calcitonin profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16129616
SCHEMBL ID	269785
MeSH ID	M0003145

Synonym
thyrocalcitonin
calcimar
fortical
calcitonina
cibacalcin
C06865
9007-12-9
calcitonin, salmon
miacalcin (tn)
calcimar (tn)
D00249
fortical (tn)
calcitonin salmon (jp17/usp/inn)
salmon calcitonin
calcitonine [inn-french]
calcitonin (source)
einecs 232-693-2
calcitoninum [inn-latin]
hsdb 3209
calcitonina [inn-spanish]
calcitrin
calcitar
thyrocalcitonin (source)
forcaltonin
calcitonin [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
calcitoninum
df35i47hcm ,
unii-df35i47hcm
calcitonine
SCHEMBL269785
calcitonin (salmon i); thyrocalcitonin salmon; h-cys-ser-asn-leu-ser-thr-cys-val-leu-gly-lys-leu-ser-gln-glu-leu-his-lys-leu-gln-thr-tyr-pro-arg-thr-asn-thr-gly-ser-gly-thr-pro-nh2 (disulfide bond); calcitonin salmon; thyrocalcitonin
A901936

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The results of this 3-month trial show that the novel Eligen technology-based oral formulation of sCT has potential to become a safe and effective treatment for postmenopausal bone loss."	( Safety and efficacy of a novel salmon calcitonin (sCT) technology-based oral formulation in healthy postmenopausal women: acute and 3-month effects on biomarkers of bone turnover. Alexandersen, P; Azria, M; Bagger, YZ; Benmammar, H; Chick, R; Christiansen, C; Devogelaer, JP; Mindeholm, L; Olson, M; Reginster, JY; Tankó, LB, 2004)	0.32
" We selected surface-displayed Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a low-cost and safe carrier for oral delivery of salmon calcitonin (sCT)."	( Application of the yeast-surface-display system for orally administered salmon calcitonin and safety assessment. Chen, YS; Sun, PN; Zang, XN; Zhang, XC, )	0.13
" Approximately 80% of subjects in each treatment group experienced an adverse event, the majority of which were mild or moderate in intensity."	( A phase 3 trial of the efficacy and safety of oral recombinant calcitonin: the Oral Calcitonin in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (ORACAL) trial. Binkley, N; Bolognese, M; Buben, CE; Gilligan, JP; Krause, DS; Miller, C; Sidorowicz-Bialynicka, A; Trout, R; Vally, T, 2012)	0.38
" Subjects returned periodically for tolerability assessment and adverse event (AE) recording."	( Efficacy and safety of oral recombinant calcitonin tablets in postmenopausal women with low bone mass and increased fracture risk: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Binkley, N; Bone, H; Gilligan, JP; Krause, DS, 2014)	0.4
" Approximately 92% of subjects in each treatment group experienced an adverse event (AE), the majority of which were mild or moderate in intensity."	( A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral salmon calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women taking calcium and vitamin D. Alexandersen, P; Andersen, JR; Bihlet, AR; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Lau, E; Qvist, P; Riis, BJ; Russo, LA; Valter, I, 2016)	0.43

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In order to define the pharmacodynamic profile of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in humans, several markers of the biological activity of the drug have been studied, namely cAMP, adenosine and pO2 in venous blood, and the cytosolic free calcium level in circulating cells."	( Pharmacodynamics of salmon calcitonin in humans: new markers of pharmacological activity. Blardi, P; Capecchi, PL; Ceccatelli, L; Di Perri, T; Domini, L; Franchi, M; Laghi Pasini, F; Mazza, S; Pasqui, AL; Sodi, N, 1992)	0.28
") in rats to evaluate pharmacodynamic (PD) response as a measure of rsCT bioavailability (F) and to test the feasibility of delivering rsCT orally."	( Utility of pharmacodynamic measures for assessing the oral bioavailability of peptides. 1. Administration of recombinant salmon calcitonin in rats. Gilligan, JP; McWhorter, LT; Sinko, PJ; Smith, CL; Stern, W; Wagner, E, 1995)	0.29
"This study first reports the pharmacokinetic disposition of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified salmon calcitonin (sCT) based on the number of attached PEG molecules."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of polyethylene glycol-modified salmon calcitonins in rats. Deluca, PP; Jun, H; Lee, HS; Lee, KC; Park, MO; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD, 2000)	0.31
"min/ml), tmax (520 vs."	( Nasal absorption and pharmacokinetic disposition of salmon calcitonin modified with low molecular weight polyethylene glycol. Jung, JH; Lee, KC; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD, 2004)	0.32
" SCT was delivered intravenously to determine primary pharmacokinetic parameters."	( In vivo iontophoretic delivery and pharmacokinetics of salmon calcitonin. Anderson, C; Banga, AK; Chaturvedula, A; Joshi, DP; Morris, RL; Sembrowich, WL, 2005)	0.33
" We then investigated the stability of Lys(18)-PEG(2K)-sCT in the presence of intestinal enzymes, its abilities to traverse the intestinal membrane, its pharmacokinetic behavior and in vivo hypocalcemic efficacy."	( Improved intestinal delivery of salmon calcitonin by Lys18-amine specific PEGylation: stability, permeability, pharmacokinetic behavior and in vivo hypocalcemic efficacy. Jung, JY; Lee, KC; Oh, SH; Yoo, SD; Youn, YS, 2006)	0.33
"To investigate the influence of water intake and dose timing on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of an oral formulation of salmon calcitonin (sCT)."	( Optimizing bioavailability of oral administration of small peptides through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters: the effect of water and timing of meal intake on oral delivery of Salmon Calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2008)	0.35
"8 mg sCT with 50 ml of water taken 30 and 60 minutes prior to meal time resulted in optimal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Optimizing bioavailability of oral administration of small peptides through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters: the effect of water and timing of meal intake on oral delivery of Salmon Calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic efficacy of synthetic salmon calcitonin (ssCT) and recombinant salmon calcitonin (rsCT) in healthy postmenopausal women."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of synthetic and recombinant oral salmon calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
" Formulations presented a similar pharmacokinetic profile to sCT solution."	( Formulation, stability and pharmacokinetics of sugar-based salmon calcitonin-loaded nanoporous/nanoparticulate microparticles (NPMPs) for inhalation. Amaro, MI; Corrigan, OI; Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, O; Healy, AM; Tajber, L; Tewes, F, 2015)	0.42
" Further, in vivo pharmacodynamic study revealed that DMNA patch could significantly enhanced relative bioavailability to approximately 70%, and the addition of trehalose was found to be beneficial for sCT transdermal delivery."	( Transdermal Delivery of Salmon Calcitonin Using a Dissolving Microneedle Array: Characterization, Stability, and In vivo Pharmacodynamics. Dong, Z; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ma, T; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, F; Zhang, L; Zhao, W, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" PTH 64-84 was inactive in all tests, alone or in combination with sCT or morphine."	( The activity of several peptide fragments of parathyroid hormone, alone and in combination with salmon calcitonin and morphine, in antinociceptive tests in the mouse. Dewey, WL; Welch, SP, 1990)	0.28

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"High molecular weight drugs in general, and peptides in particular, are usually delivered by parenteral route because they are poorly absorbed or degraded in the gastrointestinal tract."	( A new route of drug administration: intrauterine delivery of insulin and calcitonin. Avramoff, A; Golomb, G; Hoffman, A, 1993)	0.29
") in rats to evaluate pharmacodynamic (PD) response as a measure of rsCT bioavailability (F) and to test the feasibility of delivering rsCT orally."	( Utility of pharmacodynamic measures for assessing the oral bioavailability of peptides. 1. Administration of recombinant salmon calcitonin in rats. Gilligan, JP; McWhorter, LT; Sinko, PJ; Smith, CL; Stern, W; Wagner, E, 1995)	0.29
" Plasma calcium level was measured and pharmacological bioavailability (P."	( Enhancement of nasal salmon calcitonin absorption by lauroylcarnitine chloride in rats. Fukui, M; Hasumi, S; Kagatani, S; Ohmura, T; Shinoda, T; Sonobe, T, 1996)	0.29
" Although nasal and other transmucosal routes can be used for CT treatment, bioavailability and bioactivity of the peptide thus delivered are limited."	( Intrapulmonary drug delivery of salmon calcitonin. Christensen, TA; Clopton, PL; Cote, GJ; Deftos, LJ; Florek, LJ; Hill, MR; Nolan, JJ; Seely, BL; Whitham, CL, 1997)	0.3
" After SC administration, the absorption of sCT was rapid with bioavailability (BA) varying from 21."	( Regional oral absorption, hepatic first-pass effect, and non-linear disposition of salmon calcitonin in beagle dogs. Falzone, LM; Hee Lee, Y; Hu, P; Leesman, GD; Makhey, V; Perry, B; Sinko, PJ; Stern, W; Sutyak, JP; Wagner, EJ; Yu, H, 2000)	0.31
" In this review, pharmacokinetic studies elucidating the rate-limiting steps for achieving adequate sCT oral bioavailability are detailed."	( Oral delivery of salmon calcitonin. Lee, YH; Sinko, PJ, 2000)	0.31
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of two salmon calcitonin products, Miacalcic (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basle, Switzerland) and Calcinin (Purzer Pharmaceuticals, Taipei, Taiwan)."	( Relative bioavailability of salmon calcitonin given intramuscularly. Chen, P; Deng, JF; Ku, H; Lai, JM; Lu, SB, 2000)	0.31
" DL produced the increase in bioavailability in all groups treated with SCT-loading liposomes except for c-VET."	( Potentiality of double liposomes containing salmon calcitonin as an oral dosage form. Kato, Y; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Yamabe, K, 2003)	0.32
"Compared with intramuscular administration, the relative bioavailability of sCT solution (2 micrograms."	( [Study on pulmonary delivery system of salmon calcitonin in rats]. Wang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2003)	0.32
"sCT solution showed higher bioavailability after pulmonary administration."	( [Study on pulmonary delivery system of salmon calcitonin in rats]. Wang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2003)	0.32
" The relative bioavailability of nasally administered 2 IU/kg of mono-PEG2K-sCT was approximately 4-fold higher than nasally administrated unmodified sCT, and the absolute bioavailability was approximately 91% of intravenously injected sCT in 8 hr."	( Intranasal delivery of PEGylated salmon calcitonins: hypocalcemic effects in rats. DeLuca, PP; Lee, HS; Lee, KC; Lee, SD; Na, DH; Park, MO; Yoo, SD; Youn, YS, 2003)	0.32
"The peptide hormone calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastic resorption, but it is unstable and poorly absorbed following oral administration."	( Regulation of osteoclasts by calcitonin and amphiphilic calcitonin conjugates: role of cytosolic calcium. Dixon, SJ; Komarova, SV; Paige, LA; Shum, JB; Sims, SM, 2003)	0.32
"To study the relationship between cellular membrane fluidity and relative bioavailability (Fr) of protein and peptide drugs combined with absorption enhancers after pulmonary administration in rats."	( [Study on pulmonary delivery of peptide drugs in rats: effects of absorption enhancers on cellular membrane fluidity]. Wang, ZY; Zhang, Q, 2003)	0.32
" In particular, the feasibility of producing a formulation with a comparable or improved bioavailability and/or less variability than the currently marketed nasal product (Miacalcin nasal spray, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) was assessed."	( Effect of chitosan on the intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in sheep. Hinchcliffe, M; Jabbal-Gill, I; Smith, A, 2005)	0.33
"1-fold increase in the bioavailability (i."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) from proliposomes containing bile salts. Chung, SJ; Shim, CK; Song, KH, 2005)	0.33
"1-fold increase in the bioavailability of sCT could be achieved from the TDC proliposomes."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of salmon calcitonin (sCT) from proliposomes containing bile salts. Chung, SJ; Shim, CK; Song, KH, 2005)	0.33
" Dosing solutions containing these agents were administered directly into the rat jejunum, and the bioavailability of SCT up to 2 h was determined."	( Synergistic absorption enhancement of salmon calcitonin and reversible mucosal injury by applying a mucolytic agent and a non-ionic surfactant. Horikiri, Y; Koguchi, A; Morita, T; Takatsuka, S; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2006)	0.33
" Also, nasal administration of this formulation gave a quicker absorption rate than subcutaneous administration of SCT."	( Improved nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin by powdery formulation with N-acetyl-L-cysteine as a mucolytic agent. Horikiri, Y; Matsuyama, T; Morita, T; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2006)	0.33
" An intranasal administration experiment revealed that the use of less wettable powders provided better nasal absorbability, and the highest absolute bioavailability (30."	( Influence of fillers in powder formulations containing N-acetyl-L-cysteine on nasal peptide absorption. Horikiri, Y; Matsuyama, T; Morita, T; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2007)	0.34
" The biotin conjugation of sCT may be a promising strategy for increasing the oral bioavailability of sCT and achieving sustained calcium-lowering effects."	( Preparation and characterization of salmon calcitonin-biotin conjugates. Capan, Y; Cetin, M; Lee, KC; Youn, YS, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic efficacy of synthetic salmon calcitonin (ssCT) and recombinant salmon calcitonin (rsCT) in healthy postmenopausal women."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of synthetic and recombinant oral salmon calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the influence of food intake on the bioavailability and pharmacodynamic effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT)."	( Influence of food intake on the bioavailability and efficacy of oral calcitonin. Arnold, M; Azria, M; Byrjalsen, I; Choi, L; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
"Postprandial dosing may limit the bioavailability of orally administered sCT."	( Influence of food intake on the bioavailability and efficacy of oral calcitonin. Arnold, M; Azria, M; Byrjalsen, I; Choi, L; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
" But, the oral bioavailability of sCT is very low due to enzymatic degradation and poor permeation across intestinal epithelial cells."	( Evaluation of salmon calcitonin (sCT) enteric-coated capsule for enhanced absorption and GI tolerability in rats. Chen, X; Gao, Z; Han, D; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Q; Lu, Y; Sun, Q; Sun, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wu, L; Wu, Y; Yu, X; Zhang, G; Zhao, D, 2010)	0.36
" To achieve optimal bioavailability and control their fast rate of absorption, peptides can be protected by coprocessing with polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG)."	( Evaluation of HPβCD-PEG microparticles for salmon calcitonin administration via pulmonary delivery. Amaro, MI; Corrigan, OI; Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, OL; Healy, AM; Tajber, L; Tewes, F, 2011)	0.37
"05) higher mean plasma concentrations of sCT, after inhalation of micelles compared to sCT solution, at 60 and 90 min, a significantly higher AUC (inf) and a relative bioavailability of 160 ± 55% when compared to plain sCT solution."	( In vitro and in vivo characterisation of PEG-lipid-based micellar complexes of salmon calcitonin for pulmonary delivery. Baginski, L; Bakowsky, U; Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, OL; Healy, AM; Salomon, JJ; Tewes, F, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to develop a new orally delivered nanoparticulate system to improve the bioavailability of salmon calcitonin (sCT)."	( Orally delivered salmon calcitonin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by micelle-double emulsion method via the combined use of different solid lipids. Chen, C; Fan, T; Huang, Y; Jin, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, ZR; Zhou, Z; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
"68%) with a bioavailability of 13."	( Orally delivered salmon calcitonin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles prepared by micelle-double emulsion method via the combined use of different solid lipids. Chen, C; Fan, T; Huang, Y; Jin, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, ZR; Zhou, Z; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
" The higher bioavailability of sCT administered as SA was confirmed by the pharmacokinetic studies."	( PHEA-graft-polymethacrylate supramolecular aggregates for protein oral delivery. Amato, G; Cavallaro, G; Giammona, G; Licciardi, M; Mero, A; Montopoli, M; Pasut, G; Schiavon, O; Scialabba, C, 2013)	0.39
" In vivo studies in rats showed that PPS enhanced relative bioavailability of sCT by 45-fold after intestinal administration."	( A permeation enhancer for increasing transport of therapeutic macromolecules across the intestine. Doshi, N; Gupta, V; Hwang, BH; Mitragotri, S, 2013)	0.39
" A ≈52-fold (pharmacokinetic) and ≈44-fold (pharmacological) enhancement of oral bioavailability was observed with mucoadhesive devices when compared to direct intestinal injections."	( Mucoadhesive intestinal devices for oral delivery of salmon calcitonin. Anselmo, AC; Doshi, N; Gupta, V; Hwang, BH; Lee, J; Mitragotri, S, 2013)	0.39
" According to these results, liposomes coated with S-protected thiomers have demonstrated to be highly valuable carriers for enhancing the oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin."	( Liposomes coated with thiolated chitosan enhance oral peptide delivery to rats. Almer, G; Barthelmes, J; Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Dünnhaupt, S; Fröhlich, E; Gradauer, K; Mangge, H; Prassl, R; Roblegg, E; Teubl, B; Vonach, C, 2013)	0.39
" Intratracheal nebulization in rats revealed that the bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters were not enhanced by liposomes, when compared with sCT solution."	( Encapsulation into PEG-liposomes does not improve the bioavailability of pulmonary delivered salmon calcitonin. Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, OL; Healy, AM; Swaminathan, J; Tewes, F, 2014)	0.4
" Due to the low amounts of peptide released from the vesicles, enzymatic digestion by peptidases in the airspace reduced the bioavailability significantly."	( Encapsulation into PEG-liposomes does not improve the bioavailability of pulmonary delivered salmon calcitonin. Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, OL; Healy, AM; Swaminathan, J; Tewes, F, 2014)	0.4
" The in vivo absorption test showed that SD- and SASD-processed sCT powders increased the bioavailability of the drug when compared to the nasal administration of raw sCT."	( Design of salmon calcitonin particles for nasal delivery using spray-drying and novel supercritical fluid-assisted spray-drying processes. Alhalaweh, A; Cha, KH; Cho, W; Hwang, SJ; Jung, MS; Kim, JS; Kim, MS; Park, HJ; Park, J; Velaga, SP, 2015)	0.42
" Bioavailability of leuprolide following pulmonary administration was 75% higher compared to subcutaneously administered leuprolide."	( Effect of protease inhibitors on pulmonary bioavailability of therapeutic proteins and peptides in the rat. Amancha, KP; Hussain, A, 2015)	0.42
" Pre-minisphere emulsions of PEs combined with sCT increased absolute bioavailability (F) compared to native sCT following rat intra-jejunal (i."	( In vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation of a minisphere emulsion-based formulation (SmPill®) of salmon calcitonin. Aguirre, TA; Brayden, DJ; Coulter, IS; Rosa, M, 2015)	0.42
" The bioavailability of sCT after aerosol delivery as sCT and AAT-loaded composite microparticles to rats was 4-times higher than that of sCT solution."	( Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Based-Microparticles for Peptide Pulmonary Delivery. Ehrhardt, C; Gobbo, OL; Healy, AM; Tewes, F, 2016)	0.43
"The basis for oral sCT's bioavailability rests with a carrier molecule (8-(N-2-hydroxy-5-chloro-benzoyl)-amino-caprylic acid) or an acid-resistant enteric coating (Eudragit® polymer containing citric acid)."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral salmon calcitonin in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bandeira, L; Bilezikian, JP; Lewiecki, EM, 2016)	0.43
" The reasons why nasal salmon calcitonin did not recapitulate the findings with subcutaneously administered drug may relate to the kinetics of drug delivery, the bioavailability of drug or peak drug dose achieved."	( Three-Month Randomized Clinical Trial of Nasal Calcitonin in Adults with X-linked Hypophosphatemia. Abraham, A; Carpenter, T; Chen, C; Deng, Y; Insogna, KL; Olear, E; Simpson, C; Sullivan, R, 2018)	0.48
" In vivo, the oral absolute bioavailability of sCT in CS-sCT/PR-NPs was 12."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin through chitosan-modified, dual drug-loaded nanoparticles. Gao, JQ; Liu, L; Lou, Y; Lu, XY; Miao, J; Wu, JY; Yang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Sublingual SCT-HAP-NPs revealed relative bioavailability of ~15% compared to the subcutaneous injection in rabbits (200 IU)."	( Bone targeted delivery of salmon calcitonin hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for sublingual osteoporosis therapy (SLOT). Devarajan, PV; Kotak, DJ, 2020)	0.56
" In the rat model, orally administered NC-T showed an obvious hypocalcemia effect and a relative oral bioavailability of 10."	( Flash Fabrication of Orally Targeted Nanocomplexes for Improved Transport of Salmon Calcitonin across the Intestine. Chen, Y; He, S; Le, Z; Leong, KW; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, Z; Mao, HQ; Sun, L, 2020)	0.56
" Further, in vivo pharmacodynamic study revealed that DMNA patch could significantly enhanced relative bioavailability to approximately 70%, and the addition of trehalose was found to be beneficial for sCT transdermal delivery."	( Transdermal Delivery of Salmon Calcitonin Using a Dissolving Microneedle Array: Characterization, Stability, and In vivo Pharmacodynamics. Dong, Z; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ma, T; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, F; Zhang, L; Zhao, W, 2020)	0.56
" Salmon calcitonin (sCT) could realize both requirements, however, it is limited by the low bioavailability caused by fibrillation."	( Supramolecular nanoassemblies of salmon calcitonin and aspartame for fibrillation inhibition and osteogenesis improvement. Li, J; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Xie, J; Xu, X; Xu, Z; Yu, P; Zhai, X, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Further research is needed to confirm longer term efficacy (in particular, effects on fracture rate), optimal dosage schedules and the role of intermittent and combination treatment regimens."	( Intranasal salmon calcitonin. A review of its pharmacological properties and potential utility in metabolic bone disorders associated with aging. Chrisp, P; Clissold, SP; Fitton, A, )	0.13
"We investigated the acute, dose-response to three intranasal doses of salmon calcitonin (sCT) (50 IU, 100 IU, and 200 IU) and one im dose (50 IU) in eight premenopausal and eight early postmenopausal women."	( Dose-response bioactivity and bioavailability of salmon calcitonin in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Agnusdei, D; Christiansen, C; Gennari, C; Hansen, MA; Maioli, E; Overgaard, K, 1991)	0.28
" One uM human CGRP (8-37) shifted the dose-response curve of rat CGRP to the right (EC50 = 257 nM) without depressing the maximal response."	( Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases the production of glycosaminoglycans but not of collagen type I and III in cultures of rat fat-storing cells. Casini, A; Galli, G; Maggi, CA; Rotella, CM; Salzano, R; Santicioli, P; Surrenti, C, 1991)	0.28
"9 years (min 33, max 93) were given intranasal sCT at the dosage regimen of 200 IU/day/6 months."	( [Use of salmon calcitonin nasal spray in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in bullous diseases]. Cappio, F; Caputo, R; Colombo, MD, 1990)	0.28
" The drug was administered by epidural infusion (4-8 bolus administrations in 48 h); the dosage was 100 IU/48 h in 5 patients and 400 IU/48 h in 9 patients."	( Analgesia with epidural calcitonin in cancer patients. Belleggia, C; Caputi, CA; Cellerino, R; Miseria, S; Piga, A; Torresi, U; Tummarello, D, 1989)	0.28
" It was concluded that salmon calcitonin in this dosage has no discernible effect on skeletal pain, general performance, bone metabolism or disease progression in patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone."	( Evaluation of salmon calcitonin treatment in bone metastases from breast cancer--a controlled trial. Blomqvist, C; Elomaa, I; Karonen, SL; Lamberg-Allardt, C; Porkka, L, 1988)	0.27
" These data suggest that in the rat, at least pharmacological dosage of CT modulates the production and/or secretion of glandular CT itself."	( Inhibition of calcitonin secretion by exogenous calcitonin in the rat. Avioli, LV; Birge, SJ; Fausto, A; Morimoto, S, 1984)	0.27
" A significant positive correlation was found between the log P of the acylated amino acids and the decrease in serum calcium following oral dosage of sCT in rats."	( N-acylated alpha-amino acids as novel oral delivery agents for proteins. Achan, D; Chaudhary, K; DeMorin, F; Falzarano, L; Haas, S; Kalbag, S; Kaplan, D; Leipold, H; Leone-Bay, A; Santiago, N, 1995)	0.29
" This finding may have implications for the dose and dosage forms advised for human therapy."	( Enhanced potency of human calcitonin when fibrillation is avoided. Arvinte, T; Chinni, C; Cudd, A; Das, RE; MacIntyre, I, 1995)	0.29
" The magnitude and rapidity of onset of this effect appear to correlate directly with the dosage of S-calcitonin administered."	( [Medium- and long-term effects of various treatment schedules with nasal S-calcitonin spray]. Bozzi, M; Brignoli, E; Felicetti, G; Maini, M, 1995)	0.29
" PRL secretion was slightly stimulated by sCT with no apparent dose-response relationship."	( In vitro control of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone secretion of neonatal rat pituitary glands: effects of ovine PRL, salmon calcitonin, endothelin-3, angiotensin II, bromocryptine and somatostatin. Avery, LM; Grosvenor, CE; Kacsóh, B; Tóth, BE, 1993)	0.29
" Compared with gallium nitrate, pamidronate offers a more convenient dosing regimen, is less frequently associated with nephrotoxicity, and is less expensive."	( Update on the medical treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy. Hall, TG; Schaiff, RA, 1993)	0.29
"The present results suggest that the pulmonary absorption of peptides and proteins can be greatly improved by formulating them into dry powders with smaller amounts of enhancers than in liquid dosage forms."	( Pulmonary delivery of salmon calcitonin dry powders containing absorption enhancers in rats. Juni, K; Kobayashi, S; Kondo, S, 1996)	0.29
" An intermittent dosing regimen of nasal SCT (10 or 40 U/rat/d, 3 d/week, for 7 weeks) was able to retard development of osteopenia in a dose-dependent manner."	( Histomorphometrical evaluation of anti-osteopenic effect of nasal salmon calcitonin in a type 1 osteoporotic model of rats. Hoshino, T; Koida, M; Nakamuta, H; Nitta, T, 1996)	0.29
" 2) Eight week treatment with the selected dosing regimen (n = 6) of the steroid and histomorphometry including strut analysis measured the development of a characteristic osteopenia which can be described briefly as "uncut but thinning" of trabecular bone structure, and which was prevented by salmon calcitonin (0."	( Glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in rats: histomorphometrical and microarchitectural characterization and calcitonin effect. Hoshino, T; Koida, M; Nakamuta, H; Nitta, T, 1996)	0.29
" When evaluated by changes in biochemical markers of bone remodeling nasal SCT 200 IU decreased bone resorption in the magnitude of 15% after a single dose as well as after a multiple daily dosing regimen."	( Effect of nasal salmon calcitonin on calcium and bone metabolism. Thamsborg, G, 1999)	0.3
" When patient satisfaction was low, the physician modified the time period or drug dosage between infusions."	( [Therapy of phantom pain with salmon calcitonin and effect on postoperative patient satisfaction]. Koch, G; Lempa, M; Neugebauer, E; Simanski, C; Tiling, T, 1999)	0.3
" The plasma CTX showed a dose-dependent decrease over a dosage range of 2, 10 and 50 IU after subcutaneous administration of sCT."	( Plasma type 1 collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide: a sensitive marker of acute effects of salmon calcitonin on bone resorption. Stepan, JJ; Zikán, V, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response relationships for sCT-induced reductions in energy intake were analysed in chow-fed C57Bl/6J mice and two obese strains, ob/ob mice and melanocortin-4 receptor knockout (MC4-r-KO) mice, as well as in wild-type and fatty (fa/fa) rats."	( Salmon calcitonin - a potent inhibitor of food intake in states of impaired leptin signalling in laboratory rodents. Daniel, C; Eiden, S; Schmidt, I; Simon, E; Steinbrueck, A, 2002)	0.31
" The development of various dosage forms of sCT, especially solid dosage forms, appears be feasible using proliposomes."	( Preparation and evaluation of proliposomes containing salmon calcitonin. Chung, SJ; Shim, CK; Song, KH, 2002)	0.31
" These findings suggested the utility of DL as an oral dosage form of SCT."	( Potentiality of double liposomes containing salmon calcitonin as an oral dosage form. Kato, Y; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Yamabe, K, 2003)	0.32
"005) decrease in the plasma calcium level of the dosed animals in comparison to control tablets being based on unmodified chitosan."	( In vivo evaluation of an oral salmon calcitonin-delivery system based on a thiolated chitosan carrier matrix. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Guggi, D; Kast, CE, 2003)	0.32
" The data are the results from four of the five dosing days, when subjects received CT-025 in high and low concentrations of excipients."	( Pharmacokinetics of modified oral calcitonin product in healthy volunteers. Chin, CM; Gutierrez, M; Kosutic, G; Still, JG, 2004)	0.32
" Sheep (n=6) were dosed intranasally according to a randomized crossover design."	( Effect of chitosan on the intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in sheep. Hinchcliffe, M; Jabbal-Gill, I; Smith, A, 2005)	0.33
" Dosing solutions containing these agents were administered directly into the rat jejunum, and the bioavailability of SCT up to 2 h was determined."	( Synergistic absorption enhancement of salmon calcitonin and reversible mucosal injury by applying a mucolytic agent and a non-ionic surfactant. Horikiri, Y; Koguchi, A; Morita, T; Takatsuka, S; Yamahara, H; Yoshino, H, 2006)	0.33
" In addition, a formulation containing PYY(3-36) and TJM peptide was dosed intranasally in rabbits, resulting in a dramatic increase in bioavailability."	( Therapeutic utility of a novel tight junction modulating peptide for enhancing intranasal drug delivery. Chen, SC; Costantino, HR; Cui, K; Eiting, K; Farber, K; Houston, ME; Johnson, PH; Leonard, AK; Li, CY; Morris, D; Quay, SC; Sileno, AP, 2006)	0.33
" Our aim was to identify an intermittent dosing strategy for intraperitoneal infusion of salmon calcitonin (sCT), a homolog of amylin that produces a sustained 25-35% reduction in daily food intake and adiposity in diet-induced obese rats."	( Effects of intermittent intraperitoneal infusion of salmon calcitonin on food intake and adiposity in obese rats. Chelikani, PK; Haver, AC; Reidelberger, RD, 2007)	0.34
"The study showed no difference in pharmacokinetic profiles between the various aerosol dosage forms."	( A comparison of the pulmonary bioavailability of powder and liquid aerosol formulations of salmon calcitonin. Clark, A; Hirst, P; Kuo, MC; Newman, S; Pickford, M; Pitcairn, G, 2008)	0.35
" This study was conducted to observe the bone density of maintenance dialysis patients and to evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety of different administration dosage of salmon calcitonin to prevent osteoporosis in maintenance dialysis patients."	( Salmon calcitonin in prevention of osteoporosis in maintenance dialysis patients. Li, H; Wang, SX, 2008)	0.35
"8 mg sCT + 200 mg 5-CNAC), SMC021 placebo, or 200 IU Miacalcic NS nasal spray), water volume given with the tablet (50 or 200 ml water), and time between dosing and meal (10, 30, or 60 minutes pre-meal)."	( Optimizing bioavailability of oral administration of small peptides through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters: the effect of water and timing of meal intake on oral delivery of Salmon Calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2008)	0.35
"Morning and pre-dinner dosing led to comparable concentration of sCT of 45 pg/ml, whereas there was a tendency towards lower Cmax for the evening dosing having a mean of 24 pg/ml."	( Investigation of the diurnal variation in bone resorption for optimal drug delivery and efficacy in osteoporosis with oral calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2008)	0.35
" The pre-dinner dosing resulted in optimum efficacy response corresponding to an overall suppression of bone resorption by 25%."	( Investigation of the diurnal variation in bone resorption for optimal drug delivery and efficacy in osteoporosis with oral calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2008)	0.35
" Participants were 36 postmenopausal women 62 to 74 years old, randomly assigned to a comparison of dosing with ssCT (n = 12) or rsCT (n = 24) given in the morning at 08:00."	( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of synthetic and recombinant oral salmon calcitonin. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
"Postprandial dosing may limit the bioavailability of orally administered sCT."	( Influence of food intake on the bioavailability and efficacy of oral calcitonin. Arnold, M; Azria, M; Byrjalsen, I; Choi, L; Christiansen, C; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2009)	0.35
" On treatment day 1 and 14, the morning dose was followed by 5h of fasting, and blood samples and urine were collected immediately prior to dosing and according to the protocol."	( The effect of oral salmon calcitonin delivered with 5-CNAC on bone and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic patients: a 14-day randomized study. Arnold, M; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Lau, EM; Riis, BJ, 2010)	0.36
"oSCT given twice daily with a pre-dinner and morning fasting dosing resulted in reductions in markers of bone resorption and cartilage degradation."	( The effect of oral salmon calcitonin delivered with 5-CNAC on bone and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic patients: a 14-day randomized study. Arnold, M; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Lau, EM; Riis, BJ, 2010)	0.36
"8 mg oral sCT (n = 26) or placebo (n = 23) twice daily for 14 days, with dosing at 08:00 and 17:00."	( Investigations of inter- and intraindividual relationships between exposure to oral salmon calcitonin and a surrogate marker of pharmacodynamic efficacy. Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2010)	0.36
" Bone and cartilage degradation were not correlated in untreated individuals, but dosing with oral sCT with or without food, and a mid-day meal, decreased bone and cartilage degradation and induced a correlation between both markers."	( Biochemical markers identify influences on bone and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis--the effect of sex, Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score, body mass index (BMI), oral salmon calcitonin (sCT) treatment and diurnal variation. Bay-Jensen, AC; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Riis, BJ, 2010)	0.36
"8-mg tablet is more highly absorbed than the marketed nasal formulation, with biomarker levels indicating significantly greater efficacy in suppression of bone resorption; (4) drug absorption is increased with dosing at least 10 minutes before a meal rather than postprandially and also with 50 mL of water; (5) the optimal timing of dosing for osteoporosis therapy is in the evening to mitigate the circadian peak in bone resorption; and (6) the oral formulations of synthetic and recombinant calcitonin have similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( Lessons learned from the development of oral calcitonin: the first tablet formulation of a protein in phase III clinical trials. Arnold, M; Azria, M; Bay-Jensen, AC; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; John, MR; Karsdal, MA; Molloy, B; Qvist, P; Riis, BJ, 2011)	0.37
"7 cells by dosing with the cytokines macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and RANK Ligand (RANKL) and TRAP activity assay, Resorption Pit Assay, TRAP staining were performed."	( Antibody-mediated "universal" osteoclast targeting platform using calcitonin as a model drug. Bhandari, KH; Doschak, MR; Kalvapalle, R; Newa, M; Suresh, M; Tang, L, 2011)	0.37
" Based on expected absorption in the small intestine, this is sufficient delivery potential for achieving therapeutic dosage via a single, regularly-sized pill taken daily."	( pH-Responsive poly(itaconic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels with reduced ionic strength loading solutions offer improved oral delivery potential for high isoelectric point-exhibiting therapeutic proteins. Koetting, MC; Peppas, NA, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing at bedtime or with dinner was equally effective."	( Efficacy and safety of oral recombinant calcitonin tablets in postmenopausal women with low bone mass and increased fracture risk: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Binkley, N; Bone, H; Gilligan, JP; Krause, DS, 2014)	0.4
" The importance of the AP in mediating the anorectic action of sCT was examined in feeding experiments of dose-response effects of sCT in APX vs."	( The role of the area postrema in the anorectic effects of amylin and salmon calcitonin: behavioral and neuronal phenotyping. Asarian, L; Boyle, CN; Braegger, FE; Dahl, K; Lutz, TA, 2014)	0.4
" With dose escalation studies, only bone targeting analogue dosed groups showed a trend towards increased BMD and bone volume at 4, 8 and 12 weeks."	( Evaluation of bone targeting salmon calcitonin analogues in rats developing osteoporosis and adjuvant arthritis. Asghar, W; Bhandari, KH; Doschak, MR; Jamali, F; Newa, M, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, the SmPill® technology is a potential dosage form for several peptides when formulated with PEs and coated for regional delivery."	( Coated minispheres of salmon calcitonin target rat intestinal regions to achieve systemic bioavailability: Comparison between intestinal instillation and oral gavage. Aguirre, TAS; Aversa, V; Brayden, DJ; Coulter, I; Guterres, SS; Pohlmann, AR; Rosa, M, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, sCT-DMNA is expected to replace traditional dosage form, providing a secure, efficient, and low-pain therapeutic strategy for bone disorders."	( Transdermal Delivery of Salmon Calcitonin Using a Dissolving Microneedle Array: Characterization, Stability, and In vivo Pharmacodynamics. Dong, Z; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ma, T; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, F; Zhang, L; Zhao, W, 2020)	0.56

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	163 (18.67)	18.7374
1990's	325 (37.23)	18.2507
2000's	194 (22.22)	29.6817
2010's	159 (18.21)	24.3611
2020's	32 (3.67)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	157 (17.14%)	5.53%
Reviews	44 (4.80%)	6.00%
Case Studies	46 (5.02%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	669 (73.03%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (50)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Treatment of Aggressive Central Giant Cell Granuloma [NCT02358304]	Phase 2	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Improving the Sensitivity of Sestamibi SPECT-CT Parathyroid Scan With Calcitonin Pre-treatment for Primary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT03935984]	Phase 4	37 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-29	Recruiting
Assessing Quality of Life Changes Using Calcitonin in Patients With Hypothyroidism on Biochemical Replacement With Levothyroxine [NCT03342001]	Phase 4	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-18	Completed
Evaluation of Neuropeptide Expression During the Ovarian Cycle and in Patients With PCOS: Pilot Study [NCT05958914]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Recruiting
Beijing Osteoporosis With Neurological Disorders in Epigenetic Changes Study: an Ambispective, Multicentre, Open Cohort Study [NCT03401619]		2,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2017-09-21	Active, not recruiting
The Pre-emptive Value of Epidural Calcitonin in Patients With Lower Limb Amputation. A Double Blinded Randomized Study [NCT02115360]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Provoked Migraine Attacks With Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) in Patients Who Have Tried Preventive Treatment With Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies. [NCT03481400]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Recruiting
Diagnostic Values of C-reactive Protein and Procalcitonin in Predicting Bacterial Infection in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT03923803]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-07-31	Not yet recruiting
Clinical Characteristics and Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Headache [NCT03791515]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-26	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Recombinant Salmon Calcitonin (rsCT) in the Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Women at Increased Risk of Fracture [NCT01292187]	Phase 2	129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Evaluation of FGF-23 Suppressibility by Calcitonin in Healthy Men - Pilot Study [NCT00688077]		49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
The Effect of Sumatriptan and Placebo on CGRP Induced Headache [NCT03542357]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-15	Completed
Neurophysiological Characterization of Treatment Response Following the Initiation of Prophylactic Therapy in Episodic Migraine [NCT04019496]		44 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-01-29	Completed
A Partially-Blind, Randomized, Single-Dose, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Phase I Study Assessing the Effect of Water and Food Intake on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SMC021 0.8 mg in Healthy Postmenopausal Women [NCT00395395]	Phase 1	56 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
SMC021A - Absorption, Efficacy and Tolerance in Patients With Osteoarthritis. A Placebo-Controlled 14-Days Study. [NCT00486369]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
[NCT00620854]	Phase 2	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Comparison of Teriparatide and Calcitonin in the Treatment of Men and Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00414973]	Phase 3	364 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
SMC021A - Absorption, Efficacy and Tolerance in Patients With Osteoarthritis. A Placebo-Controlled 14-Days Study. [NCT00486317]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Phase IV Study of Nasal Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Symptoms and Signs of Fibromyalgia [NCT00754884]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Study drug was not longer available in our country.)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Subjects With Knee Osteoarthritis [NCT00486434]	Phase 3	1,176 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Optimizing Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Calcitonin Measurements in Detecting Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma [NCT06067594]		155 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2018-03-01	Completed
A Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Phase I Study Assessing Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Two Different SMC021 0.8 mg Variants and the Effect of Timing of Drug Intake in Healthy Postmenopausal Women [NCT00411125]	Phase 1	86 participants	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
The Use of Intranasal Calcitonin to Improve Pain and Activity in Elderly Pelvic Ring Injuries [NCT03812991]	Phase 4	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Completed
Comparison of Teriparatide and Calcitonin in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00542984]	Phase 3	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-08-31	Completed
Comparison of Teriparatide and Calcitonin in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00543023]	Phase 3	104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
Comparison of Teriparatide and Calcitonin in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis [NCT00543218]	Phase 3	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-12-31	Completed
Use of Intranasally Administered Calcitonin in the Treatment of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With IBD: A Pilot Study [NCT00114803]		66 participants	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Analgesic Effect of Intranasal Calcitonin on Patients With Fractured Ribs [NCT00444808]	Phase 4	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Medication expired)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Taking Calcium and Vitamin D [NCT00525798]	Phase 3	4,665 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Salmon Calcitonin Nasal Spray in Improving Muscle Strength and Reducing Pain After Forearm Fracture in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00239889]	Phase 4	300 participants	Interventional	2002-03-31	Completed
Functional MRI (fMRI) in Patients With Migraine Without Aura Provoked by [NCT00363532]		12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-09-30	Completed
Calcitonin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Patients With Osteoporosis and Chronic Periodontitis-An Observational Study [NCT02273128]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-06-30	Completed
Effect of Early Calcitonin Therapy on Incidence and Severity of Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury [NCT05805683]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-01	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Effects of Salmon Calcitonin Nasal Spray Compared to Placebo on Bone Microarchitecture Measured by High Resolution Peripheral Micro- Computed-tomography Over 2 Years in Postmenopausal Women (a Pilot Study) [NCT00372099]	Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Phase IIa Study of the Effects of a New Oral Formulation of Salmon Calcitonin in Human Osteoarthritis [NCT00376311]	Phase 2	54 participants	Interventional	2002-09-30	Terminated
Phase I, Open-Label, Randomized, Single Sequence Study With Two Dose Groups to Compare the Pharmacokinetics of BMS-927711 in Migraine Subjects During an Acute Migraine Attack and During Non-Migraine Period [NCT01445067]	Phase 1	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
CGRP Induced Migraine Attacks in Patients With High and Low Genetic Load [NCT01924052]		40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Anti-calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) Receptor Antibodies on the Headache Inducing Properties of CGRP and Cilostazol in Migraine Patients [NCT04452929]		72 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-22	Recruiting
Hypersensitivity to CGRP as a Predictive Biomarker of Migraine Prevention With Erenumab [NCT04592952]	Phase 4	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-08	Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 2 Dose Regimens of Subcutaneous Administration of Fremanezumab (TEV-48125) vs Placebo for the Preventive Treatment of Episodic Migraine [NCT02629861]	Phase 3	875 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-23	Completed
[NCT00004358]	Phase 2	9 participants	Interventional	1992-11-30	Completed
Pharmacologic Treatment of Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [NCT00478335]		4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 2 Dose Regimens of Subcutaneous Administration of Fremanezumab (TEV-48125) Versus Placebo for the Preventive Treatment of Chronic Migrai [NCT02621931]	Phase 3	1,130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-22	Completed
MR-Angiografi (MRA) og MR-Spektroskopi (MRS) Hos Raske forsøgspersoner og Patienter Med migræne Uden Aura Provokeret Med Calcitonin Gen-relateret Peptid (CGRP) og Sildenafil [NCT03143465]		36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Subjects With Knee Osteoarthritis [NCT00704847]	Phase 3	1,030 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Male subjects were terminated due to an imbalance in prostate cancer events)
CGRP's Cluster Headache Inducing Abilities in Cluster Headache Patients [NCT02466334]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Period Crossover Study of the Effect on CTx-1 Concentrations of a Single 200 μg Recombinant Salmon Calcitonin (rsCT) Dose Given at Night to Normal, Healthy, Postmenopausal Women [NCT00803686]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multiple Dose, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, 48-Week, Study of Oral Recombinant Salmon Calcitonin (rsCT) Compared to Salmon Calcitonin (sCT) Nasal Spray in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women [NCT00959764]	Phase 3	565 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
Efficacy of Coadministration of Calcitonin and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine on Spinal Anesthesia in Lower Abdominal and Limb Surgeries in Tramadol-abuse Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04445857]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Completed
Calcitonin for Treating X-linked Hypophosphatemia [NCT01652573]		21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Postmenopausal Women
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Men
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women
NCT00414973 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men
NCT00478335 (1) [back to overview]	24h Urine Volume
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Disease Progression in the Knee Evaluated by MRI.
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Effect on Hand Osteoarthritis (OA) Assessed by X-ray & Questionnaire From Baseline to 24 Months
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Nature and # of AEs Monitored Continuously During Study
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibiofemoral Knee Joint in Signal Knee Measured by X-ray After 24 Months.
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Function Subscore in the Signal Knee.
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain Subscore in the Signal Knee
NCT00486434 (7) [back to overview]	Changes in Biochemical Markers of Bone & Cartilage Metabolism.
NCT00525798 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With New Vertebral Fractures
NCT00525798 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Non-vertebral Fractures
NCT00620854 (1) [back to overview]	Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTx-1)(% Change From Baseline)
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Knee Disease Progression Assessed by MRI
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Bone & Cartilage Metabolism Biochemical Marker Change (Percentage).
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Questionnaire to Assess Stiffness in the Signal Knee.
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Pain Subscore Change From Baseline Over 24 Months as Assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis (WOMAC) Index
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibia-femoral Knee Joint in the Signal Knee Measured by X-ray Change From Baseline Over 24 Months
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Questionnaire to Assess Health-related Quality of Life
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Questionnaire to Assess Pain
NCT00704847 (8) [back to overview]	Questionnaire to Assess Function and Physical Activity
NCT00803686 (3) [back to overview]	Derived Pharmacodynamic Parameters Further Characterizing the Effects of Oral or Intranasal Calcitonin on Plasma CTx-1, Given at Night to Post-menopausal Women
NCT00803686 (3) [back to overview]	Pharmacodynamic Effect of Oral Calcitonin
NCT00803686 (3) [back to overview]	AUCInhibition=Hours*%P
NCT00959764 (3) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Axial Lumbar Spine
NCT00959764 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma CTx-1 From Baseline
NCT00959764 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Collagen 1 (CTx-1)
NCT01292187 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density of Active Compared to Placebo.
NCT01292187 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Plasma CTx-1 Following rsCT Compared to Placebo.
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 1 Month
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 2 Months
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at 3 Months
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at Baseline
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Nasal Congestion at Baseline
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 3 Months
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for FGF23
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for FGF23
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 1 Month
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 2 Months
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at Baseline
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 1 Month
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 2 Months
NCT01652573 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 3 Months
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Participants With Positive Electronic Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (eC-SSRS) Results After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Participants With Serum Chemistry and Hematology Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Participants With Urinalysis Laboratory Tests Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Participants With Vital Signs Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Values
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With At Least 50% Reduction In Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 4 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Injection Site Reaction Adverse Events
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Medication in Patients Not Receiving Concomitant Preventive Migraine Medications
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Days of Use of Any Acute Headache Medicine During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02621931 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score, As Measured by the 6-Item Headache Impact Test (HIT) At Week 12
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score (MIDAS), As Measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment At 4 Weeks After the Last (3rd) Dose of Study Drug
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Days of Use of Any Acute Headache Medicine During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Medication in Patients Not Receiving Concomitant Preventive Migraine Medications
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Participants With Adverse Events
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Injection Site Reaction Adverse Events
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Number of Migraine Days During the 4 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Participants With Vital Signs Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Values
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With At Least 50% Reduction In Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Participants With Urinalysis Laboratory Tests Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Participants With Serum Chemistry and Hematology Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results
NCT02629861 (12) [back to overview]	Participants With Positive Electronic Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Results After the First Dose of Study Drug
NCT03342001 (1) [back to overview]	Modified City of Hope Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients With Thyroid Disease

Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Postmenopausal Women

Measures of serum osteocalcin (nanograms per milliliter). Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00414973)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and 24 weeks

Intervention	percentage change in osteocalcin (Median)
	Week 12 Percentage Change (n=202, n=102)	Week 24 Percentage Change (n=191, n=97)
Calcitonin - Females	-7.67	-10.58
Teriparatide - Females	113.87	137.45

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Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women

Total hip bone mineral density (milligrams per square centimeter) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00414973)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Intervention	percentage change in total hip BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Teriparatide - Females	-0.53
Calcitonin - Females	-0.62

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Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Men

Measures of serum osteocalcin (nanograms per milliliter). Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00414973)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks and 24 weeks

Intervention	percentage change in osteocalcin (Median)
	Week 12 Percentage Change (n=21, n=11)	Week 24 Percentage Change (n=21, n=11)
Calcitonin - Males	4.35	-17.65
Teriparatide - Males	107.27	79.26

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Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men

Lumbar spine bone mineral density (milligrams per square centimeter) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Change = Endpoint minus baseline. (NCT00414973)
Timeframe: Baseline to 24 weeks

Intervention	percentage change in lumbar spine BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Teriparatide - Males	6.01
Calcitonin - Males	3.38

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Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women

Intervention	percentage change in lumbar spine BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Teriparatide - Females	6.04
Calcitonin - Females	1.65

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Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men

Intervention	percentage change in total hip BMD (Least Squares Mean)
Teriparatide - Males	0.37
Calcitonin - Males	1.34

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24h Urine Volume

urine volume in mL/d (NCT00478335)
Timeframe: 4-days

Intervention	urine volume in mL/d (Mean)
	Period 1	Period 2
Experimental First Then Standard	6475	6652
Standard First Then Experimental	4178	4188

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Disease Progression in the Knee Evaluated by MRI.

Disease progression in the signal knee (cartilage volume and thickness) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRIs were performed for patients from the sites in Ballerup, Denmark, the Czech Republic, and Romania using a quality controlled low-field 0.18T C-Span scanner from Esaote dedicated to the imaging of extremities. The same solenoid coil was used for all patients at a given site. (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Total cartilage volume m12	Total cartilage volume m24	Total cartilage thickness m12	Total cartilage thickness m24
Active Arm	2.90	4.79	1.9921	3.1777
Placebo Arm	0.26	1.94	0.4343	2.2467

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Effect on Hand Osteoarthritis (OA) Assessed by X-ray & Questionnaire From Baseline to 24 Months

"To assess disease progression of OA affected joints, X-rays of both hands were performed & assessed by two central readers (at Synarc). Hand OA was assessed by calculating total score for osteophytes, cyst erosion, & joint space narrowing, each of which were based on sum of left and right hand X-ray analysis with possible scores of 0-66. The overall total score (possible range 0-198) was also used. Higher scores (closer to 66 or to 198 when using overall total score) imply a worse outcome. Hand analyses were based on double readings, and the mean was used in the analyses.~The AUStralian/CANadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) questionnaire was also used for assessment of hand OA. It measures pain (5 questions), stiffness (1 question) and difficulties with daily activities (9 questions) through a visual analogue scale (0-100mm; 0 = lowest score; 100 = highest score). Lower AUSCAN scores represent a better outcome. Change (from baseline to month 24) in these scores was calculated." (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Total osteophytes	Total JSN	Total cyst/erosions	Total osteophytes, JSN and cyst/erosions	AUSCAN total score
Active Arm	0.40	0.45	0.83	1.68	-51.5
Placebo Arm	0.40	0.62	0.82	1.84	-38.1

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Nature and # of AEs Monitored Continuously During Study

Adverse events were by system organ class of all patients. (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Month 24

Intervention	Number of AEs by system organ class (Number)
	Any primary system organ class	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	Cardiac disorders	Congenital, familial and genetic disorders	Ear and labyrinth disorders	Endocrine disorders	Eye disorders	Gastrointestinal disorders	General disorders and administration site condit.	Hepatobiliary disorders	Immune system disorders	Infections and infestations	Injury, poisoning and procedural complications	Investigations	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified	Nervous system disorders	Psychiatric disorders	Renal and urinary disorders	Reproductive system and breast disorders	Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	Surgical and medical procedures	Vascular disorders
Active Arm	548	18	38	1	14	9	17	268	60	11	8	231	87	53	76	231	27	96	28	19	18	48	69	27	160
Placebo Arm	520	16	30	0	12	9	22	150	53	10	4	249	95	53	64	267	16	87	27	14	20	49	36	30	92
Total	1068	34	68	1	26	18	39	418	113	21	12	480	182	106	140	498	43	183	55	33	38	97	105	57	252

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Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibiofemoral Knee Joint in Signal Knee Measured by X-ray After 24 Months.

The signal knee was chosen prior to randomization based on which knee met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The JSW is the space measured in mm between the 2 bones in the knee joint and this is assessed by x-ray. The JSW decreases with disease progression. The lower limit for participation in the trial were 2 mm JSW. There were no upper limit as long as inclusion and exclusion criteria were met. The outcome was measured as a change in JSW from baseline to month 24. (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 months

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Active Arm	-0.188
Placebo Arm	-0.198

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Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Function Subscore in the Signal Knee.

WOMAC is a self-administered set of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the condition of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The subject marks on a scale (1-100) the degree of difficulty for performing each daily function listed in the questionnaire. 0 is no difficulty (best), 100 is extreme difficulty (worst). The total function sub score for the questions are then calculated. Total possible minimum sub score is 0, maximum is 1700. The final outcome is the absolute change from baseline to 24 months. If the outcome is less that 0 there is improvement (less difficulty). (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 months

Intervention	Units on a scale (Median)
Active Arm	-390.0
Placebo Arm	-299.5

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Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain Subscore in the Signal Knee

WOMAC is a self-administered set of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the condition of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The subject marks on a scale (1-100) the pain associated with performing each daily activity listed in the questionnaire. 0 is no pain (best), 100 is extreme pain (Worst). The total function sub score for the questions are then calculated. Total possible minimum sub score is 0, maximum is 500. The final outcome is the absolute change from baseline to 24 months. If the outcome is less that 0 there is improvement (less pain). (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 months

Intervention	Units on a scale (Median)
Active Arm	-124.0
Placebo Arm	-109.0

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Changes in Biochemical Markers of Bone & Cartilage Metabolism.

The central laboratory analyzed serum CTX-I (S-Crosslaps, Elecsys) and osteocalcin as well as urine CTX-I/creatinine and CTX-II/creatinine. It was originally planned that serum CTX-II would be measured, but this was not done. (NCT00486434)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Serum CTX-I (ng/mL)	Serum Osteocalcin (ng/mL)	24-h urine CTX-I/creatinine (µg/mmol)	24-h urine CTX-II/creatinine (ng/mmol)
Active Arm	41.358	-9.134	-8.959	0.484
Placebo Arm	62.883	1.785	8.311	11.266

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Number of Patients With New Vertebral Fractures

"The primary variable was the occurrence or not of a new vertebral fracture during the 3 year observation period. New vertebral fractures were identified from an assessment of x-ray of the lateral spine through time (at baseline and at yearly intervals thereafter).~The outcome is the number of new vertebral fractures from baseline to 36 months." (NCT00525798)
Timeframe: From baseline to month 36

Intervention	Participants (Number)
SMC021	94
Placebo	99

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Number of Patients With Non-vertebral Fractures

"The secondary outcome was the occurrence or not of a non-vertebral fracture during the 3 year observation period. Non-vertebral fractures of interest were: hip fractures, forearm fractures, humurus fractures, rib fractures and clavicular fractures.~Any new non-vertebral fractures while on-study were recorded. A copy of radiographs confirming the fracture, as well as a copy of the radiologist's report was to be obtained. A copy of the emergency room discharge letter or a hospital discharge letter was also obtained." (NCT00525798)
Timeframe: From baseline to month 36

Intervention	Participants (Number)
SMC021	75
Placebo	82

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Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTx-1)(% Change From Baseline)

This study compared the exposure to recombinant salmon calcitonin (rsCT), as measured by a decrease in plasma C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx-1), of single doses of rsCT tablets containing 150 µg and 200 µg rsCT, respectively, with Fortical® nasal spray. (NCT00620854)
Timeframe: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours (Fortical): 0, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 10, 12, 24 hours rsCTA and rsCTB

Intervention	% Change in Baseline CTx-1 (Mean)
rsCT A	-74.17
rsCTB	-71.99
Fortical®	-68.40

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Knee Disease Progression Assessed by MRI

Knee cartilage volume and thickness was assessed by MRI in patients from the sites in Ballerup, Denmark, the Czech Republic, and Romania using a quality controlled low-field 0.18T C-Span scanner from Esaote dedicated to the imaging of extremities. The same solenoid coil was used for all patients at a given site. (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: From baseline to month 12 and month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Cartilage Volume Month 12	Cartilage Volume Month 24	Cartilage Thickness Month 12	Cartilage Thickness Month 24
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	3.4	2.6	4.7	4.5
SMC021 Placebo	3.0	3.5	4.7	4.1

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Bone & Cartilage Metabolism Biochemical Marker Change (Percentage).

The central laboratory analyzed serum CTX-I (S-Crosslaps, Elecsys) and osteocalcin as well as urine CTX I/creatinine and CTX-II/creatinine. These biomarkers were analysed in order to assess the cartilage and bone turonver ratio to baseline at month 24. (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: From baseline to 24 months

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Serum CTX-I (ng/mL)	Serum Osteocalcin (ng/mL)	24-h urine CTX-I/creatinine (µg/mmol)	24-h urine CTX-II/creatinine (ng/mmol)
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	50.6	3.6	9.8	2.6
SMC021 Placebo	40.6	3.9	7.2	2.3

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Questionnaire to Assess Stiffness in the Signal Knee.

"WOMAC's stiffness subscore was used to assess the stiffness in the signal knee. WOMAC is a self-administered set of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the condition of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The subject marks on a scale (1-100) the degree of joint stiffness for when performing each daily function listed in the questionnaire. 0 is no stiffness (best), 100 is extreme stiffness (worst). The total function sub score for the questions are then calculated. Total possible minimum sub score is 0, maximum is 200. The final outcome is the absolute change from baseline to 24 months. If the outcome is less that 0 there is improvement (less stiffness).~Patients were instructed not to take analgesics for 3 days prior to the WOMAC test." (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: Baseline to month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	-26.1
SMC021 Placebo	-20.3

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Pain Subscore Change From Baseline Over 24 Months as Assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis (WOMAC) Index

WOMAC is a self-administered set of standardized questionnaires to evaluate the condition of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. The subject marks on a scale (1-100) the pain associated with performing each daily activity listed in the questionnaire. 0 is no pain (best), 100 is extreme pain (Worst). The total pain sub score for the questions are then calculated. Total possible minimum sub score is 0, maximum is 500. The final outcome is the absolute change from baseline to 24 months. If the outcome is less that 0 there is improvement (less pain). (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 months

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	-80.6
SMC021 Placebo	-87.9

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Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibia-femoral Knee Joint in the Signal Knee Measured by X-ray Change From Baseline Over 24 Months

The signal knee was chosen prior to randomization based on which knee met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The JSW is the space measured in mm between the 2 bones in the knee joint and this is assessed by x-ray. The JSW decreases with disease progression. The lower limit for participation in the trial were 2 mm JSW. There were no upper limit as long as inclusion and exclusion criteria were met. The outcome was measured as a change in JSW from baseline to month 24. (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: Change from baseline to 24 months

Intervention	mm (Mean)
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	-0.32
SMC021 Placebo	-0.40

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Questionnaire to Assess Health-related Quality of Life

"Health-related quality of life was assessed by the EQ-5D questionnaire, which is a patient questionnaire for measure of health, developed by the EuroQol Group.The EQ-5D questionnaire was administered to patients in order to measure change in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over 2 years.~The subjects marks on a VAS scale from 0 to 100 the number that best describes their health today (0 is worst imaginable health state and 100 is best imaginable health state).~The change from baseline in the EQ-5D VAS was calculated." (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: From baseline to month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	13.70
SMC021 Placebo	11.82

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Questionnaire to Assess Pain

"Pain was assessed by the WOMAC subscore in the signal knee by visit. Patients assessed their current pain level using a 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) by placing an X on the line that best describes his/her pain, where 0 equaled No Pain and 100 equaled Worst Pain Imaginable. Patients were instructed not to take analgesics for 3 days prior to the VAS." (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: Baseline, month 1, month 6, month 12, month 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Month 1	Month 6	Month 12	Month 24
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	-6.7	-26.9	-31.0	-35.1
SMC021 Placebo	-9.1	-26.9	-34.6	-37.1

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Questionnaire to Assess Function and Physical Activity

"Function and physical activity were assessed by assessed by WOMAC function sub-score in the signal knee. The criteria for assessment of the functional classification according to the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) were as follows (Hochberg et al 1992):~I. Completely able to perform usual activities of daily living (self-care, vocational and avocational) II. Able to perform usual self-care and vocational activities, but limited in avocational activities.~III. Able to perform usual self-care activities, but limited in vocational and avocational activities.~IV. Limited ability to perform usual self-care activities, vocational and avocational activities.~Self-care activities included dressing, feeding, bathing, grooming, and toileting. Avocational (recreational and/or leisure) and vocational (work, school, homemaking) activities were patient-desired and age- and sex-specific." (NCT00704847)
Timeframe: From baseline to months 1, 6, 12 and 24

Intervention	percentage of change (Mean)
	Month 1	Month 6	Month 12	Month 24
SMC021 Oral Calcitonin	-4.8	-22.6	-28.0	-30.3
SMC021 Placebo	-1.9	-17.9	-28.4	-25.1

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Derived Pharmacodynamic Parameters Further Characterizing the Effects of Oral or Intranasal Calcitonin on Plasma CTx-1, Given at Night to Post-menopausal Women

See Primary Outcome description. These CTx-1 plasma concentrations were collected over 12 hours, the values seen following active were compared with the time-matched individual values following placebo and used to derive the pharmacodynamic parameters. The primary was Rmin, seen above, and the Secondary ones were the time to that Rmin (Tmin) and the total time from the beginning of the inhibition to the end of the effect or the end of the study period (Tinhibition). (NCT00803686)
Timeframe: 12 hours

,,,

Intervention	Hours (Mean)
	Tmin=time in hours to Rmin	TInhibition=total time of effect in hours
Part 1 Oral Placebo Tablets	0	0
Part 1 Oral rsCT Tablets	7.5	10.9
Part 2 Fortical Intra-nasal Spray	4.0	10.7
Part 2 Oral rsCT Tablets	4.5	9.9

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Pharmacodynamic Effect of Oral Calcitonin

C-terminal telopeptide of Collagen Type I (CTx-1) is an established plasma biomarker employed as an index of bone-resorption activity in response to interventions such as an anti-resorptive agent such as calcitonin. Here the calcitonin-salmon is rsCT, (recombinant) both oral and intranasal. These CTx-1 plasma concentrations were collected over 12 hours post-dosing where each subject served as her own control, as all received placebo in this crossover study, to account for the known diurnal variation of plasma CTx-1. For each time point, the ratio of the calcitonin response over the placebo response for that subject was derived from the plasma levels of CTx-1 and reported as a % of the placebo response (% Placebo or %P). These values were used to determine the primary pharmacodynamic parameter of Rmin, the minimum value seen following each active dose. The same %P values were used to derive the secondary pharmacodynamic parameters described in Secondary outc (NCT00803686)
Timeframe: 12 hr

Intervention	percentage of time-matched placebo respo (Mean)
Part 1 Oral rsCT Tablets	37.5
Part 1 Oral Placebo Tablets	100
Part 2 Oral rsCT Tablets	41.2
Part 2 Fortical Intra-nasal Spray	44.4

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AUCInhibition=Hours*%P

The AUCinhibition, (Area Under the Inhibition Curve) in hours*%inhibition vs placebo under the baseline line over the curve. (NCT00803686)
Timeframe: 12 Hours

Intervention	hours*%P (Mean)
Part 1 Oral rsCT Tablets	474.7
Part 1 Oral Placebo Tablets	0
Part 2 Oral rsCT Tablets	345.8
Part 2 Fortical Intra-nasal Spray	504.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Axial Lumbar Spine

Bone Mineral Density is measured by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) body scans. Two scans were taken for each timepoint(baseline, week 24 and week 48) and the mean of the two values was entered. The primary outcome timepoint was 48 weeks, but if a patient did not complete the full study, then the 24 week BMD value was used as Last Observation Carried Forward. The percentage change from the baseline value, set as 0%, was recorded as the primary outcome measure. (NCT00959764)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Intervention	Percentage increase from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Oral Calcitonin	1.53
Nasal Calcitonin	0.76
Placebo	0.47

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Change in Plasma CTx-1 From Baseline

Percent change from baseline of plasma CTx-1 at end of study=48 weeks (NCT00959764)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Intervention	Percentage change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Oral Calcitonin	-29.92
Nasal Calcitonin	-11.41
Placebo	-11.83

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Change in Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Collagen 1 (CTx-1)

Change from baseline in plasma CTx-1 at 24 and 48 weeks. CTx-1 is an accepted plasma biomarker as evidence of an effect on bone resorption and the effect of oral calcitonin was compared to that of intranasal calcitonin, both vs placebo. (NCT00959764)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Intervention	percentage change from baseline (Least Squares Mean)
Oral Calcitonin	-42.93
Nasal Calcitonin	-24.64
Placebo	-21.09

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Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density of Active Compared to Placebo.

(NCT01292187)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 54

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Oral Calcitonin Tablets	1.03
Oral Placebo Tablets	-0.12

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Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Plasma CTx-1 Following rsCT Compared to Placebo.

(NCT01292187)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 54

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Oral rsCT Tablets	-11.83
Oral Placebo Tablets	8.37

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Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 1 Month

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 1 month

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	2

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Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 2 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 2 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at 3 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 3 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	1

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Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at Baseline

This symptom will be assessed at baseline (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Patients With Nasal Congestion at Baseline

This symptom will be assessed at baseline (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 3 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 3 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D

Serum 1,25(OH)2vitamin D will be measured 0 to 24 hours post dose during a 24 hr admission and AUC calculated and results will be compared to baseline values. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 3 months

Intervention	ng/ml*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	1277.05
Saline Nasal Spray	1258.84

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Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D

Serum 1,25(OH)2vitamin D will be measured 0 to 24 hours post dose during a 24 hr admission and AUC calculated. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	ng/ml*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	904.06
Saline Nasal Spray	838.58

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Area Under the Curve for FGF23

FGF23 will be measured 0 to 24 hours post dose during a 24 hour admission and AUC calculated. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	pg/ml*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	3172.34
Saline Nasal Spray	3215.34

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Area Under the Curve for FGF23

FGF23 will be measured 0 to 24 hours post dose during a 24 hour admission at 3 months and AUC calculated and compared to baseline. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: 3 months

Intervention	pg/ml*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	2698.38
Saline Nasal Spray	2994.26

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Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR

Serum phosphate will be measured 0 to 24 hours postdose during a 24 hr admission, AUC calculated, and fasting Tmp/GFR calculated. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	mg/100 ml GF*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	30.70
Saline Nasal Spray	29.97

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Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR

TmP/GFR will be measured 0 to 24 hours postdose during a 24 hr admission at 3 months and AUC calculated and compared to baseline. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 3 months

Intervention	mg/100 ml GF*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Nasal Calictonin	32.17
Saline Nasal Spray	31.26

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Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 1 Month

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 1 month

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 2 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 2 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at Baseline

This symptom will be assessed at baseline (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 1 Month

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 1 month

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	3
Saline Nasal Spray	2

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Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 2 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 2 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	1
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 3 Months

This symptom will be assessed. (NCT01652573)
Timeframe: Time 3 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Nasal Calictonin	0
Saline Nasal Spray	0

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Participants With Positive Electronic Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (eC-SSRS) Results After the First Dose of Study Drug

"The electronic Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (eC-SSRS) was used to assess the participant's suicidal ideation (severity and intensity) and behavior (Posner et al 2011). Suicidal behavior is defined as a yes answer to any of 5 suicidal behavior questions: preparatory acts or behavior, aborted attempt, interrupted attempt, actual attempt, and completed suicide. Suicidal ideation is defined as a yes answer to any one of 5 suicidal ideation questions: wish to be dead, and 4 different categories of active suicidal ideation.~The eC-SSRS Baseline/Screening version was completed by the participant at baseline, and the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version was completed by the participant at all other time points. Any positive findings on the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version required evaluation by a physician or doctoral-level psychologist. Findings after the first dose of study drug using the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version are summarized." (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Treatment Days 28, 56, 84

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with positive eC-SSRS responses	Specific finding: interrupted suicide attempt	Specific finding: suicidal ideation
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	1	1	0
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	1	0	1
Placebo	1	1	0

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Participants With Serum Chemistry and Hematology Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Serum chemistry and hematology laboratory tests with potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) High: >=10.71 mmol/L - Creatinine High: >=177 umol/L - Bilirubin High: >=34.2 umol/L - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Hemoglobin: Male: <115 g/L or Female: <=95 g/L - Hematocrit: Male: <0.37 L/L or Female: <0.32 L/L - Leukocytes: >=20*10^9/L or <=3*10^9/L - Eosinophils/Leukocytes: >=10% - Platelets: >=700*10^9/L or <=75*10^9/L (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84 (or endpoint)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	BUN	Creatinine	Bilirubin	ALT	AST	GGT	Hemoglobin	Hematocrit	Leukocytes	Eosinophils/Leukocytes	Platelets
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	1	0	2	2	3	7	5	9	9	5	2
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	1	0	0	7	4	8	3	7	5	4	0
Placebo	1	2	0	2	0	7	2	8	2	4	1

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Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that develops or worsens in severity during the conduct of a clinical study and does not necessarily have a causal relationship to the study drug. Severity was rated by the investigator on a scale of mild, moderate and severe, with severe= an AE which prevents usual activities. Relationship of AE to treatment was determined by the investigator. Serious AEs include death, a life-threatening adverse event, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, a congenital anomaly or birth defect, OR an important medical event that jeopardized the patient and required medical intervention to prevent the previously listed serious outcomes. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Any TEAE	Severe TEAE	Treatment-related TEAE	Serious TEAE	Death	TEAE leading to discontinuation
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	265	14	186	3	1	5
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	270	15	194	5	0	7
Placebo	240	20	159	6	0	8

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Participants With Urinalysis Laboratory Tests Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Urinalysis with potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Blood: >=2 unit increase from baseline - Urine Glucose (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline - Ketones (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline - Urine Protein (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84 (or endpoint). Changes from previous reading reflect the baseline reading performed on Day 0.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with at least 1 abnormality	Blood	Urine glucose	Ketones	Urine protein
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	57	32	7	7	19
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	68	35	5	7	34
Placebo	78	33	7	7	40

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Participants With Vital Signs Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Values

Vital signs were performed before other assessments (eg, blood draws and administration of questionnaires). Vital signs with potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Pulse Rate High: >=120 and increase of >=15 beats per minute - Pulse Rate Low: <=50 and decrease of >=15 beats per minute - Systolic Blood Pressure Low: <=90 mmHg and decrease of >=20 mmHg - Diastolic Blood Pressure High: >=105 mmHg and increase of >=15 mmHg - Diastolic Blood Pressure Low: <=50 mmHg and decrease of >=15 mmHg - Respiratory Rate Low: <10 breaths / minute (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84 (or endpoint). Changes from previous reading may reflect the baseline reading performed on Day 0.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with at least 1 abnormality	Pulse Rate High	Pulse Rate Low	Systolic Blood Pressure Low	Diastolic Blood Pressure High	Diastolic Blood Pressure Low	Respiratory Rate Low
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	10	0	1	4	2	1	2
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	14	1	0	6	3	2	3
Placebo	7	0	1	2	1	0	3

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Percentage of Participants With At Least 50% Reduction In Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity

Responder rates were defined as the percentage of total subjects who reached at least a 50% reduction in the monthly average of headache days (as subjectively reported by participants in the study diary) of at least moderate severity relative to the baseline period. For the overall analysis (Month 1-3), patients who discontinued early were considered non-responders. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The percentage reduction in monthly average is calculated as: ((baseline value - post-baseline value) / baseline value) * 100. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment: Month 1, Month 2, Month 3, Month 1-3 (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	percentage of total participants (Number)
	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3	Overall - Months 1-3
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	41.3	39.7	40.5	37.6
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	40.0	41.9	44.5	40.8
Placebo	21.6	24.3	26.4	18.1

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Change From Baseline in the Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 4 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Headaches were subjectively rated by participants as mild, moderate or severe. A headache day of at least moderate severity was defined as a calendar day (00:00 to 23:59) where the patient (using the electronic headache diary device) reports: - a day with headache pain that lasts ≥4 hours with a peak severity of at least moderate severity or - a day when the patient used acute migraine-specific medication (triptans or ergots) to treat a headache of any severity or duration. The change is calculated as post-baseline value - baseline value. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 4)

Intervention	days (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-2.3
Fremanezumab 675 mg	-4.6

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

A migraine day was defined as when at least 1 of the following situations occurred: - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for migraine with or without aura - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for probable migraine, a migraine subtype where only 1 migraine criterion is missing - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating a headache of any duration that was treated with migraine-specific medications (triptans and ergot compounds). Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as post-baseline value - baseline value. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	migraine days / month (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-3.2
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.9
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	-5.0

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Injection Site Reaction Adverse Events

Counts of participants who reported treatment-emergent injection site reactions as AEs are summarized. Preferred terms from MedDRA version 18.1 are offered without a threshold applied. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with >= 1 injection site reaction	Injection site pain	Injection site induration	Injection site erythema	Injection site haemorrhage	Injection site pruritus	Injection site rash	Injection site bruising	Injection site swelling	Injection site dermatitis	Injection site discomfort	Injection site haematoma	Injection site hypoaesthesia	Injection site inflammation	Injection site oedema	Injection site paraesthesia	Injection site urticaria	Injection site warmth
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	176	114	74	80	7	6	4	1	2	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	183	99	90	75	8	8	3	2	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1
Placebo	151	104	68	60	10	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Headaches were subjectively rated by participants as mild, moderate or severe. A headache day of at least moderate severity was defined as a calendar day (00:00 to 23:59) where the patient (using the electronic headache diary device) reports: - a day with headache pain that lasts ≥4 hours with a peak severity of at least moderate severity or - a day when the patient used acute migraine-specific medication (triptans or ergots) to treat a headache of any severity or duration. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as post-baseline value - baseline value. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.5
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.2
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	-4.5

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Medication in Patients Not Receiving Concomitant Preventive Migraine Medications

A subset of patients (specified in the protocol not to exceed 30%) were allowed to use 1 concomitant migraine preventive medication. This outcome only includes those participants who did not take concomitant preventive migraine medication during this study. Headaches were subjectively rated by participants as mild, moderate or severe. A headache day of >= moderate severity was defined as a calendar day where the patient (using the electronic headache diary device) reports: - a day with headache pain that lasts ≥4 hours with a peak severity of >= moderate severity or - a day when the patient used acute migraine-specific medication (triptans or ergots) to treat a headache of any severity or duration. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. Change is post-baseline value - baseline value. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.4
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.4
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	-4.6

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Days of Use of Any Acute Headache Medicine During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Participants recorded any migraine medications (name of drug, number of tablets/capsules, and the dose in milligrams per tablet/capsule) taken on each day in their electronic headache diary device. Acute migraine-specific medication included triptans or ergots. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as post-baseline value - baseline value. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-3.6
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	-4.2

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Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score, As Measured by the 6-Item Headache Impact Test (HIT) At Week 12

The HIT-6 was developed by Kosinski et al (2003) as a short form for reliably assessing the adverse headache impact in clinical practice and clinical research settings. The questionnaire measures the adverse impact of headache on social functioning, role functioning, vitality, cognitive functioning, and psychological distress. It also assesses headache severity. Scores range from 36 to 78, where a higher score indicates a greater impact of headache on the daily life of the patient, i.e. scores ≤49 represent little or no impact, scores between 50 and 55 represent some impact, scores between 56 and 59 represent substantial impact; and scores ≥60 indicate severe impact. Negative change from baseline values indicate less adverse impact of headache. (NCT02621931)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Placebo	-4.0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-5.0
Fremanezumab 675/225/225 mg	-6.0

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Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score (MIDAS), As Measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment At 4 Weeks After the Last (3rd) Dose of Study Drug

The MIDAS questionnaire is a 5-item instrument developed to assess headache-related disability based on lost days of activity in 3 domains (work, household work, and nonwork) over the previous 3 months. The total score, ie, the sum of the # lost days answered for the first 5 questions, is used for grading of disability, with scores of 0-5 lost days = grade 1 (little or no disability), 6-10 lost days =grade 2 (mild disability), 11-20 lost days = grade 3 (moderate disability), and ≥21 lost days interpreted as grade 4 (severe disability). Negative change from baseline scores indicate a reduction (improvement) in headache-related disability. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0), Treatment Week 12 (4 weeks after the 3rd dose)

Intervention	lost days (Median)
Placebo	-12.5
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-18.0
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	-19.0

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Days of Use of Any Acute Headache Medicine During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Patients recorded any migraine medications (name of drug, number of tablets/capsules, and the dose in milligrams per tablet/capsule) taken on each day in their electronic headache diary device. Acute migraine-specific medication included triptans or ergots. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as postbaseline value - baseline value. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-1.7
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-3.0
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	-3.2

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Medication in Patients Not Receiving Concomitant Preventive Migraine Medications

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.9
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.0
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	-4.2

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Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

A migraine day was defined as when at least 1 of the following situations occurred: - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for migraine with or without aura - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for probable migraine, a migraine subtype where only 1 migraine criterion is missing - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating a headache of any duration that was treated with migraine-specific medications (triptans and ergot compounds) Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as postbaseline value - baseline value. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.7
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.0
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	-4.2

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Participants With Adverse Events

An adverse event was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that develops or worsens in severity during the conduct of a clinical study and does not necessarily have a causal relationship to the study drug. Severity was rated by the investigator on a scale of mild, moderate and severe, with severe= an AE which prevents usual activities. Relationship of AE to treatment was determined by the investigator. Serious AEs include death, a life-threatening adverse event, inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability or incapacity, a congenital anomaly or birth defect, OR an important medical event that jeopardized the patient and required medical intervention to prevent the previously listed serious outcomes. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Any AEs	Severe AEs	Treatment-related AEs	Serious adverse events	Deaths	Discontinued from study due to AE
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	192	10	138	3	0	5
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	193	16	137	3	1	5
Placebo	171	11	109	7	0	5

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Injection Site Reaction Adverse Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with >=1 injection site reaction	Injection site pain	Injection site induration	Injection site erythema	Injection site haemorrhage	Injection site pruritus	Injection site swelling	Injection site urticaria	Injection site rash	Fatigue	Injection site bruising	Injection site dermatitis	Injection site hypersensitivity	Injection site nodule	Injection site oedema	Injection site warmth
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	130	87	71	52	3	4	3	1	3	0	0	1	1	1	1	0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	131	86	57	55	9	4	2	2	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1
Placebo	106	76	45	41	6	2	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0

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Change From Baseline in the Number of Migraine Days During the 4 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

A migraine day was defined as when at least 1 of the following situations occurred: - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for migraine with or without aura - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating at least 4 consecutive hours of a headache endorsing criteria for probable migraine, a migraine subtype where only 1 migraine criterion is missing - a calendar day (0:00 to 23:59) demonstrating a headache of any duration that was treated with migraine-specific medications (triptans and ergot compounds) Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The change is calculated as postbaseline value - baseline value. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment (Days 1 - Week 4)

Intervention	days (Median)
Placebo	-2.0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	-4.0
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	-4.0

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Participants With Vital Signs Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Values

Vital signs were performed before other assessments (eg, blood draws and administration of questionnaires). Vital signs with at least one participant showing potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Pulse Rate Low: <=50 and decrease of >=15 beats per minute - Systolic Blood Pressure Low: <=90 mmHg and decrease of >=20 mmHg - Diastolic Blood Pressure High: >=105 mmHg and increase of >=15 mmHg - Diastolic Blood Pressure Low: <=50 mmHg and decrease of >=15 mmHg - Respiratory Rate Low: <10 breaths / minute (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84. Changes from previous reading may reflect the baseline reading performed on Day 0.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with at least 1 abnormality	Pulse Rate Low	Systolic Blood Pressure Low	Diastolic Blood Pressure High	Diastolic Blood Pressure Low	Respiratory Rate Low
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	5	0	1	2	0	2
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	4	1	2	1	1	0
Placebo	3	0	0	0	2	1

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Percentage of Participants With At Least 50% Reduction In Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Responder rates were defined as the percentage of total subjects who reached at least a 50% reduction in the monthly average of headache days (as subjectively reported by participants in the study diary) of at least moderate severity relative to the baseline period. For the overall analysis (Month 1-3), patients who discontinued early were considered nonresponders. Monthly averages are derived and normalized to 28 days equivalent by the following formula: (# days of efficacy variable over relevant period / # days with assessments recorded in the e-diary over the relevant period) * 28. The percentage reduction in monthly average is calculated as: ((baseline value - postbaseline value) / baseline value) * 100 (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -28 to Day -1), Treatment Month 1, Month 2, Month 3, Month 1-3 (Days 1 - Week 12)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3	Overall - Months 1-3
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	47.0	48.4	51.2	47.7
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	44.1	46.9	49.0	44.4
Placebo	25.2	34.8	37.2	27.9

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Participants With Urinalysis Laboratory Tests Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Urinalysis with potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Blood: >=2 unit increase from baseline - Urine Glucose (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline - Ketones (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline - Urine Protein (mg/dL): >=2 unit increase from baseline (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84. Changes from previous reading reflect the baseline reading performed on Day 0.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Participants with at least 1 abnormality	Blood	Urine glucose	Ketones	Urine protein
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	49	23	2	9	23
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	54	30	8	7	19
Placebo	55	29	5	5	25

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Participants With Serum Chemistry and Hematology Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Serum chemistry and hematology laboratory tests with potentially clinically significant abnormal findings included: - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) High: >=10.71 mmol/L - Bilirubin High: >=34.2 umol/L - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): >=3*upper limit of normal (ULN) - Hemoglobin: Male: <115 g/L or Female: <=95 g/L - Hematocrit: Male: <0.37 L/L or Female: <0.32 L/L - Leukocytes: >=20*10^9/L or <=3*10^9/L - Eosinophils/Leukocytes: >=10% - Platelets: >=700*10^9/L or <=75*10^9/L (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Treatment Days 28, 56 and 84 (or early withdrawal)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	Bilirubin	Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)	Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)	Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)	Hemoglobin	Hematocrit	Leukocytes	Eosinophils/Leukocytes	Platelets
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	1	1	0	1	8	2	6	6	5	0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	0	0	1	0	4	4	6	1	3	0
Placebo	1	1	0	0	4	1	3	4	7	1

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Participants With Positive Electronic Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Results After the First Dose of Study Drug

The electronic Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (eC-SSRS) was used to assess the patient's suicidal ideation (severity and intensity) and behavior (Posner et al 2011). The eC-SSRS Baseline/Screening version was completed by the patient at visit 2, and the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version was completed by the patient at all other time points. Any positive findings on the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version required evaluation by a physician or doctoral-level psychologist. Findings after the first dose of study drug using the eC-SSRS Since Last Visit version are summarized. (NCT02629861)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Suicidal Ideation	Suicidal Behaviour
Fremanezumab 225/225/225 mg	2	0
Fremanezumab 675 mg/Placebo/Placebo	0	0
Placebo	0	0

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Modified City of Hope Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients With Thyroid Disease

questionnaire to assess quality of life, 40 questions, 1-10 scale with 10 indicating more severe symptoms. Total 400 points, primary assessment was change in score after 6 weeks. (NCT03342001)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Treatment Group, Open Label	-36.33

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.97	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carnitine [no description available]	6.99	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.49	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	1.96	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
arsenous acid arsenous acid : An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.11	1	0	arsenic oxoacid
creatine [no description available]	3.77	2	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.63	9	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	7.4	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.44	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
putrescine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	1.98	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.15	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.34	1	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	1.99	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	phenols
phenytoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	7.89	4	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.39	2	2	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.05	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	9.05	12	3	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
anastrozole [no description available]	8.48	1	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	1.97	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	7.11	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	7.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	3.45	1	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
celecoxib [no description available]	7.21	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	1.96	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	1.97	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.52	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	7.15	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	2.38	2	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	1.97	1	0
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	11.41	7	2	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
hydroxyurea [no description available]	1.99	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	7.68	3	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.89	4	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.17	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	1.99	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.98	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	4.85	6	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	6.95	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.97	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.96	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.15	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	1.99	1	0	thiazolidenedione
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.99	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.67	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	6.98	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.01	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	7.67	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	8.79	32	18	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.78	2	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	4.86	4	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.69	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	7.72	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	8.81	2	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.97	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.21	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.95	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorobutanol [no description available]	7.05	1	0	tertiary alcohol
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.46	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	1.98	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.96	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
uridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.99	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.67	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.72	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.44	2	0	lactose
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.02	1	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.98	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.01	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
mannitol [no description available]	3.14	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.4	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	7.1	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.21	1	0	fluoroalcohol
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.05	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.43	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.08	5	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.44	2	0	xanthene
methyl acrylate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	enoate ester
benzenesulfonyl chloride benzenesulfonyl chloride: structure	1.98	1	0
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.52	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	1.97	1	0	pyridinium salt
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.03	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
triethylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.25	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.42	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.99	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.4	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.38	1	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.03	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	1.98	1	0	steroid ester
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.98	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	5.83	6	4	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.06	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	1.98	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
trilaurin trilaurin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by lauric (dodecanoic) acid.	2.08	1	0	dodecanoate ester; triglyceride
maleimide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.15	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.05	1	0	phenoxazine
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.08	1	0	triglyceride
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.14	5	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.09	4	0
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.11	5	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.39	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	1.98	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	7.01	1	0	manganese group element atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	1.99	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.46	2	0	calcium phosphate
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	1.98	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.66	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.68	3	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.98	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	3.37	1	1
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.31	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	1.97	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
substance p [no description available]	2.67	3	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.4	2	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.38	2	0
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	3.37	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	4.31	3	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.39	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.97	1	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	1.99	1	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.98	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.28	3	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.13	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.08	1	0
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	7	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	7.25	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.48	1	1	1,2,3-triazole
apaflurane [no description available]	2.1	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	1.98	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.11	1	0
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.06	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
propylsulfonic acid propylsulfonic acid: RN given refers to cpd without locant for propyl moiety	2.08	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.07	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins	2.39	2	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	1.98	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.4	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	10.47	4	4	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	11.47	7	7
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.02	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.01	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	7.31	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	7.21	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	7.01	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lauroylcarnitine lauroylcarnitine: RN refers to hydroxide inner salt, (R)-isomer. O-lauroyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as lauroyl (dodecanoyl).	6.99	1	0	dodecanoate ester; O-dodecanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	7.42	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.4	2	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.39	2	0
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	3.08	5	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	3.1	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	7.74	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.94	4	0	cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	3.47	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.53	2	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.31	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.09	5	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	4.27	3	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.77	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	1.98	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate: affects nasal absorption of insulin in sheep	1.98	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.69	3	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid 6-hydrazinonicotinic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.74	3	0
risedronate sodium NE 58095: suppresses bone turnover	1.98	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	4.52	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(n-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.58	9	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	11.41	23	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.96	1	0
alprostadil [no description available]	2.37	2	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	3.6	9	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.38	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.23	6	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	1.99	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.07	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.11	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.28	3	0	boron group element atom
puerarin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	7.35	16	8	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	6.97	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.91	4	0
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	3.23	6	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.03	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	1.98	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2	1	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.39	2	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.02	1	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.01	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.39	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.78	3	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.52	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.29	19	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.42	2	0
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	1.98	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	6.97	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	2.11	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.7	3	0	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	5.37	5	3
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	9.47	5	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.42	5	2
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.25	1	0
heliodermin heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties	1.97	1	0
ac 187 [no description available]	3.16	5	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.15	1	0
liraglutide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.79	3	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	1.96	1	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.06	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.72	3	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.12	5	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.05	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
chitosan [no description available]	5.51	24	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.41	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.44	2	0	glycoside
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	7.38	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
osteogenic growth peptide osteogenic growth peptide: circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity; identical to the C-terminus of histone H4; see also osteogenin; amino acid sequence of 14 amino acids given in first source	2.03	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.77	3	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.41	2	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.38	2	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.11	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	1.98	1	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.39	2	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.73	3	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.03	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.13	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	6.99	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.13	1	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	1.97	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.03	1	0
calcitonin, salmon, gly(8)- [no description available]	1.97	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.08	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.07	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.15	1	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	2.04	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	9.46	5	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	2.67	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.37	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.02	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.95	4	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	8.89	2	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	3.81	2	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	17.65	94	49
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	17.65	94	49
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.96	25	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	8.13	5	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	5.05	5	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.1	3	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	16.51	93	27
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	16.51	93	27
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	8.09	31	1
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	8.09	31	1
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	2.25	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.98	26	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.18	16	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	4.15	3	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.15	3	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	4.15	3	1
Aura [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	7.25	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	7.72	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	6.36	5	3
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	9.52	13	9
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	9.52	13	9
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	5.78	5	4
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	4.85	4	2
Ache [description not available]	9.93	28	10
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	4.85	4	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	9.93	28	10
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.	3.89	2	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.92	4	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	2.72	3	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.17	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	8.64	9	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	5.69	7	3
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	5.69	7	3
Allodynia [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Greater Tuberosity Fractures [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	8.18	5	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.21	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.02	15	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.02	15	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.52	5	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.77	3	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	7.08	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	9.57	13	4
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	9.57	13	4
Breast Cancer [description not available]	5.89	13	2
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	5.89	13	2
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.89	8	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	7.8	9	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.8	9	3
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	7.52	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	15.97	85	25
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.5	1	1
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	3.5	1	1
Low Bone Density [description not available]	6.37	15	3
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	6.37	15	3
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	2.13	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.89	4	2
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	6.01	5	2
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	3.85	2	1
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	4.13	3	1
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	6.01	5	2
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.13	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.13	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.46	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	4.85	4	2
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	5.25	4	3
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	8.79	2	1
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.06	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.78	8	3
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	8.78	2	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.24	6	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	5.04	3	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	3.45	1	1
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Camurati-Engelmann Disease [description not available]	7.07	1	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.07	1	0
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.07	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.07	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	8.95	35	2
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	8.95	35	2
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	7.07	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	4.86	4	2
Fractures, Periprosthetic [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	4.86	4	2
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.08	1	0
Leg Length Inequality A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.	2.01	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.42	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.23	6	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.92	4	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	4.64	3	2
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	4.64	3	2
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	5.39	5	1
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	5.39	5	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	7.68	14	5
Absence Status [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	7.68	14	5
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.02	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	11.36	17	11
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	2.02	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	11.36	17	11
Back Ache [description not available]	6.46	3	2
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	11.46	3	2
Metastase [description not available]	8.41	1	1
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	4.61	6	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	3.41	1	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.03	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.03	1	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	2.03	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.07	5	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.04	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.63	6	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.63	6	1
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	7.04	1	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	7.04	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	1.96	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.33	2	2
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.07	5	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	7.66	3	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.66	3	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.86	8	1
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	2.89	4	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	6.96	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.07	5	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.08	5	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.98	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	2.89	4	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.89	4	0
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	1.98	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	10.05	11	6
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	1.98	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	2.39	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	1.98	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	3.77	2	1
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.67	3	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Granuloma Annulare Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.	6.98	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	1.98	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.39	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.4	2	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	1.99	1	0
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)	3.37	1	1
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	5.53	3	2
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	9.34	2	2
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	3.37	1	1
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	8.37	1	1
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	10.78	8	3
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	9.3	1	1
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	3.38	1	1
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	1.99	1	0
Cherubism A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.	1.99	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2	1	0
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	3.59	3	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.38	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.38	2	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.33	2	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	4.33	2	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	2	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.39	1	1
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2	1	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	1.98	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	1.98	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.38	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	4.68	2	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.97	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	3.36	1	1
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.89	1	0
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	2.89	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	6.97	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	1.97	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	1.97	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	6.97	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	9.32	2	2
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.32	2	2
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	1.97	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.36	1	1
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.97	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1.97	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	6.97	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.97	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.38	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	3.36	1	1
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	8.36	1	1
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	1.97	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	1.97	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.35	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	1.97	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.97	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	1.97	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.35	1	1
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	1.96	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.88	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	1.97	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.37	2	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	1.96	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	6.97	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.32	2	2
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	1.97	1	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	1.97	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.97	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.96	1	0

calcitonin

Cross-References

Synonyms (32)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (873)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (50)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Postmenopausal Women

Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women

Percentage Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks in Osteocalcin, Men

Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men

Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Postmenopausal Women

Percentage Change From Baseline to 24 Week Endpoint in Total Hip Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Men

24h Urine Volume

Disease Progression in the Knee Evaluated by MRI.

Effect on Hand Osteoarthritis (OA) Assessed by X-ray & Questionnaire From Baseline to 24 Months

Nature and # of AEs Monitored Continuously During Study

Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibiofemoral Knee Joint in Signal Knee Measured by X-ray After 24 Months.

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Function Subscore in the Signal Knee.

Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain Subscore in the Signal Knee

Changes in Biochemical Markers of Bone & Cartilage Metabolism.

Number of Patients With New Vertebral Fractures

Number of Patients With Non-vertebral Fractures

Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen (CTx-1)(% Change From Baseline)

Knee Disease Progression Assessed by MRI

Bone & Cartilage Metabolism Biochemical Marker Change (Percentage).

Questionnaire to Assess Stiffness in the Signal Knee.

Pain Subscore Change From Baseline Over 24 Months as Assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis (WOMAC) Index

Joint Space Width (JSW) in the Medial Tibia-femoral Knee Joint in the Signal Knee Measured by X-ray Change From Baseline Over 24 Months

Questionnaire to Assess Health-related Quality of Life

Questionnaire to Assess Pain

Questionnaire to Assess Function and Physical Activity

Derived Pharmacodynamic Parameters Further Characterizing the Effects of Oral or Intranasal Calcitonin on Plasma CTx-1, Given at Night to Post-menopausal Women

Pharmacodynamic Effect of Oral Calcitonin

AUCInhibition=Hours*%P

Percent Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Axial Lumbar Spine

Change in Plasma CTx-1 From Baseline

Change in Plasma C-terminal Telopeptide of Collagen 1 (CTx-1)

Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Lumbar Spine Bone Mineral Density of Active Compared to Placebo.

Percentage Change From Baseline to Week 54 of Plasma CTx-1 Following rsCT Compared to Placebo.

Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 1 Month

Number of Participants With Nasal Ulceration at 2 Months

Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at 3 Months

Number of Participants With Nasal Ulcerations at Baseline

Number of Patients With Nasal Congestion at Baseline

Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 3 Months

Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D

Area Under the Curve for 1,25(OH)2vitamin D

Area Under the Curve for FGF23

Area Under the Curve for FGF23

Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR

Area Under the Curve for TmP/GFR

Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 1 Month

Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at 2 Months

Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions at Baseline

Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 1 Month

Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 2 Months

Number of Participants With Nasal Congestion at 3 Months

Participants With Positive Electronic Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (eC-SSRS) Results After the First Dose of Study Drug

Participants With Serum Chemistry and Hematology Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Participants With Urinalysis Laboratory Tests Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Results

Participants With Vital Signs Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormal Values

Percentage of Participants With At Least 50% Reduction In Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity

Change From Baseline in the Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 4 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Migraine Days During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Injection Site Reaction Adverse Events

Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12-Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Headache Days of At Least Moderate Severity During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Medication in Patients Not Receiving Concomitant Preventive Migraine Medications

Change From Baseline in the Monthly Average Number of Days of Use of Any Acute Headache Medicine During the 12 Week Period After the First Dose of Study Drug

Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score, As Measured by the 6-Item Headache Impact Test (HIT) At Week 12

Change From Baseline in Migraine-Related Disability Score (MIDAS), As Measured by the Migraine Disability Assessment At 4 Weeks After the Last (3rd) Dose of Study Drug