nanoparticles. Chen, X; Cheng, Y; Kong, Z; Li, P; Liu, Y; Song, W, 2013)	1.46
"Silver has been used since time immemorial in different chemical form to treat burns, wounds and several different infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, advancement of biological process of nanoparticles synthesis is evolving into a key area of nanotechnology. "	( Antibacterial activity and cell viability of hyaluronan fiber with silver nanoparticles. Abdel-Mohsen, AM; Abdel-Rahman, RM; Aly, AS; Burgert, L; Hašová, M; Hrdina, R; Kolář, M; Pekar, M; Šmejkalová, D, 2013)	2.07
"Silver amalgam alloy has been used as a dental restorative material since the beginnings of restorative dentistry. "	( A history of dental amalgam. Ellacuria, J; Guinea, E; Osborne, JW; Soler, JI; Triana, R, 2002)	1.76
"Silver(I) ion has been shown to produce aggregation effect on bovine oxyhemoglobin (HbO(2)) in Tris buffer even when taken in amounts corresponding to only two or less silver ions per one HbO(2) tetramer. "	( Peculiar features of the aggregation effect of silver(I) ion on hemoglobin. Khromova, VS; Myshkin, AE, 2003)	2.02
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial agent for centuries."	( The use of silver-based dressings in wound care. Dowsett, C, )	1.24
"Silver has been demonstrated to have anti-microbial effects and has not as yet been shown to suffer from bacterial resistance, so an increasing number of manufacturers have launched wound care products utilising silver."	( The role of silver in wound healing. Graham, C, )	1.23
"A silver-free route has been employed for the synthesis of a number of Pd and Pt complexes supported by an NCN "pincer" ligand (NCN = [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]-) via halide abstraction. "	( Hydroxy- and mercaptopyridine pincer platinum and palladium complexes generated by silver-free halide abstraction. Chase, PA; Chuchuryukin, AV; Lutz, M; Mills, AM; Spek, AL; van Klink, GP; van Koten, G, 2006)	1.28
"Silver has a long and intriguing history as an antibiotic in human health care. "	( Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Lansdown, AB, 2006)	3.22
"Silver products have been used as wound dressing, whereby silver has antiseptic properties, and drug resistance is hardly found."	( Coated textiles in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Haug, S; Johansen, P; Kündig, TM; Roll, A; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P; Senti, G; Wüthrich, B, 2006)	1.06
"The silver colloid has favorable stability and can be preserved for a long time without precipitation."	( Preparation of silver nanoparticles in water-in-oil AOT reverse micelles. Chen, J; Qiao, X; Wang, H; Zhang, W, 2006)	1.17
"Silver(I) catalysis has been extensively studied (11 different silver species) on a broad range of quinoline derivatives (variation of alkyne substituent, of carbonyl function and of nucleophiles), leading to a variety of furoquinoline and pyranoquinoline moieties."	( Silver versus gold catalysis in tandem reactions of carbonyl functions onto alkynes: a versatile access to furoquinoline and pyranoquinoline cores. Belmont, P; Godet, T; Michel, C; Milet, A; Vaxelaire, C, 2007)	2.5
"Silver has long been known to have an antimicrobial activity against bacteria and other microorganisms, and has been used as eating utensils, as dental fillings and so on. "	( [Antifungal activity of the novel adduct, GX-95, of silver with nanometer-scale particles to peptidic hydrolysates from collagen]. Fukushima, K; Kubota, M; Kubota, T; Kubota, Y; Taguchi, H; Takizawa, K; Tanaka, R; Yaguchi, T, 2007)	2.03
"Silver ions have been widely used as an effective water disinfectant or antimicrobial material for many decades. "	( Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation. Cho, M; Kim, JY; Lee, C; Yoon, J, 2008)	2.04
"Silver has been recognized for its antimicrobial properties for centuries. "	( Silver against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Bjarnsholt, T; Givskov, M; Høiby, N; Jensen, PØ; Kirketerp-Møller, K; Kristiansen, S; Nielsen, AK; Phipps, R, 2007)	3.23
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial for thousands of years. "	( Silver as a disinfectant. Bright, KR; Gerba, CP; Sicairos-Ruelas, EE; Silvestry-Rodriguez, N, 2007)	3.23
"Silver has been used to reduce infection for centuries. "	( Do silver-impregnated dressings limit infections after lumbar laminectomy with instrumented fusion? Epstein, NE, 2007)	2.4
"Silver has been widely used as an antimicrobial agent in burn wound care. "	( Development and evaluation of silver-impregnated amniotic membrane as an antimicrobial burn dressing. Chacharkar, MP; Kumar, D; Kumar, P; Singh, R, )	1.86
"Silver colloids have been commonly used as substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). "	( Stability of silver colloids as substrate for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of dipicolinic acid. Guingab, JD; Lauly, B; Omenetto, N; Smith, BW; Winefordner, JD, 2007)	2.15
"Silver nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit promising cytoprotective activities towards HIV-infected T-cells; however, the effects of these nanoparticles towards other kinds of viruses remain largely unexplored. "	( Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus replication. Che, CM; Chen, R; Ho, CM; Hui, CK; Lau, GK; Lu, L; Luk, JM; Sun, RW, 2008)	3.23
"Silver staining has been reported to be associated with ribosomal RNA-gene activity."	( Abundance of protein-bound sulfhydryl and disulfide groups at chromosomal nucleolus organizing regions: a cytochemical study on the selective silver staining of NORs. Buys, CH; Osinga, J, 1980)	1.18
"Silver has been implicated as a cause of ill health, related largely to its use in the medical setting as a treatment for burns and in prosthetic cements. "	( Absence of symptoms in silver refiners with raised blood silver levels. Gardner, I; Williams, N, 1995)	2.04
"Silver has been used as an antimicrobial for centuries due to its general effectiveness and relative lack of toxicity."	( Biocompatibility of silver-modified polyester for antimicrobial protection of prosthetic valves. Cameron, JD; Holmberg, WR; Kelly, SJ; Razzouk, AJ; Tweden, KS, 1997)	1.34
"Silver has been shown to be extremely toxic to freshwater teleosts, acting to inhibit Na(+) uptake at the gills, due to the inactivation of branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. "	( ATP-dependent silver transport across the basolateral membrane of rainbow trout gills. Bury, NR; Grosell, M; Grover, AK; Wood, CM, 1999)	2.11
"Silver staining has been used to detect active nucleolus organizer regions (NOR's). "	( Nucleolus organizers in Mus musculus subspecies and in the RAG mouse cell line. Dev, VG; Miller, DA; Miller, OJ; Tantravahi, R, 1977)	1.7
"Silver enhancement has been used to facilitate the observation of the gold particles."	( Double labelling of cell surface antigens with colloidal gold markers. Christensen, H; De Harven, E; Soligo, D, 1990)	1
"Silver deposition has been found in the skin, gingiva, cornea, liver, and kidney of patients treated with this cream, causing argyria, ocular injury, leukopenia, and toxicity in kidney, liver, and neurologic tissues."	( Determination of silver in blood, urine, and tissues of volunteers and burn patients. Conyers, RA; Coombs, CJ; Masterton, JP; Wan, AT, 1991)	1.34
"Silver staining has become a versatile method for the visualization of specific cell structures and products. "	( Some introductory comments on silver staining. LaVelle, A, 1985)	2
"Silver nitrate has been used as a cytological stain since the late 1800s. "	( Silver staining as an indicator of active ribosomal genes. Hubbell, HR, 1985)	3.15
"Silver has had a widespread application in the care of burn wounds and chronic skin ulcers. "	( Inhibitory effects of electrically activated silver material on cutaneous wound bacteria. Falcone, AE; Spadaro, JA, 1986)	1.97

Actions

Silver may cause genotoxicity, but additional data are required to assess its carcinogenic potential. Silver ions, because of its recognised antimicrobial activity are reported in several regions for the very long time. ergosterol, apart from its role as a secondary metabolite, structural component of the fungal cell membranes, also turns out to be activating defence response in plants.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Silver nanomaterials inhibit the growth of cariogenic microorganisms as well as arrest the degradation of collagen."	( Functional role of inorganic trace elements in dentin apatite tissue-part III: Se, F, Ag, and B. Morgano, SM; Saghiri, MA; Vakhnovetsky, A; Vakhnovetsky, J, 2022)	1.44
"Silver nanomaterials inhibit the adhesion and growth of cariogenic bacteria."	( Use of Silver Nanomaterials for Caries Prevention: A Concise Review. Chu, CH; Li, Q; Mei, ML; Yin, IX; Yu, OY; Zhao, IS, 2020)	1.73
"Silver microflower functionalized paper-based sensing platform was prepared to fix the hairpin strand (S1)."	( Paper-based electrochemiluminescence determination of streptavidin using reticular DNA-functionalized PtCu nanoframes and analyte-triggered DNA walker. Ge, S; Huang, Y; Li, L; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, S; Zhao, P, 2020)	1.28
"Silver ions increase plasma membrane permeability for water and small organic compounds through their stimulatory effect on plasma membrane calcium channels, with subsequent modulation of intracellular calcium levels and ion homeostasis. "	( Silver ions increase plasma membrane permeability through modulation of intracellular calcium levels in tobacco BY-2 cells. Klíma, P; Laňková, M; Petrášek, J; Van Der Straeten, D; Vandenbussche, F, 2018)	3.37
"Nanosilver plays an important role in nanoscience and nanotechnology, and is becoming increasingly used for applications in nanomedicine. "	( A Current Overview of the Biological and Cellular Effects of Nanosilver. Cameron, SJ; Hosseinian, F; Willmore, WG, 2018)	1.28
"Silver may cause genotoxicity, but additional data are required to assess its carcinogenic potential."	( Toxicity of silver ions, metallic silver, and silver nanoparticle materials after in vivo dermal and mucosal surface exposure: A review. Hadrup, N; Loeschner, K; Sharma, AK, 2018)	1.58
"Silver ions, because of its recognised antimicrobial activity are reported in several regions for the very long time while ergosterol, apart from its role as a secondary metabolite, structural component of the fungal cell membranes, also turns out to be activating defence response in plants. "	( Structural and functional characterization for interaction of silver nanoparticles with ergostrol in Trichoderma harzianum. Dhusia, K; Rai, S; Ramteke, PW; Rizvi, AZ, 2018)	2.16
"Silver nanoparticles cause toxicity in exposed organisms and are an environmental health concern. "	( Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos. Ball, K; Booth, T; de-Bastos, E; Johnston, BD; Lange, A; Moorhouse, A; Paszkiewicz, K; Santos, EM; Tyler, CR; van Aerle, R, 2013)	2.11
"Silver nanomaterial plays a crucial role in the growing field of nanotechnology as there is an increasing commercial demand for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) owing to their wide biological applications. "	( Anticancer activity of Moringa oleifera mediated silver nanoparticles on human cervical carcinoma cells by apoptosis induction. Agrawal, A; Dubey, GP; Ilango, K; MohanKumar, R; Vasanth, K, 2014)	2.1
"• Silver nanoparticles produce strong contrast in vivo using DE mammography imaging systems."	( Development of silica-encapsulated silver nanoparticles as contrast agents intended for dual-energy mammography. Al-Zaki, A; Cormode, DP; Delikatny, EJ; Karunamuni, R; Lau, KC; Maidment, AD; Naha, PC; Popov, AV; Tsourkas, A, 2016)	1.27
"Silver NPs inhibit bacterial growth via a multilevel mode of antibacterial action at concentrations ranging from a few ppm to tens of ppm."	( Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. Bogdanová, K; Froning, JP; Havrdová, M; Hradilová, Š; Kilianová, M; Kolář, M; Kvítek, L; Panáček, A; Prucek, R; Röderová, M; Smékalová, M; Večeřová, R; Zbořil, R, 2016)	2.6
"Silver nanoparticles enhance the catalytic & anti-bacterial properties of ZnO."	( Zinc-oxide-silica-silver nanocomposite: Unique one-pot synthesis and enhanced catalytic and anti-bacterial performance. Garadkar, K; Gole, A; Kokate, M, 2016)	1.49
"Silver is known to inhibit microorganisms and therefore it is an ideal candidate for its incorporation in a wide variety of materials for food applications. "	( On the different growth conditions affecting silver antimicrobial efficacy on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Lagaron, JM; Martínez-Abad, A; Ocio, MJ; Sánchez, G, 2012)	2.08
"Thus silver did not inhibit its own apical uptake in the short term."	( Time course analysis of the mechanism by which silver inhibits active Na+ and Cl- uptake in gills of rainbow trout. Gilmour, KM; Grosell, M; Morgan, TP; Playle, RC; Wood, CM, 2004)	1.04
"Silver products can cause irreversible neurologic toxicity associated with poor outcome."	( Myoclonic status epilepticus following repeated oral ingestion of colloidal silver. Hammond, RR; Leung, FY; Mirsattari, SM; Sharpe, MD; Young, GB, 2004)	1.27

Treatment

Nanosilver treatments increased the diversity of gut microbial communities. Silver-based topical treatments have seen widespread use for the management of burns due to silver's antimicrobial activity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nanosilver treatments increased the diversity of gut microbial communities and markedly recovered the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, Epsilonbacteraeota, Actinobacteria, and Deferribacteres, without altering the proportion of Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes."	( Mitigation of Obesity-Related Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in Mice with Nanosilver Supplement. Jia, J; Li, C; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Yan, B; Zhang, W; Zhang, X, 2021)	1.32
"Silver nanoparticle treatment caused lysosome injury, including the decline of lysosomal membrane integrity, decrease of lysosomal quantity, and attenuation of lysosomal protease activity, which resulted in blockage of autophagic flux."	( Silver nanoparticles regulate autophagy through lysosome injury and cell hypoxia in prostate cancer cells. Chen, S; Chen, Y; Qi, S; Xu, Y; Yang, T; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.72
"The silver treatment delayed or reduced skin re-growth, and silver particles were detected on the top of the epidermis, and within the papillary dermis."	( A human skin equivalent burn model to study the effect of a nanocrystalline silver dressing on wound healing. Cuttle, L; Iljas, JD; McGovern, JA; Moromizato, KH; Parker, TJ; Röhl, J, 2021)	1.33
"Silver-based topical treatments have seen widespread use for the management of burns due to silver's antimicrobial activity. "	( A Retrospective Study of Touchless Spray for Pediatric Perineal Burns Treatment. Cloutier, D; Diab, WC; Klein, JD; Ridelman, E; Shanti, CM; Vitale, L, 2022)	2.16
"Silver nanoparticles-treated and negative control groups did not show any clinical signs, mortalities or histopathological alterations and they were tested negative for A."	( Silver nanoparticles: Their role as antibacterial agent against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dinhopl, N; El-Mahdy, M; El-Matbouli, M; Saleh, M; Shaalan, M; Theiner, S, 2018)	2.64
"Silver treatments and two coating controls were done in triplicate, and compared to four replicate controls."	( Emerging contaminant or an old toxin in disguise? Silver nanoparticle impacts on ecosystems. Bernhardt, ES; Colman, BP; Espinasse, B; Hunt, DE; Lowry, GV; Matson, CW; Richardson, CJ; Wiesner, MR, 2014)	1.38
"The silver and chlorine treatment components within the cartridge have been developed using inexpensive materials and integrated with a life indicator and auto-shut-off-mechanism within a compact form factor."	( A compact point-of-use water purification cartridge for household use in developing countries. Ahmad, D; Balkunde, PL; Kausley, SB; Malhotra, CP; Patil, RA, 2015)	0.9
"Silver treatments of 50-400 mg Ag kg(-1) soil were established in five soils."	( Changes in soil bacterial communities and diversity in response to long-term silver exposure. Donner, E; Langdon, KA; Lombi, E; McLaughlin, MJ; Puglisi, E; Scheckel, KG; Trevisan, M; Vasileiadis, S, 2015)	1.37
"Silver nitrate treatments induced apoptosis in all cell types, including keratinocytes, resulting in delayed wound healing."	( Anti-inflammatory activity of nanocrystalline silver in a porcine contact dermatitis model. Burrell, RE; Nadworny, PL; Tredget, EE; Wang, J, 2008)	1.33
"The silver nanoparticle-treated rats exhibited higher numbers of goblet cells that had released their mucus granules than the controls, resulting in more mucus materials in the crypt lumen and ileal lumen."	( Histochemical study of intestinal mucins after administration of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Jeong, GN; Jo, UB; Kim, YS; Ryu, HY; Song, KS; Yu, IJ, 2010)	1.08
"Silver ion treatment doses of lower than 2 ppm did not induce BMEC damage, but silver ion concentrations greater than 4 ppm was accompanied by DNA fragmentation."	( Silver ion treatment of primary cultured bovine mammary gland epithelial cell (BMEC) damage from Staphylococcus aureus-derived alpha-toxin. Kang, SJ; Park, SY; Seol, JW, 2010)	2.52
"All silver treatments had measurable effects on cell viability."	( Uptake and effects of manufactured silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill cells. Christian, P; Farkas, J; Gallego-Urrea, JA; Hassellöv, M; Roos, N; Thomas, KV; Tollefsen, KE, 2011)	1.13
"Silver is treated using the hydrodynamic model, which includes Coulomb and Lorentz forces, convection, electron gas pressure, plus bulk χ(3) contributions."	( Harmonic generation in metallic, GaAs-filled nanocavities in the enhanced transmission regime at visible and UV wavelengths. de Ceglia, D; Roppo, V; Scalora, M; Vincenti, MA, 2011)	1.09
"Silver treatments included AgNPs with two different coatings, gum arabic (GA-AgNPs) or polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP-AgNPs), as well as AgNO(3)."	( Biotic and abiotic interactions in aquatic microcosms determine fate and toxicity of Ag nanoparticles: part 2-toxicity and Ag speciation. Bone, AJ; Colman, BP; Cory, RM; Di Giulio, RT; Gondikas, AP; Harrold, KH; Klaine, SJ; Matson, CW; Newton, KM; Unrine, JM, 2012)	1.1
"No silver treatments (up to 100 ppm AgNPs) resulted in 100% biofilm viability loss, even though these same concentrations caused complete viability loss in planktonic culture, suggesting some biofilm tolerance to AgNP toxicity."	( Natural organic matter alters biofilm tolerance to silver nanoparticles and dissolved silver. Lowry, GV; Tilton, RD; Wirth, SM, 2012)	1.14
"Silver treatment dramatically decreased the absorption of 75Se from the rat GI tract."	( The effects of dietary L-ascorbic acid on the absorption and utilization of Na75SeO3 of silver-treated rats. Abdel Rahim, AG, 1985)	1.21
"Treatment with silver dressings for an initial four weeks was found to give a total cost saving (£141.57) compared with treatment with non-silver dressings. "	( Cost-effective use of silver dressings for the treatment of hard-to-heal chronic venous leg ulcers. Jemec, GB; Kerihuel, JC; Lauemøller, SL; Leaper, DJ; Ousey, K, 2014)	1.07
"Pretreatment with silver prevented IAA-induced and ethylene-induced accumulation of both mRNAs (OS-ERS1 and OS-ETR2)."	( Differential expression of three genes encoding an ethylene receptor in rice during development, and in response to indole-3-acetic acid and silver ions. Wang, L; Yau, CP; Yip, WK; Yu, M; Zee, SY, 2004)	0.85
"Treating new silver with sulphide to reproduce a tarnished silver surface did not result in a similar lowering of adhering cells when compared with steel (P > 0.05)."	( Comparison of adhesion of the food spoilage bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens to stainless steel and silver surfaces. Gram, L; Hilbert, LR; Hjelm, M; Møller, P, 2002)	0.88
"Treatment by silver electrophoresis alone and, in cases of an abscess cavity, with addition of drip-flow lavage with silver electrolyte improved the results considerably and reduced the term of in-patient treatment to one half as compared to the control group of patients."	( [Silver electrophoresis in the treatment of lactation mastitis]. Dalgat, DM; Isadibirov, RA; Medzhidov, RT, 1989)	1.54
"Rats treated with silver-kaolin had a mortality rate of 71 per cent, compared to a 9 per cent mortality rate in rats treated with 1 per cent silver sulphadiazine."	( Evaluation of topical therapy with silver-kaolin (Argostop) in an experimental model of burn wound sepsis. Fader, RC; Linares, HA, 1987)	0.87

Toxicity

For killifish embryos, mesocosm samples were much less toxic than laboratory samples for all types of silver. Use of nano-silver dressing combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor results in shorter duration of wound healing. Anthropogenic activities have released considerable AgNPs as well as highly toxic silver ion (Ag(+) into the aquatic environment.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The results are seemed to owe much to inclusion of toxic substances from the alloy and investment material or alteration of surface characteristics of the alloys due to casting procedure."	( [Studies on the cytotoxicity of silver alloys be means of cell culture (author's transl)]. Mizutani, H, 1976)	0.54
"Studies were conducted to determine the effects of high levels of dietary silver nitrate and copper sulfate on the response of chicks to toxic levels of dietary selenium."	( Modification of a selenium toxicity in chicks by dietary silver and copper. Jensen, LS, 1975)	0.73
" It is likely that silver ions are excluded (resulting in decreased silver accumulation) from certain bacterial strains or immobilized intracellularly to prevent toxic effects from being exerted."	( Germanium and silver resistance, accumulation, and toxicity in microorganisms. Lee, H; Slawson, RM; Trevors, JT; Van Dyke, MI, 1992)	0.97
" The results show that silver-coating had no toxic effect whereas silvernitrate and silversulphate coating did have a toxic effect."	( Assessment of silver-coated urinary catheter toxicity by cell culture. Liedberg, H; Lundeberg, T, 1989)	0.95
" All the silver compounds, including AgAc, produced a similar toxic syndrome with initial hyperexcitability, ataxia, central nervous depression, labored breathing, loss of righting reflex and death."	( Acute toxicity of some silver salts of sulfonamides in mice and the efficacy of penicillamine in silver. English, JP; Horner, HC; Roebuck, BD; Smith, RP, 1983)	0.99
"We found that silver, either as silver metal or silver chloride, exerted toxic effects on the smooth muscle of isolated cannulated hamster cheek pouch arterioles."	( Toxic effects of silver-silver chloride electrodes on vascular smooth muscle. Duling, BR; Jackson, WF, 1983)	0.97
" Dispersalloy (Johnson and Johnson) was severely cytotoxic initially when Zn release was greatest, but was less toxic between 48 and 72 h as Zn release decreased."	( Correlation of cytotoxicity with element release from mercury- and gallium-based dental alloys in vitro. Hanks, CT; Nakajima, H; Okabe, T; Wataha, JC, 1994)	0.29
" Since expression of the inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) is a sensitive indicator of potentially toxic neuronal stress, we next determined if cocaine evoked HSP72 expression."	( Cocaine neurotoxicity and altered neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus; a silver degeneration and immunocytochemical study. Goodman, JH; Sloviter, RS, 1993)	0.51
"The toxic effects of modified endodontic sealers, Fillcanal, N-Rickert, FS, and Sealer 26, were assessed."	( Cytotoxicity of some modified root canal sealers and their leachable components. Araki, K; Barbosa, SV; Spångberg, LS, 1993)	0.29
" AH26 had a severe cytotoxic effect whilst Topseal and AH-Plus showed a markedly lower toxic influence on the cells during the experimental period."	( Cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canal sealers: an in vitro evaluation. Beltes, P; Geromichalos, GD; Kortsaris, AH; Koulaouzidou, EA; Papazisis, KT, 1998)	0.3
"Copper ion homeostasis is complicated in that copper is an essential element needed for a variety of cellular processes but is toxic at excess levels."	( Role of a Candida albicans P1-type ATPase in resistance to copper and silver ion toxicity. Kumamoto, CA; Riggle, PJ, 2000)	0.54
" The results obtained in this study showed the high cytotoxcity of the new AH Plus root canal sealer, which was shown to be equally or more toxic to the standard AH26 and Diaket materials."	( Cytotoxic effect of four root filling materials. Anić, I; Karlović, Z; Marsan, T; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Pezelj-Ribarić, S, 2000)	0.31
" In standard solute exposure toxicity tests, Ag is toxic to zooplankton at concentrations of 400 nM for marine copepods and 100 nM for freshwater cladocerans, concentrations far greater than those in most waters."	( Sublethal effects of silver in zooplankton: importance of exposure pathways and implications for toxicity testing. Fisher, NS; Hook, SE, 2001)	0.63
" Calcium hydroxide-based sealer was the least toxic sealer amongst the chemicals tested in both cultures."	( Cytotoxicity of resin-, zinc oxide-eugenol-, and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal ligament cells and permanent V79 cells. Chang, YC; Chou, MY; Huang, FM; Tai, KW, 2002)	0.31
" The difference between measured total and filtered silver was attributed to chemisorption of the metal sulfide onto the membrane filter and provides evidence that the toxic fraction of silver is that which is unbound to sulfide."	( Evaluation of the effect of reactive sulfide on the acute toxicity of silver (I) to Daphnia magna. Part 2: toxicity results. Bianchini, A; Bowles, KC; Brauner, CJ; Gorsuch, JW; Kramer, JR; Wood, CM, 2002)	0.8
" Within the context of the BLM framework, the 'biotic ligand' is the site where metal binding results in the manifestation of a toxic effect."	( Extension of the biotic ligand model of acute toxicity to a physiologically-based model of the survival time of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to silver. Di Toro, DM; Mathew, R; Paquin, PR; Santore, RC; Winfield, RP; Wu, KB; Zoltay, V, 2002)	0.51
" AH Plus was also shown to be toxic in concentrations of 16."	( Examination of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of AH26 and AH Plus sealers. Anić, I; Garaj-Vrhovac, V; Jukić, S; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Zeljezić, D, 2003)	0.32
" The study evaluated the acute toxic effects of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles proposed for future use in industrial production methods using the in vitro rat liver derived cell line (BRL 3A)."	( In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Gearhart, JM; Geiss, KT; Hess, KL; Hussain, SM; Schlager, JJ, 2005)	0.33
" However, for both algae there were indications that silver assimilated in this manner was somewhat less toxic to the algal cell than silver that entered via cation transport only."	( Toxicity of silver to two freshwater algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Pseudokirchneriella sub-capitata, grown under continuous culture conditions: influence of thiosulphate. Campbell, PG; Fortin, C; Hiriart-Baer, VP; Lee, DY, 2006)	0.96
"0 microg/L at the critical exposures in the latter test, the bioavailable and toxic form of Ag may have been a weakly associated coprecipitate or colloidal complex with hydrous iron oxides that competitively partitioned to the surface of the gills."	( Toxicity of silver in water and sediment to the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca. Brooke, LT; Call, DJ; Geiger, DL; Gorsuch, JW; Markee, TP; Polkinghorne, CN; Robillard, KA, 2006)	0.71
" No evidence is available to demonstrate the toxic risk of silver to the peripheral nervous system, although silver sulfide deposits have been identified in the region of cutaneous nerves."	( Critical observations on the neurotoxicity of silver. Lansdown, AB, 2007)	0.84
"009) and it has been ascribed to a lower incorporation of the toxic metal and/or to possible intracellular interaction between selenium and cadmium."	( The protective effect of selenium inorganic forms against cadmium and silver toxicity in mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus. Gutierrez Corona, JF; Serafín Muñoz, AH; Wrobel, K, 2007)	0.57
" In all experimental conditions, most of the toxic silver fraction was in the dissolved phase, regardless of salinity or the presence of food in the water."	( Acute silver toxicity in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa: influence of salinity and food. Bersano, JG; Bianchini, A; Pedroso, MS, 2007)	1.07
"This study has confirmed our view that Acticoat products are safe for use on burns and they remain a standard part of treatment at our centre."	( The safety of nanocrystalline silver dressings on burns: a study of systemic silver absorption. Chipp, E; Moiemen, NS; Papini, R; Shale, E; Vlachou, E; Wilson, YT, 2007)	0.63
"The lack of objective documentation of pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) margins after chemotherapy is a major constraint in performing safe breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC)."	( Feasibility study of safe breast conservation in large and locally advanced cancers with use of radiopaque markers to mark pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy tumor margins. Agarwal, G; Aggarwal, V; Krishnani, N; Lal, P; Mishra, A; Mishra, SK; Verma, AK, 2008)	0.35
" This novel indigenous method of identifying tumor margins with sterile silver wire markers is safe, inexpensive, practical, and effective; and it may help perform safe BCS in a large proportion of LABC patients."	( Feasibility study of safe breast conservation in large and locally advanced cancers with use of radiopaque markers to mark pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy tumor margins. Agarwal, G; Aggarwal, V; Krishnani, N; Lal, P; Mishra, A; Mishra, SK; Verma, AK, 2008)	0.58
" It appeared that these size nanoparticles could be more toxic to bacteria than any other fractions of nanoparticles or their counterpart bulk species."	( Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Choi, O; Hu, Z, 2008)	0.59
" No observable adverse effect level of 100 microg/m(3) is suggested from the experiments."	( Subchronic inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Chang, HK; Cho, MH; Chung, YH; Han, BS; Han, JH; Jeon, KS; Jeong, J; Ji, JH; Kelman, BJ; Kim, DS; Lee, JH; Park, JD; Song, MY; Sung, JH; Yoon, JU; Yu, IJ, 2009)	0.63
" The toxic effects of nanoAg on bovine serum albumin (BSA) were thoroughly studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, resonance light scattering spectroscopy (RLS), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)."	( Evaluation on the toxicity of nanoAg to bovine serum albumin. Hao, X; Liu, R; Sun, F; Wang, L; Wu, R; Zhang, L; Zhao, X; Zong, W, 2009)	0.35
" Furthermore, while cAu induces minimal sublethal toxic effects, cAg treatments generate a variety of embryonic morphological malformations."	( Toxicity assessments of multisized gold and silver nanoparticles in zebrafish embryos. Albrecht, RM; Bar-Ilan, O; Fako, VE; Furgeson, DY, 2009)	0.61
"The wound dressing impregnated with ionic silver evaluated in this study has similar magnetic and electric characteristics to human tissues and is MR safe as defined in ASTM standard F2503-05."	( An evaluation of MRI safety and compatibility of a silver-impregnated antimicrobial wound dressing. Duan, L; Nyenhuis, J, 2009)	0.87
"The tested silver-loaded seaweed fibre can be regarded as safe and seams to be suited for application in bio-active textiles in atopic dermatitis based on its positive in vivo activity."	( Silver-loaded seaweed-based cellulosic fiber improves epidermal skin physiology in atopic dermatitis: safety assessment, mode of action and controlled, randomized single-blinded exploratory in vivo study. Bauer, A; Bossert, J; Breternitz, M; Elsner, P; Fluhr, JW; Hipler, UC; Kowatzki, D, 2010)	2.19
"Although it has been reported that silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have strong acute toxic effects to various cultured cells, the toxic effects at noncytotoxic doses are still unknown."	( In vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles at noncytotoxic doses to HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Kawata, K; Okabe, S; Osawa, M, 2009)	0.95
" In contrast, oleate-Ag was not toxic to any of the bacteria."	( Silver nanocrystallites: biofabrication using Shewanella oneidensis, and an evaluation of their comparative toxicity on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Allison, DP; Doktycz, MJ; Gu, B; Joy, DC; Moon, JW; Mortensen, NP; Pelletier, DA; Phelps, TJ; Suresh, AK; Wang, W, 2010)	1.8
"Although nanoparticles have tremendous potential for a host of applications, their adverse effects on living cells have raised serious concerns recently for their use in the healthcare and consumer sectors."	( A review of nanoparticle functionality and toxicity on the central nervous system. Ahmad, Z; Allaker, RP; Liu, ZW; Oxford, J; Reip, P; Ren, G; Yang, Z, 2010)	0.36
" The comparison results confirm that Ag nanoparticles were much more toxic than Au nanoparticles, and that the introduction of gold into silver nanoparticles may lower their environmental impact by lowering the amount of Ag which is bioavailable."	( Comparative toxicity study of Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles on Daphnia magna. Albee, B; Alemayehu, M; Bishnoi, SW; Diaz, R; Ingham, L; Kamal, S; Li, T; Rodriguez, M, 2010)	0.56
" The results, for the first time, revealed more detailed transcriptional information on the toxic mechanism of nAg and nTiO2_a, and led to a better understanding of the mode of action (MOA) of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials (NMs)."	( Mechanistic toxicity assessment of nanomaterials by whole-cell-array stress genes expression analysis. Gou, N; Gu, AZ; Onnis-Hayden, A, 2010)	0.36
" coli strains (superoxide dismutase (sod) single, double and triple mutants and a respective wild-type strain), transformed with luxCDABE genes responding to toxic compounds by decreasing their luminescence; and (3) three strains in which bioluminescence is specifically induced by bioavailable metals (Cu, Zn and Ag)."	( Profiling of the reactive oxygen species-related ecotoxicity of CuO, ZnO, TiO2, silver and fullerene nanoparticles using a set of recombinant luminescent Escherichia coli strains: differentiating the impact of particles and solubilised metals. Bondarenko, O; Ivask, A; Jepihhina, N; Kahru, A, 2010)	0.59
" A NOAEL (no observable adverse effect level) of 30 mg/kg and LOAEL (lowest observable adverse effect level) of 125 mg/kg are suggested from the present study."	( Subchronic oral toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Chang, HK; Chung, YH; Hwang, IK; Kelman, BJ; Kim, YS; Lee, JH; Oh, KH; Park, JD; Ryu, HR; Song, KS; Song, MY; Yu, IJ, 2010)	0.65
" While the mechanism(s) by which AgNPs are toxic are unclear, their increasing use raises the concern that release into the environment could lead to environmental toxicity."	( Intracellular uptake and associated toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Auffan, M; Badireddy, AR; Chilkoti, A; Lord, CA; Marinakos, SM; Meyer, JN; Turner, EA; Wiesner, MR; Yang, XY, 2010)	0.62
"Silver (Ag) is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, including algae, invertebrate animals, and fish, but little information exists on Ag rhizotoxicity in higher plants."	( Rhizotoxic effects of silver in cowpea seedlings. Blamey, FP; Kinraide, TB; Kopittke, PM; Menzies, NW; Wehr, JB, 2010)	2.12
" However, it has been reported that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have strongly acute toxic effects on various cells."	( Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties. Bae, E; Choi, K; Kim, Y; Lee, J; Park, HJ; Park, K; Yi, J; Yoon, J, 2010)	0.92
" This study indicates that the AgNP in doses (< 10 mg/kg) is safe for biomedical application and has no side-effects, but its high dose (> 20 mg/kg) is toxic."	( Dose-dependent in-vivo toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticle in Wistar rats. Behari, J; Jin, T; Tiwari, DK, 2011)	0.63
" The concentrations of Ag NPs at which effects were observed are much higher than predicted concentrations of Ag NPs in sewage sludge amended soils; however, the concentrations at which adverse effects of AgNO(3) were observed are similar to the highest concentrations of Ag presently observed in sewage sludge in the United States."	( Effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Bertsch, PM; Lowry, GV; Reinsch, BC; Shoults-Wilson, WA; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM, 2011)	0.77
" Most importantly, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Ag-ENs can be taken in and accumulated inside the algal cells, where they exerted their toxic effects."	( Intracellular uptake: a possible mechanism for silver engineered nanoparticle toxicity to a freshwater alga Ochromonas danica. Chen, CS; Chin, WC; Luo, Z; Miao, AJ; Quigg, A; Santschi, PH, 2010)	0.62
" Although human exposure to nanosilver is increasing, only a few studies address possible toxic effect of inhaled nanosilver."	( Nanosilver induces minimal lung toxicity or inflammation in a subacute murine inhalation model. Adamcakova-Dodd, A; Grassian, VH; Kim, JS; O'Shaughnessy, PT; Park, H; Stebounova, LV; Thorne, PS, 2011)	1.21
" Silver nanoparticles are the most common nanomaterial added to commercially available products, so understanding the influence that size has on toxicity is integral to the safe use of these new products."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity in Drosophila: size does matter. Gorth, DJ; Rand, DM; Webster, TJ, 2011)	2.72
"This research provides evidence that nanoscale silver particles (<100 nm) are less toxic to Drosophila eggs than silver particles of conventional (>100 nm) size."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity in Drosophila: size does matter. Gorth, DJ; Rand, DM; Webster, TJ, 2011)	2.07
" Among the nanoparticles studied, Ag-NPs were found to be the most toxic and Au-NPs the non-toxic."	( Comparison of the toxicity of silver, gold and platinum nanoparticles in developing zebrafish embryos. Asharani, PV; Gong, Z; Lianwu, Y; Valiyaveettil, S, 2011)	0.66
" Although there has been some attempt to determine the toxic effects of AgNPs, there is little information on aquatic plants which have a vital role in ecosystems."	( Phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to Lemna minor L. Batty, LC; Gubbins, EJ; Lead, JR, 2011)	0.71
" This work constitutes the first complex study focused on in vivo evaluation of the acute and chronic toxic effects and toxic limits of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the eukaryotic organism Drosophila melanogaster."	( Acute and chronic toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles (NPs) on Drosophila melanogaster. Benickova, K; Dittrich, M; Kvitek, L; Panacek, A; Prucek, R; Richtrova, J; Safarova, D; Zboril, R, 2011)	0.84
" Oral administration of AgNPs at a limited dose of 5,000 mg/kg produced neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout the observation period."	( An evaluation of acute toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles. Banlunara, W; Ekgasit, S; Kaewamatawong, T; Maneewattanapinyo, P; Thammacharoen, C, 2011)	0.63
"The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) in industrial and biomedical applications has increased significantly in recent years, yet their hazardous and toxic effects have not been studied extensively."	( Antibacterial activity, inflammatory response, coagulation and cytotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles. Av-Gay, Y; Bach, H; Conway, EM; de Oliveira, CC; Gaynor, EC; Martínez-Gutierrez, F; Orrantia, E; Pryzdial, EL; Reiner, NE; Ruiz, F; Sánchez, EM; Silverman, JM; Svensson, SL; Thi, EP; Vanden Hoek, A, 2012)	0.6
" Toxic responses were assessed by clinical and histopathologic parameters."	( Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of nanosilver in guinea pig. Adeli, S; Arbabi Bidgoli, S; Gilani, K; Korani, M; Rezayat, SM, 2011)	0.63
" The data show that ionic silver is the most toxic followed by nanosilver particles with microsilver particles being least toxic."	( Silver nanotoxicity using a light-emitting biosensor Pseudomonas putida isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. Biswas, A; Christofi, N; Dams, RI; Fernandes, T; Olesiejuk, A, 2011)	2.11
"Silver nanoparticles are of interest to be used as antimicrobial agents in wound dressings and coatings in medical devices, but potential adverse effects have been reported in the literature."	( The effect of particle size on the cytotoxicity, inflammation, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Briedé, JJ; de Jong, WH; de la Fonteyne, LJ; Neigh, AM; Park, MV; van Loveren, H; Verharen, HW; Vermeulen, JP, 2011)	2.03
"Since toxicity is based on the effect that a toxicant produces at a target site within an organism, establishing the relationship between the concentration of substance at the target site and the subsequent toxic effect can provide a tool for predicting toxicity."	( Acute toxicity bioassay of mercury and silver on Capoeta fusca (black fish). Baramaki, R; Ebrahimpour, M; Mansouri, B, 2012)	0.65
" Silver particles were more toxic than CeO(2) in all test systems, and an equivalent mass dose of Ag nanoparticles was more toxic than larger micro-sized material."	( Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles. Baalousha, M; Biswas, A; Britton, GJ; Cole, PA; Fernandes, TF; Gaiser, BK; Jepson, MA; Johnston, BD; Ju-Nam, Y; Lead, JR; Rosenkranz, P; Scown, TM; Stone, V; Tyler, CR, 2012)	1.54
" The Ag(+) released from AgNPs may affect ecotoxicity, although whether the major toxic effect is governed by Ag(+) ions or by AgNPs themselves is unclear."	( Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles. Bae, S; Hong, IS; Kim, J; Kim, SH; Lee, S; Lee, YJ; Oh, J, 2012)	0.63
" Such adverse effects on OB and OC survival may have deleterious effects on the biocompatibility of orthopaedic implants."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on osteoblasts and osteoclasts at antibacterial concentrations. Albers, CE; Hofstetter, W; Klenke, FM; Landmann, R; Siebenrock, KA, 2013)	0.69
"4 nm and was less toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 221 ppb and median inhibition concentration [IC50] = 1,600 ppb, respectively), whereas a natural water with a high ionic strength/DOC ratio had an average particle size of 192 ± 5."	( Effects of natural water chemistry on nanosilver behavior and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Bonzongo, JC; McLaughlin, J, 2012)	0.64
"Understanding some adverse effects of nanoparticles in edible crop plants is a matter of importance because nanoparticles are often released into soil environments."	( Effect of silver nanoparticles in crop plants Phaseolus radiatus and Sorghum bicolor: media effect on phytotoxicity. An, YJ; Kwak, JI; Lee, WM, 2012)	0.78
" Regulatory health risk assessment of such particles has become mandatory for the safe use of nanomaterials in consumer products and medicines; including the potential effects on reproduction and fertility, are relevant for this risk evaluation."	( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells. Asare, N; Brunborg, G; Instanes, C; Kruszewski, M; Refsnes, M; Sandberg, WJ; Schwarze, P, 2012)	0.66
" Cell viability assays revealed that AgNP suspensions were more toxic when the initial silver ion fraction was higher."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles - nanoparticle or silver ion? Autrup, H; Beer, C; Foldbjerg, R; Hayashi, Y; Sutherland, DS, 2012)	0.98
"In the present study, a toxic mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, focusing on the involvement of oxidative stress in reproduction toxicity."	( Oxidative stress-related PMK-1 P38 MAPK activation as a mechanism for toxicity of silver nanoparticles to reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Choi, J; Choi, JY; Eom, HJ; Hyun, J; Lim, D; Roh, JY, 2012)	0.87
" The toxic effects of Ag nanoparticles were then evaluated using different cytotoxic endpoints namely the lysosomal activity, mitochondrial metabolism, basic cellular metabolism, cellular protein content and cellular proliferative capacity."	( Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity study of silver nanoparticle on two mammalian cell lines. Casey, A; Chambers, G; Mukherjee, SG; O'Claonadh, N, 2012)	0.64
" Poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-coated Ag nanoparticles were found to be the most toxic, followed by biogenic-Ag and oleate-Ag nanoparticles, whereas uncoated or colloidal silver nanoparticles were found to be the least toxic to both macrophage and lung epithelial cells."	( Cytotoxicity induced by engineered silver nanocrystallites is dependent on surface coatings and cell types. Doktycz, MJ; Gu, B; Morrell-Falvey, JL; Pelletier, DA; Suresh, AK; Wang, W, 2012)	0.85
" Despite its widespread use only little data exist in terms of possible adverse effects of SNP on human health."	( A novel type of silver nanoparticles and their advantages in toxicity testing in cell culture systems. Graf, P; Haase, A; Luch, A; Mantion, A; Meier, W; Plendl, J; Taubert, A; Thuenemann, AF, 2012)	0.72
" Plus, the silver nanoparticle powders subsequently suspended in the exposure water were much less toxic than the previously prepared silver nanoparticle colloids, whereas the colloidal silver nanoparticles and AgNO(3) were almost similar in terms of mortality."	( Toxicity of various silver nanoparticles compared to silver ions in Daphnia magna. Asghari, S; Choi, HJ; Jeon, YB; Johari, SA; Kim, YS; Lee, JH; Moon, MC; Yu, IJ, 2012)	1.09
" These properties can lead to toxic effects, potentially hindering advances in nanotechnology."	( In vivo quantitative study of sized-dependent transport and toxicity of single silver nanoparticles using zebrafish embryos. Browning, LM; Cherukuri, PK; Desai, T; Lee, KJ; Nallathamby, PD; Xu, XH, 2012)	0.61
" Toxic effects were assessed via general behavior, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological observation of the mice."	( Acute toxic effects and gender-related biokinetics of silver nanoparticles following an intravenous injection in mice. Hu, Y; Huang, Y; Liu, X; Tang, M; Xue, Y; Zhang, S; Zhang, T; Zhang, Z, 2012)	0.63
" The inflammatory factors were likely involved in silver-NP-hydrogel complex-induced toxic effects via JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway and immune response pathway."	( Genotoxicity and molecular response of silver nanoparticle (NP)-based hydrogel. Chou, LL; Hanagata, N; Li, X; Takemura, T; Wu, G; Xu, L, 2012)	0.9
"DNA formulations provide the basis for safe and cost effective vaccine."	( Cytotoxicity and immunological responses following oral vaccination of nanoencapsulated avian influenza virus H5 DNA vaccine with green synthesis silver nanoparticles. Ideris, A; Jazayeri, SD; Moeini, H; Omar, AR; Shameli, K; Zakaria, Z, 2012)	0.58
" However, all AgNPs were about three to ten times less toxic than AgNO(3) when their toxicities were compared on a mass-concentration basis."	( Uptake of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): effect of coating materials. Auffan, M; Badireddy, AR; Chilkoti, A; Hinton, DE; Kwok, KW; Liu, J; Marinakos, SM; Nelson, CM; Wiesner, MR, 2012)	0.78
"Developing effective and safe drugs is imperative for replacing antibiotics and controlling multidrug-resistant microbes."	( Efficacy and safety of nanohybrids comprising silver nanoparticles and silicate clay for controlling Salmonella infection. Bau, IJ; Chiao, SH; Hsu, SH; Lai, PS; Liao, JW; Lin, JJ; Lin, SH; Lin, SZ; Shen, CI; Su, HL; Tseng, LP; Wei, JC, 2012)	0.64
" This mini-review aims to present and to discuss recent publications related to genotoxicity and the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in order to better understand the possible applications of these nanomaterials in a safe manner."	( Silver nanoparticles: a brief review of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized nanoparticles. de Lima, R; Durán, N; Seabra, AB, 2012)	2.03
" Many studies indicate that AgNPs are toxic to human health."	( The progress of silver nanoparticles in the antibacterial mechanism, clinical application and cytotoxicity. Han, C; Hu, X; Li, Q; Sun, H; Wang, X; You, C; Zheng, Y, 2012)	0.72
"In recent years, many engineered nanomaterials (NMs) have been produced, but increasing research has revealed that these may have toxicities far greater than conventional materials and cause significant adverse health effects."	( Risk management strategy to increase the safety of workers in the nanomaterials industry. Chueh, MJ; Huang, YS; Lin, WC; Ling, MP; Liu, CC; Shih, TS, 2012)	0.38
" Complexes 4-6 were also 2-5 times more toxic against PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures than to HeLa cancer cell."	( Superior cytotoxicity of hydrophylic gold carboxylato complexes over hydrophylic silver carboxylates. Joone, GK; Lang, H; Langner, EH; Swarts, JC; Tuchscherer, A; VAN Rensburg, CE, 2012)	0.61
" Although there have been some attempts to determine the toxic effects of AgNPs in mammalian and human cell-lines, there is little information on plants which play a vital role in ecosystems."	( Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Vicia faba: a pilot study on the environmental monitoring of nanoparticles. Berry, A; May, L; Patlolla, AK; Tchounwou, PB, 2012)	0.72
" However, in addition to toxic effects on microbes, Ag NPs can also induce stress responses as well as cytotoxicity in mammalian cells."	( Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Ramarao, P; Singh, RP, 2012)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic cellular effects of different concentrations and sizes of silver nanoparticles, less than 10 nm, 15-20 nm, and 80-100 nm, respectively, on human periodontal fibroblasts."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on human periodontal fibroblasts. Angélica, SA; Galicia-Cruz, O; Hernández-Sierra, JF; Pierdant-Pérez, M; Pozos-Guillén, AJ; Ruiz, F, 2011)	0.88
" Several experiments have demonstrated that AgNPs can be toxic to the vital organs of humans and especially to the lung."	( Silver nanoparticles induce toxicity in A549 cells via ROS-dependent and ROS-independent pathways. Aueviriyavit, S; Chairuangkitti, P; Chanvorachote, P; Kulthong, K; Lawanprasert, S; Maniratanachote, R; Phummiratch, D; Roytrakul, S, 2013)	1.83
" Concerns have been raised about potential adverse health effects due to increasing dispersion of AgNPs in the environment."	( Silver nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in rat brain endothelial cell culture. Evje, L; Grosse, S; Syversen, T, 2013)	1.83
"The toxic effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP(PVP)) and ionic Ag, to Tisbe battagliai (Tb) and Ceramium tenuicorne (Ct) were investigated and the usefulness of standardised marine guidelines for ENP risk assessment were assessed."	( Effects of salinity on the toxicity of ionic silver and Ag-PVP nanoparticles to Tisbe battagliai and Ceramium tenuicorne. Byrne, HJ; Macken, A; Thomas, KV, 2012)	0.89
" The toxic effects toward mammalian and prokaryotic cells were determined by viability tests and determination of the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC)."	( Silver-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and toxic effects toward mammalian and prokaryotic cells. Braun, D; Epple, M; Greulich, C; Köller, M; Peetsch, A; Rehage, H; Siebers, B; Stroetges, C, 2013)	1.83
" However, several studies have associated these particles with toxic effects, such as inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro."	( Genotoxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles in BEAS 2B cells. Birkedal, R; Catalán, J; Clausen, PA; Järventaus, H; Jensen, KA; Norppa, H; Nymark, P; Savolainen, K; Suhonen, S; Vippola, M, 2013)	0.65
" This paper studies the adverse effects of silver NPs to two aquatic crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus."	( Toxicity of two types of silver nanoparticles to aquatic crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Blinova, I; Kahru, A; Kajankari, P; Käkinen, A; Kanarbik, L; Niskanen, J; Penttinen, OP; Tenhu, H, 2013)	0.96
" The adverse effects of silver chloride on red blood cells and hMSC were viewed by SEM and LIVE/DEAD viability staining, respectively."	( Reduced cytotoxicity of silver ions to mammalian cells at high concentration due to the formation of silver chloride. Du, C; Han, X; Liu, L; Wang, Z; Zhang, K; Zhang, S, 2013)	1
"An increased understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and its impact on human health is essential to enable a safe use of nanoparticles in our society."	( Intracellular uptake and toxicity of Ag and CuO nanoparticles: a comparison between nanoparticles and their corresponding metal ions. Cronholm, P; Elihn, K; Hedberg, J; Karlsson, HL; Lowe, TA; Möller, L; Wallinder, IO; Winnberg, L, 2013)	0.39
" These interactions might result from their individual uptake mechanisms and toxic actions as published in literature."	( Modelling metal-metal interactions and metal toxicity to lettuce Lactuca sativa following mixture exposure (Cu²⁺-Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺-Ag⁺). Hendriks, AJ; Kinraide, TB; Le, TT; Peijnenburg, WJ; Vijver, MG, 2013)	0.39
" 20 nm AgNPs were more toxic than 110 nm AgNPs, and the PVP coating was more toxic than the citrate coating at the same particle core size."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity in the embryonic zebrafish is governed by particle dispersion and ionic environment. Kim, KT; Tanguay, RL; Truong, L; Wehmas, L, 2013)	1.83
" This study demonstrates that aged AgNPs releasing more silver ions are more toxic than fresh AgNPs, and humic acids play a role in reducing the toxicity of aged AgNPs."	( Developmental toxicity of Japanese medaka embryos by silver nanoparticles and released ions in the presence of humic acid. Kim, JY; Kim, KT; Kim, SD; Lee, BG; Lim, BJ, 2013)	0.89
" Unlike a number of in vitro studies employing suspensions of silver nanoparticles, which have shown strong toxic effects, both suspensions and aerosolized nanoparticles caused negligible cytotoxicity and only a mild inflammatory response, in agreement with animal exposures."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface. Holder, AL; Marr, LC, 2013)	1.01
" The Ag(+) was more toxic than AgNPs but both lead to death and delayed hatching in surviving embryos."	( Assessment of nanosilver toxicity during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Dupuis, L; Eisa-Beygi, S; Massarsky, A; Moon, TW; Strek, L; Taylor, J; Trudeau, VL, 2013)	0.72
" It has been observed that AgNPs are more toxic than their equivalent Ag(+) ion dose."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Brümmer, F; Horrocks, BR; Lemloh, ML; Medaković, D; Mendis, BG; Piticharoenphun, S; Siller, L, 2013)	1.83
" The AgNPs and AgNO3 did not produce any qualitative differences in terms of exerting toxicity in the pathways observed in this study, however, considering equal amount of silver mass, in every endpoint tested the AgNPs were found to be more toxic than AgNO3."	( Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-flavin containing monooxygenase-2 (FMO-2) signaling acts in silver nanoparticles and silver ion toxicity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Ahn, JM; Choi, J; Eom, HJ; Kim, Y, 2013)	0.8
" Notably, the NPs create charge-dependent toxic effects on embryonic development, showing that the Ag-CALNNK NPs(+ζ) (positively charged) are the most biocompatible while the Ag-CALNNE NPs(-4ζ) (more negatively charged) are the most toxic."	( Study of charge-dependent transport and toxicity of peptide-functionalized silver nanoparticles using zebrafish embryos and single nanoparticle plasmonic spectroscopy. Browning, LM; Lee, KJ; Nallathamby, PD; Xu, XH, 2013)	0.62
" For comparison, the toxic effects of studied NPs toward mammalian cells in vitro were addressed."	( Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: a critical review. Bondarenko, O; Ivask, A; Juganson, K; Kahru, A; Kasemets, K; Mortimer, M, 2013)	0.39
" Ag(+), corresponding to the release from Ag-NPs, demonstrated a partial contribution in the toxic parameters, induced by Ag-NPs."	( In vitro toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticles in the presence of phenolic compounds--preventive agents against the harmful effect? Bazes, A; Martirosyan, A; Schneider, YJ, 2014)	0.69
"Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects."	( Analytically monitored digestion of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity on human intestinal cells. Böhmert, L; Girod, M; Hansen, U; Knappe, P; Lampen, A; Maul, R; Niemann, B; Thünemann, AF; Weidner, SM, 2014)	0.68
" Despite its wide spread use, only little information on possible adverse health effects exists."	( Evaluation of cytotoxic, oxidative stress, proinflammatory and genotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles in human lung epithelial cells. Alarifi, S; Ali, D; Alwasel, SH; Harrath, AH; Mansour, L; Suliman Y, AO, 2015)	0.64
"The aim of this work was to probe the biodistribution and toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (NPs) with powerful anti-bacterial and anti-virus activities."	( Using gold nanorods core/silver shell nanostructures as model material to probe biodistribution and toxic effects of silver nanoparticles in mice. Cheng, X; Guo, H; Ji, Y; Liu, J; Meng, J; Wu, X; Xu, H; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.94
" The toxic effect of the 20 nm Ag-NP was performed using the bench mark dose (BMD) approach."	( Systemic and immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in an intravenous 28 days repeated dose toxicity study in rats. De Jong, WH; Jansen, EH; Park, MV; Sleijffers, A; Van Der Ven, LT; Van Loveren, H; Vandebriel, RJ, 2013)	0.68
" We propose that the MOT of each form of silver are complementary, and can act in synergy to produce a greater toxic response overall."	( Silver nanoparticle-specific mitotoxicity in Daphnia magna. Madangopal, R; McLamore, ES; Ochoa-Acuña, H; Porterfield, DM; Rickus, J; Sepúlveda, MS; Stensberg, MC; Wei, A; Wei, Q; Yale, G, 2014)	2.11
" gibba culture medium reduced the toxic effects of Ag by decreasing silver uptake into the plant and intracellular ROS formation."	( Alleviation of silver toxicity by calcium chloride (CaCl2) in Lemna gibba L. Gaudreault, MH; Oukarroum, A; Pirastru, L; Popovic, R, 2013)	0.98
" To compare toxic sensitivity, acute adult toxicity was assessed."	( Stepwise embryonic toxicity of silver nanoparticles on Oryzias latipes. Cho, JG; Choi, K; Eom, IC; Jo, EH; Kim, J; Kim, JE; Kim, KT; Kim, P; Lee, BC; Lee, JW; Ryu, TK; Yoon, J, 2013)	0.68
" Silver is a safe element but toxic effects have been reported."	( Localized argyria caused by metallic silver aortic grafts: a unique adverse effect. Berger, P; Liqui Lung, P; Moll, FL; Ricco, JB, 2013)	1.57
"Our cases are highly suggestive of a possible unique adverse effect: a combination of localized silver toxicity and neutrophilic mediated tissue destruction."	( Localized argyria caused by metallic silver aortic grafts: a unique adverse effect. Berger, P; Liqui Lung, P; Moll, FL; Ricco, JB, 2013)	0.88
" For media1, an EC50 could not be calculated, the lowest observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) of 11."	( The critical importance of defined media conditions in Daphnia magna nanotoxicity studies. Chipman, JK; Gavin, AJ; Lead, JR; Merrifield, RC; Römer, I; Viant, MR; White, TA, 2013)	0.39
" Dissolution and bioavailability of Ag from NWs and nanospheres, analyzed with AAS or Ag-sensor bacteria, respectively, suggested that the toxic effects were caused by solubilized Ag(+) ions."	( Dissolution of silver nanowires and nanospheres dictates their toxicity to Escherichia coli. Ivask, A; Joost, U; Juganson, K; Kahru, A; Kisand, V; Künnis-Beres, K; Visnapuu, M, 2013)	0.74
" Long-term exposure studies with aquatic invertebrates are essential to assess possible adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems."	( Comparative toxicity assessment of nanosilver on three Daphnia species in acute, chronic and multi-generation experiments. Boedicker, C; Daubenthaler, J; Oehlmann, J; Oetken, M; Völker, C, 2013)	0.66
" Our evidence suggests that specific organic ligands available in the receiving waters can differentially surface modify AgNPs and alter their environmental persistence (changing dissolution dynamics) and subsequently the toxicity; hence, we caveat to generalize that surface modified nanoparticles upon environmental release may not be toxic to receptor organisms."	( Impacts of select organic ligands on the colloidal stability, dissolution dynamics, and toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Dubey, B; Pokhrel, LR; Scheuerman, PR, 2013)	0.61
" Various properties have been reported to influence the toxic potential of nanoparticles."	( Reprotoxicity of gold, silver, and gold-silver alloy nanoparticles on mammalian gametes. Barcikowski, S; Jakobi, J; Klein, S; Kues, WA; Rath, D; Rehbock, C; Taylor, U; Tiedemann, D, 2014)	0.71
" Silver nanoparticles, one of the most toxic and well-studied nanomaterials, readily react with sulfide to form Ag(0)/Ag2S core-shell particles."	( Sulfidation of silver nanoparticles: natural antidote to their toxicity. Bernhardt, ES; Bone, AJ; Brown, GE; Colman, BP; Dale, AL; Di Giulio, RT; Hotze, EM; Levard, C; Lowry, GV; Meyer, JN; Tanguay, RL; Truong, L; Wiesner, MR; Yang, XY, 2013)	1.65
" In the current study, we investigated whether the toxic effects of a reemerging contaminant, silver (Ag), on leaf litter decomposition could be partly overcome in situations where microorganisms were benefitting from high phosphorus (P) availability, the latter being a key chemical element that often limits detritus decomposition."	( Phosphorus availability modulates the toxic effect of silver on aquatic fungi and leaf litter decomposition. Clivot, H; Danger, M; Felten, V; Funck, JA; Guérold, F; Rousselle, P, 2013)	0.86
"Nanoparticles (NPs) are being employed for various industrial purposes with increasing frequency, yet the adverse health effects associated with the prolonged exposure of humans and the environment to NPs has not been well-established."	( The effects of sedimentation and dissolution on the cytotoxicity of Ag nanoparticles. Jeon, SK; Park, J; Park, MS; Yoon, TH, 2013)	0.39
" Higher Ag(+) ratios in the AgNP suspension, suggesting the lower number of particles, led to the higher adverse effects on embryos and sac-fries."	( Effects of ionization on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Bae, E; Cho, JG; Choi, K; Duong, CN; Eom, IC; Kim, J; Kim, P; Lee, BC; Lee, JW; Yi, J; Yoon, J, 2014)	0.67
" While the exposure of embryos still surrounded by the chorion did not allow a definite estimation of the toxic effects exerted by the compound, the exposure for 48 h of 3-day-old zebrafish hatched embryos afforded a reliable evaluation of the effects of Ag NPs."	( Toxic effects of colloidal nanosilver in zebrafish embryos. Barranco, A; Capitani, F; Escuredo, K; Gatti, AM; Olasagasti, M; Pardo, MA; Rainieri, S, 2014)	0.69
" AgNPs may directly damage the cell membranes, disrupt ATP production and DNA replication, alternate gene expressions, release toxic Ag(+) ion, and produce reactive oxygen species to oxidize biological components of the cell."	( Organic-coated silver nanoparticles in biological and environmental conditions: fate, stability and toxicity. Gardea-Torresdey, JL; Sharma, VK; Siskova, KM; Zboril, R, 2014)	0.76
" Additionally, cytotoxic assays showed no toxicity of AgNPs toward 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cells (25 μg/mL); hence, these particles were safe to use."	( Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Chrysanthemum indicum L and its antibacterial and cytotoxic effects: an in vitro study. Arasu, MV; Arokiyaraj, S; Choi, KC; Choi, SH; Kim, KH; Oh, YK; Prakash, NU; Vincent, S, 2014)	0.71
" AgNPs were found to be ten times less toxic by mass than silver ions, and most of this toxicity was removed by ultracentrifuging."	( Proteomic evaluation of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles toxicity in Daphnia magna. Carolan, D; Doyle, H; Rainville, LC; Sheehan, D; Varela, AC, 2014)	0.92
" However, little is known about the toxic biological effects of these appliances."	( Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of orthodontic bands with or without silver soldered joints. Fenech, M; Gonçalves, TS; Henriques, JA; Machado, Mda S; Menezes, LM; Thomas, P; Trindade, C, 2014)	0.64
" The success of early life stages, such as those of aquatic invertebrates, is highly affected by adverse environmental conditions."	( Toxicity and accumulation of silver nanoparticles during development of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. Croteau, MN; García-Alonso, J; Luoma, SN; Misra, SK; Rainbow, PS; Rodriguez-Sanchez, N; Valsami-Jones, E, 2014)	0.69
"The present study revealed the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Artemia nauplii and evaluated the mortality rate, hatching percentage, and genotoxic effect in Artemia nauplii/cysts."	( Toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia. Arulvasu, C; Chandhirasekar, D; Jennifer, SM; Prabhu, D, 2014)	0.99
" We compared the toxic effects of AgNPs and Ag+ on Arabidopsis thaliana at the physiological, ultrastructural and molecular levels."	( Comparison of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions on the growth of terrestrial plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Fu, Z; Han, X; Peng, X; Qian, H; Ren, J; Sun, L, 2013)	0.68
" However, mapping only adverse outcomes of a toxicant falls short of describing the stress or adaptive response that is mounted to maintain homeostasis on perturbations and may confer resistance to the toxic insult."	( Linking toxicity and adaptive responses across the transcriptome, proteome, and phenotype of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to silver. Behra, R; Nestler, H; Pillai, S; Schirmer, K; Sigg, L; Suter, MJ, 2014)	0.61
" The surface of nanosilver can easily be oxidized by O(2) and other molecules in the environmental and biological systems leading to the release of Ag(+), a known toxic ion."	( Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver. McShan, D; Ray, PC; Yu, H, 2014)	1
" The toxic potential of Ag NPs and Ag(+) was evaluated by cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and live-dead cell staining."	( Fast intracellular dissolution and persistent cellular uptake of silver nanoparticles in CHO-K1 cells: implication for cytotoxicity. Autrup, H; Beer, C; Chen, C; Foldbjerg, R; Jiang, X; Miclăuş, T; Sutherland, DS; Wang, L, 2015)	0.65
" The results indicated that smaller Ag (20 nm), regardless of coating, were more toxic in both cell types and most active in the THP-1 macrophages."	( The effect of size on Ag nanosphere toxicity in macrophage cell models and lung epithelial cell lines is dependent on particle dissolution. Buckingham, S; Hamilton, RF; Holian, A, 2014)	0.4
" After 24h exposure, Acticoat™ and Flamazine™ cream were toxic to all tested cell lines."	( Cytotoxicity testing of silver-containing burn treatments using primary and immortal skin cells. Boonkaew, B; Cuttle, L; Kempf, M; Kimble, R, 2014)	0.71
" With our novel approach, silver nanoparticles were found to be moderately toxic to the planarian, Girardia tigrina."	( Estimation of the toxicity of silver nanoparticles by using planarian flatworms. Al-Abed, S; Ananyan, M; Golovina, N; Kustov, L; Tiras, K, 2014)	0.99
" Ag-HA coatings on implants may represent biologically safe antibacterial biomaterials and may be of value for reducing surgical-site infections related to implantation."	( Acute and subacute toxicity in vivo of thermal-sprayed silver containing hydroxyapatite coating in rat tibia. Akiyama, T; Ando, Y; Eto, S; Mawatari, M; Miyamoto, H; Noda, I; Sonohata, M; Tsukamoto, M; Yonekura, Y, 2014)	0.65
" Rapid, low cost, selective detection of toxic metals in environmental sample is important to take safety action."	( Mercury sensing and toxicity studies of novel latex fabricated silver nanoparticles. Borase, HP; Patil, CD; Patil, SV; Salunke, BK; Salunkhe, RB; Suryawanshi, RK, 2014)	0.64
" Our observations that solar light could induce physicochemical transformation of TiO2 and Ag NPs and enhance their toxic potential emphasizes the need for conducting future toxicity studies under environmentally relevant exposure conditions to guide decision making on the safe handling of NPs."	( Differential effect of solar light in increasing the toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos. Chan, WK; Chang, H; Gardner, H; George, S; Richards, M; Seng, EK; Valiyaveettil, S; Wang, C; Yu Fang, CH, 2014)	0.64
" Results showed that fractionated (stirred and settled) solution was less toxic to daphnia (13."	( Toxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles differs according to method of suspension preparation. Kim, WK; Lee, SK; Oh, JH; Park, JW, 2014)	0.7
" For AgNO3, similar responses were obtained in the two tests, whereas freshly prepared suspensions of citrate stabilized AgNPs were less toxic in the 2-h tests compared to the 48-h tests."	( Controlling silver nanoparticle exposure in algal toxicity testing--a matter of timing. Baun, A; Sørensen, SN, 2015)	0.8
" In this study, the toxic effects and biodistribution of three pristine ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2), three aged paints containing ENPs (TiO2, Ag, and SiO2) along with control paints without ENPs were compared."	( Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared with pristine nanoparticles in mice. Brabants, G; Golanski, L; Hoet, PH; Kirschhock, C; Landuyt, KV; Luyts, K; Smolders, E; Smulders, S; Vanoirbeek, J, 2014)	0.4
"Silver nanoparticles possess both time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and can thus be considered as very toxic for mononuclear cells."	( The toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on blood mononuclear cells. Barkhordari, A; Barzegar, S; Hekmatimoghaddam, H; Jebali, A; Khanjani, N; Rahimi Moghadam, S, 2014)	2.16
" The toxic effects of NPs to different organisms varied about two orders of magnitude, being the lowest (∼0."	( Size-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles to bacteria, yeast, algae, crustaceans and mammalian cells in vitro. Aruoja, V; Blinova, I; Heinlaan, M; Ivask, A; Kahru, A; Käkinen, A; Kasemets, K; Kisand, V; Koller, D; Kurvet, I; Suppi, S; Titma, T; Vija, H; Visnapuu, M, 2014)	0.7
") by combining BLMs with three toxicity indexes: the toxic unit, the overall amounts of metal ions bound to the biotic ligands and the toxic equivalency factor."	( Comparing three approaches in extending biotic ligand models to predict the toxicity of binary metal mixtures (Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn and Cu-Ag) to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Liu, Y; Peijnenburg, WJ; Vijver, MG, 2014)	0.4
" The standard plate count assay suggested that the AgNPs were toxic towards the fresh water bacterial isolates as well as the consortium, though toxicity was significantly reduced for the cells in the consortium."	( Qualitative toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticles on the fresh water bacterial isolates and consortium at low level of exposure concentration. Chandrasekaran, N; Dalai, S; Kumar, D; Kumari, J; Mandal, AB; Mukherjee, A; Pakrashi, S; Raichur, AM; Sastry, TP, 2014)	0.68
" The cell viability assay (XTT) showed concentration-dependent toxic effects of the AgNP toward HaCaT cells."	( Comparison of silver nanoparticles stored under air or argon with respect to the induction of intracellular free radicals and toxic effects toward keratinocytes. Ahlberg, S; Blume-Peytavi, U; Diendorf, J; Epple, M; Lademann, J; Meinke, MC; Rancan, F; Vogt, A; Werner, L, 2014)	0.76
" It was claimed that using AgNPs is a safe and efficient method to preserve and treat agents of disease in agriculture."	( Proteomics study of silver nanoparticles toxicity on Oryza sativa L. Askari, H; Ghassempour, A; Hamzelou, S; Mirzajani, F; Römpp, A; Schober, Y; Spengler, B, 2014)	0.73
" With NMs already in use in several consumer products, concerns have emerged regarding their potential adverse environmental impacts."	( Ecotoxicity of silver nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: a review of literature and gaps in nano-toxicological research. Pool, EJ; Somerset, VS; Walters, CR, 2014)	0.76
" Ag NP treatments were more toxic than aqueous Ag for all toxicity endpoints, even though bioaccumulation did not differ significantly among Ag forms."	( Toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated silver nanoparticles in the estuarine polychaete, Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor. Banta, GT; Berhanu, D; Cong, Y; Forbes, VE; Selck, H; Valsami-Jones, E, 2014)	0.65
" Given their low toxic effects and high uptake efficiency, these have a promising potential as to lower the toxicity of Ag NPs."	( Modulation of liver and kidney toxicity by herb Withania somnifera for silver nanoparticles: a novel approach for harmonizing between safety and use of nanoparticles. Anwar, MF; Arora, I; Chander, J; Khar, RK; Rastogi, S; Samim, M; Yadav, D, 2015)	0.65
" Moreover, it remains unclear if toxic effects are particle-specific or mediated by released silver ions."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles and ionic silver: Comparison of adverse effects and potential toxicity mechanisms in the freshwater clam Sphaerium corneum. Boedicker, C; Kämpken, I; Oehlmann, J; Oetken, M; Völker, C, 2015)	1.02
" The as prepared sunflower oil capped AgNPs being completely free of toxic chemicals can be directly utilized for in vitro studies and offer a more rational approach for cellular applications."	( Sunflower oil mediated biomimetic synthesis and cytotoxicity of monodisperse hexagonal silver nanoparticles. Devkar, RV; Jadeja, RN; Rathore, PS; Thakore, S; Thounaojam, M, 2014)	0.63
" However, Ag NPs are toxic to bacteria."	( Effect of toxicity of Ag nanoparticles on SERS spectral variance of bacteria. Chen, S; Cui, L; Zhang, K, 2015)	0.42
" These results suggest that both sock-AgNP and spun-AgNP solutions were more toxic than AgNO3."	( Nanosilver-coated socks and their toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Gao, J; Gao, Y; Klinkhamer, C; Mahapatra, CT; Sepúlveda, MS; Wei, A, 2015)	0.98
" Due to the induced shape and size recognition elements, the artificial antibodies specifically recognize and kill target microbes under visible-light irradiation with minimal toxic side effects toward mammalian cells."	( Cell-imprinted antimicrobial bionanomaterials with tolerable toxic side effects. Li, M; Qu, X; Ren, J; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" At the concentration of 10 mg/ml, commonly used in clinical practice, the compound results cyto- toxic after about 2 hours, this time being much longer than the typical time of local application, which is no more than 10 minutes."	( Antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect of SIAB-GV3. Corbella, M; Dalla Valle, C; Marone, P; Monzillo, V; Percivalle, E; Sassera, D; Scevola, D, 2014)	0.4
" For killifish embryos, mesocosm samples were much less toxic than laboratory samples for all types of silver."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity to Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and Caenorhabditis elegans: a comparison of mesocosm, microcosm, and conventional laboratory studies. Bone, AJ; Colman, BP; Di Giulio, RT; Matson, CW; Meyer, JN; Yang, X, 2015)	2.07
" In conclusion, we demonstrated that although pristine ENPs show some toxic effects, no significant toxicological effects were observed when they were embedded in a complex paint matrix."	( Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared to pristine nanoparticles, in vitro study. Brabants, G; Golanski, L; Hoet, PH; Luyts, K; Martens, J; Smulders, S; Vanoirbeek, J, 2015)	0.42
" In assessing the toxic risk of AgNP usage, liver, as a detoxifying organ, is particularly important."	( Comparison of in vitro toxicity of silver ions and silver nanoparticles on human hepatoma cells. Ćurlin, M; Dutour Sikirić, M; Goessler, W; Pavičić, I; Petlevski, R; Vrček, IV; Žuntar, I, 2016)	0.71
" Therefore, dental alloys containing In must be biologically evaluated for their safe use."	( Cytotoxicity and terminal differentiation of human oral keratinocyte by indium ions from a silver-palladium-gold-indium dental alloy. Kim, KM; Kim, KN; Lee, JH; Lee, SB; Om, JY; Seo, SH, 2015)	0.64
"Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate."	( Carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulates cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. Haase, A; Kennedy, DC; Lai, CH; Luch, A; Müller, L; Orts-Gil, G; Seeberger, PH, 2014)	0.68
" Here we confirm and quantify the toxic potential of fully characterized AgNPs in HeLa and A549 cells."	( Negligible particle-specific toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles: the role of Ag+ ion release in the cytosol. Bardi, G; Brunetti, V; De Luca, E; De Matteis, V; Galeone, A; Kote, S; Kshirsagar, P; Malvindi, MA; Pompa, PP; Sabella, S, 2015)	0.67
" From the survival and hatching experiment, no significant toxic effect was observed at AgNC concentrations of up to 200 μL/mL, and the NC-stained embryos exhibited blue fluorescence with high intensity for a long period of time, which shows that AgNCs are more stable in living system."	( Sodium cholate-templated blue light-emitting Ag subnanoclusters: in vivo toxicity and imaging in zebrafish embryos. Chandirasekar, S; Chandrasekaran, C; Muthukumarasamyvel, T; Rajendiran, N; Sudhandiran, G, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, exposure to AgNPs is increasing in quantity and it is imperative to know their adverse effects in man."	( Silver nanoparticles: their potential toxic effects after oral exposure and underlying mechanisms--a review. Gaillet, S; Rouanet, JM, 2015)	1.86
" Hence, there is a greater need to study the toxic effects of biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles in general and mycosynthesized nanoparticles in particular."	( Toxicity of fungal-generated silver nanoparticles to soil-inhabiting Pseudomonas putida KT2440, a rhizospheric bacterium responsible for plant protection and bioremediation. Anderson, AJ; Gupta, IR; Rai, M, 2015)	0.93
" The toxic effects determined based on the hemolysis, membrane injury, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme production were fairly size and dose dependent."	( Nanotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to red blood cells: size dependent adsorption, uptake, and hemolytic activity. Chen, LQ; Ding, CZ; Fang, L; Huang, CZ; Kang, B; Ling, J, 2015)	0.76
" Chloride ions do not appear to offer significant protection, indicating that chloride in receiving waters will not necessarily protect environmental bacteria from the toxic effects of nanoparticles in effluents."	( Use of bioreporters and deletion mutants reveals ionic silver and ROS to be equally important in silver nanotoxicity. Butler, IB; French, CE; Joshi, N; Ngwenya, BT, 2015)	0.66
" The present study evaluated the toxic effects and the possible underlying mechanism of Ag NPs on Pseudomonas putida."	( Toxic effect of environmentally relevant concentration of silver nanoparticles on environmentally beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Chandran, P; Ghouse, SS; Khan, SS, 2015)	0.66
"This research was carried out to evaluate toxic effects of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) on liver function and some blood parameters of male and female mice Mus musculus."	( Toxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Liver and Some Hematological Parameters in Male and Female Mice (Mus musculus). Aghaeivanda, S; Heydrnejad, MS; Samani, RJ, 2015)	1
" Strikingly, oral administration of VE counterbalanced the toxic effects triggered by AgNPs."	( Vitamin E attenuates silver nanoparticle-induced effects on body weight and neurotoxicity in rats. Faiola, F; Jiang, G; Yao, X; Yin, N; Zhou, Q, 2015)	0.74
" When toxic effects were expressed as a function of each Ag-species, toxicity of the free Ag(+) was found to be much higher than that of the agglomerated particles."	( Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Peijnenburg, WJ; Quik, JT; Song, L; Van Den Brandhof, EJ; Wang, Z; Wouterse, M, 2015)	0.64
"The growing use of nanoparticles in a wide range of products has resulted in their release into the aquatic environment; therefore, an understanding of the toxic effects of nanoparticles on aquatic organisms is of permanent importance."	( Toxic effect of silver and platinum nanoparticles toward the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Asztemborska, M; Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska, G; Książyk, M; Stęborowski, R, 2015)	0.76
" Commercially available products are not usually accompanied by parameter/specification sheet providing the consumer with sufficient chemico-physical parameters allowing the evaluation of possible toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity, cell uptake and microscopic analysis of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles in vitro. Dvorakova, M; Harvanova, M; Horakova, J; Hradilova, S; Jirova, D; Kejlova, K; Kolarova, H; Licman, L; Malina, L; Malohlava, J; Soukupova, J; Tomankova, K, 2015)	0.65
" Over the years, silver nanoparticles have been subjected to numerous in vitro and in vivo tests to provide information about their toxic behavior towards living tissues and organisms."	( Applications and toxicity of silver nanoparticles: a recent review. Bucur, IR; Grumezescu, AM; Lemnaru, M; Marin, MM; Marin, S; Tiplea, RE; Vlasceanu, GM, 2015)	1.05
" Ag NPs could be toxic at cellular, subcellular, biomolecular, and epigenetic levels."	( Perturbation of cellular mechanistic system by silver nanoparticle toxicity: Cytotoxic, genotoxic and epigenetic potentials. Bhushan, B; Dubey, P; Gopinath, P; Kumar, SU; Matai, I; Sachdev, A, 2015)	0.67
" This toxicological data could be useful in supporting the development of safe AgNPs for consumer products and drug delivery applications."	( Demonstrating approaches to chemically modify the surface of Ag nanoparticles in order to influence their cytotoxicity and biodistribution after single dose acute intravenous administration. Brunelli, A; Chen, C; Hristozov, D; Liang, J; Liu, Y; Marcomini, A; Pang, C; Semenzin, E; Tao, W; Wang, W; Zhao, B; Zhu, C, 2016)	0.43
" In the present work, mussel hemocytes and gill cells were used to assess the potential toxic effects of Au, ZnO and SiO2 NPs with different sizes and shapes in parallel with their respective ionic and bulk forms and additives used in the NPs preparations."	( Cytotoxicity of Au, ZnO and SiO₂ NPs using in vitro assays with mussel hemocytes and gill cells: Relevance of size, shape and additives. Arostegui, I; Cajaraville, MP; Gilliland, D; Katsumiti, A; Oron, M; Valsami-Jones, E, 2016)	0.43
" Silver (Ag) is a highly toxic metal to organisms but despite this there are relatively few studies on how it affects marine macroalgae (seaweeds)."	( Accumulation of silver by Fucus spp. (Phaeophyceae) and its toxicity to Fucus ceranoides under different salinity regimes. Berry, S; Brown, MT; Ramesh, K, 2015)	1.67
"The increased use of nanomaterials in several novel industrial applications during the last decade has led to a rise in concerns about the potential toxic effects of released engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment, as their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms is just beginning to be recognised."	( Toxicity of silver and gold nanoparticles on marine microalgae. Blasco, J; Moreno-Garrido, I; Pérez, S, 2015)	0.8
" Fish are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of silver ions and, with knowledge gaps regarding the contribution of dissolution and unique particle effects to AgNP toxicity, they represent a group of vulnerable organisms."	( Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a Variety of Rainbow Trout Cell Lines (RTL-W1, RTH-149, RTG-2) and Primary Hepatocytes. Alte, L; Connolly, M; Fernandez-Cruz, ML; Navas, JM; Quesada-Garcia, A; Segner, H, 2015)	0.94
" Individuals with chronic lung diseases are expected to be more vulnerable to adverse effects of NP than normal subjects, due to altered respiratory structures and functions."	( Acute toxicity of silver and carbon nanoaerosols to normal and cystic fibrosis human bronchial epithelial cells. Baumlin, N; Burtscher, H; Fierz, M; Geiser, M; Jeannet, N; Künzi, L; Salathe, M; Schneider, S, 2016)	0.77
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) attract considerable public attention both for their antimicrobial properties and their potential adverse effects."	( Silver nanoparticles activate endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway in cell and mouse models: The role in toxicity evaluation. Bai, R; Chang, YZ; Chen, C; Chen, F; Chen, R; Huo, L; Long, D; Shi, X; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2015)	3.3
" It is well known that most metallic NPs are toxic to humans which raise concerns about these engineered particles."	( Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast. de Souza, TA; Franchi, LP; Manshian, BB; Matsubara, EY; Rosolen, JM; Soenen, SJ; Takahashi, CS, 2015)	0.42
" LC50 values were calculated and the most toxic Ag NPs tested were selected for a second step where sublethal concentrations of each Ag form were tested using a wide array of mechanistic tests in both cell types."	( Mechanisms of Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles in Comparison to Bulk and Ionic Ag on Mussel Hemocytes and Gill Cells. Arostegui, I; Cajaraville, MP; Gilliland, D; Katsumiti, A, 2015)	0.42
" These materials, primarily nanoparticles, have been shown to be toxic to a wide range of organisms; thus methods and materials that reduce their environmental toxicity while retaining their useful antibacterial properties can potentially solve this problem."	( Reducing Environmental Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles through Shape Control. Bernhardt, ES; Colman, BP; DiGulio, RT; Gorka, DE; Gunsch, CK; Gwin, CA; Liu, J; Meyer, JN; Osterberg, JS, 2015)	0.69
"Silver nanoparticles are toxic both in vitro and in vivo."	( Silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity requires ERK activation in human bladder carcinoma cells. Castiglioni, S; Cazzaniga, A; Maier, JA; Perrotta, C, 2015)	3.3
" Despite the increasing human exposure to AgNPs, they remain a controversial research area with regard to their toxic and genotoxic effects to biological systems."	( In vivo genotoxicity assesment of silver nanoparticles of different sizes by the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) on Drosophila. Ávalos, A; Drosopoulou, E; Haza, AI; Mavragani-Tsipidou, P; Morales, P, 2015)	0.7
"Considering the increasing applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in food- and cosmetic-related products worldwide, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential adverse health effects induced by AgNPs exposure in terms of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial injury in human A549 and HepG2 cells."	( Oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury-mediated cytotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles in human A549 and HepG2 cells. Che, B; Fan, G; Guo, S; Tong, J; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Xin, L, 2016)	0.93
" In contrast to other studies, where dissolved free metals are usually responsible for toxic effects, our 144-h experiments demonstrated the importance of AgNP agglomerates in the adverse effects of nanosilver."	( Assessment of silver nanoparticle toxicity for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish embryos using a novel method controlling the agglomeration in the aquatic media. Blaha, L; Hrda, K; Knotek, P; Oprsal, J; Pouzar, M; Vlcek, M, 2015)	0.97
"In this study, aquatic stability and toxic effects of TiO2 and AgTiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on Artemia salina nauplii."	( Determination of TiO2 and AgTiO2 Nanoparticles in Artemia salina: Toxicity, Morphological Changes, Uptake and Depuration. Altinok, I; Ilhan, H; Ozkan, Y; Sokmen, M, 2016)	0.43
" Studying nano silver over the impact of the structure and function of catalase (CAT) at the molecular level, is of great significance for a comprehensive evaluation of their toxic effects."	( Evaluation on the Toxic Effects of NanoAg to Catalase. Hu, X; Liu, R; Shen, H; Yu, Z; Zhai, W; Zhang, B, 2015)	0.77
" Anthropogenic activities have released considerable AgNPs as well as highly toxic silver ion (Ag(+)) into the aquatic environment."	( Sunlight-driven reduction of silver ion to silver nanoparticle by organic matter mitigates the acute toxicity of silver to Daphnia magna. Liu, J; Shen, M; Yang, X; Yin, Y; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.93
" Thus, lignin stabilized silver nanoparticles based optical sensor for H2O2 could be potentially applied in the determination of reactive oxygen species and toxic chemicals which further expands the importance of lignin stabilized silver nanoparticles."	( Hydrogen peroxide sensing and cytotoxicity activity of Acacia lignin stabilized silver nanoparticles. Aadil, KR; Barapatre, A; Jha, H; Meena, AS, 2016)	0.96
" tinctoria was toxic against larval instars (I–IV) and pupae of Ae."	( Biosynthesis, characterization, and acute toxicity of Berberis tinctoria-fabricated silver nanoparticles against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, and the mosquito predators Toxorhynchites splendens and Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides. Alsalhi, MS; Amerasan, D; Benelli, G; Chandramohan, B; Devanesan, S; Dinesh, D; Hwang, JS; Kalimuthu, K; Kovendan, K; Kumar, PM; Lo Iacono, A; Madhiyazhagan, P; Murugan, K; Nicoletti, M; Suresh, U; Wei, H, 2016)	0.66
" The use of synthetic mosquitocides often leads to high operational costs and adverse non-target effects."	( Facile biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Barleria cristata: mosquitocidal potential and biotoxicity on three non-target aquatic organisms. Benelli, G; Govindarajan, M, 2016)	0.74
"The efficacy and adverse effects of the Ag dressings revealed differences that should be considered by clinicians during wound management."	( In Vitro Parallel Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Commercially Available Silver-Containing Wound Dressings. Iwasaki, T; Kohta, M; Ohyabu, Y; Yunoki, S, )	0.35
"Microalgae are good candidates for toxic metal remediation biotechnologies."	( Silver Accumulation in the Green Microalga Coccomyxa actinabiotis: Toxicity, in Situ Speciation, and Localization Investigated Using Synchrotron XAS, XRD, and TEM. Banerjee, D; Boisson, AM; den Auwer, C; Farhi, E; Leonardo, T; Motellier, S; Pouget, S; Rébeillé, F; Rivasseau, C, 2016)	1.88
" However, most previous studies have focused on the adverse effects of AgNPs on individual species."	( Multispecies toxicity test for silver nanoparticles to derive hazardous concentration based on species sensitivity distribution for the protection of aquatic ecosystems. An, YJ; Chae, Y; Cui, R; Kim, SW; Kwak, JI; Nam, SH, 2016)	0.72
" Despite some studies performed in vitro and in vivo reported adverse effects of many UV-Fs on the normal development of organisms, there is scarce data regarding acute and chronic toxicity."	( Single and joint ecotoxicity data estimation of organic UV filters and nanomaterials toward selected aquatic organisms. Urban groundwater risk assessment. Barceló, D; Díaz-Cruz, MS; Gago-Ferrero, P; Molins-Delgado, D, 2016)	0.43
" Acute toxicity based on Alamar Blue assay showed that silver ions were considerably more toxic than AgNPs."	( Silver nanoparticles induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress in rat cerebral astrocytes is distinct from the effects of silver ions. Hu, L; Jia, Y; Jiang, G; Liu, W; Sun, C; Wen, R; Yin, N; Zhou, Q, 2016)	2.12
"It was observed that PVP-coated AgNPs are toxic to human neutrophils being the 10nm AgNPs more toxic than the 50nm AgNPs."	( Size-dependent cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human neutrophils assessed by multiple analytical approaches. Chisté, RC; Fernandes, E; Freitas, M; Proença, C; Ribeiro, D; Soares, T, 2016)	0.72
"These data indicate that AgNPs are toxic to human neutrophils in concentration-, time- and size-dependent manner, but independent of NADPH oxidase activation."	( Size-dependent cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human neutrophils assessed by multiple analytical approaches. Chisté, RC; Fernandes, E; Freitas, M; Proença, C; Ribeiro, D; Soares, T, 2016)	0.72
" Nevertheless, these NPs can cause adverse biological effects and because of that, there is a great concern about the health and environmental risks related to their use."	( Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles of different sizes in CHO-K1 and CHO-XRS5 cell lines. da Veiga, MA; Franchi, LP; Rosa, LR; Souza, TA; Takahashi, CS, 2016)	0.72
" In addition, acute toxicity results concluded that BLCFE-AgNPs were less toxic to the fresh water crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta (50 μg/ml) when compared to AgNO3 (22 μg/ml)."	( Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using a probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 and their antibiofilm activity and toxicity effects in Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Chih, CT; Jayaseelan, BD; Shanthi, S; Vaseeharan, B; Velusamy, P; Vijayakumar, S, 2016)	0.78
"One of the biggest obstacles for the development of HIV vaccines is how to sufficiently trigger crucial anti-HIV immunities via a safe manner."	( Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Silver Nanorods Can Be a Safe, Noncarrier Adjuvant for HIV Vaccine. Balachandran, YL; Jiang, X; Li, D; Liu, Y; Shao, Y, 2016)	0.68
" The results showed that longer AgNWs (20μm) were more toxic than shorter ones (10μm) to both algae and water fleas, but shorter AgNWs were accumulated more than longer ones in the body of the fish."	( Toxicity and transfer of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanowires in an aquatic food chain consisting of algae, water fleas, and zebrafish. An, YJ; Chae, Y, 2016)	0.68
" We documented that both silver forms caused adverse effects on development and inhibited hatchability and, most importantly, altered locomotion."	( Behavioural toxicity assessment of silver ions and nanoparticles on zebrafish using a locomotion profiling approach. Ašmonaitė, G; Boyer, S; Souza, KB; Sturve, J; Wassmur, B, 2016)	1.01
"The GOAg nanocomposite was more toxic than pristine GO and pristine AgNP for both macrophages, and it significantly induced more ROS production compared to pristine AgNP."	( Comparative in vitro toxicity of a graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite and the pristine counterparts toward macrophages. Alves, OL; Cadore, S; Consonni, SR; de Luna, LA; de Moraes, AC; Giorgio, S; Pereira, CD, 2016)	0.69
"Although the GOAg nanocomposite was less internalized by the macrophage cells, it was more toxic than the pristine counterparts and induced remarkable oxidative stress."	( Comparative in vitro toxicity of a graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite and the pristine counterparts toward macrophages. Alves, OL; Cadore, S; Consonni, SR; de Luna, LA; de Moraes, AC; Giorgio, S; Pereira, CD, 2016)	0.69
" Relevant toxic effects (midzonal hepatocellular necrosis, gall bladder hemorrhage) were found in mice treated with 10 nm AgNPs, while in mice treated with 40 nm and 100 nm AgNPs lesions were milder or negligible, respectively."	( Tissue distribution and acute toxicity of silver after single intravenous administration in mice: nano-specific and size-dependent effects. Argentiere, S; Aureli, F; Bianchessi, S; Cella, C; Cubadda, F; D'Amato, M; De Maglie, M; Lenardi, C; Mattiello, S; Milani, P; Raggi, A; Recordati, C; Scanziani, E, 2016)	0.7
" Silymarin was known as a hepatoprotective agent that is used in the treatment of hepatic diseases including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver diseases, Amanita mushroom poisoning, liver cirrhosis, toxic and drug-induced liver diseases."	( Study of Silymarin and Vitamin E Protective Effects on Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity on Mice Liver Primary Cell Culture. Ahmadi Ashtiani, H; Anjarani, S; Ejtemaeimehr, S; Faedmaleki, F; Rastegar, H; Salarian, AA; Shirazi, FH, 2016)	0.68
" However, ACPB-AgNP showed environmental risks, with toxic effect to the aquatic organism Hydra attenuata (i."	( Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse: Silver nanoparticle modification and ecotoxicity assessment. Castro, VL; Clemente, Z; Delite, FS; Gonçalves, SPC; Martinez, DST; Strauss, M, 2016)	0.69
" These results indicate that silver NPs may cause adverse effects by selectively affecting the gut microbiota."	( Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles Contained in Food on Intestinal Cells and the Gut Microbiota. Fröhlich, E; Fröhlich, EE, 2016)	0.73
"SNA and SNP were cytotoxic to L929 in higher concentrations, with SNA significantly more toxic than SNP."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Used in Endodontic Treatments. Barbosa, DB; Bernabé, DG; Camargo, ER; Gomes-Filho, JE; Gorup, LF; Monteiro, DR; Oliveira, SH; Takamiya, AS, 2016)	0.68
" However, for safe clinical use, further studies establishing others points of its toxicologic profile are recommended."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Used in Endodontic Treatments. Barbosa, DB; Bernabé, DG; Camargo, ER; Gomes-Filho, JE; Gorup, LF; Monteiro, DR; Oliveira, SH; Takamiya, AS, 2016)	0.68
"Flow cytometric investigation of the toxic effects of nanoparticles on bacteria is highly challenging and not sensitive due to the interference of aggregated nanoparticles: aggregated nanoparticles and bacteria are similar in size."	( Investigating the environmental factors affecting the toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Escherichia coli with dual fluorescence analysis. Chen, S; Hong, W; Li, L; Liang, J; Wang, J; Wang, X; Wu, L; Xu, A; Xu, S; Zhao, G, 2016)	0.67
" It was demonstrated that cells in the 3D model were less sensitive to the toxic effects of nanoparticles in comparison with 2D cultures."	( Transport and Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in HepaRG Cell Spheroids. Gerasimenko, TN; Maltseva, DV; Pulkova, NV; Senyavina, NV, 2016)	0.73
" Results show the adverse effects of AgNPs on the male reproductive tract, particularly spermatogenesis, and suggest that Se possesses significant potential in reducing AgNP-induced testicular toxicity."	( Sodium Selenite Protects Against Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Testicular Toxicity and Inflammation. Abudawood, M; Aleem, MM; Ansar, S; Hamed, SS, 2017)	0.74
" Both coated AgNPs (primary size 8-12nm) were significantly more toxic than the uncoated (~85nm) AgNPs."	( Profiling of the toxicity mechanisms of coated and uncoated silver nanoparticles to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 using a set of its 9 single-gene deletion mutants defective in oxidative stress response, cell wall or membrane integrity and endocyt Kahru, A; Käosaar, S; Kasemets, K; Mantecca, P, 2016)	0.68
" Recent literature suggests that many metallic nanomaterials including those of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) cause significant toxic effects in animal cell culture and animal models, however, toxicity studies using plant species are limited."	( Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticle toxicity in plants: A review of current research. Cox, A; Sahi, S; Sharma, N; Venkatachalam, P, 2016)	2.1
" Thus, possible adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on human stem cells should be investigated carefully to ensure a safe usage."	( In Vitro Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow. Feng, Q; He, W; Kienzle, A; Liu, X; Müller, WE, 2016)	1.04
" In comparison, the addition of AgNO3 resulted in reproductive toxicity in every tested sediment, and Ag was more toxic when spiked as AgNO3 than AgNP."	( Toxicity Testing of Silver Nanoparticles in Artificial and Natural Sediments Using the Benthic Organism Lumbriculus variegatus. Akkanen, J; Kukkonen, JV; Mäenpää, K; Rajala, JE; Scott-Fordsmand, JJ; Väisänen, A; Vehniäinen, ER, 2016)	0.76
"Understanding the adverse impact of nanoparticles in crop plants has emerged as one of the most interesting fields of plant research."	( Nitric oxide alleviates silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-induced phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum seedlings. Chauhan, DK; Dubey, NK; Pandey, AC; Prasad, SM; Singh, PK; Singh, S; Singh, VP; Srivastava, PK; Tripathi, DK, 2017)	0.76
" Ag NPs were highly toxic against the three mosquito vectors."	( One-pot fabrication of silver nanocrystals using Nicandra physalodes: A novel route for mosquito vector control with moderate toxicity on non-target water bugs. Benelli, G; Govindarajan, M; Khater, HF; Panneerselvam, C, 2016)	0.74
"Nanoparticles (NPs, 1-100 nm) can enter the environment and result in exposure to humans and other organisms leading to potential adverse health effects."	( Vascular toxicity of silver nanoparticles to developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gao, J; Khlebnikova, M; Mahapatra, CT; Mapes, CD; Sepúlveda, MS; Wei, A, 2016)	0.75
" However, most conventional AgNPs syntheses require the use of hazardous chemicals and generate toxic organic waste."	( 'Chocolate' silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. Chowdhury, NR; MacGregor-Ramiasa, M; Majewski, P; Vasilev, K; Zilm, P, 2016)	0.81
" In the literature, the toxicity of nanoparticles made from inert materials has been investigated and many of these have revealed toxic potential under specific conditions."	( Nanotoxicity of Inert Materials: The Case of Gold, Silver and Iron. Ashraf, M; Ghafoor, A; Javed, I; Javeed, A; Madni, A; Rehman, M; Umair, M, )	0.38
"Several studies have shown that AgNPs can be toxic to phytoplankton, but the underlying cellular mechanisms still remain largely unknown."	( Contrasting silver nanoparticle toxicity and detoxification strategies in Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris: New insights from proteomic and physiological analyses. Chen, J; Chen, S; Deng, Z; Fu, Z; Lavoie, M; Lu, H; Qian, H; Zhou, Z; Zhu, K, 2016)	0.81
" In the past, the molecular mechanisms contributing to the bactericidal effects of Ag NPs have been investigated extensively, but little is known of the antibacterial and toxic effects and mechanisms involved in laser-generated Ag NPs."	( The Molecular Mechanisms of the Antibacterial Effect of Picosecond Laser Generated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity to Human Cells. Korshed, P; Li, L; Liu, Z; Wang, T, 2016)	0.66
" FA-AML1 cells were more sensitive overall than MOLT-4 to treatment with the smaller 7nm sized AgNp's being the most toxic in these cells."	( Silver nanoparticles exhibit size-dependent differential toxicity and induce expression of syncytin-1 in FA-AML1 and MOLT-4 leukaemia cell lines. Alqahtani, S; Hampson, IN; Hampson, L; He, XT; Oliver, AW; Povey, A; Promtong, P; Walker, TD, 2016)	1.88
" AgNPs were most toxic to BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts while other ENMs were insignificantly toxic."	( The applicability of conventional cytotoxicity assays to predict safety/toxicity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles, silver and gold nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Heinonen, T; Mannerström, M; Pyykkö, I; Toimela, T; Zou, J, 2016)	0.64
" These findings support the use of human primary monocyte-based in vitro assays for realistically investigating the effects of engineered nanoparticles on human innate immune responses, in order to predict the immunological risk of nanomaterials and implement safe nanoparticle-based applications."	( Assessing the Immunosafety of Engineered Nanoparticles with a Novel in Vitro Model Based on Human Primary Monocytes. Baggerman, G; Boraschi, D; Casals, E; Italiani, P; Li, Y; Mertens, I; Nelissen, I; Puntes, VF; Valkenborg, D, 2016)	0.43
" This article summarizes the antimicrobial application of nano-silver on treatment of diseases, its potential toxic effects on some organs or systems, and the possible toxic mechanism, as well as makes prospects of the research trends of nano-silver in future."	( [Antimicrobial applications and toxicity of nano-silver in the medical field]. Tang, M; Wang, JJ; Xue, YY, 2016)	0.93
"The wide application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has pointed out the need to evaluate their potential risk and toxic effects on human health."	( Comparison of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles on human cervix and breast cancer cell lines. Bogdanchikova, N; Chávez-Santoscoy, RA; Garcia-Garcia, MR; Girón-Vazquez, N; Gonzalez, EB; Juarez-Moreno, K; Mota-Morales, JD; Perez-Mozqueda, LL; Pestryakov, A, 2017)	1.01
" However, in addition to their antimicrobial action, concerns have been expressed about the potential adverse human health effects of AgNPs."	( Silver nanoparticles: Significance of physicochemical properties and assay interference on the interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Brown, RP; Goering, PL; Malghan, SG; Nagy, AM; Riaz Ahmed, KB; Zhang, Q, 2017)	1.9
" The toxic effects of AgNPs depend on concentration, size, shape, coated materials and surrounding environments."	( Cytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles Against Bacteria and Tumor Cells. He, QY; Shi, T; Sun, X, 2018)	0.83
"The rapid development of nanotechnologies and increased production and use of nanomaterials raise concerns about their potential toxic effects for human health and environment."	( Pan-European inter-laboratory studies on a panel of in vitro cytotoxicity and pro-inflammation assays for nanoparticles. Anguissola, S; Balottin, LB; Benetti, F; Bondarenko, OM; Boyles, MSP; Dumortier, E; Duschl, A; Granjeiro, JM; Haase, A; Himly, M; Ivask, A; Jacobs, A; Kahru, A; Leite, PEC; Lima, B; Misra, SK; Nelissen, I; Piret, JP; Potthoff, A; Radauer-Preiml, I; Ribeiro, AR; Saout, C; Simion, M; Smal, C; Tischler, U; Toussaint, O, 2017)	0.46
" Results suggest that both particle-specific activity and intracellular silver ion release of Au@Ag NR contribute to the toxic response of granulosa cells."	( Interference of Steroidogenesis by Gold Nanorod Core/Silver Shell Nanostructures: Implications for Reproductive Toxicity of Silver Nanomaterials. Bi, S; Cao, M; Chen, C; Ji, Y; Jiang, X; Li, J; Tang, J; Tian, X; Wang, L; Wu, X; Yin, JJ, 2017)	0.94
" These results were attributed to the combined toxic action of the released iron, silver ions and antibiotics."	( Release and cytotoxicity studies of magnetite/Ag/antibiotic nanoparticles: An interdependent relationship. Coy, E; Gapinski, J; Ivashchenko, O; Jurga, S; Peplinska, B; Woźniak, A, 2017)	0.68
" The LIDC-activated system demonstrated high antimicrobial efficacy against MRSA, but was also toxic to human cells immediately surrounding the electrodes."	( Antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity of low intensity direct current activated silver-titanium implant system prototype. Havell, EA; Orndorff, PE; Shirwaiker, RA; Tan, Z, 2017)	0.68
" This study showed that the pure AgNPs produced by laser ablation are toxic to the neural tissue."	( Toxicity of internalized laser generated pure silver nanoparticles to the isolated rat hippocampus cells. Kursungoz, C; Ortaç, B; Sara, Y; Sargon, MF; Taş, ST, 2017)	0.71
"Chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (chem-AgNPs) have been assessed extensively to show adverse effects on plant cells but the role of biologically synthesized nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) at lower concentrations and their toxicological impact on plant cells have not been sufficiently studied."	( Low-dose toxicity of biogenic silver nanoparticles fabricated by Swertia chirata on root tips and flower buds of Allium cepa. Dutta Gupta, S; Saha, N, 2017)	1.05
" Further, exposure towards renal epithelial cells and renal mitochondria also confirm the toxic similarities between the AgNPs synthesized from two routes."	( Toxicity evaluation of silver nanoparticles synthesized by chemical and green route in different experimental models. Kurian, GA; Vasanth, SB, 2017)	0.77
" Yeast suspensions were used to examine the toxic effects of contaminants on the cyclic behaviour of metabolite changes during anaerobic glycolysis."	( Effect of the periodic properties of toxic stress on the oscillatory behaviour of glycolysis in yeast-evidence of a toxic effect frequency. André, C; Gagné, F, 2017)	0.46
" Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that the nanoparticles caused both the effects, although, the most toxic concentrations were above those applied for white mold control."	( Biogenic silver nanoparticles based on trichoderma harzianum: synthesis, characterization, toxicity evaluation and biological activity. Abhilash, PC; Bilesky-Jose, N; Fraceto, LF; Grillo, R; Guilger, M; Lima, R; Pasquoto-Stigliani, T, 2017)	0.87
" The synthesized EM/AgNPs exhibited steady and safe AgNPs release, which was further tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by disc diffusion method and bacterial suspension assay."	( Nano-silver-decorated microfibrous eggshell membrane: processing, cytotoxicity assessment and optimization, antibacterial activity and wound healing. He, W; Liu, M; Luo, G; Tan, J; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Xing, M; Xu, R, 2017)	0.97
" Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable."	( Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried fruit extract of Ficus carica - Screening for its anticancer activity and toxicity in animal models. Jacob, SJP; Muralidharan, P; Prasad, VLS; Sivasankar, S, 2017)	0.8
"The widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-containing products has raised public safety concerns about their adverse effects on human health and the environment."	( Toxicity of nano- and ionic silver to embryonic stem cells: a comparative toxicogenomic study. Gao, X; Keltner, Z; Sprando, RL; Topping, VD; Yourick, JJ, 2017)	1.04
"The discovery of new solutions with antibacterial activity as efficient and safe alternatives to common preservatives (such as parabens) and to combat emerging infections and drug-resistant bacterial pathogens is highly expected in cosmetics and pharmaceutics."	( Negatively charged silver nanoparticles with potent antibacterial activity and reduced toxicity for pharmaceutical preparations. Alessio, G; Avvakumova, S; Collico, V; Colombo, M; Corsi, F; Galbiati, E; Prosperi, D; Salvioni, L; Tortora, P, 2017)	0.78
" Strikingly, oral administration of rutin counterbalanced the toxic effects triggered by Ag-NPs."	( Neurotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles and the protective role of rutin. Ahmed, MM; Hussein, MMA, 2017)	0.77
" Excessive use of AgNPs can have adverse effects on the human body, however, their toxicity characteristics to human sperm and the potential mechanisms are not entirely clear."	( Silver nanoparticle induced toxicity to human sperm by increasing ROS(reactive oxygen species) production and DNA damage. Du, Q; Huang, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, E, 2017)	1.9
" Overall, shorter AgNWs (10 μm) were more toxic than longer AgNWs (20 μm)."	( Effects of silver nanowire length and exposure route on cytotoxicity to earthworms. An, YJ; Kwak, JI; Park, JW, 2017)	0.84
" In this work, the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (35nm-average diameter and Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidone-coated) on biological systems of different levels of complexity was assessed in a comprehensive and comparatively way, through a variety of viability and toxicological assays."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in biological systems: Does the complexity of biological systems matter? Bogdanchikova, N; Borrego, B; García-García, M; Huerta-Saquero, A; Juárez-Moreno, K; Mota Morales, JD; Vazquez-Muñoz, R, 2017)	1.11
"The majority of the complexes (specifically those containing PPh3) were found to be highly toxic to the SNO cells and less toxic towards HDF-a cells, as determined by the alamarBlue® assay."	( A Comparison of the Toxicity of Mono, Bis, Tris and Tetrakis Phosphino Silver Complexes on SNO Esophageal Cancer Cells. Cronje, MJ; Engelbrecht, Z; Malgas-Enus, R; Meijboom, R; Mpela, Z; Potgieter, K, 2018)	0.71
" The results revealed that the cysteamine-stabilized (positively charged) nanoparticles (SBATE) were the least toxic although they exhibited a similar ion release profile as the unmodified (negatively charged) nanoparticles obtained using sodium borohydride (SBNM)."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles towards tumoral human cell lines U-937 and HL-60. Barbasz, A; Oćwieja, M; Roman, M, 2017)	0.83
"The intense commercial application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been raising concerns about their potential adverse health effects to human."	( Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanosilver in stable GADD45α promoter-driven luciferase reporter HepG2 and A549 cells. Che, B; Cheng, K; Fan, G; Liu, Z; Luo, Q; Xin, L; Zhai, B, 2017)	1
" This article highlights the benefits of selecting each material or metal-based composite for certain applications while also addressing possible setbacks and the toxic effects of the nanomaterials on the environment."	( Antibacterial properties and toxicity from metallic nanomaterials. Fraze, C; Ngo, SM; Stout, DA; Vimbela, GV; Yang, L, 2017)	0.46
" It can be ascribed to the presence of specialized cellular components of the brain barrier, protecting HBEC5i cells against toxic SNPs."	( Human brain endothelial barrier cells are distinctly less vulnerable to silver nanoparticles toxicity than human blood vessel cells: A cell-specific mechanism of the brain barrier? Białkowska, K; Komorowski, P; Kucińska, M; Makowski, K; Rosowski, M; Siatkowska, M; Sokołowska, P; Walkowiak, B, 2017)	0.69
" It was concluded that Ag-NPs are toxic to aquatic organisms and induce hematotoxicity and histopathological conditions in exposed fish."	( Assessment of Waterborne Amine-Coated Silver Nanoparticle (Ag-NP)-Induced Toxicity in Labeo rohita by Histological and Hematological Profiles. Asghar, MS; Jabeen, F; Khan, MS; Qureshi, NA; Shakeel, M, 2018)	0.75
" Data showed varying toxic potential of differentially coated AgNP."	( Impact of surface functionalization on the uptake mechanism and toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in HepG2 cells. Brkić Ahmed, L; Gajović, S; Marjanović, AM; Milić, M; Mlinarić, H; Pavičić, I; Pongrac, IM; Vinković Vrček, I, 2017)	0.68
" Consequently, vast quantities of multi-dimensional AgNMs are being manufactured and released into aquatic ecosystems, where they have toxic effects on aquatic organisms."	( Dimension-dependent toxicity of silver nanomaterials on the cladocerans Daphnia magna and Daphnia galeata. An, YJ; Chae, Y; Cui, R, 2017)	0.74
"Nowadays, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been widely used and there are raising concerns about their potential adverse effects on organism."	( Silver nanoparticles or free silver ions work? An enantioselective phytotoxicity study with a chiral tool. Chen, Z; Sheng, X; Wang, J; Wen, Y, 2018)	2.33
" Results also demonstrated that Ag nanorods have not merely remarkably antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but safe for using in human life, which exhibited no effect on eukaryotic cells."	( Green approach for one-pot synthesis of silver nanorod using cellulose nanocrystal and their cytotoxicity and antibacterial assessment. Fouda, A; Shaheen, TI, 2018)	0.75
" Diatom responses to AgNP, free Ag(I) species, and dialysis bag-retained AgNP treatments showed marked similarity, pointing towards a dominant role of Ag(I) species uptake, rather than NPs themselves, in inducing the toxic response."	( Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle toxicity to the coastal marine diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus. Achterberg, EP; Browning, TJ; El-Shahawi, MS; Guillou, A; Lodeiro, P, 2017)	0.82
" Meanwhile, the cell viability assay demonstrated that mPEG-luteolin-AgNPs had toxic effects on human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells."	( Facile synthesis of mPEG-luteolin-capped silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity to neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Li, X; Liu, X; Lu, M; Qing, W; Wang, Y, 2017)	0.72
" This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of AgNPs with different particle sizes (40 and 110 nm) and different surface coatings (sodium citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) on Daphnia magna and their mechanisms of action."	( Toxic Effects and Molecular Mechanism of Different Types of Silver Nanoparticles to the Aquatic Crustacean Daphnia magna. Hou, J; Li, S; Wang, C; Wang, X; Zhou, Y, 2017)	0.7
" Interestingly, cytotoxicity of the synthesized AgNPs was less toxic to HaCaT cells as compared to bacteria cells, which suggests that the synthesized AgNPs by this method is eco-friendly in nature."	( Non-cytotoxic effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity. Devasena, T; Prakash, B; Rajasekar, A; Senthil, B, 2017)	0.72
" Moreover, the expression of the genes responsible for polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis was enhanced, which was adverse to denitrification."	( Comprehensive analysis of transcriptional and proteomic profiling reveals silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity to bacterial denitrification. Chen, Y; Wang, J; Wei, Y; Zheng, X, 2018)	0.71
" Though chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles are a well-known antimicrobial agent, they are toxic to human cells at higher concentrations."	( Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of curcumin-silver nanoparticles with improved stability and selective toxicity to bacteria over mammalian cells. Jaiswal, S; Mishra, P, 2018)	1.02
" Nanotechnology and microbiology researchers are looking for new and safe nano drugs for eliminating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis."	( Toxicity effects of AgZnO nanoparticles and rifampicin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the macrophage. Dehghanpour, M; Fathizadeh, S; Jafari Nodooshan, S; Jafari, A; Kamalzadeh, M; Majidpour, A; Mosavari, N; Movahedzadeh, F; Novin Kashani, A; Rasouli Koohi, S; Safarkar, R, 2018)	0.48
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are accumulated in the male reproductive organs for a long time and cause several adverse effects in there."	( Insight on cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles: Alternative androgenic transactivation by adsorption with DHT. Kang, JS; Park, JW, 2018)	2.21
" However, these particles tend to migrate in vivo, thereby entering the blood circulatory system in granular form and accumulating in the liver, causing toxic reactions."	( Research on the hepatotoxicity mechanism of citrate-modified silver nanoparticles based on metabolomics and proteomics. Dong, W; Li, Y; Liu, R; Wang, Y; Xie, J, 2018)	0.72
" Overall, the AgNPs-DTPs (156nm) were found to be less toxic with 49."	( One-pot biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Iboza Riparia and Ilex Mitis for cytotoxicity on human embryonic kidney cells. Bisetty, K; Idress, D; Kanchi, S; Makhanya, T; Sabela, MI; Shahbaaz, M, 2018)	0.79
" The parameters that demonstrated an ability to mitigate the acute toxic effects of silver were chloride, sodium, organic carbon, and chromium reducible sulfide."	( Influence of Varying Water Quality Parameters on the Acute Toxicity of Silver to the Freshwater Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia. Bell, RA; Naddy, RB; Paquin, PR; Santore, RC; Stubblefield, WA; Wu, KB, 2018)	0.94
" A clear understanding of how different characteristics of nanoparticles contribute in their toxic behavior to organisms are imperative for predicting and control nanotoxicity."	( Ecotoxicity of different-shaped silver nanoparticles: Case of zebrafish embryos. Abkhalimov, ЕV; Abramenko, NB; Demidova, TB; Ershov, BG; Krysanov, EY; Kustov, LM, 2018)	0.76
" In this study, we used a powerful in vivo platform Drosophila melanogaster to explore a wide spectrum of adverse effects exerted by dietary AgNPs at the organismal, cellular and molecular levels."	( Silver nanoparticles have lethal and sublethal adverse effects on development and longevity by inducing ROS-mediated stress responses. Chen, ZY; Mao, BH; Wang, YJ; Yan, SJ, 2018)	1.92
" Toxicity tests were conducted using the newly constructed model, finding that four dental castings coated with silver nanoparticles were toxic to human hepatocytes after cell viability assays."	( Toxicity testing of four silver nanoparticle-coated dental castings in 3-D LO2 cell cultures. Chu, Q; Shen, XT; Shi, XE; Zhang, YZ; Zhao, YY; Zheng, XD, )	0.65
" Although numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have provided evidence of toxic effects, rapid commercialization of AgNP-based nanomaterials has advanced without characterization of their potential environmental and health hazards."	( Mechanisms Underlying Neurotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles. Skalska, J; Strużyńska, L, 2018)	0.75
" AgNPs are increasingly used in consumer, commercial, and medical products for their antimicrobial properties and observations of Ag in adult and fetal brain following in vivo exposures to AgNPs have led to concerns about the potential for AgNPs to elicit adverse effects on neurodevelopment and neurological function."	( Using primary organotypic mouse midbrain cultures to examine developmental neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles across two genetic strains. Dills, R; Faustman, EM; Griffith, WC; Hong, S; Kavanagh, TJ; Lee, JH; Park, JJ; Weldon, BA; Workman, T, 2018)	0.7
"Silver-containing dressings are considered to be safe even though there have been some reports of complications, including argyria and various organ system dysfunctions."	( Silver absorption and toxicity evaluation of silver wound dressings in 40 patients with chronic wounds. Brouillard, C; Bursztejn, AC; Cuny, JF; Goullé, JP; Latarche, C; Schmutz, JL; Truchetet, F, 2018)	3.37
"To ensure the safe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in modern society, it is necessary and urgent to assess the potential toxicity of NPs."	( A review of cardiovascular toxicity of TiO Cao, Y; Gong, Y; Liao, W; Luo, Y; Wang, M; Wu, C; Yang, Q, 2018)	0.48
"Recently, the augmented utilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) resulted in increasingrates of its release to aquatic environment, which potentially caused adverse effects to aquatic organisms."	( Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of silver nanoparticles mediated reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. Jia, PP; Junaid, M; Lu, CJ; Ma, YB; Pei, DS; Yang, L; Zhang, JH, 2018)	1.01
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most widely-used nanomaterials, which are toxic and can cause physiological disorders in plants."	( Alterations in HO-1 expression, heme oxygenase activity and endogenous NO homeostasis modulate antioxidant responses of Brassica nigra against nano silver toxicity. Ahadi, A; Amooaghaie, R; Tabatabaei, F, 2018)	2.12
" aureus as well as the toxic effects of both NPs in rats."	( Antibacterial effects and resistance induction of silver and gold nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis and the potential toxicity in rats. Al-Dubaib, M; Elbehiry, A; Marzouk, E; Moussa, I, 2019)	0.77
" The current knowledge gaps and safe product designs of Ag-NPs have been discussed in detail."	( A review on silver nanoparticles-induced ecotoxicity and the underlying toxicity mechanisms. Dong, Y; Du, J; Ge, J; Jin, M; Li, H; Tang, J; Xu, S, 2018)	0.86
" Here, smart positively-charged stable arginine amino acid incorporated mono layer graphene (Arg-EMGr) nanobiocomposite introduced as useful antibacterial and safe bactericidal agent competitive with Ag direct."	( Antibacterial biocompatible arginine functionalized mono-layer graphene: No more risk of silver toxicity. Amiri, A; Bushroa, AR; Kalaiselvam, K; Rafieerad, AR; Vadivelu, J; Vellasamy, KM, 2018)	0.7
" With regard to toxicity, the AgNpE were the most toxic when compared with AgNpR."	( Synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles using Althaea officinalis as reducing agent: evaluation of toxicity and ecotoxicity. Bilesky-José, N; Carvalho, CDS; Fraceto, LF; Gallep, TBB; Germano-Costa, T; Grillo, R; Guilger, M; Lima, R; Pasquoto-Stigliani, T; Rheder, DT, 2018)	0.8
" Since biofilm is difficult to eradicate, new treatments have been established, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties have been studied, nevertheless, their toxic effects are known too."	( Evaluation of anti-biofilm and cytotoxic effect of a gel formulation with Pluronic F-127 and silver nanoparticles as a potential treatment for skin wounds. Alvarado-Gomez, E; Ganem-Rondero, A; Martínez-Castañon, G; Martinez-Gutierrez, F; Sanchez-Sanchez, R; Yacaman, MJ, 2018)	0.92
"The current research results support clearly the toxic effects of Ag NPs at very low concentration and suggest that further in vivo investigation are required to be able to confirm the safety of nanoparticle derived application to use in life."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles on different tissues of Balb/C mice. Amidi, F; Basir, HRG; Davoudi, M; Hassan, ZM; Moradi-Sardareh, H; Paknejad, M, 2018)	0.86
"This study aimed at determining the toxic potential of rGO-Ag nanocomposite on human liver normal (CHANG) and cancer (HepG2) cells."	( Silver-doped graphene oxide nanocomposite triggers cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human hepatic normal and carcinoma cells. Alarifi, S; Ali, D; Alkahtani, S; Almeer, RS, 2018)	1.92
"This result provides a basic comparative toxic effect of rGO-Ag nanocomposite on hepatic normal and cancerous liver cells."	( Silver-doped graphene oxide nanocomposite triggers cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human hepatic normal and carcinoma cells. Alarifi, S; Ali, D; Alkahtani, S; Almeer, RS, 2018)	1.92
" aeruginosa was exhibited at an early stage of exposure to AgNPs, which were also toxic to its growth, photosynthetic, and membrane systems."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to green algae M. aeruginosa and alleviation by organic matter. Cheng, H; Fang, J; Xiang, L, 2018)	0.86
" Results indicated that silver nitrate was more toxic than AgNPs when the viability "egg-to-adult" was determined."	( Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles in Drosophila. Alaraby, M; Hernández, A; Marcos, R; Romero, S, 2019)	1.11
" Thus, the addition of AgNP at the lowest concentration can improve the pharmacological activity of HSB without causing a toxic effect on vegetal cells."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles released by Hancornia speciosa (Mangabeira) biomembrane. Almeida, LM; Filho, OB; Gonçalves, PJ; Guidelli, ÉJ; Kinoshita, A; Magno, LN; Pereira, AC, 2019)	0.89
"Ever-increasing production and use of nanoparticles (NPs) have aroused overarching concerns for their toxic effects on the environment and human."	( Responses of flocculated activated sludge to bimetallic Ag-Fe nanoparticles toxicity: Performance, activity enzymatic, and bacterial community shift. Amoozegar, MA; Daraei, H; Rafiee, M; Yazdanbakhsh, AR, 2019)	0.51
" Stem cell technology will largely allow for the replacement of animal studies and reduce costs, and will provide a new paradigm for in toxic genomics, bioinformatics, systems biology, and epigenetics studies."	( Deriving Neural Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Nanotoxicity Testing. Begum, AN; Chan, N; Hong, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Different synthesis methods have been proposed to produce these nanoparticles, which often require elevated temperatures/pressures or toxic solvents."	( Selective cytotoxicity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against the MCF-7 tumor cell line and their enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Danaei, M; Khaleghi, M; Khorrami, S; Mozafari, MR; Zarrabi, A, 2018)	0.74
"To evaluate the adverse vascular effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in vitro, extensive studies have investigated the toxicity of NPs on endothelial cells, but the knowledge of potential toxicity on human smooth-muscle cells (SMCs) is currently limited."	( A comparative study of toxicity of TiO Cao, Y; Ding, Y; Liao, G; Long, J; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Zou, X, 2018)	0.48
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in aquatic ecosystems are toxic to aquatic organisms."	( Toxicity responses of different organs of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and surface coatings. Hou, J; Liu, H; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, S; Zhou, N, 2019)	2.19
" These modification shows a dual role in toxic response of AgNPs."	( Silver nanoparticles: An integrated view of green synthesis methods, transformation in the environment, and toxicity. Franchi, LP; Jorge de Souza, TA; Rosa Souza, LR, 2019)	1.96
"An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a framework that organizes the mechanistic or predictive relationships between molecular initiating events (MIEs), key events (KEs), and adverse outcomes (AOs)."	( Developing adverse outcome pathways on silver nanoparticle-induced reproductive toxicity via oxidative stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using a Bayesian network model. Cha, YK; Chatterjee, N; Choi, I; Choi, J; Jeong, J; Song, T, 2018)	0.75
" Although potential inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles is increasing, only a few studies address the possible toxic effect of inhaled silver particles."	( Is using nanosilver mattresses/pillows safe? A review of potential health implications of silver nanoparticles on human health. Palaniappan, K; Prasath, S, 2019)	1.15
" The toxic effects, mechanisms, and modes of action of Ag NPs on aquatic organisms have been extensively determined in the laboratory."	( Fate and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in freshwater from laboratory to realistic environments: a review. Chen, J; Ke, S; Sun, C; Xu, X; Yao, L; Zhang, W, 2019)	0.83
"The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has raised public concern due to their potential toxic effects on humans and the environment."	( Silver nanoparticle toxicity in silkworms: Omics technologies for a mechanistic understanding. Abdlli, N; Chen, K; Chen, L; Fan, W; Gu, J; Lü, P; Ma, S; Meng, X; Peprah, FA; Wang, N; Zhu, F, 2019)	2.27
" Results The in vivo studies revealed that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/kg and there was no significant difference (p>0."	( In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from Elaeodendron croceum. Afolayan, AJ; De La Mare, J; Edkins, AL; Odeyemi, SW, 2019)	0.75
" In addition, the tolerance mechanisms underlying survival strategy that plants adopt to cope with adverse effects of AgNPs are discussed."	( Impacts of Silver Nanoparticles on Plants: A Focus on the Phytotoxicity and Underlying Mechanism. Chen, Z; Yan, A, 2019)	0.9
"The toxic action of surfactant used as a stabilizer of metal nanoparticles have been studied with the aim to determine separate contributions of surfactant monomers and micelles to cell viability decrease."	( The effect of surfactant micellization on the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles stabilized with aerosol-OT. Egorova, EM; Kaba, SI, 2019)	0.75
"Production and use of metallic nanoparticles have increased dramatically over the past few years and design of nanomaterials has been developed to minimize their toxic potencies."	( Cytotoxicity of Ag, Au and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles prepared using golden rod (Solidago canadensis) plant extract. Botha, TL; Elemike, EE; Giesy, JP; Horn, S; Onwudiwe, DC; Wepener, V, 2019)	0.51
" This work establishes the biocompatibility of the reported wound sensor for human measurements with minimal toxic effects on human keratinocytes."	( Toxicity assessment of wearable wound sensor constituents on keratinocytes. Bhansali, S; Bhushan, P; Hutcheson, JD; Umasankar, Y, 2019)	0.51
" This work represents the first step in identifying the toxic effects of this AgNP formulation on dendritic cells."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells: Implications for phenotype. Angel Herrera-Enriquez, M; Bogdanchikova, N; Castro-Gamboa, S; Eliu Castell-Rodriguez, A; Fortoul, TI; Garcia-Garcia, MR; Garcia-Iglesias, T; Jarquin-Yañez, K; Pestryakov, A; Piñon-Zarate, G; Rojas-Lemus, M; Toledano-Magaña, Y, 2019)	0.89
" While there are a number of review articles and case studies published to date on the subject, an updated coherent review that clearly delineates thresholds and safe doses is lacking."	( Adverse effects of nanosilver on human health and the environment. Kennedy, J; McGuinness, C; Rafferty, A; Rezvani, E, 2019)	0.82
" The main outcomes were technical success, clinical success, adverse events, stent patency, and survival."	( Safety and efficacy of a metal stent covered with a silicone membrane containing integrated silver particles in preventing biofilm and sludge formation in endoscopic drainage of malignant biliary obstruction: a phase 2 pilot study. Jung, MK; Kim, SO; Kim, TK; Lee, TH; Pack, CG; Park, DH; Park, YK, 2019)	0.73
" The rates of early and late adverse events were 22."	( Safety and efficacy of a metal stent covered with a silicone membrane containing integrated silver particles in preventing biofilm and sludge formation in endoscopic drainage of malignant biliary obstruction: a phase 2 pilot study. Jung, MK; Kim, SO; Kim, TK; Lee, TH; Pack, CG; Park, DH; Park, YK, 2019)	0.73
"SEMSs covered with a silicone membrane containing integrated Ag-Ps may be effective and safe in malignant distal biliary obstruction."	( Safety and efficacy of a metal stent covered with a silicone membrane containing integrated silver particles in preventing biofilm and sludge formation in endoscopic drainage of malignant biliary obstruction: a phase 2 pilot study. Jung, MK; Kim, SO; Kim, TK; Lee, TH; Pack, CG; Park, DH; Park, YK, 2019)	0.73
"Conventional in vitro assays are often used as initial screens to identify potential toxic effects of nanoparticles (NPs)."	( An Alternative In Vitro Method for Examining Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity. Ali, SF; Cuevas, E; Gu, Q; Jones, Y; Krauthamer, V; Paule, MG; Zhang, Y, )	0.13
"Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are being used in a wide range of consumer products and pharmaceuticals; hence, there is an increasing risk for human exposure and potential adverse outcomes."	( Silver nanoparticle immunomodulatory potential in absence of direct cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and MPRO 2.1 neutrophils. Alsaleh, NB; Brown, JM; Mendoza, RP; Minarchick, VC; Podila, R; Sharma, B, 2019)	1.96
" This permeability is an issue of concern given the toxic properties of metallic nanoparticles for living organisms."	( Safety of the application of nanosilver and nanogold in topical cosmetic preparations. Banach, M; Chwastowski, J; Grabowska, A; Majka, TM; Pulit-Prociak, J, 2019)	0.8
" In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of silver (AgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on lateral-line hair cells of zebrafish embryos."	( Toxic effects of silver and copper nanoparticles on lateral-line hair cells of zebrafish embryos. Fang, CY; Horng, JL; Lin, LY; Yeh, YH; Yen, HJ; Yu, CH, 2019)	1.1
" Pretreatment or co-treatment of HN with AgNPs protected cells from several of these AgNPs induced adverse effects."	( Mitochondrial Peptide Humanin Protects Silver Nanoparticles-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Neuroblastoma Cancer Cells (SH-SY5Y). Gurunathan, S; Jeyaraj, M; Kang, MH; Kim, JH, 2019)	0.78
" This paper successfully reports comparative toxicity profiles of previously synthesized antimicrobial NPs in our lab and concludes the effectiveness of biologically synthesized NPs for its safe usage in biological systems."	( Comparative safety analysis of bactericidal nano-colloids: Assessment of potential functional toxicity and radical scavenging action. Alam, T; Hanif, R; Hashmi, MU; Janjua, HA; Khalid, N, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effect of maternal exposure to SNP (1 mg/kg/day, 70 nm) on fetal development during the first and second weeks of pregnancy."	( Toxic effects of maternal exposure to silver nanoparticles on mice fetal development during pregnancy. Danafar, A; Kalantar, SM; Khoradmehr, A; Miresmaeili, M; Mozafari, M, 2020)	0.83
" There were no toxic chemicals involved during the synthesis."	( Green Synthetic Nanoarchitectonics of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Using Quercetin and Their Cytotoxicity and Catalytic Applications. Lee, YJ; Park, Y, 2020)	0.82
"Increased use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has raised concerns that AgNPs may induce toxic effects."	( Skin Toxicity Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles in a 3D Epidermal Model Compared to 2D Keratinocytes. Chen, L; Jiang, S; Li, R; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Wu, G; Wu, M; Xie, L; Xu, L; Zhang, Y, 2019)	1.15
" However, only few studies considered toxic effects of AgNPs on plant offspring, especially on flowering."	( Offspring toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Arabidopsis thaliana flowering and floral development. Ke, M; Li, Y; Lu, T; Peijnenburg, WJGM; Qian, H; Qu, Q; Sun, L; Xu, N; Ye, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	0.87
"This comprehensive meta-analysis of the available evidence suggest that the use of nano-silver dressing combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor results in shorter duration of wound healing, reduced wound bacterial positive rates and adverse reactions rate, and improved wound healing rates."	( Efficacy and safety of nano-silver dressings combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for deep second-degree burns: A meta-analysis. Hu, A; Huang, Z; Kou, Y; Li, S; Liu, Y, 2021)	1.14
"The increased applications of nanomaterials in industry and biomedicine have resulted in a rising concern about their possible toxic impacts on living organisms."	( Toxicity of microwave-synthesized silver-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites to the microalga Jafarirad, S; Kazemi, EM; Kosari-Nasab, M; Movafeghi, A; Nazari, F, 2020)	0.84
" The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of both particles and dissolved ions to toxic responses, and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of toxicity."	( Foliar versus root exposure of AgNPs to lettuce: Phytotoxicity, antioxidant responses and internal translocation. Bosker, T; Peijnenburg, WJGM; Vijver, MG; Wang, G; Wu, J, 2020)	0.56
" This method also enabled assessment of the adverse effect of AgNP on various steps of wound healing in vivo."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles on wound healing: A case study of zebrafish fin regeneration model. Cao, M; Gao, Y; Jiang, G; Liang, Y; Pang, S; Song, M; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Zhang, W, 2020)	0.94
" More detailed knowledge is still required about the toxicity of AgNPs, their possible uptake mechanisms and their adverse effects in live organisms."	( Silver nanoparticles: Toxicity in model organisms as an overview of its hazard for human health and the environment. Diez, MC; Durán, N; Martínez, M; Parada, J; Rubilar, O; Seabra, AB; Tortella, GR, 2020)	2
" These findings imply that prolonged exposure to AgNPs might induce size-related, sex-dependent, and organ-specific toxicity to adult zebrafish, thereby may significantly extend our understanding of the toxic effects of AgNPs in aquatic environment."	( Sex-dependent and organ-specific toxicity of silver nanoparticles in livers and intestines of adult zebrafish. Bao, S; Fang, T; Tang, W, 2020)	0.82
" Taken together, this study unraveled that the ageing process elicited remarkable alterations to physicochemical properties and toxic effects as well."	( Ageing alters the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles and consequently compromises their acute toxicity in mammals. Li, Q; Liu, S; Ma, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wei, B; Wu, W; Xu, L, 2020)	0.81
" Strategies enabling reliable and reproducible safety assessment of nanomaterials are needed because predicting their toxic effects is challenging as there is no simple correlation between their properties and the interaction with living systems."	( Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Real-Time Monitoring of In Vitro Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity. Barbalinardo, M; Calienni, M; Cavallini, M; Decataldo, F; Fraboni, B; Gentili, D; Tessarolo, M, 2020)	0.79
" Rocket seeds extract might offer benefits against the toxic nature of AgNPs."	( Therapeutic effects of rocket seeds (Eruca sativa L.) against testicular toxicity and oxidative stress caused by silver nanoparticles injection in rats. Alotaibi, B; Altwaijry, N; El-Masry, TA; Saleh, A; Tousson, E, 2020)	0.77
" In addition to their direct adverse effects to plants and animals, indirect effects resulting from disruption of beneficial host-microbiota interactions may contribute to the toxicity of these particles."	( Colonizing microbiota protect zebrafish larvae against silver nanoparticle toxicity. Brinkmann, BW; Koch, BEV; Peijnenburg, WJGM; Spaink, HP; Vijver, MG, 2020)	0.81
" Presently, there are many unknowns about the toxic effects of nanomaterials, especially because the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials affect functional and toxic reactions."	( The Effect of the Chorion on Size-Dependent Acute Toxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Amine-Modified Silver Nanoparticles in Zebrafish Embryos. Chen, ZY; Cheng, FY; Fu, TF; Hsueh, JF; Huang, CC; Lee, YH; Li, NJ; Lu, FI; Wang, YJ; Yan, SJ, 2020)	0.77
" Product mislabeling and long-term use of these products may put consumers at risk for adverse health outcomes including argyria."	( In vitro intestinal toxicity of commercially available spray disinfectant products advertised to contain colloidal silver. Bowers, L; Bradham, KD; Henson, TE; Hughes, MF; Knepp, AK; Navratilova, J; Rogers, KR; Stefaniak, AB; Surette, M, 2020)	0.77
" AgNPs were toxic to MDA-MB-436 cells and the probable mechanism of toxicity was the induction of oxidative stress."	( Two Sides to the Same Coin-Cytotoxicity vs. Potential Metastatic Activity of AgNPs Relative to Triple-Negative Human Breast Cancer MDA-MB-436 Cells. Czajka, M; Jodłowska-Jędrych, B; Kapka-Skrzypczak, L; Kruszewski, M; Matysiak-Kucharek, M; Sawicki, K; Wojtyła-Buciora, P, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, it is critical to know the concentration levels at which adverse effects may occur."	( Pulmonary toxicity of silver vapours, nanoparticles and fine dusts: A review. Hadrup, N; Jacobsen, NR; Loeschner, K; Sharma, AK, 2020)	0.87
"This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the parotid glands (PGs) of albino rats histologically and ultrastructurally and assess the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant."	( Evaluation of the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles and the possible protective effect of ascorbic acid on the parotid glands of albino rats: An Messiry, HE; Taghyan, SA; Zainy, MAE, 2020)	1.09
" The porosity of the MSiNPs endows them with a large surface area and the ability to attach to surrounding chemical or biological molecules, further enhancing their surface reactivity and toxic effects."	( Toxicity and mechanism of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in eyes. Chen, X; Ge, L; Gu, X; Gu, Z; Hu, X; Li, M; Li, Y; Liu, B; Sun, D; Wu, W; Xu, H; Yang, C; Yang, J; Zhu, S, 2020)	0.56
" AgNPs display antimicrobial properties and have previously been recorded to exert adverse effects upon marine phytoplankton."	( Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle toxicity on the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus under environmentally-relevant conditions. Christie-Oleza, JA; Davies, GL; Dedman, CJ; Newson, GC, 2020)	0.92
"Silver-coated EPRs are safe and effective in reduction in PJI and re-infection rate, in particular when used in higher risk patients and after two-stage revisions to fight PJI."	( Silver-coated megaprosthesis in prevention and treatment of peri-prosthetic infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis about efficacy and toxicity in primary and revision surgery. De Paolis, M; Donati, DM; Fiore, M; Giannini, C; Sambri, A; Zucchini, R, 2021)	3.51
"Because of their widespread use and potential adverse effects in young developing organism, this study focused on the nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity of chronic low-dose exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in 32 14-day-old male Wistar rats, randomly divided into three groups receiving AgNP solution (3 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for one, two, or three weeks and the untreated control group (eight animals per group)."	( Nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in juvenile rats and possible mechanisms of action. Liu, Y; Sun, L; Yang, G; Yang, Z, 2020)	1.03
" In biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), the bioactive compounds existing in natural materials like medicinal fern act as reducing and capping elements and this NPs synthesis process do not comprise of any toxic elements making them advantageous from other NPs synthesis process."	( Biosynthesis, and potential effect of fern mediated biocompatible silver nanoparticles by cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial, studies. Das, G; Patra, JK; Shin, HS, 2020)	0.8
"Silver is a non-essential, toxic metal widespread in freshwaters and capable of causing adverse effects to wildlife."	( Developmental exposure window influences silver toxicity but does not affect the susceptibility to subsequent exposures in zebrafish embryos. Lange, A; Littler, HR; Robinson, PC; Santos, EM, 2020)	2.27
" Several studies have suggested that many metallic nanomaterials including those derived by silver (Ag) are entering the ecosystem to cause significant toxic consequences in cell culture and animal models."	( Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Pristine and Indolicidin-coated Silver Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystem. Carraturo, F; Del Genio, V; Fahmi, A; Falanga, A; Franci, G; Galdiero, E; Galdiero, S; Guida, M; Siciliano, A; Vitiello, M, 2020)	1.02
" We therefore propose that curcumin, when administered with AgNPs, can abrogate the toxic manifestations of AgNPs ingestion and hence can be incorporated in various consumer products encompassing it."	( Combating silver nanoparticle-mediated toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster with curcumin. Agrawal, N; Padmanabhan, A; Raj, A; Shah, P; Singh, A, 2021)	1.02
"3 μM DOX, had a suitable cytotoxic effect against cancerous cells with a minimum toxic effect on normal cells."	( Anticancer Potential of Doxorubicin in Combination with Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle and its Cytotoxicity Effects on Cardio-Myoblast Normal Cells. Dolatabadi, S; Esfahani, MB; Ghasemi, A; Mohtashami, M; Mokhtari, K; Saeidi, J; Saeidi, M, 2021)	0.85
"Chemical synthesis methods are adverse in the medicinal field as they produce toxins on the surface area whereas green synthesis provide advancement are cost effective, environment friendly, can be easily scaled up for large scale synthesis."	( Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) Synthesized from George, V; Marimuthu, J; Santhanam, A; Thangaiah, S, 2021)	0.9
" Plant mortality was assessed and, after 1 month, the size of 30 nm was the most toxic with negative growth in all studied concentrations, with 60% mortality in the worst case."	( The effects of solubility of silver nanoparticles, accumulation, and toxicity to the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Bruni, AT; Corrêa, TZ; da Veiga, MAMS; Souza, LRR, 2021)	0.91
" Kombucha reduces the adverse effects of SNPs on testis tissue and improves the function of the male reproductive system."	( The protective effect of Kombucha against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity on testicular tissue in NMRI mice. Cheraghi, E; Miri, SA; Shariatzadeh, SMA, 2021)	0.89
"The nanoparticles were three-fold toxic towards the HEK-293 cells in comparison to the HeLa cells."	( Nanotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Normal HEK-293 Cells in Comparison to Cancerous HeLa Cell Line. Deng, L; He, Y; Jacob, JA; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Shan, K; Shao, X; Shi, X, 2021)	0.94
" To elucidate the differential toxic effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped AgNPs with different primary particle sizes (i."	( Silver nanoparticles: Correlating particle size and ionic Ag release with cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and inflammatory responses in human cell lines. Liu, Z; Sun, J; Tian, H; Wan, J; Wang, J; Xin, L; Zhai, X, 2021)	2.06
" However, since they are foreign body systems, they are usually redistributed and accumulated in some vital organs, which can produce toxic effects; therefore, this a crucial issue that should be considered for potential clinical trials."	( The Influence of Size and Chemical Composition of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles on in vivo Toxicity with Potential Applications to Central Nervous System Diseases. Araya, E; Báez, DF; Gallardo-Toledo, E; Kogan, MJ; Oyarzún, MP, 2021)	0.87
"The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework is serving as a basis to integrate new data streams in order to enhance the power of predictive toxicology."	( The effects of gene × environment interactions on silver nanoparticle toxicity in the respiratory system: An adverse outcome pathway. Altemeier, WA; Boyes, WK; Faustman, EM; Kavanagh, TJ; Nicholas, TP; Scoville, DK; Workman, TW, 2021)	0.87
" Furthermore, these toxic effects have not been fully explored."	( Modulation of Innate Immune Toxicity by Silver Nanoparticle Exposure and the Preventive Effects of Pterostilbene. Chen, RJ; Chen, YY; Huang, CC; Lee, YH; Pranata, R; Wang, YJ; Wu, YH, 2021)	0.89
" This study was designed to investigate the adverse effects of Ag-NPs (50 nm) on the male reproductive system and also the ameliorative effect of Zn-NPs (100 nm) against these harmful effects."	( Zinc Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Male Rats. Abd El-Rahman, SS; El-Saied, EM; Mahmoud, MY; Noshy, PA; Salem, FMS; Shehata, AM, 2021)	0.86
" Furthermore, co-administration of Zn-NPs ameliorated most of the toxic effects of Ag-NPs via their antioxidative capacity."	( Zinc Nanoparticles Ameliorate the Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Male Rats. Abd El-Rahman, SS; El-Saied, EM; Mahmoud, MY; Noshy, PA; Salem, FMS; Shehata, AM, 2021)	0.86
" The present study aims to explore the toxic effects of Ag-NPs (50 nm) on the liver and kidney of rats and also to evaluate the potential protective effect of Zn-NPs (100 nm) against these adverse effects."	( Evaluation of the Ameliorative Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles against Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity in Liver and Kidney of Rats. Abd El-Rahman, SS; El-Saied, EM; Mahmoud, MY; Noshy, PA; Salem, FMS; Shehata, AM, 2022)	0.96
"Silver is a transition metal that is known to be less toxic than platinum."	( The selective cytotoxicity of silver thiosulfate, a silver complex, on MCF-7 breast cancer cells through ROS-induced cell death. Mori, K; Ota, A; Sato, H; Sato, VH; Sugiyama, E; Tajima, M, 2021)	2.35
" The GAAgNPs were found to be more toxic for the cells than the AAgNPs."	( Antioxidant-modulated cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. Barbasz, A; Duraczyńska, D; Nowak, A; Oćwieja, M; Piergies, N, 2021)	0.89
" Adverse reactions and drug resistance associated with conventional treatment can no longer meet the clinical need."	( The efficacy and safety of silver needle in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Nie, C; Wang, P; Yu, J; Zheng, B, 2021)	0.92
" Observation indicators include: TCM symptom score, HAQDI score, DAS-28 score, laboratory indicators, adverse reactions and so on."	( The efficacy and safety of silver needle in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Nie, C; Wang, P; Yu, J; Zheng, B, 2021)	0.92
" The intracellular presence of AgNWs with different diameters induced similar toxic events but to different extents."	( Uptake, intracellular dissolution, and cytotoxicity of silver nanowires in cell models. Li, Y; Wang, WX, 2021)	0.87
"Both HA-L and HA-I vaccines were safe for HBs-Ag-positive participants and may provide an excellent long-term protection against HAV in this study."	( The Safety, Immunogenicity, and Immunopersistence of Hepatitis A Vaccine in HBs-Ag-Positive Participants: A Retrospective Study. Chen, J; Ding, Z; Feng, K; Kang, G; Lan, Q; Li, D; Li, G; Li, L; Luo, J; Ma, F; Pan, Y; Sun, Q; Wang, X; Yan, L; Yang, J; Yang, X; Zhang, J; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.62
"Studies have shown silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exposure can result in a series of toxic effects in fish gills."	( Metabolic profiling of nanosilver toxicity in the gills of common carp. Chen, LQ; Chen, ZY; Ding, CZ; Li, QQ; Lian, LH; Luo, X; Xiang, QQ, 2021)	1.25
" This systematic review and meta-analysis could be used to devise safety guidelines for the use of silver nanoparticles in industry and medicine to reduce adverse effects on the CNS."	( The Toxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Nerve Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arzani, H; Hamblin, MR; Janzadeh, A; Janzadeh, N; Ramezani, F; Yousefifard, M, 2021)	1.16
" In conclusion, application of GSCS to HNECs is devoid of toxic effects."	( Green synthesized colloidal silver is devoid of toxic effects on primary human nasal epithelial cells in vitro. Cooksley, CM; Feizi, S; Javadiyan, S; Psaltis, AJ; Shaghayegh, G; Vreugde, S; Wormald, PJ, 2021)	0.92
" A growing body of scientific information confirms that the biodistribution of AgNPs and their toxic effects vary depending on the particle size, coating, and dose as well as on the route of administration and duration of exposure."	( Sex affects the response of Wistar rats to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles in an oral 28 days repeated dose toxicity study. Barbir, R; Božičević, L; Ćurlin, M; Dabelić, S; Goessler, W; Ljubojević, M; Micek, V; Pavić, M; Pavičić, I; Vinković Vrček, I; Žuntar, I, 2021)	0.85
" Therefore, the present study was aimed to check the antibacterial influence and toxic effects of the market available (Chemical Fabricated) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)."	( Evaluation of the antibacterial influence of silver nanoparticles against fish pathogenic bacterial isolates and their toxicity against common carp fish. Kakakhel, MA; Wang, W; Zaheer Ud Din, S, 2022)	1.18
" The carbohydrate-coated Ag NPs display the same level of toxic ability against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria as bare Ag NPs."	( Influence of glucose, sucrose, and dextran coatings on the stability and toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Ahrenkiel, SP; Fernandes, MM; Lanceros-Mendez, S; Lazić, V; Nedeljković, JM; Sredojević, D; Vukoje, I, 2022)	0.95
" Then, their toxic effects are compared with each other and the overlooked factors leading to the potential conflict of obtained toxicity results are discussed."	( A review on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles against different biosystems. Chandran, K; Huo, P; Liu, B; Manickam Dakshinamoorthi, B; Rajan, R; Yun, SI, 2022)	1.02
" We adopted an in silico decision tree-based knowledge-discovery-in-databases process to prioritize the factors affecting the toxic potential of AgNPs, which included exposure dose, cell type and AgNP type (i."	( Use of an in silico knowledge discovery approach to determine mechanistic studies of silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity from in vitro to in vivo. Chen, CW; Cheng, FY; Lee, YH; Luo, YK; Mao, BH; Wang, BJ; Wang, YJ; Yan, SJ, 2022)	0.95
" At the organismal level, SCS following a single intraperitoneal injection was found more toxic to BALB/c mice as compared to SAS."	( Use of an in silico knowledge discovery approach to determine mechanistic studies of silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity from in vitro to in vivo. Chen, CW; Cheng, FY; Lee, YH; Luo, YK; Mao, BH; Wang, BJ; Wang, YJ; Yan, SJ, 2022)	0.95
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely applied in the field of personal protection for their powerful toxic effects on cells, and recently, a new type of vaginal gel with AgNPs is used to protect the female reproductive tract from microbes and viruses."	( AgNPs reduce reproductive capability of female mouse for their toxic effects on mouse early embryo development. Jiang, S; Li, H; Li, P; Li, W; Liu, Y; Qian, H; Wang, M; Wang, Q; Wang, R; Wu, F; Wu, X; Yu, F; Zhang, D, )	1.57
" On the other hand, AgNPs displayed good antibacterial and anticancer activities; however, higher toxic effects were observed even at the lowest test concentration (0."	( Silver nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide: Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, biological activities and embryo toxicity studies. Kaliannagounder, VK; Kim, CS; Krishnaraj, C; Liu, B; Park, CH; Rajan, R; Ramesh, T; Yun, SI, 2022)	2.16
"Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are considered to be harmful nanoparticles (NPs) to the aquatic organisms as their intake causes toxic impacts to wildlife, through direct ingestion or by the transference along trophic levels."	( Comparative evaluation on the toxic effect of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on different trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems: A review. Freitas, R; Jeyavani, J; Preetham, E; Santhanam, P; Sibiya, A; Vaseeharan, B, 2022)	2.42
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most toxic nanostructures for both cancer and healthy cells."	( Epidermal Growth Factor-labeled liposomes as a way to target the toxicity of silver nanoparticles into EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro. Piechowiak, T; Skóra, B; Szychowski, KA, 2022)	2.39
" This insights into the toxic effects of existing nanomaterials on the human reproductive system."	( A critical review of advances in reproductive toxicity of common nanomaterials to Caenorhabditis elegans and influencing factors. Tang, M; Yao, Y; Zhang, T, 2022)	0.72
" Data about the number of studies published per year, geographical distribution of studies (mailing address of the corresponding author), synthesis type (plant species, plant structure and extract types), physicochemical properties of GP-Ag NPs, experimental designs, developmental stages and the toxic effects on mosquitoes, ticks and gastropods were summarized and discussed."	( Toxicity of plant-based silver nanoparticles to vectors and intermediate hosts: Historical review and trends. Araújo, PS; Caixeta, MB; Canedo, A; Monteiro, C; Nunes, EDS; Rocha, TL, 2022)	1.03
" Given the concern for Ag NPs' cytotoxicity for adverse health effect, cytotoxicity measurement in HEK 293T cell lines were performed."	( Evaluation of silver nanoparticles attached to methylene blue as an antimicrobial agent and its cytotoxicity. Banga, S; Brooks, A; Er, AO; Hakimov, S; Harness, B; Hurley, J; Kylychbekov, S; Neupane, S, 2022)	1.08
"AgNP and PSNP showed additive toxic effects on immortalized human lymphocytes, evidenced by increase in cellular oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, and reduction of cell stiffness."	( Cytotoxicity of nanomixture: Combined action of silver and plastic nanoparticles on immortalized human lymphocytes. Aviani, I; Ilić, K; Kalčec, N; Krce, L; Pavičić, I; Rico, F; Rodriguez-Ramos, J; Turčić, P; Vinković Vrček, I, 2022)	0.98
" In our previous paper, we have demonstrated that, with the use of liposomes labeled with the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), it is possible to direct the toxic effect of AgNPs in EGFR-overexpressing cells."	( Molecular mechanism of the uptake and toxicity of EGF-LipoAgNPs in EGFR-overexpressing cancer cells. Skóra, B; Szychowski, KA, 2022)	0.72
" The existing study aims to assess the hepatotoxic effects of different dosages of AgNPs by evaluating hematobiochemical parameters, oxidative stress, liver morphological alterations, immunohistochemical staining, and gene expression to clarify the mechanism of AgNPs' hepatic toxic potential."	( Silver nanoparticles induced hepatoxicity via the apoptotic/antiapoptotic pathway with activation of TGFβ-1 and α-SMA triggered liver fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Asa, SA; Assar, DH; Elbialy, ZI; Gaber, AA; Ghazy, EW; Hassan, AA; Mokhbatly, AA; Nabil, A, 2022)	2.16
" To investigate the toxic effects of the lycopene-mediated AgNPs on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to examine these effects on the embryonic development of the fetus of this species."	( Cytotoxicity of lycopene-mediated silver nanoparticles in the embryonic development of zebrafish-An animal study. Garapati, B; Malaiappan, S; Murthykumar, K; Rajeshkumar, S, 2022)	1
"Sliver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, agriculture, and medicine, potentially resulting in adverse effects on human health and aquatic environments."	( Silver nanoparticles induce developmental toxicity via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chen, Y; Kou, G; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Luo, J; Lv, Y; Wu, X; Yang, F; Yang, X, 2022)	2.16
" kesrouanensis) extracts and to determine the toxic effect in the aquatic environment."	( Green Synthesis (Paeonia kesrouanensis) of Silver Nanoparticles and Toxicity Studies in Artemia salina. Ates, M; Egri, S; Unal, İ, 2022)	0.98
" AgNPs coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate (AOT), poly-L-lysine (PLL), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were toxic at the concentration of 10 mg Ag/L and higher."	( Particle surface functionalization affects mechanism of endocytosis and adverse effects of silver nanoparticles in mammalian kidney cells. Beus, M; Capjak, I; Čermak, AMM; Ćurlin, M; Ilić, K; Milić, M; Pavičić, I; Pongrac, IM; Vrček, E, 2023)	1.13
" These green silver nanoparticles (NPs) were used for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity on seed germination and growth parameters in plants."	( Alleviating the adverse effects of salinity on Roselle plants by green synthesized nanoparticles. Aalifar, M; Boroomand, N; Farajpour, M; Naeimi, A; Sadat-Hosseini, M, 2022)	1.09
" The biological characteristics of immature organisms are different from those of adults, and dictate the consequences of exposure to various toxic substances, including AgNPs."	( Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Underlies Nanosilver-Induced Neurotoxicity in Immature Rat Brain. Dąbrowska-Bouta, B; Gewartowska, M; Strużyńska, L; Sulkowski, G, 2022)	0.98
" No adverse reactions were detected in experimental groups treated with AgNPs."	( Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Silver Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Non-Neurological and Neurological Distemper in Dogs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Almanza-Reyes, H; Almeida-Pérez, J; Alvarado-Vera, M; Alvelais-Palacios, JA; Bogdanchikova, N; Gándara-Mireles, JA; Gastelum-Leyva, F; Lares-Asseff, I; Leal-Ávila, MÁ; Loera-Castañeda, V; Patrón-Romero, L; Pena-Jasso, A; Pestryakov, A; Plascencia-López, I, 2022)	0.99
"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are applied in diverse industries due to their biocide and physicochemical properties; therefore, they can be released into aquatic systems, interact with environmental factors, and ultimately exert adverse effects on the biota."	( Ecotoxicity of nanosilver on cladocerans and the role of algae provision. Ale, A; Andrade, VS; Antezana, PE; Cazenave, J; Desimone, MF; Gutierrez, MF, 2023)	2.68
" Considering the increased daily use of AgNP, it is imperative to further explore the adverse outcomes and mechanistic pathways leading to AgNP-induced pro-inflammatory effects to deep insight into the molecular mechanism involved in this effect."	( Silver nanoparticles exert toxic effects in human monocytes and macrophages associated with the disruption of Δψm and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Carvalho, F; Fernandes, E; Fernandes, R; Freitas, M; Malheiro, A; Rufino, AT; Sousa, A, 2023)	2.35
"The indoor culture method was carried out to study the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on Achromobacter denitrificans."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles on Achromobacter denitrificans: effect of concentration, temperature and coexisting anions. Li, Y; Ren, X; Yin, W, 2022)	1.33
" With the increasing use of AgNPs in industry and medicine, concerns about the adverse effects on the environment, and the possible toxicity of these particles to primary cells and towards organs such as the brain and nervous system increased."	( Neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the animal brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arzani, H; Behroozi, Z; Hamblin, MR; Janzadeh, A; Janzadeh, N; Ramezani, F; Saliminia, F; Tanha, K, 2022)	1.06
" Toxic effects of AgNPs on memory and cognitive function were also observed."	( Neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the animal brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arzani, H; Behroozi, Z; Hamblin, MR; Janzadeh, A; Janzadeh, N; Ramezani, F; Saliminia, F; Tanha, K, 2022)	1.06
" Some toxic effects were detected in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus and others."	( Neurotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the animal brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arzani, H; Behroozi, Z; Hamblin, MR; Janzadeh, A; Janzadeh, N; Ramezani, F; Saliminia, F; Tanha, K, 2022)	1.06
" They present a sequence of events commencing with initial interaction(s) of a stressor, which defines the perturbation in a biological system (molecular initiating event, MIE), and a dependent series of key events (KEs), ending with an adverse outcome (AO)."	( Putative adverse outcome pathways for silver nanoparticle toxicity on mammalian male reproductive system: a literature review. Carrière, M; Costa, A; Kose, O; Mantecca, P, 2023)	1.18
" In all 3 days of cytotoxicity testing, the group that used Riva Silver was found to be the least toxic material, while the group that used ChemFil Rock did not have viable cells after the 1st day."	( Comparison of Antibacterial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Fluoride Release of Glass Ionomer Restorative Dental Cements in Dentistry. Adiguzel, O; Cangul, S; Celenk, S; Eroglu Cakmakoglu, E; Gunay, A; Ozcan, N, 2023)	1.15
" However, evidence-based information about the benefits of AgNP-based wound dressings and potential adverse effects is still required."	( Silver Nanoparticle-Based Dressings for Various Wounds: Benefits and Adverse Effects. Angthong, C; Phatanodom, K, 2022)	2.16
"This study aims to inspect the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) against the adverse impact of Ag-NPs on brain tissue in adult rats."	( Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in rats. Ahmed, YH; Elbargeesy, GA; Khalil, HMA; Mahmoud, MY; Mekkawy, AM; Shalaby, OE, 2023)	1.13
" Chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs) are often unsuitable for medical applications due to requiring toxic and hazardous solvents."	( Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera Extracts: Cytotoxicity Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Darroudi, M; Ghasemi, A; Khojasteh-Taheri, R; Meshkat, Z; Mohtashami, M; Sabouri, Z, 2023)	1.24
" vulgaris physiology, including growth inhibition, chlorophyll content, intracellular silver accumulation, and differential expression of metabolites, and most of these adverse effects were reversible."	( Metabolomics reveals size-dependent persistence and reversibility of silver nanoparticles toxicity in freshwater algae. Chen, LQ; Kang, YH; Li, QQ; Luo, X; Shen, L; Xiang, QQ, 2023)	1.37
"The aim of the current study was to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on biochemical biomarkers, immune responses, and the curative potential effects of vitamin C and E on grass carp."	( Administration of vitamin E and C enhances immunological and biochemical responses against toxicity of silver nanoparticles in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ali, W; Asghar, M; Azmat, H; Baboo, I; Davies, SJ; Fatima, A; Fatima, M; Iqbal, KJ; Khan, N; Khizar, A; Majeed, H; Nisa, S; Saeed, U; Tehseen, A, 2023)	1.36
" Results showed that AgNPs was toxic to Euglena sp."	( Individual and combined toxicity of silver nanoparticles and triclosan or galaxolide in the freshwater algae Euglena sp. Ding, T; Li, J; Lin, S; Wei, L; Yue, Z, 2023)	1.19
" These metabolites control osmoregulation, phospholipid, energy, and amino acid metabolism in snails, reflecting molecular pathways of biomagnification and pontential adverse biological effects on lower trophic levels."	( Trophic transfer of silver nanoparticles shifts metabolism in snails and reduces food safety. Dang, F; Dong, S; Lam, SS; Li, C; Nunes, LM; Peijnenburg, WJGM; Sonne, C; Tang, R; Wang, J; Wang, W; Xing, B, 2023)	1.23
" The overall results suggest that the toxic effects of Ag NPs and ZnO NPs in combination significantly increase their toxicity in zebrafish."	( Oxidative stress, genotoxic effects, and other damages caused by chronic exposure to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their mixtures in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mahjoubian, M; Mansouri, B; Moradi-Shoeili, Z; Naeemi, AS; Tyler, CR, 2023)	1.13
"The widespread use of silver in various forms raises concerns about its potential adverse effects."	( Platelet-rich plasma ameliorates neurotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles in male rats via modulation of apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Ashry, WM; Atwa, AH; Elmongy, NF; Elshora, SZ; Hammad, AM; Meawad, SB; Mehanna, OM, 2023)	1.47

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" While DSF has been available in various formulations for many years, most of its pharmacokinetic aspects within the therapeutic concentration range have never been fully characterized."	( Short term serum pharmacokinetics of diammine silver fluoride after oral application. Castillo, JL; Chirinos, E; Dills, R; Mancl, LL; Milgrom, P; Taves, DR; Vasquez, E; Watson, GE; Zegarra, G, 2012)	0.64
" In order to aggregate the existing experimental information, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) was developed in this study for ionic silver and nanosilver."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. Bachler, G; Hungerbühler, K; von Goetz, N, 2013)	0.83
"In order to exploit the potential benefits of antimicrobial combination therapy, we need a better understanding of the circumstances under which pharmacodynamic interactions expected."	( Elucidating pharmacodynamic interaction of silver nanoparticle - topical deliverable antibiotics. Dhanaraju, MD; Seshagiri Rao, JV; Thirumurugan, G, 2016)	0.7
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were studied with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)."	( Building and behavior of a pH-stimuli responsive chitosan nanoparticles loaded with folic acid conjugated gemcitabine silver colloids in MDA-MB-453 metastatic breast cancer cell line and pharmacokinetics in rats. Babu, D; Gautam, M; Karuppaiah, A; Natrajan, T; Nesamony, J; Rajan, R; Ranganathan, H; Sankar, V; Selvaraj, D; Siram, K, 2021)	0.83

Compound-Compound Interactions

Silver ion, a conventional inorganic biocide, was combined with norspermidine and used for control and removal of multi-species biofilms. Study aimed to screen the toxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, As appeared to interact in a potentiating fashion with Se."	( Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats. Cabe, PA; Carmichael, NG; Tilson, HA, 1979)	0.51
" Allo-A cytochemistry combined with silver colloid staining of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) was performed in human gliomas."	( Lectin cytochemistry combined with silver colloid staining of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in human gliomas. Ando, T; Hara, A; Niikawa, S; Sakai, N; Shimokawa, K; Yamada, H, 1992)	0.84
"The DNase I sensitivity of three different chromatin regions in mouse testicular cells was analysed by in situ nick translation with biotin-dUTP combined with various counterstaining techniques."	( Nonradioactive in situ nick translation combined with counterstaining: characterization of C-band and silver positive regions in mouse testicular cells. Adolph, S; Klett, C; Weith, A, 1990)	0.49
" The method is based upon the use of ultra-small gold particles in combination with silver enhancement."	( Ultrastructural localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor transcripts in the cell nucleus using pre-embedding in situ hybridization in combination with ultra-small gold probes and silver enhancement. Cremers, FF; De Graaf, A; Humbel, BM; Sibon, OC; Verkleij, AJ, 1994)	0.7
"The efficacy of copper and silver ions, in combination with low levels of free chlorine (FC), was evaluated for the disinfection of hepatitis A virus (HAV), human rotavirus (HRV), human adenovirus, and poliovirus (PV) in water."	( Disinfection of human enteric viruses in water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine. Abad, FX; Bosch, A; Diez, JM; Pintó, RM, 1994)	0.83
"PCR in combination with silver staining can satisfy the need for high-resolution and high-efficiency in the determination of apolipoprotein E alleles and can be used as a routine procedure in clinical and epidemiological investigations."	( [PCR in combination with silver as a method for the determination of apolipoprotein E alleles]. Han, Z; Tao, G; Wang, L; Zhang, A, 1998)	0.91
" In addition, the application of silver ions in combination with other biocides, especially UV(254) (UV-C) irradiation, was reported to be effective in enhancing its germicidal activity."	( Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation. Cho, M; Kim, JY; Lee, C; Yoon, J, 2008)	0.88
"The environmental genotoxic behavior of silver nanoparticles (nanoAg) combined with the detergent cetylpyridine bromide (CPB) was examined in vitro."	( A new strategy to probe the genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles combined with cetylpyridine bromide. Chi, Z; Hao, X; Liu, R; Pan, X; Qin, P; Sun, F; Zhao, L, 2009)	0.88
"To compare the short- and long-term sealing ability of root canal fillings consisting of AH-26 and laterally compacted gutta-percha in combination with a self-etching dentin bonding system and the Epiphany-Resilon system."	( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents. Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)	0.35
"The Epiphany-Resilon system and the group obturated with AH-26 sealer and gutta-percha, in combination with the self-etching bonding system after removal of the smear layer with EDTA, demonstrated similar sealing ability."	( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents. Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)	0.35
" Such an assay is then combined with a sensitive anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) measurement of multiple silver nanoparticle tracers."	( Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using Au/Fe3O4 magnetic composites combined with silver enhancement. Bai, YH; Chen, HY; Li, JY; Xu, JJ, 2010)	0.78
"Tea tree oil (TTO) and silver ions (Ag(+)), either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, have been used in the treatment of topical infections."	( Antimicrobial efficacy of silver ions in combination with tea tree oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Hill, DJ; Kenward, MA; Low, WL; Martin, C, 2011)	0.98
"The rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of melamine in pet food was realized by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in combination with Ag nanoparticle."	( [Rapid determination of melamine in pet food by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in combination with Ag nanoparticles]. Cheng, J; Su, XO, 2011)	0.37
"A novel facile method for on-site detection of substituted aromatic pollutants in water using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was explored."	( Facile on-site detection of substituted aromatic pollutants in water using thin layer chromatography combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Fossey, JS; Li, D; Long, Y; Qu, L; Xue, J; Zhai, W, 2011)	0.37
"6-fold and 3-fold increase, respectively, in combination with silver nanoparticles selectively against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii."	( Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract and evaluation of its synergistic potential in combination with antimicrobial agents. Ahire, M; Bellare, J; Cameotra, SS; Chopade, BA; Dhavale, DD; Ghosh, S; Jabgunde, A; Kale, S; Kitture, R; Pardesi, K; Patil, S, 2012)	0.99
"In this work, ultrasonic assisted extraction combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environment samples."	( Ultrasonic assisted extraction combined with titanium-plate based solid phase extraction for the analysis of PAHs in soil samples by HPLC-FLD. Cai, Q; Chen, C; Huang, C; Pan, D; Wang, J; Yao, S, 2013)	0.39
"Although silver nanoparticles (SN) have been investigated as an alternative to conventional antifungal drugs in the control of Candida-associated denture stomatitis, the antifungal activity of SN in combination with antifungal drugs against Candida biofilms remains unknown."	( Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles in combination with nystatin and chlorhexidine digluconate against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms. Barbosa, DB; de Camargo, ER; Gorup, LF; Henriques, M; Monteiro, DR; Negri, M; Oliveira, R; Silva, S, 2013)	1.12
" Cathodic photocurrents and their plasmon-assisted enhancement appeared from an Ag nanoparticle (Ag NP) composite monolayer combined with the porphyrin derivatives on the ITO electrode."	( Plasmon-assisted photocurrent generation from silver nanoparticle monolayers combined with porphyrins via their different chain-length alkylcarboxylates. Ishizakil, M; Kajikawa, A; Kakuta, T; Kanaizuka, K; Kon, H; Kurihara, M; Miyake, R; Sakamoto, M; Togashi, T; Uruma, K; Yagyu, S, 2014)	0.66
" Therefore, when combined with HSA, the transformations of four ginsenosides still exhibit similar, although in different binding cavities in subdomain IIA and IIIA by making the methyls at C26 and C27 perpendicular plugging into the hydrophobic site of HSA, while the aglycone and glucose nearby are perpendicularly exposed outside to fit other suitable active targeting sites."	( Based on SERS conformational studies of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolites before and after combined with human serum albumin. Bai, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhao, B, 2015)	0.42
" Our current findings suggest that p-H3S10 can be used to evaluate the toxicity of AgNPs and Ag ion release in combination with detection of side-scattered light from flow cytometry."	( Evaluating the toxicity of silver nanoparticles by detecting phosphorylation of histone H3 in combination with flow cytometry side-scattered light. Ibuki, Y; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.71
" Herein, we put forward a highly sensitive method for on-site detection of antitussive and antiasthmatic drugs adulterated in BDS using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with dynamic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (DSERS)."	( Highly sensitive on-site detection of drugs adulterated in botanical dietary supplements using thin layer chromatography combined with dynamic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Fang, F; Lu, F; Qi, Y; Yang, L, 2016)	0.43
" In this work, a systematic study quantifying the synergistic effects of antibiotics with different modes of action and different chemical structures in combination with AgNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was performed."	( Strong and Nonspecific Synergistic Antibacterial Efficiency of Antibiotics Combined with Silver Nanoparticles at Very Low Concentrations Showing No Cytotoxic Effect. Bogdanová, K; Chojniak, J; Havrdová, M; Kilianová, M; Kolář, M; Kvítek, L; Panáček, A; Prucek, R; Płaza, GA; Smékalová, M; Večeřová, R; Zbořil, R, 2015)	0.64
" pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida originally resistant to amoxycillin, gentamicin and colistin were sensitive to these antibiotics when combined with AgNPs."	( Enhanced antibacterial effect of antibiotics in combination with silver nanoparticles against animal pathogens. Aragon, V; Kvitek, L; Panacek, A; Prucek, R; Smekalova, M; Zboril, R, 2016)	0.67
" In this study, silver ion, a conventional inorganic biocide, was combined with norspermidine and used for control and removal of multi-species biofilms formed by a mixed culture from wastewater treatment systems."	( A small molecule norspermidine in combination with silver ion enhances dispersal and disinfection of multi-species wastewater biofilms. Quan, X; Si, X; Wang, X; Wu, Y, 2016)	1.03
" Intriguingly, Pd@Ag NSs also exhibited strong synergistic anti-cryptococcal fungicidal effects at low concentrations in combination with AmB but exhibited much better safety in erythrocytes than AmB, even at the minimal fungicidal concentration."	( Pd@Ag Nanosheets in Combination with Amphotericin B Exert a Potent Anti-Cryptococcal Fungicidal Effect. Chen, M; Fa, Z; Fang, W; Hu, H; Liao, WQ; Wang, G; Ye, C; Yi, J; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
"The aim was to assess the shear bond strength to dentin of different dental materials combined with AgNPs."	( The laboratory comparison of shear bond strength and microscopic assessment of failure modes for a glass-ionomer cement and dentin bonding systems combined with silver nanoparticles. Firlej, P; Kolenda, A; Olczak-Kowalczyk, D; Porenczuk, A; Szczepańska, G, 2016)	0.63
" A change of the failure mode of the self-etch bonding system, Clearfil SE Bond, combined with AgNPs was observed."	( The laboratory comparison of shear bond strength and microscopic assessment of failure modes for a glass-ionomer cement and dentin bonding systems combined with silver nanoparticles. Firlej, P; Kolenda, A; Olczak-Kowalczyk, D; Porenczuk, A; Szczepańska, G, 2016)	0.63
"A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HPLC-ICP-MS) approach in combination with isotope dilution analysis (IDA) for the separation and parallel quantification of nanostructured and ionic silver (Ag) is presented."	( Separation and quantification of silver nanoparticles and silver ions using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in combination with isotope dilution analysis. Bettmer, J; Jakubowski, N; Panne, U; Sötebier, CA; Weidner, SM, 2016)	0.89
" At the moment, there is a lack of using cost-effective CE tool combined with novel miniaturized sample clean-up techniques for analysis of these important anti-cancer agents in plasma samples."	( Capillary electrophoresis with online stacking in combination with AgNPs@MCM-41 reinforced hollow fiber solid-liquid phase microextraction for quantitative analysis of Capecitabine and its main metabolite 5-Fluorouracil in plasma samples isolated from can Farhadi, K; Forough, M; Khalili, H; Matin, AA; Molaei, R; Shakeri, R; Zamani, A, 2017)	0.46
"A novel facile method for the detection of the phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors added illegally into health products was established using thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with BP neural network."	( Rapid detection of six phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme inhibitors in healthcare products using thin-layer chromatography and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with BP neural network. Fang, G; Fu, Y; Han, A; Hu, X; Tong, R; Wang, S, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to screen the toxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay and to investigate the inhibitory activity of carboxymethyl in isolation or in combination with silver nitrate, copper sulfate and zinc sulfate on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 25312, and Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 17759."	( Inhibition of bacterial biofilms by carboxymethyl chitosan combined with silver, zinc and copper salts. da Silva, DP; Gonçalves, RC; Naves, PLF; Signini, R, 2017)	0.88
" Our results point to a low risk of increased genotoxic effects of AgNP when used in combination with aluminium salts, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate in consumer products."	( Genotoxic effects in transformed and non-transformed human breast cell lines after exposure to silver nanoparticles in combination with aluminium chloride, butylparaben or di-n-butylphthalate. Cieślak, M; Domeradzka-Gajda, K; Grobelny, J; Kozajda, A; Puchowicz, D; Ranoszek-Soliwoda, K; Roszak, J; Smok-Pieniążek, A; Spryszyńska, S; Stępnik, M; Tomaszewska, E, 2017)	0.67
"This in vitro study aimed to investigate the synergistic antibacterial activity of polymyxin B in combination with 2 nm silver nanoparticles (NPs) against Gram-negative pathogens commonly isolated from the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung."	( A Fresh Shine onCystic Fibrosis Inhalation Therapy: Antimicrobial Synergy of Polymyxin B in Combination with Silver Nanoparticles. Azad, MAK; Baker, MA; Han, M; Hussein, M; Jasim, R; Li, J; Nowell, C; Schneider, EK; Velkov, T; Wang, J, 2017)	0.88
" calidiresistens IF11 and IF17 strains have potential as an effective antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent, especially when used in combination with antibiotics/antifungal agents."	( Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from two haloalkaliphilic actinobacterial strains alone and in combination with antibiotics. Czarnecka, J; Dahm, H; Golinska, P; Rai, M; Świecimska, M; Wypij, M, 2018)	0.75
" An incomplete polymerization of the polymer resins combined with AgNPs, along with the increase of the release of the unbound monomers, have been found."	( An initial evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antibacterial effectiveness of a disinfection liquid containing silver nanoparticles alone and combined with a glass-ionomer cement and dentin bonding systems. Gozdowski, D; Gołaś, M; Granicka, L; Grzeczkowicz, A; Kolenda, A; Kopeć-Swoboda, E; Maciejewska, I; Olczak-Kowalczyk, D; Piskorska, K; Porenczuk, A, 2019)	0.72
" Its combination with the self-etching system was biocompatible, yet it impaired the antibacterial action of the system."	( An initial evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antibacterial effectiveness of a disinfection liquid containing silver nanoparticles alone and combined with a glass-ionomer cement and dentin bonding systems. Gozdowski, D; Gołaś, M; Granicka, L; Grzeczkowicz, A; Kolenda, A; Kopeć-Swoboda, E; Maciejewska, I; Olczak-Kowalczyk, D; Piskorska, K; Porenczuk, A, 2019)	0.72
" In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective method using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed for identification of sildenafil adulteration in herbal drugs and dietary supplements."	( Detection of sildenafil adulterated in herbal products using thin layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: "Double coffee-ring effect" based enhancement. Anh, NTK; Ha, PTT; Huyen, NTT; Minh, DTC; Thi, LA; Van Vu, L, 2019)	0.51
" In the present study, aqueous extracts obtained from winery byproducts (grape seeds and stems), alone or in combination with colloidal silver complex, have been used in white vinification."	( Natural extracts from grape seed and stem by-products in combination with colloidal silver as alternative preservatives to SO Alañón, ME; Díaz-Maroto, MC; García-Romero, E; Izquierdo-Cañas, PM; Loarce, L; Marchante, L; Pérez-Coello, MS, 2019)	0.94
"A rapid and accurate method for the sensitive detection of illegal drug additives including atenolol (ATN), metformin hydrochloride (MET), and phenformin hydrochloride (PHE) in health products using solvent microextraction (SME) combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed."	( Highly sensitive detection of an antidiabetic drug as illegal additives in health products using solvent microextraction combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. He, H; Li, P; Lin, D; Yang, L, 2019)	0.51
"The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of nano-silver dressing combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for deep second-degree burns."	( Efficacy and safety of nano-silver dressings combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for deep second-degree burns: A meta-analysis. Hu, A; Huang, Z; Kou, Y; Li, S; Liu, Y, 2021)	1.14
"Twelve studies that assessed nano-silver dressing combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor were identified."	( Efficacy and safety of nano-silver dressings combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for deep second-degree burns: A meta-analysis. Hu, A; Huang, Z; Kou, Y; Li, S; Liu, Y, 2021)	1.19
"This comprehensive meta-analysis of the available evidence suggest that the use of nano-silver dressing combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor results in shorter duration of wound healing, reduced wound bacterial positive rates and adverse reactions rate, and improved wound healing rates."	( Efficacy and safety of nano-silver dressings combined with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for deep second-degree burns: A meta-analysis. Hu, A; Huang, Z; Kou, Y; Li, S; Liu, Y, 2021)	1.14
"This study was undertaken to assess cytotoxic effects of selected aluminium compounds, parabens and phthalates in combination with silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 15 and 45 nm by STEM, Ag15 and Ag45, respectively) on cell lines of the human breast epithelium, normal (MCF-10A) and transformed (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7)."	( Cytotoxic effects in transformed and non-transformed human breast cell lines after exposure to silver nanoparticles in combination with selected aluminium compounds, parabens or phthalates. Celichowski, G; Cieślak, M; Domeradzka-Gajda, K; Grobelny, J; Kowalczyk, K; Puchowicz, D; Ranoszek-Soliwoda, K; Roszak, J; Smok-Pieniążek, A; Spryszyńska, S; Stępnik, M; Świercz, R; Tomaszewska, E, 2020)	0.98
" This study evaluates the cytotoxic effects of green-synthetized AgNPs (GS-AgNPs) in combination with DOX in cancerous cells (MCF7) and investigates its influences on cell growth and apoptosis in a normal cell line of the heart (H9c2)."	( Anticancer Potential of Doxorubicin in Combination with Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticle and its Cytotoxicity Effects on Cardio-Myoblast Normal Cells. Dolatabadi, S; Esfahani, MB; Ghasemi, A; Mohtashami, M; Mokhtari, K; Saeidi, J; Saeidi, M, 2021)	0.85
" Therefore, Ag-NPs are appropriate applicants for use in combination with vancomycin in order to augment its antibacterial action."	( Assessment of the Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Combined with Vancomycin Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Infection in Rats. Abdel-Aziz, MM; Awad, M; Sidkey, NM; Yosri, M; Younis, AM, 2021)	0.86
"To observe the clinical efficacy of silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium patch in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA)."	( [Therapeutic effect and mechanism of silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium patch in patients with knee osteoarthritis]. Han, J; Ling, DY; Wang, ZY; Wu, CX; Zhang, ZW, 2021)	1.17
" Patients of the combination group were treated with silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium patch, while those of the loxoprofen sodium group were treated with loxoprofen sodium patch."	( [Therapeutic effect and mechanism of silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium patch in patients with knee osteoarthritis]. Han, J; Ling, DY; Wang, ZY; Wu, CX; Zhang, ZW, 2021)	1.14
"Silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium can effectively treat KOA, its mechanism may be related to alleviating inflammation and improving bone metabolism."	( [Therapeutic effect and mechanism of silver needle heat conduction therapy combined with loxoprofen sodium patch in patients with knee osteoarthritis]. Han, J; Ling, DY; Wang, ZY; Wu, CX; Zhang, ZW, 2021)	2.34
"An innovative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and lateral flow assay (SERS-LFA) biosensor combined with aptamer recognition had been developed for the convenient, rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of thrombin and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) associated with prostate cancer simultaneously."	( A SERS-LFA biosensor combined with aptamer recognition for simultaneous detection of thrombin and PDGF-BB in prostate cancer plasma. Cao, X; Li, L; Lu, W; Mao, Y; Song, Q; Sun, Y, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, the multihead attention (MHA)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with the time-dependent Cox regression model are initially applied to predict and dissect the adsorption elimination processes of IMI by CTS@AgBC."	( Accurate prediction and further dissection of neonicotinoid elimination in the water treatment by CTS@AgBC using multihead attention-based convolutional neural network combined with the time-dependent Cox regression model. Chen, H; Huang, M; Li, F; Li, G; Li, X; Niu, G; Ying, GG; Zhang, C, 2022)	0.72
" This strategy could also be used to encapsulate a variety of antibiotics in combination with other drugs or materials, thereby showing therapeutic potential in preventing biofilm-related infections and realizing fluorescence imaging in situ."	( Development of pH-responsive nanocomposites with remarkably synergistic antibiofilm activities based on ultrasmall silver nanoparticles in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics. Dong, Y; Li, B; Li, X; Liu, R; Wu, Y; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.83
" In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with isotope probing was employed for the analysis of the disinfection of single bacterial cells in the chicken carcass wash water."	( Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with stable isotope probing to assess the metabolic activity of Escherichia coli cells in chicken carcass wash water. Jayan, H; Pu, H; Sun, DW; Wei, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Honey combined with silver may be an effective method for the treatment of chronic scalp wounds."	( Honey combined with silver ion dressing in complicated chronic wound of the scalp: a case report. Li, ZP; Lin, JQ; Liu, HY; Yang, LL; Yang, X; Zeng, XH; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.37
"To explore the effect of drugs in combination with individualized management for elderly patients with stage III pressure ulcers."	( The effectiveness of drugs combined with individualized management for elderly patients with stage III pressure ulcers. Du, T; Li, Y; Shao, R; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Based on drug therapy (silver ion alginate, hydrocolloid dressing, and foam dressing) combined with individualized exercise, nutrition, and psychological management, older patients with stage III pressure ulcers had improved therapeutic wound healing."	( The effectiveness of drugs combined with individualized management for elderly patients with stage III pressure ulcers. Du, T; Li, Y; Shao, R; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2022)	1.03
"The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTS) was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture and massage combined with treatment of KOA and to provide some reference for clinical treatment of KOA."	( Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Acupuncture Combined with Massage in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis. Jiao, T; Li, M; Li, X; Liu, Q; Pan, Y; Shi, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2022)	0.72
"Network meta-analysis was used to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture combined with massage in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis."	( Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Acupuncture Combined with Massage in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis. Jiao, T; Li, M; Li, X; Liu, Q; Pan, Y; Shi, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2022)	0.72
"A total of 3076 articles were retrieved, and finally, 49 studies involving 10 acupuncture combined with massage methods were included."	( Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Acupuncture Combined with Massage in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis. Jiao, T; Li, M; Li, X; Liu, Q; Pan, Y; Shi, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2022)	0.72
"The results showed that acupuncture combined with massage could improve the clinical therapeutic effect of patients with knee osteoarthritis."	( Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Acupuncture Combined with Massage in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis. Jiao, T; Li, M; Li, X; Liu, Q; Pan, Y; Shi, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2022)	0.72
" We assessed the in vitro biocidal activity of an 8% HP solution combined with 30 mg/L silver ions (HP + Ag) against MDR clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDRKp) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPa), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)."	( Efficacy of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide Combined with Silver Ions against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates. Espinosa-Moya, LN; Mejía-Hurtado, AF; Ocampo-Ibáñez, ID; Ríos-Acevedo, JJ; Rivera-Sánchez, SP; Rojas-Abadía, JM, 2022)	1.19
"This study aimed to investigate the effect of silver-containing dressings combined with hydrogel on healing of immunosuppression-induced skin ulcerations (IISU)."	( The observation of the curative effect of silver-containing dressings combined with hydrogel on healing of immunosuppression-induced skin ulcerations. Huang, CY; Liu, RM; You, XL, 2023)	1.43
" Patients in the observation group were treated with silver-containing dressings combined with hydrogel, while patients in the control group were treated with silver-containing dressings alone."	( The observation of the curative effect of silver-containing dressings combined with hydrogel on healing of immunosuppression-induced skin ulcerations. Huang, CY; Liu, RM; You, XL, 2023)	1.42
"A silver-containing dressing combined with hydrogel as the inner dressing can provide a better environment for wound healing, significantly shorten the course of treatment of patients with IISU, promote the early recovery of patients, and improve the quality of life of patients."	( The observation of the curative effect of silver-containing dressings combined with hydrogel on healing of immunosuppression-induced skin ulcerations. Huang, CY; Liu, RM; You, XL, 2023)	1.9
" The control group received basic treatment combined with AgNP dressing, while the study group received PRF combined with AgNP dressing."	( Impact of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Combined with Silver Nanoparticle Dressing on Healing Time and Therapeutic Efficacy of Chronic Refractory Wounds. Bi, H; Lin, L; Shi, X; Wang, X, 2023)	1.17
" AgNPs were combined with the analyzed bacteria to prepare "Bacteria-AgNPs" SERS samples, which can strongly enhance the Raman signal of the target bacteria and reliably obtain spatial information of different molecular functional groups of each bacteria."	( SERS combined with the difference in bacterial extracellular electron transfer ability to distinguish Shewanella. Chen, A; Chen, J; Jiang, M; Yuan, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, W; Zhou, L, 2023)	0.91
" Previous studies have indicated that the AgNPs/PSB composite SERS substrate, combined with machine learning algorithms, has achieved promising classification results in disease diagnosis."	( Application of serum SERS technology combined with deep learning algorithm in the rapid diagnosis of immune diseases and chronic kidney disease. Chen, C; Chen, X; Han, S; Li, Z; Luo, C; Lv, X; Wu, L; Yang, J, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Silver accumulation in toadfish gills and plasma decreased as salinity increased, indicating low bioavailability of AgCl complexes. Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are often produced with different coatings that could influence bioavailability and toxicity in aquatic organisms.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In laboratory studies, silver partitioning to particulates, sediment pore water, and overlying water was measured and bioavailability of silver was determined using Hyalella azteca in 10-day sediment toxicity tests."	( Partitioning and effects of silver in amended freshwater sediments. Deaver, E; Rodgers, JH; Rogers, PL, 1997)	0.9
" Therefore, the order of bioavailability of the Ag(I) species was determined as Ag+ > AgCl(aq) >>> AgCl2-."	( Influence of chloride and metals on silver bioavailability to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yolk-sac fry. Bury, NR; Hogstrand, C, 2002)	0.59
"Chemical speciation controls the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in aquatic systems and regulatory agencies are recognizing this as they develop updated water quality criteria (WQC) for metals."	( Extension of the biotic ligand model of acute toxicity to a physiologically-based model of the survival time of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to silver. Di Toro, DM; Mathew, R; Paquin, PR; Santore, RC; Winfield, RP; Wu, KB; Zoltay, V, 2002)	0.51
"In the environment, the formation of organic and inorganic silver complexes can decrease Ag bioavailability (toxicity) to aquatic organisms."	( Influence of dissolved organic matter source on silver toxicity to Pimephales promelas. Klaine, SJ; Ryan, AC; Tomasso, JR; VanGenderen, EJ, 2003)	0.82
" The results of this study suggest that: (1) physiological regulation of silver movement may explain the pattern of gill silver accumulation observed in rainbow trout, although not by a mechanism coupled to Na(+)K(+)-ATPase inhibition as originally proposed; (2) alternatively or additionally, a decreased bioavailability of silver, due to the static exposure conditions, may explain the pattern of gill accumulation; (3) the early inhibition of whole body Na(+) uptake observed during silver exposure occurs via a mechanism other than Na(+)K(+)-ATPase inhibition; and (4) gill silver accumulation may be an appropriate endpoint for biotic ligand modeling."	( The time course of silver accumulation in rainbow trout during static exposure to silver nitrate: physiological regulation or an artifact of the exposure conditions? Grosell, M; Morgan, TP; Playle, RC; Wood, CM, 2004)	0.88
" The differing neurotoxicity of MK-801 between rat strains and between lines within a strain may reflect genetic variation and/or differences in hepatic biotransformation and thus the bioavailability of the drug between strains and lines within a strain."	( Strain and colony differences in the neurotoxic sequelae of MK-801 visualized with the amino-cupric-silver method. Bueno, A; de Olmos, J; de Olmos, S; Desmond, NL; Manzini, F, 2003)	0.54
"The cross-flow ultrafiltration and radiotracer techniques were used to study the influences of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and colloidal organic carbon (COC) on the bioavailability of Ag, Cd, and Cr to the green mussel Perna viridis."	( Influences of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon on the uptake of Ag, Cd, and Cr by the marine mussel Perna viridis. Pan, JF; Wang, WX, 2004)	0.32
" These results suggest that reduced silver bioavailability is the mechanism behind the pattern of peak and decline in gill silver accumulation previously reported for static exposures to silver."	( Time course analysis of the mechanism by which silver inhibits active Na+ and Cl- uptake in gills of rainbow trout. Gilmour, KM; Grosell, M; Morgan, TP; Playle, RC; Wood, CM, 2004)	0.86
"Silver bioavailability in the presence of chloride was estimated from short-term (< or = 60 min) uptake experiments with two green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa."	( Influence of chloride on silver uptake by two green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Campbell, PG; Fortin, C; Lee, DY, 2004)	2.07
"Silver is taken up as a Na(+) analog (Ag(+)) by freshwater organisms, but little is known about its bioavailability in relation to salinity."	( Bioavailability of silver and its relationship to ionoregulation and silver speciation across a range of salinities in the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta). Barimo, JF; Grosell, M; McDonald, MD; Playle, RC; Walker, P; Walsh, PJ; Wood, CM, 2004)	2.09
" Silver accumulation in toadfish gills and plasma decreased as salinity increased, indicating low bioavailability of AgCl complexes."	( Influence of salinity and organic matter on silver accumulation in Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta). Brown, S; Nichols, JW; Playle, RC; Walsh, PJ; Wood, CM, 2006)	1.51
"Food is added to exposure solutions in cladoceran chronic toxicity tests and sometimes in acute toxicity tests, but its effects on the bioavailability of toxicants have not been studied extensively."	( Acute toxicity of copper and silver to Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of food. Boese, CJ; Kolts, JM; Meyer, JS, 2006)	0.63
"The water absorption rate of four dressings (carbon fiber dressing, hydrogel dressing, silver nanoparticle dressing, and vaseline gauze) were measured by the immersion-weight gain method."	( Randomized controlled trial of the absorbency of four dressings and their effects on the evaporation of burn wounds. Chen, J; Han, CM; Lin, XW; Su, GL; Su, SJ; Tang, ZJ, 2007)	0.56
"All four dressings have water retention capacity while carbon fiber dressing has the highest absorption rate and shows the best containment and evaporation from the burn wound."	( Randomized controlled trial of the absorbency of four dressings and their effects on the evaporation of burn wounds. Chen, J; Han, CM; Lin, XW; Su, GL; Su, SJ; Tang, ZJ, 2007)	0.34
" Environmentally relevant fate and transport investigations are limited but essential to gain understanding towards bioavailability and toxicology."	( Particle size distributions of silver nanoparticles at environmentally relevant conditions. Cumberland, SA; Lead, JR, 2009)	0.64
" Filter-feeding bivalve mollusks such as oysters are valuable model species for characterizing nanoparticle bioavailability and interactions with basic cellular processes."	( The effects of silver nanoparticles on oyster embryos. Bates, TC; Carroll, DL; McCarthy, M; Ringwood, AH, 2010)	0.71
" Although there were some limited variations, these were not consistent with the local metal bioavailability nor with temperature changes."	( Biodynamic modelling of the accumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn by the deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor: inter-population variability and a generalised predictive model. Blasco, J; Kalman, J; Rainbow, PS; Riba, I; Smith, BD, 2010)	0.36
" For nZVI, germination tests were conducted both in water and in two contrasting soils to test the impact of assumed differences in bioavailability of nanoparticles."	( Impact of Fe and Ag nanoparticles on seed germination and differences in bioavailability during exposure in aqueous suspension and soil. El-Temsah, YS; Joner, EJ, 2012)	0.38
" Comparing exposure in water and soil showed reduced bioavailability in soil reflected in the apoptotic response."	( Silver nanoparticle exposure causes apoptotic response in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta). Exbrayat, JM; Joner, EJ; Lapied, E; Moudilou, E; Oughton, DH, 2010)	1.8
" Since in vivo studies offer many advantages, such as the study of the bioavailability of nanomaterials to sensitive target cells, we propose Drosophila as a useful model for the study of the toxic and genotoxic risks associated with nanoparticle exposure."	( Genotoxic analysis of silver nanoparticles in Drosophila. Creus, A; Demir, E; Kaya, B; Marcos, R; Vales, G, 2011)	0.68
" Although the occurrence of DSS is not exclusively associated with metal bioavailability to the mussels, the morphology of DSS seems to be linked to the speciation of the metal used in the uptake experiments."	( Alteration of shell nacre micromorphology in blue mussel Mytilus edulis after exposure to free-ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. Belzile, C; Demers, S; Pelletier, E; Zuykov, M, 2011)	0.59
" Physical and chemical transformations of Ag-NP in WWTPs control the fate, the transport and also the toxicity and the bioavailability of Ag-NP and therefore must be considered in future risk assessments."	( Behavior of metallic silver nanoparticles in a pilot wastewater treatment plant. Burkhardt, M; Hagendorfer, H; Kaegi, R; Siegrist, H; Sinnet, B; Voegelin, A; Zuleeg, S, 2011)	0.69
"We compared silver (Ag) bioavailability and toxicity to a freshwater gastropod after exposure to ionic silver (Ag(+)) and to Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) capped with citrate or with humic acid."	( Silver bioaccumulation dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate after aqueous and dietary exposures to nanosized and ionic Ag. Croteau, MN; Luoma, SN; Misra, SK; Valsami-Jones, E, 2011)	2.19
" Recent analysis of field samples from water treatment facilities suggests that silver is converted to silver sulfide, whose very low solubility may limit the bioavailability and adverse impact of silver in the environment."	( Kinetics and mechanisms of nanosilver oxysulfidation. Hurt, RH; Liu, J; Pennell, KG, 2011)	0.88
"Aggregation, an important environmental behavior of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) influences their bioavailability and cytotoxicity."	( Influence of dissolved oxygen on aggregation kinetics of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles. Chen, Y; Huang, Y; Li, K; Yao, Y; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.85
" Thus, some common ligands can hinder the bioavailability and mitigate the toxicity of Ag(+) at relatively low concentrations that do not induce silver precipitation."	( Differential effect of common ligands and molecular oxygen on antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles versus silver ions. Alvarez, PJ; Ma, J; Xiu, ZM, 2011)	0.79
"To gain important information on fate, mobility, and bioavailability of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in aquatic systems, the influence of pH, ionic strength, and humic substances on the stability of carbonate-coated AgNP (average diameter 29 nm) was systematically investigated in 10 mM carbonate and 10 mM MOPS buffer, and in filtered natural freshwater."	( Colloidal stability of carbonate-coated silver nanoparticles in synthetic and natural freshwater. Behra, R; Piccapietra, F; Sigg, L, 2012)	0.88
"The bioavailability of ingested silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) depends in large part on initial particle size, shape and surface coating, properties which will influence aggregation, solubility and chemical composition during transit of the gastrointestinal tract."	( Alterations in physical state of silver nanoparticles exposed to synthetic human stomach fluid. Bradham, K; Hartmann, T; Ma, L; Rogers, KR; Thomas, DJ; Tolaymat, T; Williams, A, 2012)	0.94
" Overall, the results of this study highlight the importance of modifications by sulfhydryl-containing ligands that can drastically influence the long-term reactivity of silver nanoparticles in the aquatic environment and their bioavailability to exposed organisms."	( Cysteine-induced modifications of zero-valent silver nanomaterials: implications for particle surface chemistry, aggregation, dissolution, and silver speciation. Gondikas, AP; Hsu-Kim, H; Lowry, GV; Marinakos, SM; Morris, A; Reinsch, BC, 2012)	0.83
" Interestingly, while Ag ion shedding and bioavailability failed to comprehensively explain the high toxicity of the nanoplates, cellular injury required direct particle contact, resulting in cell membrane lysis in RT-W1 as well as red blood cells (RBC)."	( Surface defects on plate-shaped silver nanoparticles contribute to its hazard potential in a fish gill cell line and zebrafish embryos. George, S; Hohman, JN; Ji, Z; Li, L; Lin, S; Mecklenburg, M; Meng, H; Nel, AE; Thomas, CR; Wang, X; Weiss, PS; Xia, T; Zhang, H; Zink, JI, 2012)	0.66
" In addition to the various adverse effects that have been seen for different organisms, ENP are suspected to influence the transport, bioavailability and toxic properties of a range of environmental contaminants that may adsorb to their surface."	( The binding of phenanthrene to engineered silver and gold nanoparticles. Farkas, J; Nizzetto, L; Thomas, KV, 2012)	0.64
" The temperature change was measured in a cylindrical keeper (GIGAUSS D600; GC, Tokyo, Japan) with coping of the casting alloy and a keeper with a dental implant at the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) for 20 min."	( Radiofrequency heating and magnetically induced displacement of dental magnetic attachments during 3.0 T MRI. Abe, Y; Hasegawa, M; Ishigami, T; Miyata, K; Namiki, T; Tabuchi, T, 2012)	0.38
" The behavior of NPs in soil will control their mobility and their bioavailability to soil organisms."	( Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: fate, behavior, and effects on soil invertebrates. Lofts, S; Loureiro, S; Soares, AM; Svendsen, C; Tourinho, PS; van Gestel, CA, 2012)	0.38
"Adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on nanoparticles can have dramatic impacts on particle dispersion resulting in altered fate and transport as well as bioavailability and toxicity."	( Influence of Suwannee River humic acid on particle properties and toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Barber, DS; Gao, J; Koopman, B; Moudgil, BM; Powers, K; Roberts, SM; Wang, Y; Zhou, H, 2012)	0.61
" The bioavailability of AgNP was calculated to be low in both strains relative to Ag(+), suggesting that AgNP internalization across the cell membrane was limited."	( Intracellular silver accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon exposure to carbonate coated silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate. Allué, CG; Behra, R; Piccapietra, F; Sigg, L, 2012)	0.74
" This suggests aggregation of Ag NPs occurs in estuarine waters and reduces, but does not eliminate, bioavailability of Ag from the Ag NPs."	( Bioaccumulation dynamics and modeling in an estuarine invertebrate following aqueous exposure to nanosized and dissolved silver. García-Alonso, J; Khan, FR; Luoma, SN; Misra, SK; Rainbow, PS; Smith, BD; Strekopytov, S; Valsami-Jones, E, 2012)	0.59
" Hepatic Ag contents and changes in gene expression were monitored to provide insights on bioavailability and mode of action of both forms of silver."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to rainbow trout: a toxicogenomic approach. André, C; Auclair, J; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Gélinas, M; Skirrow, R; Turcotte, P; van Aggelen, G, 2012)	0.96
" The results showed that n-BGS with nanoporous structure had a surface area of 467 m(2)/g and a pore size of around 6 nm, and exhibited a significantly higher water absorption rate compared with BGS without nanopores."	( Antibacterial hemostatic dressings with nanoporous bioglass containing silver. Bi, D; Hu, G; Liu, H; Ma, H; Tong, P; Wang, H; Xiao, L; Zhu, G, 2012)	0.61
" However, there is still a need for understanding how silver prolonged exposure to bacterial contamination affects the bioavailability of the active silver species."	( On the different growth conditions affecting silver antimicrobial efficacy on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Lagaron, JM; Martínez-Abad, A; Ocio, MJ; Sánchez, G, 2012)	0.89
" The structural and compositional findings of nanoparticles could have a strong bearing on the bioavailability and antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles."	( Characterization of Silver/Bovine Serum Albumin (Ag/BSA) nanoparticles structure: morphological, compositional, and interaction studies. Bhan, C; Gebregeorgis, A; Raghavan, D; Wilson, O, 2013)	0.71
" The stable AgNPs formed through the reduction of Ag(+) by fulvic and humic acid fractions of natural organic matter in the environment may be transported over significant distances and might also influence the overall bioavailability and ecotoxicity of AgNPs."	( Interactions of aqueous Ag+ with fulvic acids: mechanisms of silver nanoparticle formation and investigation of stability. Adegboyega, NF; Banerjee, S; Schultz, BJ; Sharma, VK; Siskova, K; Sohn, M; Zbořil, R, 2013)	0.63
" We attributed the reduced cytotoxicity to aggregated AgCl which limited the bioavailability of free Ag(+) ions."	( Reduced cytotoxicity of silver ions to mammalian cells at high concentration due to the formation of silver chloride. Du, C; Han, X; Liu, L; Wang, Z; Zhang, K; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.7
" Agglomeration, induced by interactions with humic acid, might reduce the bioavailability of AgNPs to Japanese medaka embryos."	( Developmental toxicity of Japanese medaka embryos by silver nanoparticles and released ions in the presence of humic acid. Kim, JY; Kim, KT; Kim, SD; Lee, BG; Lim, BJ, 2013)	0.64
" However, nanosilver inhibits methanogenesis and is more toxic than its counterpart, likely due to slow and long-term Ag(+) release from nanosilver dissolution yielding more bioavailability in landfill leachates."	( A comparison of nanosilver and silver ion effects on bioreactor landfill operations and methanogenic population dynamics. Gajaraj, S; Hu, Z; Wall, JD; Yang, Y, 2013)	1.07
" Such knowledge is important as it may influence the subsequent transport of Ag NPs through different chemical transients and thus their potential bioavailability and toxicity."	( Effect of laundry surfactants on surface charge and colloidal stability of silver nanoparticles. Blomberg, E; Hedberg, J; Lowe, TA; Lundin, M; Skoglund, S; Wallinder, IO; Wold, S, 2013)	0.62
" Dissolution and bioavailability of Ag from NWs and nanospheres, analyzed with AAS or Ag-sensor bacteria, respectively, suggested that the toxic effects were caused by solubilized Ag(+) ions."	( Dissolution of silver nanowires and nanospheres dictates their toxicity to Escherichia coli. Ivask, A; Joost, U; Juganson, K; Kahru, A; Kisand, V; Künnis-Beres, K; Visnapuu, M, 2013)	0.74
" The bioavailability of cAgNPs to earthworms induced lysosomal cytotoxicity."	( Interaction of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles with earthworm coelomic fluid and related cytotoxicity in Eisenia andrei. An, YJ; Kim, SW; Kwak, JI; Lee, WM, 2014)	0.69
" It is well recognized that aspects of water quality, such as hardness, affect the bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne Ag."	( Does water chemistry affect the dietary uptake and toxicity of silver nanoparticles by the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis? Croteau, MN; Lead, JR; Luoma, SN; Oliver, AL; Römer, I; Stoiber, TL; Tejamaya, M, 2014)	0.64
" While, the toxicity of TiO2 NPs under SSL exposure could be explained by hydroxyl radical generation, the enhanced toxicity of Ag NPs under SSL exposure was due to surface oxidation and physicochemical modification of Ag NPs and shedding of Ag+, leading to an increased bioavailability of silver."	( Differential effect of solar light in increasing the toxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a fish cell line and zebrafish embryos. Chan, WK; Chang, H; Gardner, H; George, S; Richards, M; Seng, EK; Valiyaveettil, S; Wang, C; Yu Fang, CH, 2014)	0.82
" However, such low bioavailability of dietary AgNPs could inhibit the whole-body Na+/K+-ATPase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the fish within the first 2 weeks of exposure."	( Low bioavailability of silver nanoparticles presents trophic toxicity to marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Wang, J; Wang, WX, 2014)	0.71
" The objective of this study was to determine whether pyocyanin reduces Ag+ to Ag0, which may contribute to silver resistance due to lower bioavailability of the cation."	( Pyocyanin production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa confers resistance to ionic silver. Merrett, ND; Muller, M, 2014)	0.85
" Thus, one may infer that 10 nm Ag NPs had more efficient cell-particle contact resulting in higher intracellular bioavailability of silver than in case of bigger NPs."	( Size-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles to bacteria, yeast, algae, crustaceans and mammalian cells in vitro. Aruoja, V; Blinova, I; Heinlaan, M; Ivask, A; Kahru, A; Käkinen, A; Kasemets, K; Kisand, V; Koller, D; Kurvet, I; Suppi, S; Titma, T; Vija, H; Visnapuu, M, 2014)	0.9
"The increased bioavailability of nanoparticles engineered for good dispersion in water may have biological and environmental impacts."	( Size-dependent impacts of silver nanoparticles on the lifespan, fertility, growth, and locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans. Colvin, VL; Contreras, EQ; Escalera, G; Puppala, HL; Zhong, W, 2014)	0.7
" Moreover, SNPs bioavailability and uptake were assessed."	( Bioavailability and biological effect of engineered silver nanoparticles in a forest soil. Baffoni, L; Carbone, S; Di Gioia, D; Gaggia, F; Nannipieri, P; Vianello, G; Vittori Antisari, L, 2014)	0.65
" Although research has been undertaken in order to minimise the gaps in our understanding of NMs in the environment, little is known about their bioavailability and toxicity in the aquatic environment."	( Ecotoxicity of silver nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: a review of literature and gaps in nano-toxicological research. Pool, EJ; Somerset, VS; Walters, CR, 2014)	0.76
"A comprehensive study of the bioavailability of orally administered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using a rat model."	( An insight into silver nanoparticles bioavailability in rats. Abad-Álvaro, I; Bianga, J; Bierla, K; Bolea, E; Castillo, JR; Gaillet, S; He, M; Jiménez-Lamana, J; Laborda, F; Mounicou, S; Ouerdane, L; Rouanet, JM; Szpunar, J, 2014)	0.98
" Although the interplay between aggregate formation and disaggregation is an important factor for mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of Ag NPs in surface waters, the factors controlling disaggregation of Ag NP homoaggregates are still unknown."	( Disaggregation of silver nanoparticle homoaggregates in a river water matrix. Metreveli, G; Philippe, A; Schaumann, GE, 2015)	0.75
" We also demonstrate that sulfidation not only decreases solubility of Ag-MNP, but also reduces the bioavailability of intact sAg-MNP."	( Impact of sulfidation on the bioavailability and toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Caenorhabditis elegans. Bertsch, PM; Collin, BE; Lowry, GV; Ma, R; Oostveen, EK; Starnes, CP; Starnes, DL; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM, 2015)	0.66
" However, little is known about the effects of these nanoparticles on human health, more specific in the cardiovascular system, since this system represents an important route of action in terms of distribution, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of the different circulating substances in the bloodstream."	( Role of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the cardiovascular system. Ali, SF; Gonzalez, C; Ramirez-Lee, MA; Rosas-Hernandez, H; Salazar-García, S, 2016)	0.87
" AgNO3 exposure caused impairment in GPx and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), probably as result of the higher bioavailability of Ag in the salt-form."	( Effects of silver nanoparticles to soil invertebrates: oxidative stress biomarkers in Eisenia fetida. Amorim, MJ; Gomes, SI; Hansen, D; Scott-Fordsmand, JJ, 2015)	0.81
" Here, we characterize the bioavailability of Ag from AgNO(3) and from AgNPs capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP AgNP) and thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG AgNP) in the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, after short waterborne exposures."	( Influence of hardness on the bioavailability of silver to a freshwater snail after waterborne exposure to silver nitrate and silver nanoparticles. Croteau, MN; Lead, JR; Luoma, SN; Römer, I; Stoiber, T; Tejamaya, M, 2015)	0.67
" The present study aimed to (i) characterize the bioaccumulation dynamics of PVP-, PEG-, and citrate-AgNPs, in comparison to dissolved Ag, in Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus; and (ii) investigate whether parameters of bioavailability and accumulation predict acute toxicity."	( Accumulation dynamics and acute toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus: implications for metal modeling approaches. Dybowska, AD; Fernandes, TF; Khan, FR; Lead, JR; Paul, KB; Stone, V; Valsami-Jones, E, 2015)	0.68
" This study therefore determined the comparative effects of the aging on the bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms of soils dosed with silver ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) for 1, 9, 30 & 52 weeks, and related this to the total Ag in the soil, Ag in soil pore water and earthworm tissue Ag concentrations."	( Short-term soil bioassays may not reveal the full toxicity potential for nanomaterials; bioavailability and toxicity of silver ions (AgNO₃) and silver nanoparticles to earthworm Eisenia fetida in long-term aged soils. Diez-Ortiz, M; George, S; Jurkschat, K; Lahive, E; Spurgeon, DJ; Svendsen, C; Ter Schure, A; Van Gestel, CAM, 2015)	0.83
"Current bioavailability models, such as the free ion activity model and biotic ligand model, explicitly consider that metal exposure will be mainly to the dissolved metal in ionic form."	( Uptake routes and toxicokinetics of silver nanoparticles and silver ions in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Diez-Ortiz, M; Jurkschat, K; Kille, P; Lahive, E; Morgan, AJ; Mosselmans, JF; Powell, K; Spurgeon, DJ; Svendsen, C; Van Gestel, CA, 2015)	0.69
"5°C) when compared with other dental implants and abutments, particularly on sequences with high specific absorption rate values."	( Impact of the Static and Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields Produced by a 7T MR Imager on Metallic Dental Materials. Kihara, H; Kobayashi, T; Kondo, H; Oriso, K; Sasaki, M; Uwano, I, 2016)	0.43
" The magnitude of the toxic effects was greater at a salinity of 10 than 28 psu which reflects the greater bioavailability of the toxic species of Ag (Ag(+) and AgCl(0)) at reduced salinities."	( Accumulation of silver by Fucus spp. (Phaeophyceae) and its toxicity to Fucus ceranoides under different salinity regimes. Berry, S; Brown, MT; Ramesh, K, 2015)	0.76
" As populations of Sinorhizobium meliloti Rm2011 were similar in bulk/dissolved and ENM treatments, our results suggest that inhibition of nodulation in the ENM treatment was primarily due to phytotoxicity, likely caused by enhanced bioavailability of Zn ions."	( Toxicogenomic Responses of the Model Legume Medicago truncatula to Aged Biosolids Containing a Mixture of Nanomaterials (TiO₂, Ag, and ZnO) from a Pilot Wastewater Treatment Plant. Chen, C; Guo, J; Judy, JD; Lewis, RW; McNear, DH; Tsyusko, OV; Unrine, JM, 2015)	0.42
" This suggests that the relation between toxicity and bioavailability of Ag-NPs differs from that of ionic Ag in soils."	( Effects of soil and dietary exposures to Ag nanoparticles and AgNO₃ in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Jurkschat, K; Loureiro, S; Soares, AM; Tourinho, PS; van Gestel, CA, 2015)	0.42
" This leads to a need to understand their bioavailability to plants."	( Speciation Matters: Bioavailability of Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles to Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Colman, BP; Lanzirotti, A; Lowry, GV; Newville, M; Schwab, F; Stegemeier, JP; Webb, SM; Wiesner, MR; Winkler, C, 2015)	0.69
" This study demonstrates that microplastics can alter the bioavailability and uptake route of a metal contaminant in a model fish species."	( Influence of polyethylene microplastic beads on the uptake and localization of silver in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Bury, NR; Khan, FR; Shashoua, Y; Syberg, K, 2015)	0.64
" Natural organic matter, NOM, which is abundant in water supplies, soil, and sediments, can form stable complexes with Ag(+), altering its bioavailability and toxicity."	( Dynamic silver speciation as studied with fluorous-phase ion-selective electrodes: Effect of natural organic matter on the toxicity and speciation of silver. Bühlmann, P; Gunsolus, IL; Haynes, CL; Hussein, K; Lancaster, M; Mousavi, MP; Pérez De Jesús, CE, 2015)	0.85
" However, the bioavailability of Ag2S-NPs in soils is unknown."	( Bioavailability of silver and silver sulfide nanoparticles to lettuce (Lactuca sativa): Effect of agricultural amendments on plant uptake. Doolette, CL; Kirby, JK; McLaughlin, MJ; Navarro, DA, 2015)	0.75
" With the capability of distinguishing labile and total Ag(I), our method offers a new approach for evaluating the bioavailability and understanding the fate and toxicity of AgNPs in aquatic systems."	( Speciation Analysis of Labile and Total Silver(I) in Nanosilver Dispersions and Environmental Waters by Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction. Chao, JB; Liu, JF; Liu, R; Shen, MH; Tan, ZQ; Wang, XW; Yu, SJ; Zhou, XX, 2015)	0.68
" However, little is known about the relationship between Ag NP exposure and their bioavailability for soil organisms."	( Toxicokinetics of Ag in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus exposed to Ag NPs and AgNO₃ via soil and food. Jurkschat, K; Kille, P; Loureiro, S; Morgan, AJ; Mosselmans, JF; Soares, AM; Svendsen, C; Tourinho, PS; van Gestel, CA, 2016)	0.43
" This dependence was attributed to a decrease in dissolved silver ion bioavailability and toxicity caused by its binding to cells and/or cell byproducts."	( Inhibition of bacterial surface colonization by immobilized silver nanoparticles depends critically on the planktonic bacterial concentration. Bertuccio, AJ; Cao, F; Lowry, GV; Tilton, RD; Wirth, SM, 2016)	0.92
"In aquatic toxicity testing of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) the process of agglomeration is very important as it may alter bioavailability and toxicity."	( Influence of pH and media composition on suspension stability of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles and immobilization of Daphnia magna under guideline testing conditions. Baun, A; Cupi, D; Hartmann, NB, 2016)	0.67
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate, bioavailability of AgNPs and their effects on fish in presence of municipal effluents."	( Fate of silver nanoparticles in wastewater and immunotoxic effects on rainbow trout. Bruneau, A; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Pilote, M; Turcotte, P, 2016)	0.87
" Capping with metal ions (Ag/Au-cip) has significant implications for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluoroquinolone molecules."	( Robust Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Urease Inhibitory Assay. Ali, R; Farooq, U; Jaafar, HZ; Khan, A; Khan, SA; Nisar, M; Qayum, M; Zia-Ul-Haq, M, 2016)	0.43
" Although high Cl concentrations increased the bioavailability of Ag markedly, plant growth was not reduced in any treatment."	( Silver Nanoparticles Entering Soils via the Wastewater-Sludge-Soil Pathway Pose Low Risk to Plants but Elevated Cl Concentrations Increase Ag Bioavailability. Bertsch, PM; Dennis, PG; Forstner, C; Guo, J; Kappen, P; Kopittke, PM; Lombi, E; Menzies, NW; Sekine, R; Wang, P, 2016)	1.88
" Consequently, we suggest that the safe NAR NP can be used to reduce the dosage of NAR, improve its bioavailability and merits further investigation for therapeutic applications."	( PVP- coated naringenin nanoparticles for biomedical applications - In vivo toxicological evaluations. Abraham, A; Kumar, RP, 2016)	0.43
"We assessed the bioavailability of Ag from Ag nanoparticles (NPs), stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to terrestrial isopods which were exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 μg Ag NPs/g of dry food."	( The role of PVP in the bioavailability of Ag from the PVP-stabilized Ag nanoparticle suspension. Drobne, D; Hočevar, SB; Jemec, A; Kos, M; Kralj, S; Makovec, D; Romih, T, 2016)	0.43
"To understand conditions affecting bioavailability and toxicity of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (cit-AgNP) and dissolved silver at the luminal enterocyte interface, we exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gut cells (RTgutGC) in media of contrasting composition: two amino acid-containing media, one of which was supplemented with proteins, as can be expected during digestion; and two protein and amino acid-free media contrasting low and high chloride content, as can be expected in the lumen of fish adapting to freshwater or seawater, respectively."	( Effect of media composition on bioavailability and toxicity of silver and silver nanoparticles in fish intestinal cells (RTgutGC). Minghetti, M; Schirmer, K, 2016)	0.9
" Concomitantly, facultative aerobes below the metabolically active upper layer switched from fermentation or anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration as oxygen bioavailability increased in the lower zones of the sediment."	( Influence of silver nanoparticles on benthic oxygen consumption of microbial communities in freshwater sediments determined by microelectrodes. Ao, Y; Hou, J; Li, Y; Lv, B; Miao, L; Wang, C; Wang, P; Xu, Y; Yang, Y; Yao, Y; You, G, 2017)	0.82
" Bioavailability of these metals was studied using ICP-MS, the chemical speciation program Visual MINTEQ, and a heavy metal bioreporter bioanalytical tool."	( Co, Zn and Ag-MOFs evaluation as biocidal materials towards photosynthetic organisms. Aguado, S; Fernández-Piñas, F; Leganés, F; Martín-Betancor, K; Rodea-Palomares, I; Rosal, R; Tamayo-Belda, M, 2017)	0.46
"Adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can alter the environmental fate, bioavailability and toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)."	( Organic matter modifies biochemical but not most behavioral responses of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum to nanosilver exposure. Chen, M; Hunt, DE; Pan, JF; Wang, B; Zhang, T, 2018)	0.9
" The biotic ligand model was calibrated to the observed test results and found to be of use in quantifying the effect of changing water quality characteristics on silver bioavailability and toxicity."	( Influence of Varying Water Quality Parameters on the Acute Toxicity of Silver to the Freshwater Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia. Bell, RA; Naddy, RB; Paquin, PR; Santore, RC; Stubblefield, WA; Wu, KB, 2018)	0.91
" AgNPs and Ag ions in the presence of L-cysteine accelerated the bacterial cell growth rate, thereby reducing the bioavailability of Ag ions released from AgNPs under the single and coexistence conditions."	( Comparative toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions to Escherichia coli. Choi, Y; Kim, HA; Kim, KW; Lee, BT, 2018)	0.79
" The release profiles of various chemical forms of silver (Ag) from silver-containing dressing are closely related to their bioavailability and potential adverse effects on the body."	( A Tiered Experimental Approach for Characterization and Silver Release of Silver-Containing Wound Dressings. Bai, R; Chen, C; Chen, L; Cheng, X; Qu, S; Shao, A; Xu, L, 2018)	0.98
" The coating of the silver nanoparticles by the secreted PGA likely results in a loss of the bioavailability of nanoparticles and, consequently, a decrease of their biocidal effect."	( The poly-gamma-glutamate of Bacillus subtilis interacts specifically with silver nanoparticles. Adrait, A; Coute, Y; Eymard-Vernain, E; Lelong, C; Rabilloud, T; Sarret, G, 2018)	1.04
" In the last 2-3 decades, a gradual increase in worldwide patents on herbal nanoformulations has been noted to address the solubility and bioavailability issues of phytoceuticals."	( Antibacterial and Awasthi, R; Das, P; Dua, K; Kumar, K; Malipeddi, H; Nambiraj, A, 2018)	0.48
" Moreover, tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles were well absorbed by the trophozoites and did not induce encystation."	( Tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba. Chomicz, L; Grobelny, J; Grodzik, M; Hendiger, EB; Lorenzo-Morales, J; Padzik, M; Szmidt, M, 2018)	1.08
" Following oral administration, the DTX-Ag-NCPs increased bioavailability due to enhanced drug transport across gut (9 times), circulation half-life (~6."	( Polymeric nanocapsules embedded with ultra-small silver nanoclusters for synergistic pharmacology and improved oral delivery of Docetaxel. Huma, ZE; Hussain, I; Hussain, SZ; Jahan, S; Javed, I; Nadhman, A; Rehman, M; Saeed, H; Sarwar, HS; Shahnaz, G; Sohail, MF, 2018)	0.74
" Overall, this study showed that the bioavailability and potential ecotoxicity of AgNPs are associated with the environmental factors."	( Effect of ionic strength on bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chen, S; Wu, L; Xu, A; Xu, G; Xu, S; Yang, Y, 2018)	0.72
" Silver bioavailability was higher in organisms exposed to AgNPs, indicating that the nanoparticles pose a higher risk of toxicity compared to similar concentrations of AgCl."	( Higher silver bioavailability after nanoparticle dietary exposure in marine amphipods. Cadore, S; Henry, TB; Umbuzeiro, G; Vannuci-Silva, M, 2019)	1.88
" reinhardtii, by decreasing the bioavailability of Ag ions through adsorption."	( Combined Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles with Hematite or Plastic Nanoparticles toward Two Freshwater Algae. Huang, B; Miao, AJ; Pan, K; Wei, ZB; Yang, LY, 2019)	0.83
"Fate, bioavailability and toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are largely affected by soil properties."	( A new test system for unraveling the effects of soil components on the uptake and toxicity of silver nanoparticles (NM-300K) in simulated pore water. Filser, J; Focke, O; Köser, J; McKee, MS, 2019)	1
" To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies."	( Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies. Hidalgo, M; Iglesias, M; Marguí, E; Queralt, I; Torrent, L, 2019)	0.87
" UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed that with addition of metallic nanoparticles to the pure CMC film, absorption rate increased and WVP decreased."	( Development of Antibacterial Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Nanobiocomposite Films Containing Various Metallic Nanoparticles for Food Packaging Applications. Ebrahimi, Y; Karkaj, SZ; Peighambardoust, SH; Peighambardoust, SJ, 2019)	0.51
"Silver nanoparticles (nAg) are often produced with different coatings that could influence bioavailability and toxicity in aquatic organisms."	( The influence of surface coatings on the toxicity of silver nanoparticle in rainbow trout. Auclair, J; Gagné, F; Gagnon, C; Peyrot, C; Turcotte, P; Wilkinson, KJ, 2019)	2.21
" In this study, uptake and bioavailability of Ag from AgNPs following aqueous and dietary exposure were investigated in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss."	( Bioavailability of silver from wastewater and planktonic food borne silver nanoparticles in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Hermsen, L; Kaegi, R; Knopf, B; Kühr, S; Schlechtriem, C; Zeumer, R, 2020)	0.89
"Interaction between silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and iron plaque, which forms at the root surface of wetland plants under waterlogging conditions, is a critical process that controls the bioavailability of AgNPs."	( Contrasting effects of iron plaque on the bioavailability of metallic and sulfidized silver nanoparticles to rice. Dang, F; Gong, H; Wu, Y; Yang, L; Zhou, DM, 2020)	1.11
"Quantifying the relative bioavailability of particles versus ions is a key step toward understanding the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)."	( Uptake kinetics of silver nanoparticles by plant: relative importance of particles and dissolved ions. Cai, W; Dang, F; Wang, Q; Xing, B; Zhou, D, 2020)	1.09
" In addition, the results indicated that smaller Ag NPs posed a greater potential risk than the larger ones, which might be associated with their behaviour, dissolution rate, bioavailability and their probable variable toxicokinetics."	( Al-Doaiss, AA; Alshehri, M; Jarrar, B; Jarrar, Q, 2020)	0.56
" However, the relative uptake ratio and bioavailability of the two different forms is not well known due to a lack of sensitive and effective assessment systems."	( A novel assessment system of toxicity and stability of CuO nanoparticles via copper super sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants. Chen, X; Ke, Q; Lee, J; Simth, N; Sun, J; Wu, X; Zhang, R; Zhao, M, 2020)	0.56
" Hence, there is a need to develop functional metal containing curcumin model systems (FMCCMS) as a metallo-biomolecule to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin."	( Nanocomposite of functional silver metal containing curcumin biomolecule model systems: Protein BSA bioavailability. Chakrabarti, S; Chhatre, SY; Khairkar, SR; Nagarkar, AA; Pansare, AV; Pansare, SV; Patil, VR; Shedge, AA, 2020)	0.85
"Doxorubicin loaded AgNPs documented an increased bioavailability of the drug compared to the free drug, suggesting the use of AgNPs as "novel drug delivery vectors"."	( Viburnum nervosum Leaf Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Viable Approach to Increase the Efficacy of an Anticancer Drug. Bisen, PS; Jan, F; Pareek, S; Sahu, K; Sharma, A; Sharma, U; Shrivastava, D; Zahoor, I, 2021)	0.86
", sulfidation) that alter silver bioavailability and toxicity."	( Wastewater Treatment Processing of Silver Nanoparticles Strongly Influences Their Effects on Soil Microbial Diversity. Dennis, PG; Forstner, C; Kopittke, PM; Orton, TG; Wang, P, 2020)	1.14
" The inclusion compound showed a higher inhibiting growth of Candida albicans than the free complex [Ag(phen)2]salH indicating that the formation of the inclusion complex with β-CD increases the bioavailability of the antimicrobial active species [Ag(phen)2]+ of the new silver(I) compound."	( Partial inclusion of bis(1,10-phenanthroline)silver(I) salicylate in β-cyclodextrin: Spectroscopic characterization, in vitro and in silico antimicrobial evaluation. Almeida, VL; BriÑez-Ortega, E; Burgos, AE; Lopes, JCD, 2020)	1
"Botanic bioactive substances have issues with their solubility, stability, and oral bioavailability in the application, which could be improved by nanotechnologies."	( Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of nanotechnology-based botanic antioxidants. Fang, Y; Myint, KZ; Qing, J; Shen, J; Xia, Y; Yu, Q; Zhu, S, 2021)	0.62
" The natural organic matter has an important impact on nanoparticle's dispersion as it may alter their fate and transport, as well as their bioavailability and toxicity."	( Mitigation of silver nanoparticle toxicity by humic acids in gills of Piaractus mesopotamicus fish. Ale, A; Cazenave, J; de la Torre, FR; Desimone, MF; Galdopórpora, JM; Mora, MC, 2021)	0.98
" Furthermore, this value represents reasonable worst-case conditions for bioavailability in European Union surface waters (low hardness and low dissolved organic carbon)."	( Setting a Protective Threshold Value for Silver Toward Freshwater Organisms. Arijs, K; De Schamphelaere, K; Mertens, J; Nys, C; Van Sprang, P, 2021)	0.89
" Site-specific targeted plant drug delivery by metallic nanoparticles carriers is a new emerging procedure under research due to its enhanced bioavailability and reduced toxicity."	( A New Silver Nano-Formulation of Berlin Grace, VM; Gopal, R; M, D; S, V; Wilson, DD, 2022)	1.2
"Nanocarriers for encapsulation and sustained release of agrochemicals such as auxins have emerged as an attractive strategy to provide enhanced bioavailability and efficacy for improved crop yields and nutrition quality."	( Chitosan and silver nanoparticles are attractive auxin carriers: A comparative study on the adventitious rooting of microcuttings in apple rootstocks. Dumanoğlu, H; Ibrahim Ahmed Osman, S; Karakeçili, A; Korpayev, S, 2021)	0.99
"Uptake of most metal nanoparticles (NPs) in organisms is assumed to be mainly driven by the bioavailability of the released ions, as has been verified in controlled and short-term exposure tests."	( Are long-term exposure studies needed? Short-term toxicokinetic model predicts the uptake of metal nanoparticles in earthworms after nine months. Baccaro, M; van den Berg, JHJ; van den Brink, NW, 2021)	0.62
"Nanomedicine has the potential in enhancing the efficacy and bioavailability of anti-infective agents."	( CONJUGATION WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES ENHANCES ANTI-ACANTHAMOEBIC ACTIVITY OF KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII. Anwar, A; Khalid, M; Khan, NA; Lai, NJY; Siddiqui, R; Walvekar, S; Yow, YY, 2021)	0.96
"The introduction of various drugs onto commercial soft contact lenses (CLs) has emerged as a potentially effective strategy for treating microbial keratitis (MK) because drug-loaded CLs can maintain a controlled drug concentration which leaded to enhanced drug bioavailability and reduced side effects in ocular tissues."	( Commercial soft contact lenses engineered with zwitterionic silver nanoparticles for effectively treating microbial keratitis. Chen, C; Lang, S; Li, K; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Ma, L; Xia, J; Yu, L, 2022)	0.96
" Therefore, this study was designed to accelerate the absorption of these phyto-constituents and hence increase their bioavailability by incorporating silver (Ag-NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) due to their impressive properties."	( Assessment of the Biological Activities of Egyptian Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Extract after Incorporating Metal Nanoparticles, in Vitro and in Vivo Study. Aboulthana, WM; Ahmed, KA; Hasan, EA; Omar, NI; Youssef, AM, 2022)	0.92
" This paradigm shift and transition of conventional propolis to nanopropolis are evident from the literature wherein a multitude of studies are available on nanopropolis with improved bioavailability profile."	( From propolis to nanopropolis: An exemplary journey and a paradigm shift of a resinous substance produced by bees. Ahsan, W; Javed, S; Mangla, B, 2022)	0.72
" The adsorptive capacity of both peels could reduce the bioavailability of Ag-NPs as indicated by decreased Ag content in tissues, insignificant change in the hematological parameters with control groups, and regressive histological alterations based on the frequency of alterations' existence and the extent of affected parts."	( The Potential Use of Orange and Banana Peels to Minimize the Toxicological Effects of Silver Nanoparticles in Oreochromis Niloticus. Abdel-Khalek, AA; Hamed, A; Hasheesh, WSF, 2022)	0.94
" In addition, poor solubility, low bioavailability due to the inability for crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are described as the main limitations of the treatment."	( Exploiting mesoporous silica, silver and gold nanoparticles for neurodegenerative diseases treatment. Carvalho, GC; Chorilli, M; Fonseca-Santos, B; Ribeiro, TC; Sábio, RM, 2022)	1.01
" Nevertheless, there are still limitations with bioavailability and extended redox control with regard to antioxidant drug delivery."	( Extending the Bioavailability of Hydrophilic Antioxidants for Metal Ion Detoxification via Crystallization with Polysaccharide Dopamine. Flaherty, D; Han, HS; Kim, B; Kim, Y; Kim, YJ; Kong, H; Lee, J; Miller, R; Park, CG; Torres, C, 2022)	0.72
" NOM corona formation is closely related to the surface coatings and bioavailability of nanoparticles."	( Insight into the formation and biological effects of natural organic matter corona on silver nanoparticles in water environment using biased cyclical electrical field-flow fractionation. Gale, BK; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Pan, W; Rui, Y; Tan, Z; Xu, M; Yin, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, W, 2023)	1.13
" However, their systemic bioavailability may be considered a potential hazard."	( Silver nanoparticles exert toxic effects in human monocytes and macrophages associated with the disruption of Δψm and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Carvalho, F; Fernandes, E; Fernandes, R; Freitas, M; Malheiro, A; Rufino, AT; Sousa, A, 2023)	2.35
"The bioavailability of metal complexes is poorly understood."	( Role of the luminal composition on intestinal metal toxicity, bioavailability and bioreactivity: An in vitro approach based on the cell line RTgutGC. Black, T; Minghetti, M; Oldham, D; Stewart, TJ, 2023)	0.91
" Moreover, this review states that the AI-based DPI development provides and improvement in the bioavailability and effectiveness of the drug along with the role of artificial neural networks (ANN)."	( Dry Powder Inhaler with the technical and practical obstacles, and forthcoming platform strategies. Gaikwad, SS; Kshirsagar, SJ; Laddha, UD; More, MA; Pathare, SR; Patil, SS; Ramteke, KH; Salunkhe, KS; Waykhinde, NA, 2023)	0.91
" Many forms of PyC have sorptive properties that can reduce the bioavailability of allelochemicals."	( Biochar mitigates allelopathic effects in temperate trees. Sujeeun, L; Thomas, SC, 2023)	0.91
"Toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at environmentally relevant concentrations has been received an increasing attention, and their influence on the bioavailability of personal care products has been seldom studied."	( The combined toxicity of silver nanoparticles and typical personal care products in diatom Navicula sp. Ding, T; Lin, S; Wei, L; Yue, Z; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.59
" Eye drops for anti-inflammatory treatment necessitate frequent administration of high doses throughout every day due to bacterial resistance resulting from antibiotic overuse and the low bioavailability of drugs."	( Bacteria-Targeting Nanosilver-Based Antibacterial Drugs for Efficient Treatment of Drug-Resistant Bacterial-Infected Keratitis. Hong, S; Huang, S; Li, A; Li, J; Song, X; Xue, Y; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.22

Dosage Studied

Study determined the comparative effects of the aging on the bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms of soils dosed with silver ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) for 1, 9, 30 & 52 weeks. Results showed that, at high dosages of chitosan, Ag(I) released from AgNP-impregnated silica plays an important role in disinfection.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" There was 1 death in the Se alone group, none in the As group, but 7 out of 10 animals receiving As+Se had died by the end of the 18 week dosing period."	( Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats. Cabe, PA; Carmichael, NG; Tilson, HA, 1979)	0.51
" There was a dose-response inhibition of silver-induced short-circuit current by cysteine."	( Modification of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad skin. Cornette, KM; Gerencser, GA; Loo, SY, 1990)	0.89
" Mice dosed with 8 mg Hg/kg as MeHg were killed 24 hr, 1 week, or 2 weeks after exposure, to allow a decrease in total Hg and an increase in the proportion of demethylated Hg over time."	( Mercury localization in mouse kidney over time: autoradiography versus silver staining. Kates, B; Rodier, PM; Simons, R, 1988)	0.51
"Silver staining of cells in metaphase and interphase nuclei of both sexes of the Bennett wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus, has shown that (1) the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) is located only on the X chromosome (single Ag-NOR); (2) both X chromosomes in the female cells stain with silver; (3) the amounts of silver staining of metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei of both sexes are very similar; (4) the single X chromosome is hyperactive in male cells to equalize the expression of rRNA genes in the female cells with two X chromosomes; and (5) the mechanism of dosage compensation for rRNA genes in this species is similar to that reported for Drosophila salivary gland cells."	( Ag-NOR staining in the Bennett wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus: evidence for dosage compensation. Dhaliwal, MK; Flanagan, JP; Pathak, S; Shirley, LR, 1988)	1.72
" In one, protein samples are supplemented with both SDS and Tween 20 to yield very steep protein dose-response curves, which allow for more precise protein determinations, and very stable color formation, permitting OD measurements to be made several hours after the assay has been completed."	( A silver-binding assay for measuring nanogram amounts of protein in solution. Krystal, G, 1987)	0.99
" The maximum rate of excretion was reached in 30th minute after the metal administration and over 70% of the silver dosed was excreted during 24 hours."	( Biliary excretion of 110mAg and its kinetics in the isolated perfused liver in rats. Bláha, K; Cikrt, M; Rosina, J; Tichý, P, 1986)	0.48
" A significant positive trend for prevalence of cyanide-related symptoms measured against levels of exposure was demonstrated, supporting a dose-response effect."	( Cyanide intoxication among silver-reclaiming workers. Bernard, B; Blanc, P; Hessl, S; Hogan, M; Hryhorczuk, D; Mallin, K, 1985)	0.57
" Dose-response curves for human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were obtained with sandwich immunoassays, using conjugates consisting of antibody-coated colloidal gold or silver particles."	( Sol particle immunoassay (SPIA). Leuvering, JH; Schuurs, AH; Thal, PJ; van der Waart, M, 1980)	0.45
" The procedure was successfully applied to different pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Colorimetric determination of acetylenic hypnotics by formation of silver acetylides. El-Brashy, A; Rizk, MS; Walash, MI, 1980)	0.5
" There was a dose-response inhibition of silver-induced short-circuit current by glutathione."	( Glutathione inhibition of silver-enhanced sodium transport across toad skin. Gerencser, GA; Loo, SY, 1996)	0.86
"The dosage of TiO2 and its surface-loaded silver had notable effect on the photocatalytic degradation of Aroclor1260, under ultraviolet light."	( [The effect of the dosage of TiO2 and its surface-loaded silver on the photocatalytic degradation of aroclor1260]. Fu, J; Li, C; Lin, Z; Mai, B; Pan, H; Shen, G, 2002)	0.82
" However, although fecundity was unaffected at all five tested concentrations during the test with silver in water only, it was significantly reduced at the two highest waterborne silver concentrations (12 and 24 microg/L) during the test with silver dosed into food and water."	( Influence of salinity and organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of silver to mysids (Americamysis bahia) and silversides (Menidia beryllina). Boeri, RL; Gorsuch, JW; Hogstrand, C; Kramer, JR; Lussier, SM; Stubblefield, WA; Ward, TJ; Wyskiel, DC, 2006)	0.79
" Slugs were dosed with a mixture of cadmium and kerosene in the food for 27 days."	( Digestive cell turnover in digestive gland epithelium of slugs experimentally exposed to a mixture of cadmium and kerosene. Cancio, I; Marigómez, I; Soto, M; Zaldibar, B, 2007)	0.34
" Although the benefit of early cancer detection through screening mammography outweighs the potential risks associated with radiation, the radiation dosage to women in terms of mean glandular dose (MGD) is carefully monitored."	( Mean glandular dose estimation using MCNPX for a digital breast tomosynthesis system with tungsten/aluminum and tungsten/aluminum+silver x-ray anode-filter combinations. Bullard, E; Darambara, DG; Gunn, S; Ma, AK; Stewart, A, 2008)	0.55
" In this study, estuarine sediment samples were dosed in triplicate for 20 days from a stock solution of Ag-NPs, with a final cumulative treatment of either 0 microg L(-1) (control), 25 microg L(-1) or 1000 microg L(-1)."	( Impact of silver nanoparticle contamination on the genetic diversity of natural bacterial assemblages in estuarine sediments. Atfield, A; Bradford, A; Handy, RD; Mühling, M; Readman, JW, 2009)	0.76
" Multivariate statistical analyses showed that there was no increase in antibiotic resistance amongst the bacterial population in the sediment due to the dosing of the microcosms with Ag-NPs."	( An investigation into the effects of silver nanoparticles on antibiotic resistance of naturally occurring bacteria in an estuarine sediment. Bradford, A; Handy, RD; Mühling, M; Readman, JW; Somerfield, PJ, 2009)	0.63
" The data showed non-linear or U-shaped dose-response patterns for growth retardation at 5 days of postfertilization, as well as the incidence of abnormalities."	( Effects of silver nanoparticles on the development and histopathology biomarkers of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using the partial-life test. Jiang, G; Li, H; Liu, W; Wang, T; Wu, Y; Zhou, Q, 2010)	0.75
" Skin was dosed topically for 14 consecutive days."	( Evaluation of silver nanoparticle toxicity in skin in vivo and keratinocytes in vitro. Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Oldenburg, SJ; Samberg, ME, 2010)	0.72
" Ag-nps are nontoxic when dosed in washed Ag-nps solutions or carbon coated."	( Evaluation of silver nanoparticle toxicity in skin in vivo and keratinocytes in vitro. Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Oldenburg, SJ; Samberg, ME, 2010)	0.72
" The bioreactors were dosed with a range of AMX (10-70 mg L(-1) d(-1)) mimicking a biological treatment unit of a proposed water recovery system for long-term space missions."	( Fate of amoxicillin in mixed-culture bioreactors and its effects on microbial growth and resistance to silver ions. Cunningham, JH; Lin, LS, 2010)	0.58
" Dose-response curves were generated and median lethal concentration (LC50) values calculated."	( Effects from filtration, capping agents, and presence/absence of food on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia magna. Allen, HJ; Govindaswamy, S; Heckman, JL; Impellitteri, CA; Lazorchak, JM; Macke, DA; Nadagouda, MN; Poynton, HC; Roose, DL, 2010)	0.58
" A response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the simple and combined effects of the operating variables including initial pH, coagulant dosage and initial dye concentration and to optimize the operating conditions of the treatment process."	( Response surface optimization of acid red 119 dye from simulated wastewater using Al based waterworks sludge and polyaluminium chloride as coagulant. Arami, M; Moghaddam, MR; Moghaddam, SS, 2011)	0.37
" The ion releasing maximum level (R(ML)) and dosage (R(D)) are proportional to the current density and inversely proportional to the voltage, respectively."	( Production of silver ions from colloidal silver by nanoparticle iontophoresis system. Liao, CY; Tseng, KH, 2011)	0.73
" There was a linear dose-response relationship after 14 d exposure."	( Phytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles to Lemna minor L. Batty, LC; Gubbins, EJ; Lead, JR, 2011)	0.71
" This optimized silver nanoparticle dosage form demonstrated a high potential for further development for the clinical treatment of bacterial vaginosis."	( Preparation and anti-bacterial properties of a temperature-sensitive gel containing silver nanoparticles. Chen, M; Han, K; Pan, X; Repka, MA; Wedge, DE; Wu, C; Wu, H; Xie, X, 2011)	0.94
" It has been demonstrated that the SERS signals of the theophylline molecules captured on the surface of the silver nanoparticles have a good reproducibility and a dose-response relationship to the target analytes, showing the potential for reliable identification and quantification of the bioactive compound."	( Surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor for theophylline determination by molecular imprinting on silver nanoparticles. Guan, G; Jiang, C; Liu, P; Liu, R; Wang, S; Zhang, Z, 2011)	0.8
" At higher AgNP concentrations, a dose-response relationship was observed that was similar to that for aqueous Ag recorded at much lower concentrations."	( Interactions of silver nanoparticles with the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca. Brice, D; Brown, MT; Turner, A, 2012)	0.72
" Discs of a commonly used titanium alloy (Ti6AlV4) with an aluminium oxide-blasted surface were treated by Cu- or Ag-ion implantation with different dosage regimen (ranging from 1e15-17 ions cm(-2) at energies of 2-20 keV)."	( Copper and silver ion implantation of aluminium oxide-blasted titanium surfaces: proliferative response of osteoblasts and antibacterial effects. Brenner, RE; Fiedler, J; Henke, D; Kleffner, B; Kolitsch, A; Stenger, S, 2011)	0.76
" Immersion in AgNP suspension inhibited seedling root elongation and demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship within the tested concentration range."	( Phytotoxicity, accumulation and transport of silver nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana. Chen, Y; Geisler, M; Geisler-Lee, J; Huang, Y; Kolmakov, A; Li, K; Ma, X; Wang, Q; Yao, Y; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.65
"There are many efforts in understanding the effects of nanoparticles on cell viability and metabolism, however, not much is known regarding the distinct molecular mechanisms of inflammation and cellular stress using low dosing concentrations."	( Distinct immunomodulatory effects of a panel of nanomaterials in human dermal fibroblasts. Chen, PL; Criscitiello, MF; Figueroa, DE; Porter, W; Romoser, AA; Sayes, CM; Scribner, K; Sooresh, A, 2012)	0.38
"The removal/adsorption of both Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions was found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage and contact time."	( Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from water by Fe and Ag nanoparticles prepared using electro-exploding wire technique. Alhemiary, NA; Alqudami, A; Munassar, S, 2011)	0.37
" Adjusting the dosage of HAuCl₄ resulted in different products, which possessed unique surface plasmon resonances (SPR)."	( The IP₆ micelle-stabilized small Ag cluster for synthesizing Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles and the tunable surface plasmon resonance effect. Chen, X; Huan, S; Ling, B; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Wen, Y; Yang, H; Zhang, R, 2012)	0.38
" However, the dose-response relationship was quite flat with a similar level of growth inhibition (approximately 15 %) in all Ag treatments, resulting in an EC(20) of >10."	( The effects of dietary silver on larval growth in the echinoderm Lytechinus variegatus. Brix, KV; Capo, TR; Gillette, P; Grosell, M; Pourmand, A, 2012)	0.69
" Despite significant sulfidation of the AgNPs, a fraction of the added Ag resided in the terrestrial plant biomass (~3 wt % for the terrestrially dosed mesocosm), and relatively high body burdens of Ag (0."	( Long-term transformation and fate of manufactured ag nanoparticles in a simulated large scale freshwater emergent wetland. Badireddy, AR; Bernhardt, ES; Bone, AJ; Bryant, LD; Chae, S; Colman, BP; Deonarine, A; Espinasse, BP; Hsu-Kim, H; Lowry, GV; Matson, CW; Reinsch, BC; Richardson, CJ; Therezien, M; Wiesner, MR, 2012)	0.38
" After the gold/silver core-shell nanorods were modified with antibody and employed in immunoassay, the antigen concentration-dependent SERS spectra and dose-response calibration curves were obtained."	( A SERS-based immunoassay with highly increased sensitivity using gold/silver core-shell nanorods. Cui, Y; Huang, Z; Wang, Z; Wu, L; Zhang, P; Zong, S, )	0.71
" This finding might be of great significance regarding metronomic dosing when this synergistic approach is clinically implemented."	( Synergistic activities of a silver(I) glutamic acid complex and reactive oxygen species (ROS): a novel antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agent. Batarseh, KI; Smith, MA, 2012)	0.67
" Natural bacterioplankton communities were dosed with carboxy-functionalized AgNPs at four concentrations (0."	( Changes in bacterial community structure after exposure to silver nanoparticles in natural waters. Das, P; Fulthorpe, RR; Hoque, ME; Metcalfe, CD; Williams, CJ; Xenopoulos, MA, 2012)	0.62
" In addition, we determined the appropriate particular size and dosage of AgNPs to reduce human erythrocytes hemolysis."	( Optimizing hemocompatibility of surfactant-coated silver nanoparticles in human erythrocytes. Kim, YH; Kwon, T; Lee, HJ; Park, KH; Park, S; Woo, HJ; Youn, B, 2012)	0.63
" On the technical side the application rates of the antimicrobials used to functionalize a textile product are an important parameter with treatments requiring lower dosage rates offering clear benefits in terms of less active substance required to achieve the functionality."	( Comparative evaluation of antimicrobials for textile applications. Height, M; Nowack, B; Windler, L, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, SCK NPs show promise for clinical impact by greatly reducing antimicrobial dosage and dosing frequency, which could minimize toxicity and improve patient adherence."	( Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo efficacy of shell cross-linked nanoparticle formulations carrying silver antimicrobials as aerosolized therapeutics. Brody, SL; Cannon, CL; Gunsten, SP; Han, DS; Heo, GS; Li, Y; Lin, LY; Panzner, MJ; Shah, PN; Smolen, JA; Tagaev, JA; Wooley, KL; Wright, BD; Youngs, WJ; Zhang, F; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.6
" Further study of increasing time exposure and dosing of silver nanoparticulate silver, and observation of additional organ systems are warranted to assert human toxicity thresholds."	( In vivo human time-exposure study of orally dosed commercial silver nanoparticles. Deering-Rice, CE; Falconer, J; Grainger, DW; Hadlock, GC; Munger, MA; Radwanski, P; Shaaban, A; Stoddard, G, 2014)	0.89
" Cytotoxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs against in vitro human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) showed a dose-response activity."	( Biosynthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles using a novel Nocardiopsis sp. MBRC-1. Kim, SK; Manivasagan, P; Senthilkumar, K; Sivakumar, K; Venkatesan, J, 2013)	0.64
" The effects of the operational factors, such as doping content of Ag, photocatalyst dosage and calcination temperature were evaluated in the catalytic activity of Ag/TiO2."	( Photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol in an aqueous suspension of silver-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Behnajady, MA; Jodat, A; Modirshahla, N; Shokri, M, )	0.36
" The denitrification related species were inhibited by high dosage of ZnO-NP and Ag-NP, including Diaphorobacter species, Thauera species and those in the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group."	( Impacts of different nanoparticles on functional bacterial community in activated sludge. Chen, J; Hou, L; Li, XQ; Li, Y; Nie, Y; Tang, YQ; Wu, XL, 2014)	0.4
" The results of this study showed that prescription of high dosage of nanocide leads to cardiovascular problems with decrease in myocardial contractility and increase in the internal diameter of left ventricle."	( Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac structural and functional indices in broiler chickens treated with silver nanoparticles. Noaman, V; Raieszadeh, H; Yadegari, M, 2013)	0.6
" With the aim of exploring combinatorial options that could increase the antibacterial potency of silver nanoparticles and reduce the effective dosage of silver, we evaluated the extent of synergy that a combination of silver nanoparticles and an essential oil representative (cinnamaldehyde) could offer."	( Synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: a case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Ghosh, IN; Navani, NK; Pathania, R; Patil, SD; Sharma, TK; Srivastava, SK, 2013)	0.87
" Interestingly, the dose-response relationships in most of the soils showed significant stimulation in nitrification at low Ag concentrations (i."	( The effect of soil properties on the toxicity of silver to the soil nitrification process. Kirby, JK; Langdon, KA; McLaughlin, MJ; Merrington, G, 2014)	0.66
" When keratinocytes were exposed to 50 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), we determined that chronically dosed cells operated under augmented stress and modified functionality in comparison to their acute counterparts."	( Less is more: long-term in vitro exposure to low levels of silver nanoparticles provides new insights for nanomaterial evaluation. Braydich-Stolle, LK; Comfort, KK; Hussain, SM; Maurer, EI, 2014)	0.91
" Lake water was dosed with AgNPs (carboxy-functionalized capping agent; ∼10-nm particle size; ∼20% Ag w/w) at four different concentrations and five P concentrations and incubated in situ for 3 days."	( Interactive effects of silver nanoparticles and phosphorus on phytoplankton growth in natural waters. Das, P; Metcalfe, CD; Xenopoulos, MA, 2014)	0.71
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute dosing with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and identify potential ultrastructural alterations in the liver and kidney and their effect on blood parameters in the albino rat."	( Effects of intraperitoneally injected silver nanoparticles on histological structures and blood parameters in the albino rat. Hussein, RM; Sarhan, OM, 2014)	0.9
"4% removal by the flocculent sludge and the granular sludge, respectively, at Ag NP dosage of 1-8 mg/L."	( Comparison of nanosilver removal by flocculent and granular sludge and short- and long-term inhibition impacts. Cen, Y; Gu, L; Jiang, X; Li, Q; Quan, X, 2014)	0.74
" The proposed method was employed for the determination of CTP in bulk drug, in its pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids such as human serum and urine."	( Application of silver nanoparticles to the chemiluminescence determination of cefditoren pivoxil using the luminol-ferricyanide system. Alarfaj, NA; Aly, FA; El-Tohamy, MF, 2015)	0.77
" Data obtained using the benchmark dose (BMD) approach were analyzed by fitting dose-response models to the parameters measured."	( Immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in an intravenous 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study in rats. de Jong, WH; de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn, LJ; Gremmer, ER; Tonk, EC; van der Ven, LT; van Loveren, H; Vandebriel, RJ; Verharen, HW, 2014)	0.74
" However, oral antibiotic therapy is sometimes ineffective, while administering an antibiotic at the location of infection is often associated with an unfavourable ratio of dosage efficiency and toxic effect."	( Substituted hydroxyapatites with antibacterial properties. Groszyk, E; Kolmas, J; Kwiatkowska-Różycka, D, 2014)	0.4
" Bright field images of high dose exposures to dosing solutions were also acquired to evaluate cell morphology."	( Effects of a novel pesticide-particle conjugate on viability and reactive oxygen species generation in neuronal (PC12) cells. Pine, M; Sayes, CM; Sooresh, A, 2015)	0.42
" Among several factors, time (B), Tween 80 (C), ISSD dosage (D) and silver(I) concentration (F) were found to be most significant."	( Sunlight mediated diesel degradation under saline conditions using ionic silver coated sand via nanoreduction: use of impregnated form of thiourea modified chitosan membranes for ex situ application. Das, D; Das, N, 2014)	0.87
" This model explains the particular behavior of previously reported experimental dose-response curves obtained for two different ligand-receptor systems (biotin/streptavidin and TNF-α) over a wide range of concentrations."	( Magnetic particle-scanning for ultrasensitive immunodetection on-chip. Cornaglia, M; Gijs, MA; Lehnert, T; Tekin, HC; Trouillon, R, 2014)	0.4
" This study was designed for Ibuprofen (IBU)-loaded poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) electrospun fibrous membranes containing a low dosage of Ag to evaluate its potential in maintaining suitable anti-infection and good anti-adhesion effects."	( Silver nanoparticles/ibuprofen-loaded poly(L-lactide) fibrous membrane: anti-infection and anti-adhesion effects. Chen, S; Cui, W; Fan, C; Li, G; Liu, S; Wang, G; Wu, T; Zhao, X, 2014)	1.85
" After the silver NCs were modified by an antibody and employed in immunoassay with silicon nanowire arrays as the substrate, the antigen concentration-dependent SERS spectra and dose-response calibration curves were obtained."	( Silver nanocube-mediated sensitive immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering assisted by etched silicon nanowire arrays. Jiang, T; Zhang, L; Zhou, J, 2014)	2.23
" Under a suitable dosage of silver ions, well-dispersed AgNPs on the reduced graphene oxide sheets were obtained."	( A facile and green method for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/Ag hybrids as efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering platforms. Huang, Q; Wang, J; Wei, W; Wu, C; Yan, Q; Zhu, X, 2015)	0.71
" The effects of the dosage of chitosan on silver loading, Ag(I) release, and bactericidal activities of AgNP-impregnated silica were investigated, with results showing that, at high dosages of chitosan, Ag(I) released from AgNP-impregnated silica plays an important role in disinfection, while AgNP-mediated bactericidal action dominates at low dosages of chitosan."	( Optimizing the design and synthesis of supported silver nanoparticles for low cost water disinfection. He, D; Ikeda-Ohno, A; Kacopieros, M; Waite, TD, 2014)	0.92
" Optimum conditions could be attained with 6 min pretreatment time, 50% ultrasonic power, 3 s/9 s (work/pause) cycle of ultrasonic pulse, 1:8 PPP/OA molar ratio, 12% enzyme dosage and 50 °C temperature of."	( Ultrasonic pretreatment in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of structured lipids with high 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol content. Chen, H; Dong, XY; Liu, SL; Lv, X; Quek, SY; Wang, X; Wei, F; Wu, L; Zhong, J, 2015)	0.42
" This work investigated the feasibility of using Ag40-AgCl/ZnO to degrade lignin under natural solar light and then subsequent methane production with influencing factors like solution pH, dosage of catalyst and initial lignin concentration being considered."	( Photocatalytic degradation of lignin on synthesized Ag-AgCl/ZnO nanorods under solar light and preliminary trials for methane fermentation. Lei, Z; Li, H; Liu, C; Lu, B; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Our study indicates that using the particle surface area as a dose metric in the alveoli, the dose-response effects of the different silver particle sizes overlap for most pulmonary toxicity parameters."	( Identification of the appropriate dose metric for pulmonary inflammation of silver nanoparticles in an inhalation toxicity study. Braakhuis, HM; Cassee, FR; de Jong, WH; de la Fonteyne, LJ; Fokkens, PH; Krystek, P; Oomen, AG; Park, MV; van Loveren, H, 2016)	0.87
" The bactericidal capability or the inhibition capability for bacteria growth is found to depend on the dosage of the Ag@rGO-Fe3O4-PEI and Ag/rGO-Fe3O4-PEI mass ratio within a certain range."	( Polyethylenimine mediated silver nanoparticle-decorated magnetic graphene as a promising photothermal antibacterial agent. Chen, ML; Hu, B; Wang, JH; Wang, N, 2015)	0.72
" This study therefore determined the comparative effects of the aging on the bioavailability and toxicity to earthworms of soils dosed with silver ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) for 1, 9, 30 & 52 weeks, and related this to the total Ag in the soil, Ag in soil pore water and earthworm tissue Ag concentrations."	( Short-term soil bioassays may not reveal the full toxicity potential for nanomaterials; bioavailability and toxicity of silver ions (AgNO₃) and silver nanoparticles to earthworm Eisenia fetida in long-term aged soils. Diez-Ortiz, M; George, S; Jurkschat, K; Lahive, E; Spurgeon, DJ; Svendsen, C; Ter Schure, A; Van Gestel, CAM, 2015)	0.83
" In the present study, we investigated the persistence, transformations and distribution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and citrate (CT) coated AgNPs in boreal lake mesocosms dosed either with a 6-week chronic regimen or a one-time pulse treatment at environmentally relevant dosing levels."	( Environmental Fate of Silver Nanoparticles in Boreal Lake Ecosystems. Frost, PC; Furtado, LM; Hintelmann, H; Metcalfe, CD; Norman, BC; Xenopoulos, MA, 2015)	0.73
" Exclusively in roots exposed to particulate silver, NPs smaller than the originally dosed NPs were identified by TEM in the cell walls."	( Speciation Matters: Bioavailability of Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles to Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Colman, BP; Lanzirotti, A; Lowry, GV; Newville, M; Schwab, F; Stegemeier, JP; Webb, SM; Wiesner, MR; Winkler, C, 2015)	0.95
" Additionally, no toxicity was seen when AgNP were dosed concurrently with a broad-spectrum antibiotic."	( Effects of particle size and coating on toxicologic parameters, fecal elimination kinetics and tissue distribution of acutely ingested silver nanoparticles in a mouse model. Ault, AP; Axson, JL; Bergin, IL; Capracotta, SS; Hashway, SA; Leroueil, PR; Maynard, AD; Morishita, M; Philbert, MA; Stark, DI; Walacavage, K; Wilding, LA, 2016)	0.64
" Although the viability of the cells grown on the surfaces of co-substituted HA was not as high as that of the cells grown on the HA surfaces, it is believed that excellent antibacterial properties and good biological activity can be achieved by balancing the dosage of Sr and Ag."	( Strontium incorporation to optimize the antibacterial and biological characteristics of silver-substituted hydroxyapatite coating. Cui, Z; Geng, Z; He, X; Li, X; Li, Z; Liang, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, R; Yang, X; Yu, X; Zhu, S, 2016)	0.66
" We evaluated murine gut microbial communities using culture-independent sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments following 28 days of repeated oral dosing of well-characterized AgNPs of two different sizes (20 and 110 nm) and coatings (PVP and Citrate)."	( Repeated dose (28-day) administration of silver nanoparticles of varied size and coating does not significantly alter the indigenous murine gut microbiome. Bassis, CM; Bergin, IL; Hashway, S; Leroueil, PR; Maynard, AD; Morishita, M; Philbert, MA; Walacavage, K; Wilding, LA, 2016)	0.7
"Cytotoxicity assessments of nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles, are challenging due to interferences with test reagents and indicators as well uncertainties in dosing as a result of the complex nature of nanoparticle intracellular accumulation."	( Intracellular accumulation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in L-929 fibroblast cells using live cell time-lapse microscopy. Casey, BJ; Celedon, A; Goering, PL; Hussain, SM; Maurer, EI; Nagy, AM; Wildt, BE, 2016)	0.94
" The endpoints of dose-response experiments were chlorophyll a, photosynthetic efficiency, and flow cytometry measurements."	( An Environmentally Friendly Method for Testing Photocatalytic Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Propagation on a Hybrid Ag-TiO₂ Photocatalyst under Solar Illumination. Chang, MC; Chang, SY; Chen, HL; Chen, Y; Fang, GC; Hsu, CF; Huang, WJ; Lu, BR, 2015)	0.42
" However, high-throughput sequencing based metagenomic analysis provided a much broader profile of gene responses and revealed a greater abundance of aminoglycoside resistance genes (mainly strA) in reactors dosed with nanoAg."	( Shift in antibiotic resistance gene profiles associated with nanosilver during wastewater treatment. Ma, Y; Metch, JW; Pruden, A; Yang, Y; Zhang, T, 2016)	0.67
" Our locomotion-based behaviour profiling approach consisted of (1) dose-response ranking for multiple and single locomotion variables; (2) quantitative assessment of locomotion structure; and (3) analysis of ZF responsiveness to darkness stimulation."	( Behavioural toxicity assessment of silver ions and nanoparticles on zebrafish using a locomotion profiling approach. Ašmonaitė, G; Boyer, S; Souza, KB; Sturve, J; Wassmur, B, 2016)	0.71
"0% after 180 min when the Ag loading content, PS/AO7 molar ratio, the Ag/GAC dosage were 12."	( [Degradation of Acid Orange 7 with Persulfate Activated by Silver Loaded Granular Activated Carbon]. Chen, JB; Huang, TY; Li, WW; Wang, ZM; Zhang, LM, 2015)	0.66
" Second, the nitrate adsorption on Mn-S and Mn-S-Ag was studied as a function of contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage using batch techniques."	( Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane- and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane-silver-modified montmorillonite for the removal of nitrate ions. Fernández, LG; Gatti, MN; Parolo, ME; Sánchez, MP, 2016)	0.68
"In this contribution, the utility of sequential injection analysis in combination with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a detection technique was investigated for simultaneous determination of aspirin and vitamin C in their pharmaceutical dosage forms and in spiked urine samples."	( Sequential SERS determination of aspirin and vitamin C using in situ laser-induced photochemical silver substrate synthesis in a moving flow cell. El-Zahry, MR; Lendl, B; Mohamed, HA; Refaat, IH, 2016)	0.65
" Higher dosage of MTX results in hepatic and renal toxicity."	( PEG capped methotrexate silver nanoparticles for efficient anticancer activity and biocompatibility. Ahmed, W; Ghafoor, S; Muhammad, Z; Naeem, A; Naz, SS; Rana, NF; Raza, A; Riaz, S, 2016)	0.74
" The effect of bactericide dosage and pH on antibacterial activity of GO-Ag was examined."	( Antibacterial properties and mechanism of graphene oxide-silver nanocomposites as bactericidal agents for water disinfection. Chang, Y; Gong, J; Jiang, Y; Song, B; Zeng, G; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.68
" The cytotoxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs against in vitro human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) demonstrated a dose-response activity."	( A new report of Nocardiopsis valliformis strain OT1 from alkaline Lonar crater of India and its use in synthesis of silver nanoparticles with special reference to evaluation of antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. Dahm, H; Golinska, P; Rai, M; Rathod, D; Wypij, M, 2016)	0.64
" Ions dosed by CSI into the water at its point of entry to the hospital were inadvertently removed from hot water by a cation-exchange softener in one building (average removal of 72% copper and 51% silver)."	( Copper-silver ionization at a US hospital: Interaction of treated drinking water with plumbing materials, aesthetics and other considerations. Lytle, D; Muhlen, C; Swertfeger, J; Triantafyllidou, S, 2016)	1.08
" The sampler was field tested at the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada, in lake water dosed with AgNPs."	( Carbon Nanotube Integrative Sampler (CNIS) for passive sampling of nanosilver in the aquatic environment. Fischer, J; Hintelmann, H; Hoque, ME; Martin, J; Metcalfe, CD; Shen, L; Telgmann, L; Yargeau, V, 2016)	0.67
" Consequently, we suggest that the safe NAR NP can be used to reduce the dosage of NAR, improve its bioavailability and merits further investigation for therapeutic applications."	( PVP- coated naringenin nanoparticles for biomedical applications - In vivo toxicological evaluations. Abraham, A; Kumar, RP, 2016)	0.43
" Notably, low dosage of core-shell DOX-loaded Ag/polymeric nanocarriers (NCs) exhibited a synergic anticancer activity, with DOX-Ag/PVP being the most cytotoxic."	( Core-Shell Silver/Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Combinatorial Therapy against Breast Cancer In-vitro. Elbaz, NM; Mamdouh, W; Siam, R; Ziko, L, 2016)	0.82
" In the light of recommended therapeutic regimen is attributed for toxicity and development of clinical resistance, exploration of an efficient method of drug delivery could be one of the option in reducing the dosage and toxicity of drugs."	( Biocompatible silver nanoparticles reduced from Anethum graveolens leaf extract augments the antileishmanial efficacy of miltefosine. Dayakar, A; Gangappa, D; Kalangi, SK; Maurya, RS; Narayana Rao, D; Sathyavathi, R, 2016)	0.79
" In this method, the GO sheets worked as a holder which makes silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) aggregate to a particular morphology, and under a suitable dosage of silver ions, well-dispersed AgNPs on the surface of GO were obtained, which could generate more "hot spots" of SERS."	( Preparation of SERS-active substrates based on graphene oxide/silver nanocomposites for rapid zdetection of l-Theanine. Liang, P; Ni, D; Yu, Z; Zheng, H, 2017)	0.94
" Dose-response curves were generated measuring cell metabolic activity, membrane and lysosome integrity over a period of 72 hours."	( Effect of media composition on bioavailability and toxicity of silver and silver nanoparticles in fish intestinal cells (RTgutGC). Minghetti, M; Schirmer, K, 2016)	0.67
"Animals were dosed by gavage from gestation day 7 - 20."	( Effects of developmental exposure to silver in ionic and nanoparticle form: A study in rats. Aydin, A; Bucurgat, ÜÜ; Charehsaz, M; Culha, M; Ekici, AI; Hougaard, KS; Kaspar, Ç; Sipahi, H, 2016)	0.71
" We explicitly evaluate uncertainty and variability contained in available dose-response and exposure data in order to make the risk characterization process transparent."	( Probabilistic approach for assessing infants' health risks due to ingestion of nanoscale silver released from consumer products. Hristozov, D; Marcomini, A; Pang, C; Pizzol, L; Sayre, P; Tsang, MP; Zabeo, A, 2017)	0.68
" Moreover, introducing the microfluidic chip can reduce the reaction time, reagent dosage and complexity of detection."	( Microfluidic chip based micro RNA detection through the combination of fluorescence and surface enhanced Raman scattering techniques. Chen, P; Cui, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, L; Yun, B; Zong, S, 2017)	0.46
" Using twelve lake enclosures, we tested the hypotheses that AgNP concentration, dosing regimen, and capping agent (poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) vs."	( Chronic and pulse exposure effects of silver nanoparticles on natural lake phytoplankton and zooplankton. Frost, PC; Gray, EP; Norman, BC; Paterson, MJ; Ranville, JF; Scott, AB; Vincent, JL; Xenopoulos, MA, 2017)	0.73
" Root gravitropism was inhibited by exposure to AgNPs, and the inhibition in root gravitropism caused by exposure to AgNPs exhibited a dose-response relationship."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Arabidopsis: Inhibition of root gravitropism by interfering with auxin pathway. Chen, C; Huang, J; Li, S; Sun, J; Wang, L; Yin, L, 2017)	0.83
" Effects of various parameters such as contact time, dosage of biosorbent, initial pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Ag(I) were investigated for a batch adsorption system."	( Application of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis biomass for silver removal from aqueous solutions. Cepoi, L; Chiriac, T; Culicov, O; Grozdov, D; Mitina, T; Yushin, N; Zinicovscaia, I, 2017)	0.7
" This study was designed to evaluate whether gold (10 nm), silver (50 nm), or silica (10 nm) nanoparticles administered intravenously to mice for up to 8 weeks at doses known to be sub-toxic (non-toxic at single acute or repeat dosing levels) and clinically relevant could produce significant bioaccumulation in liver and spleen macrophages."	( Evaluating the potential of gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles to saturate mononuclear phagocytic system tissues under repeat dosing conditions. Bancos, S; Collins, J; Goering, PL; Goodwin, D; Howard, KE; Howard, PC; Ingle, T; Khan, S; Knapton, A; Li, X; Rouse, R; Shea, K; Stevens, D; Stewart, S; Sung, K; Tobin, GA; Tyner, KM; Weaver, JL; Xu, L; Zhang, Q, 2017)	0.98
"Repeated dosing with gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles did not saturate bioaccumulation in liver or spleen macrophages."	( Evaluating the potential of gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles to saturate mononuclear phagocytic system tissues under repeat dosing conditions. Bancos, S; Collins, J; Goering, PL; Goodwin, D; Howard, KE; Howard, PC; Ingle, T; Khan, S; Knapton, A; Li, X; Rouse, R; Shea, K; Stevens, D; Stewart, S; Sung, K; Tobin, GA; Tyner, KM; Weaver, JL; Xu, L; Zhang, Q, 2017)	1.03
" Another interesting and crucial finding was that dipeptide capped AgNPs displayed maximum antimicrobial activity with observed approximate 2-10 fold reduction in nano formulation dosage against tested microbes."	( Stabilized cationic dipeptide capped gold/silver nanohybrids: Towards enhanced antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. Bajaj, M; Brar, SK; Nain, T; Pandey, SK; Sharma, RK; Singh, P; Singh, S; Wangoo, N, 2017)	0.72
" In particular, the liver of dosed mice was found to switch from glycogenolysis and lipid storage, at 6 h postinjection, to glycogenesis and lipolysis, at subsequent times up to 48 h."	( From the Cover: Metabolism Modulation in Different Organs by Silver Nanoparticles: An NMR Metabolomics Study of a Mouse Model. Barros, AS; Carrola, J; Corvo, ML; Duarte, IF; Gil, AM; Jarak, I; Pereira, ML, 2017)	0.7
" This multimodal approach thus demonstrated an effective approach to complement dose-response studies in nano-(eco)-toxicological investigations."	( Complementary Imaging of Silver Nanoparticle Interactions with Green Algae: Dark-Field Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, and Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Donner, E; Grovenor, CRM; Hughes, GM; Jiang, H; Kirby, JK; Lombi, E; Matzke, M; Moore, KL; Sekine, R; Svendsen, C; Vallotton, P, 2017)	0.76
" However, dosage effect of AgNPs on behavior and metabolic activity in an in vivo condition is not well studied."	( Sedentary behavior and altered metabolic activity by AgNPs ingestion in Drosophila melanogaster. Agrawal, N; Raj, A; Shah, P, 2017)	0.46
"The development of particokinetic models describing the delivery of insoluble or poorly soluble nanoparticles to cells in liquid cell culture systems has improved the basis for dose-response analysis, hazard ranking from high-throughput systems, and now allows for translation of exposures across in vitro and in vivo test systems."	( ISD3: a particokinetic model for predicting the combined effects of particle sedimentation, diffusion and dissolution on cellular dosimetry for in vitro systems. Baer, DR; Cohen, J; Demokritou, P; Jolley, H; Kodali, V; Munusamy, P; Smith, JN; Teeguarden, JG; Thomas, DG; Thrall, BD, 2018)	0.48
" The key element of the developed glass microfluidic device is a dosing structure which consists of two side channels joining the MCE channel symmetrically after the electrophoretic separation of the analytes."	( Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in microchip electrophoresis. Belder, D; Gerhardt, RF; Tycova, A, 2018)	0.48
"Key words: silver citrate arginine dexpanthenol intramammary dosage form stability."	( Development of the composition of intramammary combined preparation based on silver citrate for veterinary use. Almakayeva, L; Nehoda, T; Polova, Z, )	0.75
" AgNPs (20 nm) with varying surface-charges (polyethylene glycol (PEG; neutral), citrate (CIT; negative), and branched polyethylenimine (bPEI; positive) were dosed onto skin in in vitro diffusion cells using an aqueous solution and an oil-in-water emulsion formulation."	( In vitro percutaneous penetration of silver nanoparticles in pig and human skin. Bailey, KD; Belgrave, KR; Gao, X; Keltner, ZM; Kraeling, MEK; Topping, VD; Yourick, JJ, 2018)	0.75
"Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon that, when applied to nanomaterial-biological interactions, refers to growth stimulation at low doses and growth inhibition at high doses."	( Silver nanoparticle-induced hormesis of astroglioma cells: A Mu-2-related death-inducing protein-orchestrated modus operandi. Choi, JH; Chun, S; Gopal, J; Lee, YM; Min, WK; Muthu, M; Oh, JW, 2018)	1.92
" The conditions affecting the photocatalytic degradation, including the dosage of photocatalyst, the initial concentration of MB, pH value, and hardness of water were systematically evaluated."	( Doping Ag/AgCl in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to enhance the performance of photodegradation of methylene blue. Fan, G; Guo, L; Lin, R; Luo, J; Snyder, SA; Zheng, X, 2018)	0.48
" The results of the present study are important to avoid infections in indwelling materials by reinforcing the preventive antibiotic therapy usually dosed throughout the surgical procedure and during the postoperative period."	( Highly Stabilized Nanoparticles on Poly-l-Lysine-Coated Oxidized Metals: A Versatile Platform with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity. Creus, AH; Ghilini, F; Miñán, AG; Pissinis, D; Rodríguez González, MC; Salvarezza, RC; Schilardi, PL, 2018)	0.48
" These data indicate that both a forage fish and a piscivorous fish accumulated Ag in a natural lake ecosystem dosed with AgNPs, leading to Ag concentrations in some tissues of the piscivorous species that were 3 orders of magnitude greater than the concentrations in the water."	( Accumulation of Silver in Yellow Perch ( Perca flavescens) and Northern Pike ( Esox lucius) From a Lake Dosed with Nanosilver. Frost, PC; Hayhurst, L; Hintelmann, H; Martin, JD; Metcalfe, CD; Newman, K; Paterson, MJ; Rennie, MD; Xenopoulos, MA; Yargeau, V, 2018)	0.83
" The potentiality of macrophages membrane camouflaged silver nanoclusters (AgM) was reflected in the cell viability assay and confocal based live dead cell assay where the AgM has better cell killing effect compared to AgNC with reduced dosage and in vivo mice imaging generated the clear visualization at the tumour sites."	( Camouflaged Nanosilver with Excitation Wavelength Dependent High Quantum Yield for Targeted Theranostic. Girigoswami, A; Girigoswami, K; Haribabu, V; Sharmiladevi, P; Yassine, W, 2018)	1.08
" Long-term and high dosage use of antibacterial agents is the main reason."	( Dual layered wound dressing with simultaneous temperature & antibacterial regulation properties. Dong, L; Guo, G; Li, F; Liu, M; Miao, X; Min, D; Wang, X; Xing, J; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Also, the influence of key operational parameters such as pH, temperature, initial concentration of solution, and nanophotocatalyst dosage was investigated to evaluate kinetic and thermodynamic properties."	( Application of ZnO-Ag-Nd nanocomposite as a new synthesized nanophotocatalyst for the degradation of organic compounds: kinetic, thermodynamic and economic study. Azadi, M; Borghei, SM; Hasani, AH; Olya, ME, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the toxicological impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) with two kinds of dosing regimens, continuous and one-time pulsed dosing, in different exposure media (deionized water and XiangJiang River water)."	( Effects of silver nanoparticles with different dosing regimens and exposure media on artificial ecosystem. Chen, A; Chen, G; Guo, Z; He, K; Hu, L; Huang, Z; Liu, W; Shi, J; Wu, J; Xu, P; Zeng, G; Zeng, J, 2019)	1.11
" The aim of the present study was investigate the dose-response effect of SDF on demineralized dentine in basal medium mucin (BMM) saliva substitute and human saliva."	( Silver deposition on demineralized dentine surface dosed by silver diammine fluoride with different saliva. Botelho, MG; Matinlinna, JP; Peng, JY; Tsoi, JKH, 2019)	1.96
" Mild cytotoxicity at the given dosage levels was also observed, accompanied by reduced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)."	( Assessing the translocation of silver nanoparticles using an in vitro co-culture model of human airway barrier. Aquino, GV; Bruce, ED; Dabi, A; Zhang, F, 2019)	0.8
" Despite low toxicity, poor availability of silver cations mandates a high dosage to effectively eradicate infections."	( Minocycline and Silver Dual-Loaded Polyphosphoester-Based Nanoparticles for Treatment of Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cannon, CL; Chen, Q; Li, R; Sacchettini, JC; Salazar, AJ; Shah, KN; Shah, PN; Wooley, KL; Zhang, F, 2019)	1.12
" To demonstrate the unique feature of the technique, imaging analyses of Ag and Au NPs, together with distribution analysis of the ionic form, were conducted on onion cells, prepared through dosing experiments of the Ag and Au NPs."	( Simultaneous Determination of Size and Position of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles in Onion Cells using Laser Ablation-ICP-MS. Green, D; Hirata, T; Obayashi, H; Suzuki, T; Yamashita, S; Yoshikuni, Y, 2019)	0.77
" Dose-response relationships were established using nanotoxicity data sets obtained from rats (as a model organism)."	( Assessing human exposure risk and lung disease burden posed by airborne silver nanoparticles emitted by consumer spray products. Chen, CY; Liao, CM; Lu, TH; Wang, WM; Yang, YF, 2019)	0.75
" The side-effects of Daptomycin dosage through intravenous administration have prompted the experimental use of topical Daptomycin."	( Oligodynamic Boons of Daptomycin and Noble Metal Nanoparticles Packaged in an Anti-MRSA Topical Gel Formulation. Chakravarty, I; Kundu, S, 2019)	0.51
" The testicular homogenate showed a significant decrease in SOD activity accompanied by a significant increase in MDA level in both G2 and G3 in comparison with the control in a dose-response relationship."	( Silver nanoparticles testicular toxicity in rat. Abd El-Nasser, M; Elsharkawy, EE; Kamaly, HF, 2019)	1.96
"It was revealed that Ch-AgNPs induced dose-dependent toxicity, and the repeated dosing of rats with 50 mg/kg Ch-AgNPs induced severe toxicities."	( Toxicopathological and immunological studies on different concentrations of chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles in rats. Farroh, KY; Hassanen, EI; Khalaf, AA; Mohammed, ER; Tohamy, AF, 2019)	0.73
" The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, and it was successively applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their different pharmaceutical dosage forms and gave excellent percent of recovery."	( Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis for Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Sofosbuvir, Lamivudine, and Ritonavir in Pure Forms and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Elhenawee, M; Saleh, H; Saraya, RE, 2020)	2
"In order to improve the stability of AgNPs and decrease the dosage of Daptomycin for killing bacteria, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used for simultaneously anchoring AgNPs and Daptomycin to prepare rGO@Ag@Dap nanocomposites."	( Daptomycin and AgNP co-loaded rGO nanocomposites for specific treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infection in vitro and in vivo. Fan, J; Li, L; Liu, B; Liu, X; Tong, C; Wu, Z; Xiao, F; Zhong, X; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" This design could reduce the dosage of AgNPs while maintaining antibacterial activity possibly due to the favorable interactions between nanocomplex and bacteria."	( A Tanshinone IIA loaded hybrid nanocomposite with enhanced therapeutic effect for otitis media. Chen, G; Chen, X; Hu, H; Liang, Y; Wen, L; Yu, H; Zeng, P, 2020)	0.56
" To provide a more accurate dose-response analysis, we propose a novel integrated approach combining well-established computational and experimental methodologies."	( An Integrated In Vitro-In Silico Approach for Silver Nanoparticle Dosimetry in Cell Cultures. Ahluwalia, A; Mattei, G; Poli, D; Ucciferri, N, 2020)	0.82
" A total of 30 rats were divided into 6 groups and were sub-dermally exposed to Ag-NPs at the dosage of 0 (control), 10, and 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) doses for either 7 or 28 days."	( Silver Nanoparticles Stimulates Spermatogenesis Impairments and Hematological Alterations in Testis and Epididymis of Male Rats. David, O; Lawal, B; Mtunzi, F; Oketa, EN; Okoli, BJ; Olugbodi, JO, 2020)	2
" To provide the foundation for human health risk assessment of AgNPs, this study evaluates existing hazard characterization data, including reported pharmacokinetics, symptoms, and their corresponding dose-response relationships."	( Hazard characterization of silver nanoparticles for human exposure routes. Cummins, E; Li, Y, 2020)	0.86
" Results showed that the calcined tooth powder (CTP) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) additives could induce the PDLSCs into odontogenesis differentiation; besides, the immunofluorescence staining identified that the high dosage calcined tooth powder (400 μg/mL) significantly facilitated the odontogenesis associated with BMP4 expression."	( Odontogenesis and neuronal differentiation characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells from beagle dog. Chu, H; Li, X; Liao, D; Sun, G, 2020)	0.8
"7 times per dosage by exogenous atom."	( Colloidal Porous AuAg Alloyed Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging. Choi, D; Hong, SB; Jung, Y; Kim, C; Kim, K; Kim, S; Koo, J; Lee, D; Lee, WJ; Min, JG; Park, EY, 2020)	0.56
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; 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Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; 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Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Although there have been some other analytical methodologies reported for the determination of roflumilast in pharmaceutical dosage forms, there has not yet been any electrochemical methodology proposed for determination of this unique active pharmaceutical ingredient in its dosage forms."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to develop an easily applied, selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise square-wave stripping voltammetric (SWSV) method for the determination of roflumilast in its pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"This developed and validated SWSV method was applied successfully for the determination of roflumilast in tablet dosage form (Daxas®) to assess active roflumilast content."	( Electrochemical Behavior and Square-Wave Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Roflumilast in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Altınöz, S; Çelebier, M; Dogan, A; Süslü, İ, 2021)	0.62
"The treatment of infected chronic wounds has been hampered by development of bacterial biofilms and the low penetration of antibacterial compounds delivered by conventional dosage forms."	( Selective delivery of silver nanoparticles for improved treatment of biofilm skin infection using bacteria-responsive microparticles loaded into dissolving microneedles. Anjani, QK; Donnelly, RF; Evary, YM; Mardikasari, SA; Paredes, AJ; Permana, AD; Pratama, MR; Tuany, IN; Utomo, E; Volpe-Zanutto, F, 2021)	0.94
" The primary goal of this study is to use AgNP to interrogate the AEP-AOP framework by organizing and integrating in vitro dose-response data and in vivo exposure-response data from previous studies to evaluate the effects of interactions between host genetic and acquired factors, or gene × environment interactions (G × E), on AgNP toxicity in the respiratory system."	( The effects of gene × environment interactions on silver nanoparticle toxicity in the respiratory system: An adverse outcome pathway. Altemeier, WA; Boyes, WK; Faustman, EM; Kavanagh, TJ; Nicholas, TP; Scoville, DK; Workman, TW, 2021)	0.87
" When tested as a topical treatment against murine cutaneous candidiasis, silver nanocomposites reduced the skin fungal burden in a dose-response behavior and favored tissue repair."	( Silver chitosan nanocomposites as a potential treatment for superficial candidiasis. Araújo Gonçalves, R; Artunduaga Bonilla, JJ; Cordeiro de Oliveira, DF; Guimarães, A; Honorato, L; Miranda, K; Nimrichter, L, 2021)	2.29
" In this study, a panel of reference and clinical strains of major nosocomial pathogens were subjected to serial dosage cycles of silver and ciprofloxacin."	( Repeated exposure of nosocomial pathogens to silver does not select for silver resistance but does impact ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Addison, O; Balacco, DL; Cox, SC; Grover, LM; Hall, T; Kuehne, SA; Lowther, M; Villapún, VM; Webber, MA, 2021)	1.09
" Dose-response analysis revealed that in contrast to the bacteriostatic effect exhibited at 1 ppm, 5 ppm cit-AgNPs were bactericidal to the metal-sensitive strains."	( Stability and Microbial Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles under Denitrifying Conditions. Lin, CC; Rajendran, RK, 2021)	0.9
"Current understanding of toxicity mechanisms of nanoparticles is still far from comprehensive, partly because of the neglect of control factors such as the dependence of mechanism activation on the exposure dosage and particle size."	( Toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the model ciliate Paramecium multimicronucleatum: Molecular mechanisms of activation are dose- and particle size-dependent. Chen, X; Fan, J; Li, J; Lin, X; Warren, A; Yang, H, 2021)	1
"75 mg/mL each of AgNPs, cow-dung and a mixture of AgNPs-cow dung dosed water for 10 days."	( Bioaccumulation of Silver and Impairment of Vital Organs in Clarias gariepinus from Co-Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles and Cow Dung Contamination. Aremu, HK; Azeez, L; Olabode, OA, 2022)	1.05
" Nano-based formulations are gaining popularity as one of the possibilities to overcome the limitations of conventional formulations by reducing the dose and dosing frequency, increasing the efficacy as well as proving it to be safe and effective means of treating depression."	( Comprehending the potential of metallic, lipid, and polymer-based nanocarriers for treatment and management of depression. Patel, MR; Patel, RB; Rao, HR; Thakkar, DV, 2022)	0.72
" More high-quality research is needed to resolve the gap on the optimal dosage and treatment options required to control bacterial and biofilm in DUWLs with silver-containing materials."	( The Application of Silver to Decontaminate Dental Unit Waterlines-a Systematic Review. Chen, P; Chen, Q; Hong, F; Yu, X, 2022)	1.25
" Furthermore, apoptosis rather than necrosis majorly accounted for compromised cell survival over the above dosage range."	( Use of an in silico knowledge discovery approach to determine mechanistic studies of silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity from in vitro to in vivo. Chen, CW; Cheng, FY; Lee, YH; Luo, YK; Mao, BH; Wang, BJ; Wang, YJ; Yan, SJ, 2022)	0.95
" AgNP dosing time, concentration, and AgNP size were quantitatively evaluated for their effects on AgNP-yeast cell interactions."	( Quantification of silver nanoparticle interactions with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae studied using single-cell ICP-MS. Liu, W; Rasmussen, L; Shannon, KB; Shi, H, 2022)	1.06
"Overuse and improper dosage of antibiotics have generated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide."	( Degree of Gelatination on Ag-Nanoparticles to Inactivate Multi-drug Resistant Bacterial Biofilm Isolated from Sewage Treatment Plant. Divya, KC; Girigoswami, A; Girigoswami, K; Kumar, SG; Saraswathi, N, 2023)	0.91
" In both plants, a dose-response relationship was observed between exposure status and thiocyanate levels."	( Chronic Low-Level Cyanide Intoxication in an Electroplating Plant in Taiwan. Fan, HY; Huang, PT; Luo, JJ; Tsao, YC; Yeh, WC, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo, compared with pure NATA treatment, Meso-C/NATA/Ag exhibited significantly improved therapeutic effects and reduced dosing frequency when treating fungal keratitis."	( Drug-loaded mesoporous carbon with sustained drug release capacity and enhanced antifungal activity to treat fungal keratitis. Gu, L; Li, C; Li, D; Li, N; Lin, H; Lin, J; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Yin, M; You, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" In addition to an improved Raman signal, the 4N-in-1 hybrid substrate provides a high detection sensitivity which may be attributed to the activation possibility at extremely low UV irradiation dosage and prolonged relaxation time (long measurement time)."	( Nanoscale Synergetic Effects on Ag-TiO Aktas, OC; Faupel, F; Mishra, YK; Sarwar, TB; Shondo, J; Tjardts, T; Veziroglu, S, 2022)	0.72
" The proposed method was applied for the determination of ONZ and MIZ in different dosage forms and human plasma samples with high % recoveries and low % RSD values."	( Green synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles as fluorescent nanoprobes for the spectrofluorimetric determination of ornidazole and miconazole. Aboelkassim, E; Belal, F; El-Domany, RA; Magdy, G, 2022)	0.96
"A very sensitive and green spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of CFX and CFU in pure and dosage form."	( Green Spectrophotometric Determination of Two Cephalosporin Drugs Used in COVID-19 Regimen Through Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis. Abdulla, NM; Bahgat, EA; Ragab, GH; Saleh, HM, 2023)	1.13
" The generated AgNCs signal was correlated with the dosage of target miRNA."	( Primer Exchange Reaction Coupled with DNA-Templated Silver Nanoclusters for Label-Free and Sensitive Detection of MicroRNA. Li, Y; Ning, L; Tong, Z; Yang, L; Yu, F; Yu, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.16
" The effects of pH and catalyst dosage on the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation were carried out."	( Green synthesis of AgNPs using Delonix regia bark for potential catalytic and antioxidant applications. Bala, A; Rani, G, 2023)	0.91
" Both methods could be applied to determine pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms of acemetacin."	( Investigation of eco-friendly fluorescence quenching probes for assessment of acemetacin using silver nanoparticles and acriflavine reagent. El-Awady, MI; Ghonim, R; Ibrahim, FA; Tolba, MM, 2023)	1.13
" This exposure system allows the possibility of creating dose-response curves resulting in the generation of more reliable cell-based assay data for many types of applications, such as safety analysis."	( Development and Characterization of a 96-Well Exposure System for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. Arz, MI; Briesen, H; Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer, S; Drexel, R; Fink, M; Fürtauer, S; Herrmann, C; Hornberger, R; Kohl, Y; Krebs, T; Mamier, M; Meier, F; Metzger, C; Müller, M; Sängerlaub, S; Wagner, S, 2023)	0.91
" The cross-phenomenon that the dose-response curve of mixture crossed the corresponding IA curve was observed in all treatments, which also varied with time, exhibiting that the joint toxic actions and corresponding intensities possessed dose- and time-dependent features."	( Time-dependent hormetic effects of polypeptide antibiotics and two antibacterial agents contribute to time-dependent cross-phenomena of their binary mixtures. Ren, LF; Sun, H; Tang, L; Tong, D; Wang, J; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" IO@AgNPs enhanced the therapeutic effect of low-dose radiation and increased the efficacy of treating Ehrlich tumors with the least amount of harm to normal tissues as compared to high radiation dosage therapy."	( Efficacy of iron-silver bimetallic nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy. Abdelrahman, IY; Afifi, MM; El-Gebaly, RH; Rageh, MM, 2023)	1.25
" Results showed dose-response and specific metal effects on caecal proteomes, with a slight effect of zinc compared to the two non-essential metals."	( Dynamic Multiple Reaction Monitoring of amphipod Gammarus fossarum caeca expands molecular information for understanding the impact of contaminants. Aboud, R; Armengaud, J; Ayciriex, S; Chaumot, A; Coquery, M; Degli-Esposti, D; Delorme, N; Espeyte, A; Geffard, O; Leprêtre, M; Salvador, A, 2023)	0.91
" Dose-response tests with certain of the fatty acids were consistent with the above interpretations and further indicated that the gland had a high capacity for rapidly activating and incorporating excess fatty acids into the glandular lipids."	( The effects of topical application of various fatty acids on pheromone and glandular lipid biosynthesis in the moth Heliothis virescens. Foster, SP, 2004)	0.32
" Pentadecanoic acid induced significant oviposition stimulation, especially when dosed at 10 ppm."	( Behavioural and antennal responses of Aedes aegypti (l.) (Diptera: Culicidae) gravid females to chemical cues from conspecific larvae. Boullis, A; Delannay, C; Héry, L; Mulatier, M; Vega-Rúa, A; Verheggen, F, 2021)	0.62