Compounds > dimethoate
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dimethoate

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Description

Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
Taragenus[no description available]FabaceaeThe large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of beans belong to this family.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3082
CHEMBL ID1569524
CHEBI ID34714
SCHEMBL ID18159
SCHEMBL ID20525536
MeSH IDM0006452

Synonyms (211)

Synonym
MLS002207196
smr000777935
BIDD:ER0567
L395 ,
BRD-K94763113-001-02-5
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl ester, s-ester with 2-mercapto-n-methylacetamide
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] ester
DIVK1C_006480
KBIO1_001424
tara
SPECTRUM_001793
BSPBIO_002303
SPECTRUM5_001934
FIP ,
dimethoate
60-51-5
s-methylcarbamoylmethyl o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
o,o-dimethyl s-(n-methylcarbamoylmethyl) dithiophosphate
o,o-dimethyldithiophosphorylacetic acid, n-monomethylamide salt
rcra waste no. p044
epa pesticide chemical code 035001
rebelate
oms 94
dimevur
rogodan
tara 909
ac-12880 ,
fosfotox r 35
ei-12880
perfekthion
o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate s-ester with 2-mercapto-n-methylacetamide
rogor
phosphorodithioic acid o,o-dimethyl ester, ester with 2-mercapto-n-methylacetamide
ferkethion
american cyanamid 12880
hsdb 1586
phosphamid
dimate 267
salut
fosfamid (ussr)
fosfatox r
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methyl-carbamoyl)-methyl-dithiofosfaat [dutch]
fortion nm
caswell no. 358
l-395
dimethoaat [dutch]
o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) phosphorodithioate
roxion
trimetion
fosfotox r
rogor l
dimeton
fosfotox
cygon 2-e
racusan
sinoratox
8014 bis hc
aadimethoal
o,o-dimethyl-dithiophosphorylessigsaeure monomethylamid [german]
cekuthoate
dimethogen
lurgo
dimethoate [ansi:bsi:iso]
einecs 200-480-3
cl 12880
cygon insecticide
rcra waste number p044
bi-58
o,o-dimethyl s-(n-methylcarbamylmethyl) thiothionophosphate
systoate
acetic acid, o,o-dimethyldithiophosphoryl-, n-monomethylamide salt
n-monomethylamide of o,o-dimethyldithiophosphorylacetic acid
o,o-dimethyl s-(n-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate
perfecthion
sevigor
ccris 245
rogor 40
nci-c00135
devigon
ac-18682 ,
rogor 20l
brn 1785339
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-monomethyl)-carbamyl methyl dithiophosphate
o,o-dimethyl s-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate
de-fend
dimetate
roxion ua
rogor p
o,o-dimetil-s-(n-metil-carbamoil-metil)-ditiofosfato [italian]
demos-l40
o,o-dimethyl methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate
dimethoat [german]
o,o-dimethyl-s-(2-oxo-3-aza-butyl)-dithiophosphat [german]
cygon
experimental insecticide 12,880
o,o-dimethyl s-((methylcarbamoyl)methyl)phosphorodithioate
solut
ai3-24650
fostion mm
daphene
pei 75
dithiophosphate de o,o-dimethyle et de s(-n-methylcarbamoyl-methyle) [french]
ent 24,650
bi 58 ec
sistemin
cygon 400
cygon 4e
fosfamid
dimethoate 30 ec
dimethoat tech 95%
CHEBI:34714 ,
2-dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio-n-methylacetamide
o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] phosphorodithioate
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) ester
phosphamide
o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] dithiophosphate
NCGC00094518-03
NCGC00094518-04
NCGC00094518-01
NCGC00094518-02
KBIO2_007420
KBIO2_002284
KBIO2_004852
KBIO3_001803
KBIOGR_001023
KBIOSS_002286
SPECTRUM4_000652
SPECPLUS_000384
SPECTRUM2_001861
SPBIO_001702
SPECTRUM3_000812
SPECTRUM330020
NCGC00094518-06
NCGC00094518-05
bi 58
FT-0667209
mcwxgjitazmzev-uhfffaoysa-
inchi=1/c5h12no3ps2/c1-6-5(7)4-12-10(11,8-2)9-3/h4h2,1-3h3,(h,6,7)
2-dimethoxyphosphinothioylsulfanyl-n-methylacetamide
NCGC00094518-07
NCGC00094518-08
NCGC00255059-01
dtxsid7020479 ,
dtxcid50479
cas-60-51-5
tox21_301161
NCGC00259795-01
tox21_202246
CHEMBL1569524
AKOS015960721
CCG-39399
dithiophosphate de o,o-dimethyle et de s(-n-methylcarbamoyl-methyle)
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-dithiophosphat [german]
dimethoaat
w6u08b045o ,
o,o-dimethyl-dithiophosphorylessigsaeure monomethylamid
unii-w6u08b045o
o,o-dimethyl-s-(2-oxo-3-aza-butyl)-dithiophosphat
dimethoat
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-dithiophosphat
o,o-dimetil-s-(n-metil-carbamoil-metil)-ditiofosfato
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methyl-carbamoyl)-methyl-dithiofosfaat
FT-0603252
SCHEMBL18159
dimethoate [iso]
dimethoate [mart.]
dimethoate [mi]
dimethoate [hsdb]
rogor 20 l
experimental insecticide 12880
o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] dithiophosphate #
ent-24650
turbair
dimethoate, pestanal(r), analytical standard
dimethoate, analytical standard
dimethoate 100 microg/ml in acetone
dimethoate 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
dimethoate 10 microg/ml in cyclohexane
dimethoate 1000 microg/ml in methanol
o,o-dimethyl s-2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl phosphorodithioate
Q421371
mfcd00053676
SCHEMBL20525536
AS-16078
dimethoate 1000 microg/ml in acetone
CS-0014051
ditimur 40; ent 24650; experimental insecticide 12880; fip; fosfatox r; fosfotox
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl]ester
o,o-dimethyl s-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl]phosphorodithioate
HY-B1946
l 395
(z)-2-{[dimethoxy(sulfanylidene)-|e?-phosphanyl]sulfanyl}-n-methylethanimidic acid
epa pesticide code 035001
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl-s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) ester
cygon 2e
caswell number 358
perfekthion s
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl)ester
o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phosphorodithioate
o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) dithiophosphate
(o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methyl-carbamoyl-methyl)-dithiophosphat)
phosphor-odithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) ester
american cyanamid 12,880
phosphorodithioic acid, o,o-dimethyl s-(methylcarbamoylmethyl) ester
o,o-dimethyl s-(n-methyl-carbamoylmethyl) dithiophosphate
ent 24650
o,o-dimethyl-s-(n-methylcarbamoylmethyl)-phosphorodithioate
acetic acid, o,o-dimethyldithiophosphoryl-, n-mono-methylamide salt
dimethoate (mart.)
systemin (pesticide)
usepa/opp pesticide code: 035001

Research Excerpts

Overview

Dimethoate (DMT) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs. It causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Dimethoite is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Dimethoate (DMT) is an organophosphorus pesticide which is widely used to prevent and control agricultural diseases and pests. "( Transcriptome analysis of the reproduction of silkworm (Bombyx mori) under dimethoate stress.
Li, G; Li, S; Liu, F; Shi, M; Xie, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, X; Zhu, Y, 2022)		2.39
"Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs."( Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review.
Ahmad, S; Badawy, MEI; Chaudhary, HJ; Hai, FI; Mahmood, T; Munis, FH; Naqvi, TA; Pinto, AP; Vazquez, RR, 2022)		2.89
"Dimethoate is an organophosphate pesticide. "( Dimethoate blocks pubertal differentiation of Leydig cells in rats.
Dong, Y; Ge, RS; Huang, T; Li, H; Li, X; Wang, Y; Zhao, J; Zhu, Q, 2020)		3.44
"Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. "( Cherry laurel fruit extract counters dimethoate-induced reproductive impairment and testicular apoptosis.
Bakır, E; Eken, A; Endirlik, BÜ; Kılıç, AB; Sarıözkan, S; Tan, FC; Türk, G; Yay, AH, 2020)		2.27
"Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide used to control different insect pests including mosquitoes."( Selection, Realized Heritability, and Fitness Cost Associated With Dimethoate Resistance in a Field Population of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Ahmad, D; Alam, M; Ali Shad, S; Binyameen, M; Shah, RM; Waqas Sumra, M, 2017)		1.41
"Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide known to be toxic to the pancreas. "( Ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds moderates dimethoate-induced pancreatic damage in male rats.
Abdel Hamid, OI; Ibrahem, NE; Mesallam, DIA, 2018)		2.18
"Dimethoate (DMT) is an organophosphate insecticide commonly used to protect fruit trees and in particular olive trees. "( Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for In-Field Detection of Pesticides: A Test on Dimethoate Residues in Water and on Olive Leaves.
Becucci, M; Feis, A; Gellini, C; Ricci, M; Smulevich, G; Tognaccini, L, 2019)		2.18
"Dimethoate is an organophosphorus insecticide extensively used in horticulture. "( Sub-chronic exposure to the insecticide dimethoate induces a proinflammatory status and enhances the neuroinflammatory response to bacterial lypopolysaccharide in the hippocampus and striatum of male mice.
Astiz, M; Diz-Chaves, Y; Garcia-Segura, LM, 2013)		2.1
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture and industry and has toxic effects on non-target organisms especially mammalian. "( Dimethoate induces kidney dysfunction, disrupts membrane-bound ATPases and confers cytotoxicity through DNA damage. Protective effects of vitamin E and selenium.
Ben Ali, Y; Ben Amara, I; Boudawara, T; Hakim, A; Karray, A; Soudani, N; Troudi, A; Zeghal, KM; Zeghal, N, 2013)		3.28
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, household practices. "( Haematological and immune upshots in Clarias batrachus exposed to dimethoate and defying response of dietary ascorbic acid.
Narra, MR, 2017)		2.13
"Dimethoate is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide used to control a wide variety of insects on agricultural crops and ornamentals. "( Analysis and integration of developmental neurotoxicity and ancillary data into risk assessment: a case study of dimethoate.
DeSesso, JM; Haws, LC; Hazelden, KP; Keen, CL; Li, AA; Watson, RE, 2009)		2.01
"Dimethoate is an organophosphorus toxicant used in agri- and horticulture as a systemic broad-spectrum insecticide. "( Simultaneous quantification of the organophosphorus pesticides dimethoate and omethoate in porcine plasma and urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS and flow-injection-ESI-MS/MS.
Clutton, RE; Eddleston, M; John, H; Thiermann, H; Worek, F, 2010)		2.04
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide with numerous uses on field and agricultural crops and ornamentals. "( Genotoxicity evaluation of dimethoate to experimental mice by micronucleus, chromosome aberration tests, and comet assay.
Ayed-Boussema, I; Bacha, H; Mnasri, N; Moussa, A; Rjiba, K, )		1.87
"Dimethoate is a hydrophilic compound (log KOW = 0.7) and has the potential of offsite movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water."( Mobility of dimethoate residues from spring broccoli field.
Antonious, GF; Ray, ZM; Rivers, L, 2007)		1.44
"Dimethoate is an organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide used for the control of a wide range of insects, including houseflies and mites, on a variety of fruits, vegetables, field and forestry crops. "( Dimethoate-induced biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver of rats.
Sayim, F, 2007)		3.23
"Dimethoate (DIM) is an organophosphorothionate (OPT) pesticide used worldwide as a systemic insecticide and acaricide. "( Evidences for CYP3A4 autoactivation in the desulfuration of dimethoate by the human liver.
Buratti, FM; Testai, E, 2007)		2.02
"Isodimethoate is a thermal decomposition product that is present in usual pesticide formulations of dimethoate. "( Reactions of isodimethoate with human red cell acetylcholinesterase.
Eyer, P; Radtke, M; Worek, F, 2008)		1.31
"Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide that has been shown to disrupt reproductive function in animals. "( Dimethoate inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting transcription of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) gene.
Stocco, DM; Walsh, LP; Webster, DR, 2000)		3.19

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Dimethoate has both a low vapor pressure (0.247 mPa) and Henry's law constant (l.42x10(-6) Pa m3/mol), thus volatilization is not a major route of dissipation from either water or moist soils."( Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Dimethoate.
Pennell, A; Van Scoy, A; Zhang, X, 2016)		1.43

Treatment

Dimethoate treatment caused a significant increase in serum glucose, amylase, and lipase levels and a significant decrease in serum insulin. MDA content in neuron was positively correlated with the content of EAAs with the increase of dimethoates.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Dimethoate treatment via drip irrigation can control M. "( Effect of dimethoate in controlling Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) and its distribution in maize by drip irrigation.
Jia, J; Jiang, H; Wang, R; Xu, H; Zhang, Z; Zheng, F, 2020)		2.4
"Dimethoate treatment caused a significant increase in serum glucose, amylase, and lipase levels and a significant decrease in serum insulin."( Ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds moderates dimethoate-induced pancreatic damage in male rats.
Abdel Hamid, OI; Ibrahem, NE; Mesallam, DIA, 2018)		1.46
"When treated with dimethoate, MDA content in neuron was positively correlated with the content of EAAs with the increase of dimethoate."( [Effect of dimethoate on primary cultured rat cortical neuron].
Chang, XL; Cui, HM; Wu, QE; Xu, F; Yu, AQ; Zhang, P; Zhou, ZJ, 2009)		1.07
"Treatment with dimethoate for 10 or 15 days, however, resulted in a significant decrease in ovarian weight (19.84% and 0.76% hypertrophy, respectively), a significant decrease in the number of healthy follicles, and a concomitant significant increase in the number of atretic follicles when compared with those in HC control animals."( Effect of dimethoate administration schedules on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy, follicular dynamics, and estrous cycle in hemicastrated mice.
Kaliwal, BB; Mahadevaswami, MP, 2002)		1.06

Toxicity

Dimethoate is 5 times more toxic than abamectin, diazinon was less toxic, and phloxine B (a phototoxic dye) least toxic. Dimethoite appeared to be less toxic in dry soil than in moist soil.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Tests on a culture of embryonal fibroblast cells furnished preliminary data on a possible use of vitamins C, PP, folic acid and methionine in preventing the toxic effects of phosphamide and acrex."( [Protective action of vitamins and amino acids against the cytotoxic effect of phosphamide and Acrex].
Dorofeev, VM; Zolotnikova, GP, )		0.13
" Both were simultaneously introduced into the organism of test albino rats for a period of 4 months and their complex action showed an intensification of the toxic effect."( [Toxic effect of phosphamide after simultaneous entrance into the body through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory organs].
Larionov, VG; Voĭtenko, GA, )		0.13
" Larvae of different instars carrying suitable recessive genetic markers on their first and third chromosomes were exposed to the LD50 or half of this dose for the entire larval life."( Genotoxicity of Rogor studied in the sex-linked recessive lethal test and wing, eye and female germ-line mosaic assays in Drosophila melanogaster.
Das, CC; Dey, L; Majhi, B; Tripathy, NK, 1988)		0.27
"5 mg/kg) decreases its toxic effect."( [Effect of methionine on the toxic effect of the pesticide rogor].
Kal'sada, IN; Sapegin, DI; Severinov, IS, )		0.13
" Effects of both substances on immunological variables were detectable at the 1/75 LD50 dose level, but different parameters were affected in the three consecutive generations."( Immunotoxicity study of repeated small doses of dimethoate and methylparathion administered to rats over three generations.
Dési, I; Institóris, L; Siroki, O, 1995)		0.55
" Toxic effects were observed at the concentrations of some mg/kg dry soil."( Toxicity of dimethoate to some soil animal species in different soil types.
Martikainen, E, 1996)		0.67
" Adverse conditions in dry soil masked these effects; dimethoate appeared to be less toxic in dry soil than in moist soil."( Effect of soil moisture on pesticide toxicity to an enchytraeid worm, Enchytraeus sp.
Martikainen, EA; Puurtinen, HM, 1997)		0.55
"Detectability of toxic effects by repeated doses of dimethoate (DM) and methylparathion (MPT) were investigated by geno-and immunotoxicological methods in male Wistar rats following a 28-day oral exposure."( Simultaneous geno- and immunotoxicological investigations for early detection of organophosphate toxicity in rats.
Dési, I; Institóris, L; Nehéz, M; Siroki, O; Undeger, U, 2000)		0.56
"5 times more toxic than dimethoate or abamectin, diazinon was less toxic, and phloxine B (a phototoxic dye) least toxic."( Toxicity and residual effectiveness of insecticides on insecticide-treated spheres for controlling females of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae).
Clark, JM; Hu, XP; Prokopy, RJ, 2000)		0.61
"The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-sulphate on the development of chicken embryos."( Embryonic toxicity of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-sulphate in chicken after individual or combined administration.
Budai, P; Fejes, S; Keserü, M; Szabó, R; Várnagy, L, 2002)		0.84
" In contrast, indoxacarb had no adverse effect on the reproductive capacity of wasps surviving a treatment or the developing wasps in the aphid mummy."( The contact toxicity of indoxacarb and five other insecticides to Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), beneficials used in the greenhouse industry.
Akalach, M; Bostanian, NJ, 2004)		0.32
" A significant decrease in the number of corpora lutea and percent fetal survival observed at higher doses of dimethoate could be due to a toxic effect on the embryo or to a hormonal imbalance."( Evaluation of dimethoate toxicity on pregnancy in albino mice.
Kaliwal, BB; Mahadevaswami, MP, 2004)		0.9
" The current study demonstrated the adverse effects of dimethoate on the reproductive performance of male mice and pregnancy outcomes following mating with untreated female mice at dose levels of 15 and 28 mg/kg/day."( Assessment of reproductive toxicity of orally administered technical dimethoate in male mice.
El-Aswad, AF; Farag, AT; Shaaban, NA, 2007)		0.82
" To ensure that dimethoate is used safely, it is important to determine exposure levels that protect against adverse effects at all life stages, including the developing fetus, infant, and child."( Analysis and integration of developmental neurotoxicity and ancillary data into risk assessment: a case study of dimethoate.
DeSesso, JM; Haws, LC; Hazelden, KP; Keen, CL; Li, AA; Watson, RE, 2009)		0.91
" rosenbergii, particularly at the post-larvae stage (9-10 mm) on lethal (LC(50)) and sublethal (EC(50)) effects of toxic substances using post-exposure feeding rate as end point."( Laboratory toxicity test and post-exposure feeding inhibition using the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Baird, DJ; Little, DC; Satapornvanit, K, 2009)		0.35
"In utero and lactational exposure to organophosphate dimethoate exerted toxic impact on the reproductive system of male mice."( Early-life exposure to dimethoate-induced reproductive toxicity: evaluation of effects on pituitary-testicular axis of mice.
Mohanty, B; Verma, R, 2009)		0.91
" Dimethoate is frequently used organophosphate pesticide due to its high effectiveness and rapid breakdown into environmentally safe products."( Acute toxicity bioassay of dimethoate on freshwater airbreathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).
Das, VK; Pandey, RK; Singh, NN; Singh, RN; Singh, S, 2009)		1.56
"The toxic effects of the BI 58 EC insecticide (38% dimethoate) applied alone or in combination with copper sulphate were studied on chicken embryo in the early phase of development."( Study of the toxic effects of an insecticide and copper sulphate on chicken embryos.
Budai, P; Kormos, E; Pongrácz, A; Szabó, R, 2010)		0.61
"Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, the evaluation of their toxic effects is of major concern to public health."( Genotoxicity associated with oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of mice exposed to dimethoate subchronic intoxication.
Ayed-Boussema, I; Bacha, H; Mnasri, N; Moussa, A; Rjiba, K, 2012)		0.6
"Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of nutritional antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds."( Antioxidant-rich date palm fruit extract inhibits oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by dimethoate in rat.
Achour, L; El Arem, A; Elfeki, A; Hammami, M; Louedi, M; Najjar, MF; Saafi-Ben Salah, EB; Saoudi, M; Zakhama, A, 2012)		0.6
" The sperm counts and sperm motility decreased significantly as the toxic concentration arised."( [Synergistic effect of dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion mixture on reproduction toxicity in male mice].
Hu, SK; Yan, H; Yang, AM; Yu, Y; Zhang, JH, 2011)		0.65
"The toxic effects of the common organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate on freshwater zooplankton Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifer) were tested."( Assessment the toxic effects of dimethoate to rotifer using swimming behavior.
Guo, R; Ren, H; Ren, X, 2012)		0.91
" Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in experimental design and data analysis to consider two related factors: toxic concentration, exposure time and their interaction."( A new method for analysis of the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticide, dimethoate on rotifer based on response surface methodology.
Guo, R; Ren, H; Ren, X, 2012)		0.61
"Consideration of the solubility of the toxic reference and test items when designing studies is important."( Effects of solvent on the toxicity of dimethoate in a honey bee in vitro larval study.
Coulson, M; Harkin, S; Jarratt, N; Thompson, H; Wilkins, S, 2013)		0.66
" A comparison of the MERA with the conventional isobologram and the extended toxic unit summation revealed that the MERA characterizes the degree of toxicity interaction in the view of effect, with less limitation by different concentration ratios or effect levels."( [Characterizing the toxicity interaction of the binary mixture between DMSO and pesticide by the multi-effect residual analysis (MERA)].
Huo, XC; Liu, SS; Zhang, J, 2013)		0.39
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture and industry and has toxic effects on non-target organisms especially mammalian."( Dimethoate induces kidney dysfunction, disrupts membrane-bound ATPases and confers cytotoxicity through DNA damage. Protective effects of vitamin E and selenium.
Ben Ali, Y; Ben Amara, I; Boudawara, T; Hakim, A; Karray, A; Soudani, N; Troudi, A; Zeghal, KM; Zeghal, N, 2013)		3.28
" Although nano ZnO was low toxic to mice, coexposure to nano ZnO and DM significantly enhanced DM-induced oxidative damage in the liver."( Synergistic toxicity of zno nanoparticles and dimethoate in mice: Enhancing their biodistribution by synergistic binding of serum albumin and dimethoate to zno nanoparticles.
Gao, S; Guo, M; Rong, R; Wang, S; Xu, X; Yan, X; Zhu, S, 2017)		0.71
" The result demonstrated that more toxic products may be produced during the biodegradation processes of OPs, and more attention should be put not only on the pesticides themselves, but also on the toxic effects of their degradation products."( Microbial degradation of organophosphorus pesticides: novel degraders, kinetics, functional genes, and genotoxicity assessment.
Chen, Y; Jiang, B; Li, G; Lian, L; Song, Y; Sun, G; Xing, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, N, 2019)		0.51
" Amitraz's instability, its low detection frequency and high toxicity profile of its metabolite, DMPF, lead us to the conclusion that DMPF constitutes the actual toxic entity responsible for amitraz's toxic effect."( Concentration- and time-dependent toxicity of commonly encountered pesticides and pesticide mixtures to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.).
Barel, S; Birenboim, M; Bommuraj, V; Chen, Y; Shimshoni, JA, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In this study, female Wistar rats were given 1/25 LD50 of dimethoate by gavage, combined with the same LD50 fractions of propoxur and cypermethrin or with arsenic (6."( Changes in the central nervous activity of rats treated with dimethoate in combination with other neurotoxicants in different phases of ontogenesis.
Fazakas, Z; Lengyel, Z; Nagymajtényi, L, 2005)		0.81
" These results indicate that the altered AChE sensitivity brought about by a decreased transcriptional level of Ace1 mRNA and combined with the site mutants in both Ace1 and Ace2 might be related to omethoate resistance in cotton aphids."( Down-regulated transcriptional level of Ace1 combined with mutations in Ace1 and Ace2 of Aphis gossypii are related with omethoate resistance.
Fang, K; Pan, Y; Shang, Q; Xi, J; Zhang, J, 2010)		0.36
"0 nm was selected and combined with multivariate methods to identify wheat kernels with different concentrations of omethoate on the surface."( NIR Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Combined with Multivariate Methods to Study the Residues of Different Concentrations of Omethoate on Wheat Grain Surface.
Ji, H; Rao, Z; Zhang, L, 2019)		0.51

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After exposures to vibrations for 12 h an increase of the rate of absorption could be ascertained."( [The effect of dimethoate and vibrations on the fetal development of the rat].
Weber, M, 1990)		0.63
" The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient."( Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil.
Aller, A; Estrada, IB; Martín-Villacorta, J; Martínez, O; Morán, A; Sánchez, ME, 2004)		0.32
" Results showed that biochar may sorb and decrease dimethoate concentrations in soil pore water, influencing dimethoate bioavailability and consequent toxicity."( Biochar in soil mitigates dimethoate hazard to soil pore water exposed biota.
Cardoso, DN; Esteves, VI; Lima, DLD; Loureiro, S; Malheiro, C; Neves, J; Soares, AMVM, 2020)		1.11

Dosage Studied

dimethoate induced toxic effects can alter the monoamine levels at the different dosage and the time exposure in the serum of rats. The excretion rate of DT calculated from the dates with the lowest dosage differed significantly from those found with the two other doses. Latencies to find a hidden escape platform were significantly longer in dimethOate dosed groups than that of the control group in place navigation tests.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The effect of dimethoate at two dosage levels (6."( Influence of dimethoate on testicular and epididymal organs, testosterone plasma level and their tissue residues in rats.
Afifi, NA; el-Aziz, MI; Ramadan, A; Saki, EE, 1991)		1.01
" Treatment of the first generation (G1) with these doses began in animals 4 weeks of age; the parental males were dosed until separation of females, and after mating the females were treated until separation of their G2 offspring (at the age of 4 weeks), and the G3 generation was produced in the same way from treated parental G2 animals."( Immunotoxicity study of repeated small doses of dimethoate and methylparathion administered to rats over three generations.
Dési, I; Institóris, L; Siroki, O, 1995)		0.55
" Endosulfan + dimethoate + carbaryl produced the most effective changes in comparison to single dosing or other pesticide combinations."( Effects of combinations of endosulfan, dimethoate and carbaryl on immune and hematological parameters of rats.
Akay, MT; Elcüman, EA; Ozmen, G, 1999)		0.93
" Dose-response relationships were estimated for F candida walking over the various treated leaf substrates."( Leaf surfaces and the bioavailability of pesticide residues.
Chowdhury, AB; Ford, MG; Howse, PE; Jepson, PC, 2001)		0.31
" The result showed that c-fos mRNA and protein were significantly increased in skeletal muscle of rat after dosing with dimethoate."( [Effect of dimethoate on the expression of c-fos gene in skeletal muscle].
He, F; Niu, Y; Yang, D, 1999)		0.9
" The brain M1 receptor density of the rats in the highest dosage group was significantly lower than that in the control group while brain M2 receptors density had a decrease trend with increasing dosage, but the difference showed no significance."( [The acute effects of dimethoate on the muscarinic-receptors of rat brains and the relationship between muscarinic-receptors and cholinesterase].
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Jin, T; Sun, Y; Zhou, Z, 2002)		0.63
"M1 and M2 receptors density decreased with the increasing dosage of dimethoate."( [The acute effects of dimethoate on the muscarinic-receptors of rat brains and the relationship between muscarinic-receptors and cholinesterase].
Chen, J; Hu, Y; Jin, T; Sun, Y; Zhou, Z, 2002)		0.86
"To study the tolerance of rats induced by 28 day pretreatment with low dosage of dimthoate and the toxic effects challenged by higher dosage of dimethoate, and to investigate the change of M receptor and the mechanism of tolerance formation."( [Muscarine receptor gene expression in brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats pretreated with dimethoate for 28 days].
Gu, XA; Jin, TY; Sun, YG; Zhang, XM; Zhou, ZJ, 2004)		0.74
" And it decreased more after exposed to higher dosage of dimethoate."( [Muscarine receptor gene expression in brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats pretreated with dimethoate for 28 days].
Gu, XA; Jin, TY; Sun, YG; Zhang, XM; Zhou, ZJ, 2004)		0.78
"Low level dosage of dimethoate could induce animals to tolerate dimethoate toxicity."( [Muscarine receptor gene expression in brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats pretreated with dimethoate for 28 days].
Gu, XA; Jin, TY; Sun, YG; Zhang, XM; Zhou, ZJ, 2004)		0.86
" Most locomotor parameters and AChE activity showed a clear dose-response relationship."( Influence of dimethoate on acetylcholinesterase activity and locomotor function in terrestrial isopods.
Engenheiro, EL; Hankard, PK; Lemos, MF; Soares, AM; Sousa, JP; Weeks, JM, 2005)		0.7
" First, a meta-analysis was conducted of four recent studies by gavage dosing with very similar designs, including the DNT."( Use of benchmark dose and meta-analysis to determine the most sensitive endpoint for risk assessment for dimethoate.
Gaylor, D; Reiss, R, 2005)		0.54
"21% of the control) increased, according with the DM dosage and the exposure time, while the levels of NE (9."( [Effect of dimethoate on serum monoamines neurotransmitters in rats].
Gu, P; Gu, XA; Ruan, GH; Wu, QE; Zheng, LX; Zhou, ZJ, 2006)		0.72
"These findings indicate that dimethoate induced toxic effects can alter the monoamine levels at the different dosage and the time exposure in the serum of rats."( [Effect of dimethoate on serum monoamines neurotransmitters in rats].
Gu, P; Gu, XA; Ruan, GH; Wu, QE; Zheng, LX; Zhou, ZJ, 2006)		1.01
"The effect of organophosphate insecticide dimethoate at three dosage levels (7, 15, and 28 mg/kg/day) on male reproduction in mice was studied."( Assessment of reproductive toxicity of orally administered technical dimethoate in male mice.
El-Aswad, AF; Farag, AT; Shaaban, NA, 2007)		0.84
"Latencies to find a hidden escape platform were significantly longer in dimethoate dosed groups than that of the control group in the place navigation tests."( [Effects of 90-day oral dimethoate exposure on glutamatergic system and neurobehavioral performance in rats].
Ban, TT; Chang, XL; Jiang, N; Shao, CF; Wu, QE; Yao, XM; Zhou, ZJ, 2007)		0.88
" An initial evaluation concluded that pup mortality was a preferable endpoint, based on an increased number of pup deaths born to dams dosed with > or =3 mg/kg dimethoate via oral gavage."( Analysis and integration of developmental neurotoxicity and ancillary data into risk assessment: a case study of dimethoate.
DeSesso, JM; Haws, LC; Hazelden, KP; Keen, CL; Li, AA; Watson, RE, 2009)		0.76
" Dose-response bioassays were conducted to determine relative tolerances to the insecticides pirimicarb, dimethoate, and imidacloprid; these results have been reported previously."( Relationship of insecticide tolerance to esterase enzyme activity in Aphis pomi and Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
Foottit, RG; Lowery, DT; Smirle, MJ; Zurowski, CL, 2010)		0.57
" However, appropriate dosing and efficacy remains a matter of discussion requiring experimental data."( Quantification of pralidoxime (2-PAM) in urine by ion pair chromatography-diode array detection: application to in vivo samples from minipig.
Eddie Clutton, R; Eddleston, M; John, H; Thiermann, H; Worek, F, )		0.13
" Dose-response regression lines from the mortality data established LC50 and LC99 values by both techniques."( Baseline susceptibility of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from California to select insecticides.
Castle, SJ; Gispert, C; Prabhaker, N, 2012)		0.38
" Estimates of response parameters for each mixture component applied to each species were compared with dose-response data for each mixture in statistical tests of the hypothesis of independent joint action."( Comparative toxicities and synergism of apple orchard pesticides to Apis mellifera (L.) and Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski).
Ashcraft, SA; Biddinger, DJ; Frazier, J; Joshi, NK; Mullin, C; Rajotte, EG; Robertson, JL; Vaughn, M, 2013)		0.39
" After 2 weeks' exposure to DM at low dosage (5 mg/kg), biochemical parameters of hepatic functions were measured, histology and CYP450 expressed in liver was detected."( Effect of Dimethoate on the Activity of Hepatic CYP450 Based on Pharmacokinetics of Probe Drugs.
Hu, L; Lin, F; Tang, M; Zheng, Y; Zhuang, Z, 2015)		0.82
"A low dosage of DM could induce the activity of CYP2D1 in liver and increase the metabolism of metoprolol when exposed for 2 weeks."( Effect of Dimethoate on the Activity of Hepatic CYP450 Based on Pharmacokinetics of Probe Drugs.
Hu, L; Lin, F; Tang, M; Zheng, Y; Zhuang, Z, 2015)		0.82
" A low level of WCR field-evolved resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been confirmed in the US western Corn Belt by laboratory dose-response bioassays."( Western corn rootworm pyrethroid resistance confirmed by aerial application simulations of commercial insecticides.
Fritz, BK; Hoffmann, WC; Kruger, GR; Meinke, LJ; Peterson, JA; Souza, D; Vieira, BC, 2019)		0.51
" Dose-response bioassays with acephate were performed on tobacco thrips field populations and a susceptible laboratory population."( Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States.
Bateman, NR; Brown, SA; Catchot, AL; Catchot, B; Cook, DR; Crow, WD; Gore, J; Graham, SH; Huseth, AS; Kennedy, GG; Kerns, D; Kerns, DL; Krob, JL; Lorenz, GM; Musser, FR; Perkins, C; Reisig, DD; Stewart, SD; Taylor, SV; Thrash, BC; Towles, TB, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (4 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Beauty & Personal Care3
Vitamins & Supplements1

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Baebody Retinol Moisturizer -- 1.7 fl ozBaebodyBeauty & Personal Carecetyl alcohol, tocopherol, panthenol, tara, ethylhexylglycerin, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, isopropyl palmitate, vitamin B5, phenoxyethanol, potassium phosphate, retinol, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Baebody Tea Tree Serum -- 1.01 fl ozBaebodyBeauty & Personal Carevitamin C, tocopherol, tara, dimethyl sulfone, ethylhexylglycerin, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, vitamin B3, niacinamide, phenoxyethanol, retinol, salicylic acid, squalane2024-11-29 10:47:42
Baebody Vitamin C Facial Serum -- 1.01 fl ozBaebodyBeauty & Personal Carevitamin C, vitamin E, tara, dimethyl sulfone, ethylhexylglycerin, vitamin E, glycerin, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Daily Essential Enzymes -- 500 mg - 120 CapsulesSource NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsLipase, SAP, calcium sulfate, Cellulase, FIP, AG, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitorAn EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
agrochemicalAn agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
acaricideA substance used to destroy pests of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitorAn EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
insecticideStrictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
organic thiophosphate
monocarboxylic acid amideA carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency82.62570.007215.758889.3584AID1224835
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency50.11870.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency0.07690.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.59620.000811.382244.6684AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.06210.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.25630.180013.557439.8107AID1460; AID1468
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.000214.376460.0339AID588532
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency76.88060.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159553
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.000817.505159.3239AID588546
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency49.89400.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.01260.375827.485161.6524AID588527
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency62.81290.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency76.88060.000229.305416,493.5996AID743080
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency68.51990.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency51.59770.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency69.62190.354828.065989.1251AID504847
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.58100.00419.984825.9290AID504444
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.46110.004611.374133.4983AID624296
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
polyadenylate-binding protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)66.00004.910023.702976.1900AID602259; AID602260
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (34)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1111166Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone C4 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111168Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone NM1 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111162Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Ivo (cotton aphid) in cotton plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1101168Resistance index, ratio of LC50 for organophosphate-resistant clone of Schizaphis graminum OR2 adult or last-instar nymphs to LC50 for organophosphate-susceptible clone of Schizaphis graminum OSS adult or last-instar nymphs2000Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae).
AID1101171Insecticidal activity against organophosphate-resistant clone of Schizaphis graminum OR1 adult or last-instar nymphs assessed as insect mortality after 8 hr2000Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae).
AID1111157Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Burk (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1101172Insecticidal activity against organophosphate-susceptible clone of Schizaphis graminum OSS adult or last-instar nymphs assessed as insect mortality after 8 hr2000Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae).
AID1111164Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Auber (cotton aphid) in egg plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111159Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone PsP4 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111158Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Auber (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111160Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone C4 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1101170Insecticidal activity against organophosphate-resistant clone of Schizaphis graminum OR2 adult or last-instar nymphs assessed as insect mortality after 8 hr2000Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae).
AID1111156Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Ivo (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111167Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone C9 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1112676Insecticidal activity against Bactrocera oleae assessed as insect mortality after 24 hr2013Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 69, Issue:1
Insect growth regulators as potential insecticides to control olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Rossi): insect toxicity bioassays and molecular docking approach.
AID1111161Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone C9 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM12010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111163Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Burk (cotton aphid) in cotton plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1101169Resistance index, ratio of LC50 for organophosphate-resistant clone of Schizaphis graminum OR1 adult or last-instar nymphs to LC50 for organophosphate-susceptible clone of Schizaphis graminum OSS adult or last-instar nymphs2000Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Oct, Volume: 48, Issue:10
Comparative toxicity of selected organophosphate insecticides against resistant and susceptible clones of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: aphididae).
AID1111165Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone PsP4 (cotton aphid) in pepper plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay2010Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3
Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (814)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990213 (26.17)18.7374
1990's110 (13.51)18.2507
2000's180 (22.11)29.6817
2010's225 (27.64)24.3611
2020's86 (10.57)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.31

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index44.31 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.77 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.66 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index120.50 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.37 (0.95)

This Compound (44.31)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials5 (0.58%)5.53%
Reviews16 (1.85%)6.00%
Case Studies50 (5.77%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.12%)0.25%
Other794 (91.69%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Comparison Between Mycophenolate andCyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis [NCT04424602]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-05Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.4620ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
benzene
[no description available]		1.9610aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		5.84300amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.1510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0810halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		7.110monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		1.9810(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.4420catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.43202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.3920sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycine
[no description available]		3.1650alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.0210diatomic iodinenutrient
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.730alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		7.0310metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9810monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		5.67260C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		7.6830aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.0710uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0710isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		1.9510bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.		3.0610chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
trichlorobenzene		defoliant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		3.520chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2-aminofluorene
[no description available]		210
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		1.9510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.110phenolsenvironmental contaminant
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		8.5580mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.0510aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		1.9810organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		3.1210adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
atrazine
[no description available]		3.76100chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		3.3770benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.1710azobenzenes
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.3110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
busulfan
[no description available]		1.9510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.3110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.4110dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.861101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.0410aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		6.5411chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
coumaphos
Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.		2.9140organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		3.96130aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		5.19150organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.4220dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		3.76110benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		5.91320alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
disulfoton
Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.		2.8940organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		6.95103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		5.03130cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
ethion
ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).		2.4320organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
ethoprophos
ethoprop: structure		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		3.92130organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		8.0950aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.4820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		8.1650glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.0710isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0710isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.0631ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		1.9610aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.0410secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		6.26470diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		4.08160nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		4.17160organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		9.5870aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		3.0410organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		10.99261C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.1110aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.1110imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
naled
Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		6.9610dialkyl phosphate;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.1110acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phorate
Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.		4.79100organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosalone
phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.		7.67301,3-benzoxazoles;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
propanil
Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.		2.1310anilide;
dichlorobenzene		herbicide
propargite
Omite: structure		2.0310sulfite ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sulfite ester acaricide
propazine
propazine: relatively non-toxic triazine herbicide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRIAZINES (75-82). propazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.0510chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		3.3970aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
butyl phosphorotrithioate
butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide		2.0210organic thiophosphatedefoliant
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		1.95101,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		2.8640aziridines
thiram
Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.		2.0310organic disulfideantibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.1110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
triallate
Triallate: A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops.		6.9910tertiary amine
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.6830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
urethane
[no description available]		1.9510carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vigabatrin
[no description available]		7.0310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9510alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.730benzodioxolespesticide synergist
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		7.67304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		7.91402-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.4220organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		7.69302-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9510dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0310chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.5220alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0210L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.4820carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.11017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
chlordan
Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.4520cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		2.0310tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.4110ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		1.9610nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		5.15150carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		1.9510aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.0610nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.3620erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		7.1310methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
systhane
systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.		2.4110monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.420aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		1.9610monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dioxathion
dioxathion: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9610dioxanes
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		7.8330bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.1710organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
quintozene
quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		1.9610aromatic fungicide;
C-nitro compound;
pentachlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.94106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		1.9510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
[no description available]		2.0310trichlorophenolcarcinogenic agent
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.0210aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.7330chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0510butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		2.2510benzenedicarboxylic acid
boric acid
[no description available]		2.0710boric acidsastringent
ethylmercuric chloride
Ethylmercuric Chloride: A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.. ethylmercuric chloride : A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.		2.3620chlorine molecular entity;
organomercury compound		fungicide
tetraethyl pyrophosphate
tetraethyl pyrophosphate: topical agent for glaucoma; structure		2.1710organic diphosphate
3-phenylenediamine
1,3-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine taht is benzene substituted at positions 1 and 3 with amino functions.		210phenylenediamine
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.3110cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.0710cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9310glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.610pyrrole;
secondary amine
2-ethoxyethanol
2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.		1.9310glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent;
teratogenic agent
obidoxime chloride
Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.		3.1150
dicofol
Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.3820monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine acaricide;
tertiary alcohol
triphenyl phosphate
triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.		2.6930aryl phosphateflame retardant;
plasticiser
folpet
folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.		2.0610organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
o,o,o-trimethyl phosphorothioate
[no description available]		1.9910
benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo[b]fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of a benzene ring fused with a acephenanthrylene ring.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenemutagen
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.0810isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.43601,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.3920azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon
[no description available]		3.2260aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
trichloronate
[no description available]		2.3820organochlorine compound
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		7.9440dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0510
chlorfenvinphos
Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.		7.6930dichlorobenzene;
organic phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.3420ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		1.9610
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.03130dialdehydebiomarker
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		3.1410long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		7.1310acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
tetracosane
tetracosane: a pure alkane compound. tetracosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.		3.1410long-chain alkaneplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		1.9510
phosmet
Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.		7.6930organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phthalimides		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethyl phosphate
dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7130dialkyl phosphate
demeton-s-methyl
[no description available]		2.8940organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methylparaoxon
[no description available]		210C-nitro compound
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		8.1350organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
azinphosmethyl oxon
azinphosmethyl oxon: azinphosmethyl metabolite		2.1510
semeron
[no description available]		2.11101,3,5-triazines
simetryn
simetryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylthio group at position 6.		2.1110diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		herbicide
dimethoxon
dimethoxon: pesticide		5.82850organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.2110alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.5320zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.0310
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.8271alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.0810
malaoxon
malaoxon: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search MALATHION/AA (72-83). malaoxon : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malaoxon. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide malathion.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphoryl)thio group.		2.4920diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.6730organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		210aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester
Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.		2.3620organic phosphonate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphonic ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromophos
bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure		2.8840organic thiophosphate
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		1.99102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
mecarbam
mecarbam : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorodithioate in which the hydrogen attached to a sulfur is replaced by a 2-[(ethoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9910carbamate ester;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
o,o,s-trimethylphosphorodithionate
[no description available]		1.9910
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.8940thujeneplant metabolite
9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine
[no description available]		1.9910
sulfotepp
sulfotepp: analog of TEPP in which one keto-oxygen and one ether linked oxygen are replaced by sulfur atoms; insecticide; acaricide; structure		2.1510organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.5120
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.3110beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
terbutylazine
terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.4620chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.0410elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		7.4620elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		8.3150copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		3.1550titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		3.6690cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		7.1710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		1.9510chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		8.2750copper group element atom;
elemental gold
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		1.9610elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.4220mercury coordination entitysensitiser
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.7230metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0510dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.520diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
methyl demeton
methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))		3.3870
phenmedipham
phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.		2.4520carbamate esterenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.4620elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0810inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.4220cadmium salt
dialifor
dialifor: insecticide		6.9510isoindoles
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		1.9510
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		3.5680benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
terbufos
[no description available]		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organosulfur compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
pyrazophos
pyrazophos: structure. pyrazophos : A member of the class of pyrazolopyrimidines that is the ethyl ester of 2-[(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy]-5-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thionophosphate group to afford the corresponding 2-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine fungicide), it is used to control Erysiphe, Helminthosporium and Rhynchospium in cereals.		1.9910ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
pyrazolopyrimidine		antifungal agrochemical;
insecticide;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor;
profungicide
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		3.1550titanium oxidesfood colouring
quinalphos
quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure		2.4120organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0710
benomyl
[no description available]		8.0950aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites		2.0110
methoxuron
3-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea: structure in first source. metoxuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a plant growth regulator and a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds in carrots and cereals (e.g. wheat, barley and rye).		1.97103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
plant growth regulator;
xenobiotic
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fenamiphos
[no description available]		2.5820organophosphate insecticide;
organophosphate nematicide;
phosphoramidate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
formetanate
formetanate: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1710carbamate esteracaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		10.21160C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
pirimicarb
pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.		3.6390aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0310aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
triazophos
triazophos: structure		2.0410organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0310glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		2.9140aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		2.1510formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
etoposide
[no description available]		3.3811beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.02103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
profenofos
[no description available]		3.1450monochlorobenzenes;
organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
triadimefon
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		210aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
triazoles
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		3.85120cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		4.27180aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
vindesine
Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).		3.3811methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary carboxamide;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties		2.5201-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.5220alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
fluridone
[no description available]		2.1710phenylpyridinecarotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer
fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.4820aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyromazine
cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710triamino-1,3,5-triazinemouse metabolite;
triazine insecticide
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		2.4820thiadiazinane;
ureas
fluvalinate
fluvalinate: RN given refers to 2-cyano isomer (DL)-isomer		2.4620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		7.0310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0810isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
methyl bensulfuron
methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.		2.0310aromatic ether;
methyl ester;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrimidines		agrochemical;
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
herbicide
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		2.0210
heptenophos
heptenophos: structure		2.3720organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide;
trialkyl phosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		3.4470hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		1.9910D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
trioctyl phosphine oxide
[no description available]		2.1510
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.3601,2,3-triazole
azamethiphos
[no description available]		2.0310organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		2.0310N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
prochloraz
Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.		2.0210amide fungicide;
aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazoles;
trichlorobenzene;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.0810carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
acetylthiocholine iodide
acetylthiocholine iodide: structure in first source		2.0510
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		2.5320monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile
fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		2.0810monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine: structure given in first source		2.0810bisacylhydrazine insecticide
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.02103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
tebufenozide
tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.		2.5220carbohydrazideecdysone agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9510cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
cyfluthrin
cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.		2.0110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.0810carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		3.36501,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
indoxacarb
indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.		2.7530methyl ester;
organochlorine insecticide		voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine
glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine: from sponge & sea anemone collagen		1.9710
phosphoramide
phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).		2.4110
galactosylhydroxylysine
galactosylhydroxylysine: found in collagen & basement membranes; presence in urine can be used to determine collagen metabolism		1.97105-glycosyloxy-L-lysine
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.0410dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.4111secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.0510oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.0310
bioresmethrin
bioresmethrin: RN given refers to (1R-trans)-isomer; structure		2.3720furans;
resmethrin		pyrethroid ester insecticide
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		10.43200
spirodiclofen
spirodiclofen: an acaricide		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
gamma-lactone;
organochlorine acaricide;
oxaspiro compound
spinosyn d
spinosyn D: a macrolide, structure in first source. spinosyn D : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated with an additional methyl substituent attached to the tetracyclic skeleton. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.		2.2110spinosyn insecticide;
spinosyn		pediculicide
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.7830carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
nsc 638718
ecteinascidin 729: a complex structure that includes isoquinolines joined by a cyclic ester; Guanine N2 alkylator with potent antiproliferative activity; a marine natural product from Ecteinascidia turbinata; metabolite of ecteinascidin-743		2.0210
carboplatin
[no description available]		3.3811
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.1510inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.9240
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.05102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
spinosyn a
spinosyn A: a macrolide ; structure in first source. spinosyn A : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.		2.2110spinosyn insecticide;
spinosyn		pediculicide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		210cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.3720azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		1.9510
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9610isomethyleugenol
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.0410aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		7.03101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		5.1890epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		2.4220imidazolidines
propylenethiourea
[no description available]		7.0310
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		7.0310one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
nadp
[no description available]		1.9610
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		1.9910dithiocarbamic acids
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		7.6630dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		1.9910
phosphamidon
Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		8.0650
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.97105-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.1310
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.9740organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
o,o-dimethyl phosphorothionate
O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionate: metabolite of phosmet; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.730organic thiophosphate
o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate: metabolite of phosmet; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.730
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.		210C-nitro compound;
primary amino compound
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		210ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
quercetin
[no description available]		7.06107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0610prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.0510prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrantel pamoate
Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.		2.7430organic molecular entity
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.1510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		2.610acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		3.84110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.0510thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tetrachlorvinphos
Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6530alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		7.7230carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
mevinphos
Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		8.9840
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.7130metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		8.9940chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
11-tetradecenyl acetate
11-tetradecenyl acetate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		210carboxylic ester
monocrotophos
Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		3.87120alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.0450monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		2.17102-trans-abscisic acid
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.1950chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
triphenyltin hydroxide
fentin hydroxide : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.		1.9710
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.4720maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pyrantel tartrate
Pyrantel Tartrate: Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.		7.0710
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		3.76100carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		2.0610triterpenoid saponin
paclobutrazol
paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.		2.0210
peplomycin
Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.		1.9710glycopeptide
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		3.4820
phoxim
phoxim: structure		2.0110
pymetrozine
pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.		2.03101,2,4-triazines;
pyridines		antifeedant;
environmental contaminant;
TRPV channel modulator;
xenobiotic
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.520aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.1310ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
emamectin benzoate
emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).		2.8220emamectins
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.1550
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.5820
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9610
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.3920
eosine i bluish
Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.		210organic sodium saltfluorescent dye;
histological dye
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9610organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		3.6590chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3		2.0310inorganic molecular entity
sulfoxaflor
sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.		2.610nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoximide
flupyradifurone
flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.		2.610butenolide;
enamine;
monochloropyridine;
organofluorine insecticide;
tertiary amino compound		insecticide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
chitosan
[no description available]		7.8130
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.3720
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		1.9710
endrin
Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.		3.9740
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.15160ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		7.5220
pyrethrins
[no description available]		5.46620
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9510
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.2110
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0310
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		7.3520
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.1510
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.3720
guanine
[no description available]		7.36202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7-methylguanine
7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.		1.96107-methylguanine
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.8630
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		9.9110pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
asoxime chloride
[no description available]		1.9710
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		9.41190imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		7.86301,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
eye
[no description available]		1.9710
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		8.0240
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		1.9510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.4720
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.4720
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.4790
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.4790
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.3110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.9940
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		010.43240
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.610
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.610
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		07.610
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.2110
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.2110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.86110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.6690
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.6690
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.7630
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.7630
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.3110
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		05.15111
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.3110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.4420
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.53240
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.1510
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.1510
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		02.4620
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		05.5161
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		02.1710
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		05.72201
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		010.5161
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.5320
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.5320
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.5580
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.2110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.0810
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.110
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.110
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.4820
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.1110
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.1110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.1110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.1310
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.1310
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.7430
Rida
[description not available]		02.0410
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		07.0410
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		07.23161
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.4520
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.0610
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.0610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.61100
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.3620
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.0810
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.9340
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0710
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0710
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0710
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.0710
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		07.0110
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.0110
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.0110
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.7840
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		01.9310
Maggot Infestations
[description not available]		02.3420
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.5530
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3520
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.5530
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		01.9310
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		01.9310
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3420
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		01.9410
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.6430
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		01.9410
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.		01.9410
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		01.9410
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9410
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		01.9310
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.730
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.4120
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.4120
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.730
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		03.8240
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0210
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0210
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.0210
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.0210
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0210
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.0210
Congenital Myasthenia
[description not available]		02.0210
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)		02.0210
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0210
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.4111
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.4111
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0210
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.9410
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.9410
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0310
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0310
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.0310
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.6630
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.5730
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.5730
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.3720
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		01.9610
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		01.9610
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		01.9610
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		01.9610
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3620
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		01.9610
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		01.9610
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9610
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		01.9610
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9610
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.3720
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9610
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.3720
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.3720
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.3720
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.910
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.910
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.910
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.910
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		01.9810
MODS
[description not available]		01.9810
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		01.9810
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		01.9810
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		01.9810
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.8940
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		01.9910
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.420
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.3811
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.2641
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.3811
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.2641
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9910
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		0210
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.3720
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		0210
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9510
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		01.9510
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		01.9510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9510
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		02.3720
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9510
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9510
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9510
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		02.3720
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Scrub Typhus
An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.		01.9510
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		01.9510
Metastase
[description not available]		01.9510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		01.9510
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9510
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.2920
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.8910
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.2920
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.8910
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.3720
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.3720
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		01.9810
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		01.9710
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		01.9710
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		01.9710
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		01.9710
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		01.9710
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9710
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9710
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		01.9710
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9710
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9710
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9710
Genetic Non-Disjunction
[description not available]		01.9610
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9610
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9710
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9710
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9710
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9710
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		01.9710
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		01.9610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9610
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9610
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9510
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		01.9510
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		01.9510
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		01.9510
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		01.9510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		01.9510
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9510
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9510
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		01.9510
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		01.9510
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9510
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		01.9510
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		01.9510
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9510
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		01.9510
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		01.9410
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		01.9410
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		01.9410
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		01.9410
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		01.9410
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		01.9410
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		01.9410
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		01.9410
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		01.9410
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.8610
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.8610
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.8610
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8610
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.8610
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.8610
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		01.9510
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		01.9510
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9510
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		01.9410