An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Myoclonic dystonia is a rare disorder that occurs in an hereditary and a sporadic form." | ( Friedman, JH; Pueschel, SM; Shetty, T, 1992) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained twisting movements and muscle contractions and abnormal postures." | ( Astarloa, R; García de Yébenes, J; Mena, M, 1991) |
| "Tardive dystonia is an uncommon, disabling side effect of antipsychotic medication that is generally believed to be resistant to treatment." | ( Korn, ML; Simpson, GM; Yadalam, KG, 1990) |
| "Dystonias are characterized by abnormalities of the neostriatum predominantly affecting the putamen." | ( Defendini, R; Fahn, S; Hilal, SK; Rutledge, JN; Silver, AJ, 1987) |
| "Human dystonia is clinically not a convulsive phenomenon." | ( Burke, RE; Fahn, S, 1983) |
| "Tardive dystonia is less successfully treated." | ( Fahn, S, 1983) |
| "Occupational dystonia is a frequent clinical symptom in musicians and has been described as muscle spasms and hand cramps in pianists." | ( García de Yébenes, J, 1995) |
| "Dystonia is a relatively common syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures." | ( Burnham, WM; Lôscher, W; Nobrega, JN; Richter, A, 1995) |
| "This form of dystonia is called tardive dystonia to distinguish it from tardive dyskinesia." | ( Assion, HJ; Heinemann, F, 1994) |
| "2." | ( Crabb, L, 1994) |
| "Dystonia is generally considered a disease of basal ganglia." | ( Di Muzio, A; Gambi, D; Lugaresi, A; Thomas, A; Uncini, A, 1994) |
| "Dystonia is a persistent attitude or posture in one or other of the extremes of athetoid movement." | ( Mimori, Y; Nakamura, S, 1993) |
| "Dopa-responsive dystonia is characterized by onset in childhood or adolescence and is frequently associated with parkinsonian features." | ( Maruta, K; Okamoto, S; Takegami, T, 1993) |
| "Tardive dystonia is an uncommon complication of neuroleptic treatment which is frequently disabling and poorly responsive to treatment." | ( Mckenna, PJ; Mickay, AP; Shapleske, J, 1996) |
| "Focal dystonia is a reflection of abnormal co-activation of cortical motor neurons, occurring in a particular voluntary movement." | ( Segawa, M, 1995) |
| "Athetosis and dystonia are well known clinical signs, described in disorders of basal ganglia." | ( Cherian, M; Gracykutty, M; Madhusudanan, M, 1995) |
| "Dystonia is a rare neurologic disorder of the basal ganglia presenting with involuntary twisting or turning spasm of muscles." | ( Brashear, A; Siemers, E, 1997) |
| "Tardive dystonia is a disorder characterized by abnormally sustained posturing associated with the use of dopamine-receptor blocking agents such as antipsychotic drugs." | ( Braf, A; Dannon, PN; Grunhaus, L; Iancu, I; Lepkifker, E, 1997) |
| "Although in humans dystonia is often the result of pathology in the basal ganglia, previous studies have revealed electrophysiological abnormalities and alterations in glutamate decarboxylase, the synthetic enzyme for GABA, in the cerebellum of dystonic rats." | ( Chesselet, MF; Clavel, N; Delfs, JM; Lorden, JF; Naudon, L, 1998) |
| "Dystonia is a common manifestation in Wilson's disease (WD)." | ( Chu, NS; Huang, CC, 1998) |
| "The dystonias are a group of serious movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle spasms of different parts of the body." | ( Perlmutter, JS; Todd, RD, 1998) |
| "Tardive dystonia is sometimes disabling or disfiguring and, like other tardive disorders, is potentially irreversible." | ( Raja, M, 1998) |
| "Oromandibular dystonia is a focal dystonia involving the masticatory and tongue muscles, causing difficulties in speech or mastication." | ( Iizuka, T; Kaji, R; Kimura, J; Kohara, N; Kubori, T; Yoshida, K, 1998) |
| "Tardive dystonia is a difficult condition to treat." | ( Ishiguro, T; Nisijima, K; Shimizu, M, 1998) |
| "Acute dystonia is a common adverse effect following anti-psychotic medication, which mainly appears shortly after beginning treatment or increasing the dosage." | ( Mors, NP; Nielsen, AS, 1998) |
| "Acute dystonia is a dramatic form of extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications." | ( Barber, KR; Kapur, V; Peddireddy, R, 1999) |
| "Focal dystonias are especially known in musicians, although little is reported on focal dystonias in athletic stress." | ( Boose, A; Dickhuth, HH; Horstmann, T; Mayer, F; Topka, H, 1999) |
| "Akathisia and dystonia are known adverse reactions to the use of this medication, but their incidence in the ED has not been well studied." | ( Clark, JA; Keng, JA; Olsen, JC, 2000) |
| "Dystonia is an abnormal movement characterized by sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures." | ( Jaffe, MS; Nienstedt, LJ, 2001) |
| "The dystonia is frequently accompanied by "parkinsonian" features such as reduced facial expression or slowing of fine finger movements." | ( Bandmann, O; Wood, NW, 2002) |
| "Dystonia is a relatively common neurological syndrome characterized by twisting movements or sustained abnormal postures." | ( Billingsley, ML; Hess, EJ; Jinnah, HA; Pizoli, CE, 2002) |
| "The treatment of dystonia is exclusively difficult." | ( Kachi, T, 2001) |
| "Focal dystonia is a problem in which overuse of the hand leads to a lack of motor control, and especially inappropriate use of sensory feedback for motor control." | ( Blake, DT; Byl, NN; Merzenich, MM, 2002) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological syndrome involving sustained contractions of opposing muscles leading to abnormal movements and postures." | ( Dostrovsky, JO; Hutchison, WD; Lang, AE; Lozano, AM, 2003) |
| "Cranial dystonias are rare in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)." | ( Chan, LL; Tan, EK; Wong, MC, 2003) |
| "Dystonia is a syndrome characterised by sustained muscle contractions, producing twisting, repetitive, and patterned movements, or abnormal postures." | ( de Carvalho Aguiar, PM; Ozelius, LJ, 2002) |
| "Dystonia is a highly frequent movement disorder, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear." | ( Bach, A; Ferger, B; Kuner, R; Naim, J; Richter, A; Schmidt, N; Schneider, A; Teismann, P; Trutzel, A; von Ahsen, O, 2003) |
| "Dopa-responsive dystonias are rare." | ( Kishore, D; Misra, S; Singh, NN; Verma, R, 2003) |
| "Early onset dystonia is a movement disorder caused by loss of a glutamic acid residue (Glu(302/303)) in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the AAA+ protein, torsinA." | ( Boston, H; Breakefield, XO; Corey, DP; Hanson, PI; Hewett, J; Kamm, C; Ramesh, V; Wilbur, J, 2004) |
| "Dystonias are movement disorders whose pathomechanism is largely unknown." | ( Hamann, M; Koch, UR; Köhling, R; Richter, A, 2004) |
| "Dyskinesia and dystonia are common complications of long-term levodopa therapy." | ( Mizusawa, H; Nishina, K, 2004) |
| "Dystonia is a state of continuous contraction of groups of agonist and antagonist muscles resulting in a sustained abnormal posture." | ( Jan, MM, 2004) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures." | ( Gokhale, SG; Panchakshari, MB, 2004) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder defined by sustained muscle contractions, causing twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures." | ( Davis, V; Lindsey, N; Marks, WJ; Ostrem, JL; Rau, GM; Simmons, D; Starr, PA; Turner, RS, 2005) |
| "DYT1 dystonia is caused by a common three-nucleotide deletion in the TOR1A gene that eliminates a glutamic acid residue from the protein torsinA." | ( Bode, N; Davidson, BL; Gonzalez-Alegre, P; Paulson, HL, 2005) |
| "Primary dystonia is a common movement disorder with an unknown pathophysiology, but basal ganglia dysfunctions seem to play a critical role." | ( Richter, A; Sander, SE, 2006) |
| "Hemidystonia is a clinical presentation of many pathological conditions that can affect the basal ganglia." | ( Alkhani, A; Bohlega, S, 2006) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, sustained or repetitive, patterned muscle contractions or spasms, frequently causing squeezing and twisting movements or abnormal postures." | ( De Silva, DA; Lim, SH; Tan, EK, 2007) |
| "Acute dystonia is commonly associated with high-potency antipsychotics." | ( Chou, WJ; Huang, TY; Hung, CF; Wang, HY, 2007) |
| "Dystonia is a disabling, involuntary disorder of movement that leads to writhing, twisting end-range movements or abnormal postures." | ( Byl, NN, 2007) |
| "Tremor and dystonia are known adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors." | ( , 2007) |
| "Laryngeal dystonia is a life threatening, very rare medical condition which is difficult to diagnose." | ( Peek, DF, 2008) |
| "Dystonia is a syndrome of involuntary, repetitive (or sustained) muscle contractions of opposing muscles, which may result in torsions and abnormal postures." | ( Clodman, D; Remington, G; Seeman, MV, 2008) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the muscles." | ( Demirpence, S; Esen, I; Kurul, S; Yis, U, 2008) |
| "Task-specific focal dystonia is thought to have a neurological basis where stereotypical synchronous inputs and maladaptive plasticity play a role." | ( Byblow, WD; Ridding, MC; Schabrun, SM; Stinear, CM, 2009) |
| "Hyperkinetic dystonia is characterized by phasic, tremulous, and "jerky" movements in addition to twisting postures." | ( Asmus, F; Doherty, E; Gasser, T; King, MD; Langseth, A; Lynch, T; Munz, M; Nestor, T, 2009) |
| "Dystonia is considered to be a prolonged involuntary contractions of the muscles leading to twisting, repetitive movements or irregular postures." | ( Durić, G; Dzoljić, E; Kostić, V; Svetel, M, 2009) |
| "Diagnosis of dystonia is not difficult by recognizing the pattern of clinical presentation." | ( Goto, S; Kaji, R; Sako, W; Sato, K, 2008) |
| "Dystonia is an involuntary movement disorder dominated by sustained muscle contractions that frequently cause twisting, repetitive movements, and postural changes." | ( Ishiwata, K; Kiyosawa, M; Mochizuki, M; Suzuki, Y, 2009) |
| "Drug-induced dystonia is more pronounced in female mice, thus our aim was to determine if the S248F mutation changed the properties of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibres from female mutant mice." | ( Cannata, DJ; Drago, J; Finkelstein, DI; Gantois, I; Teper, Y; West, JM, 2009) |
| "Dystonia is characterized by two main pathophysiological abnormalities: 'reduced' excitability of inhibitory systems at many levels of the sensorimotor system, and 'increased' plasticity of neural connections in sensorimotor circuits at a brainstem and spinal level." | ( Bhatia, KP; Girlanda, P; Ibrahim, N; Morgante, F; Quartarone, A; Rizzo, V; Rothwell, JC; Schneider, S; Terranova, C, 2009) |
| "Severe generalized dystonia is frequently a prominent symptom and can be very disabling, causing gait impairment, difficulty with speech and swallowing, pain and respiratory distress." | ( Gill, SS; Haenggeli, CA; Hayflick, SJ; Hogarth, P; Jech, R; Kurlemann, G; Leenders, KL; Limousin, P; Malanga, CJ; Moro, E; Ostrem, JL; Pauls, KA; Peker, S; Revilla, FJ; Santens, P; Schnitzler, A; Sharma, N; Timmermann, L; Tisch, S; Valldeoriola, F; Vesper, J; Volkmann, J; Wieland, K; Woitalla, D, 2010) |
| "DYT1 dystonia is an inherited disease linked to mutation in the TOR1A gene encoding for the protein torsinA." | ( Bernardi, G; Cuomo, D; Di Dato, V; Errico, F; Fisone, G; Mandolesi, G; Martella, G; Mercuri, NB; Napolitano, F; Pacini, G; Pasqualetti, M; Pisani, A; Santini, E; Sciamanna, G; Standaert, DG; Tassone, A; Usiello, A, 2010) |
| "Embouchure dystonia is a focal task-specific dystonia affecting the complex interplay of lower facial, jaw, and tongue muscles in musicians playing brass or woodwind instruments." | ( Altenmüller, E; Castrop, F; Dresel, C; Haslinger, B; Zimmer, C, 2010) |
| "Paediatric onset dystonia is an increasingly interesting group of conditions that provides an expanding area of neuroscientific knowledge." | ( Fernández-Alvarez, E, 2010) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements." | ( Bao, L; Patel, JC; Rice, ME; Shashidharan, P; Walker, RH, 2010) |
| "Early onset dystonia is commonly associated with the deletion of one of a pair of glutamate residues (ΔE302/303) near the C terminus of torsinA, a member of the AAA+ protein family (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) located in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen." | ( Mendoza, JL; Millen, L; Thomas, PJ; Zhu, L, 2010) |
| "Early-onset torsion dystonia is an autosomal dominant movement disorder associated with the DYT1 gene (TOR1A) defect which results in a deletion of a glutamic acid residue in the protein torsinA." | ( Hamann, M; Lange, N; Richter, A; Shashidharan, P, 2011) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary excessive muscle activity and abnormal postures." | ( Armata, I; Giannakopoulou, D; Giompres, P; Mitsacos, A; Shashidharan, P, 2010) |
| "Neck dystonia is the most common cause of dropped head sign in parkinsonism." | ( Hemmi, S; Izawa, N; Kurokawa, K; Kutoku, Y; Murakami, T; Sunada, Y, 2011) |
| "Dystonia is regarded as a basal ganglia disorder." | ( Hamann, M; Kreil, A; Richter, A; Sander, SE, 2011) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and debilitating." | ( Hess, EJ; Jinnah, HA; Thompson, VB, 2011) |
| "Tardive dystonia is one of them and some of its forms can be dangerous." | ( Lerner, V; Miodownik, C; Witztum, E, 2011) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that cause twisting movements and abnormal postures." | ( Fan, X; Hess, EJ; Hughes, KE; Jinnah, HA, 2012) |
| "Oromandibular dystonia is a subtype of dystonia which can present with perioral manifestations." | ( Arghand Dargahi, M; Tabatabaiefar, MA; Taslimi, S; Zakariaei, Z, 2012) |
| "Studies of dystonia are heterogeneous and there are no studies on this disease in Tunisia." | ( Benrhouma, H; Gouider-Khouja, N; Klaa, H; Kraoua, I; Rouissi, A; Turki, I, 2013) |
| "The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by involuntary twisting movements and abnormal posturing." | ( Exeter, CJ; Fan, X; Hess, EJ; Jinnah, HA; Song, CH, 2012) |
| "Most cases of acute dystonia are mild and easy to manage; nevertheless, some of them can be fatal because of the involvement of certain muscle groups such as the laryngeal muscles, thus requiring urgent intervention." | ( Cizmeci, MN; Derinoz, O; Havali, C; Kanburoglu, MK, 2013) |
| "Drug-induced dystonia is a frequently encountered but often overlooked symptom of neurological disorders." | ( Aoki, M; Hasegawa, T; Kaneko, K; Kikuchi, A; Takeda, A; Tano, O, 2013) |
| "Primary dystonia is a poorly understood but common movement disorder." | ( Goodchild, RE; Grundmann, K; Pisani, A, 2013) |
| "DYT1 dystonia is a movement disorder caused by a deletion in the C-terminal of the protein torsinA." | ( Bonsi, P; Madeo, G; Maltese, M; Mandolesi, G; Martella, G; Nisticò, R; Pignatelli, M; Pisani, A; Ponterio, G; Schirinzi, T; Sciamanna, G; Tassone, A; Vanni, V, 2014) |
| "Dystonia is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal involuntary movements without defining neuropathological changes." | ( Bressman, SB; Carbon, M; Eidelberg, D; Niethammer, M; Sako, W; Uluğ, AM; Vo, A, 2015) |
| "Dystonia is a movement disorder in which abnormal plasticity in the basal ganglia has been hypothesized to play a critical role." | ( Avchalumov, Y; Bode, C; Hamann, M; Kirschstein, T; Köhling, R; Porath, K; Richter, A; Richter, F; Sander, SE, 2014) |
| "Dystonia is potentially included as a further part of the phenotype spectrum of CACNA1A gene mutations." | ( Beyer, A; Kinder, S; Ossig, C; Smitka, M; Storch, A; von der Hagen, M; Wienecke, M, 2015) |
| "Paroxysmal dystonia is unusual in children with spinal cord lesions; however, it should be recognized for appropriate individualized clinical management." | ( Honda, M; Horie, A; Maegaki, Y; Nagashima, H; Nishimura, Y; Ohno, K; Ohno, T; Okazaki, T; Saito, Y; Sugihara, S; Takenaka, A; Tamasaki, A; Togawa, M; Ueda, R, 2016) |
| "Task-specific dystonia is a form of isolated focal dystonia with the peculiarity of being displayed only during performance of a specific skilled motor task." | ( Butler, K; Edwards, M; Kassavetis, P; Meppelink, AM; Pareés, I; Sadnicka, A, 2016) |
| "Parkinsonism and dystonia are both disorders of the extrapyramidal motor system, and some patients exhibit a complex of the two symptoms." | ( Adachi, H; Takei, T; Toyota, T; Uozumi, T; Yasuda, C; Yuhi, T, 2016) |
| "Acute dystonia is also a well-known and more common adverse effect of certain types of antipsychotics, more commonly seen with the typical antipsychotics versus the atypical antipsychotics." | ( Nesbit, CE; Sridaran, R, 2017) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder that forces the body into twisting, repetitive movements or sometimes painful abnormal postures." | ( Antonyuk, SV; Burgoyne, RD; Haynes, LP; Helassa, N; Lian, LY, 2017) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal involuntary movements or postures owing to sustained or intermittent muscle contractions." | ( Balint, B; Bhatia, KP; Jankovic, J; Mencacci, NE; Pisani, A; Rothwell, J; Valente, EM; Vidailhet, M, 2018) |
| "The dystonias are a large family of phenotypically and etiologically diverse disorders." | ( Jinnah, HA, 2019) |
| "Because dystonia is a disorder of motor routines, we first focus on the role of dopamine and striatum in procedural learning." | ( Aupy, J; Bezard, E; Burbaud, P; Guehl, D; Mazère, J; Pisani, A; Ribot, B; Vidailhet, M, 2019) |
| "Myoclonus-dystonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a typical childhood onset of myoclonic jerks and dystonia involving the neck, trunk, and upper limbs." | ( Balint, B; Bhatia, KP; Latorre, A; Menozzi, E; Rothwell, JC; Valente, EM, 2019) |
| "Dystonia is a disabling neurological syndrome characterized by abnormal movements and postures that result from intermittent or sustained involuntary muscle contractions; mutations of DYT1/TOR1A are the most common cause of childhood-onset, generalized, inherited dystonia." | ( Beauvais, G; Ehrlich, ME; Gonzalez-Alegre, P; Koch, RJ; Martin, J; Patel, JC; Rice, ME; Walker, RH, 2019) |
| "Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions." | ( Bonsi, P; Goodchild, R; Grundmann-Hauser, K; Imbriani, P; Martella, G; Nguyen, HP; Ott, T; Pisani, A; Ponterio, G; Riess, O; Schulze-Hentrich, JM; Sciamanna, G; Tassone, A; Tomczak, C; Wassouf, Z; Yu-Taeger, L, 2020) |
| "Although dystonia is not uncommon in phenotype spectrum of AT, compared with other symptoms of this syndrome, such as cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria, dystonia can be treated." | ( Jia, Y; Li, M; Qi, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2020) |
| "Dystonia is of particular concern as a dystonic storm can ensue leading to rhabdomyolysis." | ( Horvath, G; Micallef, J; Salvarinova-Zivkovic, R; Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S; van Karnebeek, CD, 2020) |
| "Isolated dystonia is a common movement disorder often caused by genetic mutations, although it is predominantly sporadic in nature." | ( Das, SK; Ghosh, A; Giri, S; Ray, J; Ray, K; Roy, S; Sankhla, CS, 2021) |
| "Acute, severe dystonia is a frightening and potentially life-threatening surgical complication." | ( Dagi, LR; Elhusseiny, AM; Grush, A, 2020) |
| "Musicians' hand dystonia is focal task-specific dystonia (FTSD) of hand among musicians that has been extensively studied." | ( Pal, PK; Ray, S, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is a clinically diverse disorder, characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal and often repetitive movements and/or postures." | ( Fernandez, HH; Sy, MAC, 2021) |
| "Dystonia is a disorder associated with abnormalities in many brain regions including the basal ganglia and cerebellum." | ( Cai, HY; Fu, XX; Han, S; Jiang, H, 2021) |
| "Dystonias are a group of chronic movement-disabling disorders for which highly effective oral medications or disease-modifying therapies are lacking." | ( Boxer, MB; Caffall, ZF; Calakos, N; Fox, JT; Hall, MD; Hernández-Martinez, R; Li, Z; Patnaik, S; Rittiner, JE; Shen, M; Shipman, MK; Titus, SA; Vaillancourt, DE; Wan, KK; Wilkes, BJ; Zhang, YQ, 2021) |
| "Drug-induced dystonias are rare but can occur with second-generation antipsychotics." | ( Daniel, V; Sanon, M; See, S, 2021) |
| "Disabling painful dystonia is one of the most burdensome symptoms that a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) experiences." | ( Kajiyama, Y; Mochizuki, H, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder, resulting in abnormal postures and pain." | ( Jones, DK; MacIver, CL; Peall, KJ; Tax, CMW, 2022) |
| "Drug-induced dystonia is reported in a limited number of cases in the literature." | ( Dailaty, AA; Daou, R; Helou, M; Khater, DA, 2022) |
| "Drug-induced dystonia is reported in a limited number of cases in the literature." | ( Dailaty, AA; Daou, R; Helou, M; Khater, DA, 2022) |
| "Drug-induced dystonia is reported in a limited number of cases in the literature." | ( Dailaty, AA; Daou, R; Helou, M; Khater, DA, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is a rare movement disorder, in which patients suffer from involuntary twisting movements or abnormal posturing." | ( de Koning, TJ; Hof, IH; Niezen-Koning, KE; Plösch, T; Smit, M; Tijssen, MAJ; Timmers, ER; Verkaik-Schakel, RN, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is a rare movement disorder, in which patients suffer from involuntary twisting movements or abnormal posturing." | ( de Koning, TJ; Hof, IH; Niezen-Koning, KE; Plösch, T; Smit, M; Tijssen, MAJ; Timmers, ER; Verkaik-Schakel, RN, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is one of the most common symptoms of multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 1 (MMDS1), a disease associated with mutations in the causative gene (NFU1) that impair iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis." | ( Goff, WD; Golden, A; Kelly, SE; Kropp, PA; Levitan, IM; McWhirter, R; Miller, DM; Rogers, P, 2023) |
| "Dystonia is associated with severe sweating and was confused with a seizure event." | ( Dahal, S; Khati, N; Maharjan, G; Yadav, P; Yadav, SK, 2022) |
| "Dystonia is characterised as uncontrolled, often painful involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures and repetitive or twisting movements." | ( Fox, S; Hess, EJ; Kurian, MA; Pisani, A; Reid, KM; Steel, D, 2023) |
| "Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with a unique motor phenomenology that can manifest as an isolated clinical syndrome or combined with other neurological features." | ( Bukhari-Parlakturk, N; Frucht, SJ, 2023) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Early-morning dystonia may represent another late side effect secondary to long-term levodopa administration in parkinsonism." | ( Melamed, E, 1979) |
| "We report successful treatment of paroxysmal dystonia (tonic seizures) in three patients with central demyelinating disease (CDD) using acetazolamide alone or in combination with carbamazepine." | ( Adams, RJ; Hess, DC; Huffnagle, VH; Sethi, KD, 1992) |
| "The syndrome of dopa-responsive dystonia comprises a minority of patients with dystonia, yet it is of considerable diagnostic importance because patients respond dramatically to L-dopa therapy." | ( Brooks, DJ; Frackowiak, RS; Harwood, G; Leenders, KL; Lees, AJ; Marsden, CD; Sawle, GV, 1991) |
| "Two cases of severe dystonia and dyskinesia were treated with talipexole, a dopamine autoreceptor agonist, and the metabolites of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined." | ( Koga, I; Nishikawa, T; Tanaka, M; Tsuda, A; Uchida, Y; Yamada, S, 1990) |
| "A 59-year-old man developed dystonia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy after receiving high doses of ergotamine for migraine treatment." | ( Leiguarda, RC; López Saubidet, C; Merello, MJ; Nogués, MA, 1991) |
| "Tardive dystonia is an uncommon, disabling side effect of antipsychotic medication that is generally believed to be resistant to treatment." | ( Korn, ML; Simpson, GM; Yadalam, KG, 1990) |
| "The major hyperkinesias, dystonia, tremor, tics, chorea (including tardive dyskinesia and ballism), and myoclonus are reviewed and a guide to practical management emphasizing symptomatic treatment is presented." | ( Bressman, SB; Greene, PE, 1990) |
| "At this point the treatment of dystonias remains highly empirical." | ( Comella, CL; Diederich, N; Goetz, CG, 1990) |
| "According to this observation, acute dystonia may occur in Huntington's disease as a consequence of neuroleptic treatment." | ( Dichgans, J; Ried, S; Schott, K; Stevens, I, 1989) |
| "Acute dystonia can also be reliably induced in many primate species by neuroleptic treatment with comparable time course, symptomatology and pharmacological characteristics to those observed in man." | ( Jenner, P; Marsden, CD; Rupniak, NM, 1986) |
| "We present a case of acute dystonia caused by administration of etoposide in an 11-year-old boy being treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia." | ( Ascher, DP; Delaney, RA, 1988) |
| "We studied the features of dystonia in 9 patients with untreated idiopathic Parkinson's disease and in 56 patients on sustained treatment with L-dopa." | ( Lees, AJ; Poewe, WH; Stern, GM, 1988) |
| "We studied various forms of dystonia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in 207 patients who were on levodopa therapy for more than 1 year." | ( Kidron, D; Melamed, E, 1987) |
| "Six patients with different forms of dystonia were treated with gamma-vinyl GABA, a specific enzyme-activated inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study." | ( Caraceni, T; Carella, F; Girotti, F; Joder-Ohlenbusch, AM; Schechter, PJ; Scigliano, G, 1986) |
| "Nineteen children with dystonia musculorum deformans and dystonic hyperkineses were treated by L-DOPA." | ( Bondarenko, ES; Malyshev, IuI, 1985) |
| "Tardive dystonia is less successfully treated." | ( Fahn, S, 1983) |
| "In patients with cranial dystonia, we compared the effects of central anticholinergic, peripheral anticholinergic, and placebo treatments in a double-blind crossover study." | ( Carter, J; deGarmo, P; Hammerstad, JP; Nutt, JG, 1984) |
| "Ten patients with focal dystonia of the hand, all of whom had benefited in an open-label study of botulinum toxin, were treated with botulinum toxin-A in a double-blind study." | ( Cohen, LG; Cole, R; Hallett, M, 1995) |
| "Rigidity, nuchal dystonia, frequent micturition, and profuse sweating ameliorated after trazodone administration." | ( Abe, T; Kato, E; Kawamorita, A; Takahashi, S; Tohgi, H, 1994) |
| "The axial dystonia, which was refractory to treatment, was disabling interfering with the activities of daily living, posture and gait." | ( Mosnaim, AD; Wolf, ME, 1994) |
| "Twenty-three patients developed dystonia, two of them despite being treated with biperiden." | ( Aguilar, EJ; Gómez-Beneyto, M; Hernández, J; Keshavan, MS; Martínez-Quiles, MD; Schooler, NR, 1994) |
| "Forty-six patients with hand dystonia, considered disabling despite optimal pharmacologic therapy, were injected in the forearm musculature with botulinum A toxin." | ( Jankovic, J; Schwartz, KS, 1993) |
| "We treated focal hand dystonia in 53 patients with botulinum toxin injections for up to 6 years." | ( Cohen, LG; Cole, RA; Grill, S; Hallett, M; Karp, BI; Lou, JS, 1994) |
| "The frequency of dystonia was significantly lower with Br monotherapy than in the other two treatment groups." | ( Cornelius, L; Factor, SA; Ingenito, A; Sanchez-Ramos, JR; Sheldon, C; Singer, C; Weiner, WJ, 1993) |
| "Five patients with generalized dystonia who were refractory to oral medications were treated by continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion." | ( Albright, AL; Barron, W; Barry, MJ; Fasick, P; Shultz, B, 1996) |
| "Tardive dystonia is an uncommon complication of neuroleptic treatment which is frequently disabling and poorly responsive to treatment." | ( Mckenna, PJ; Mickay, AP; Shapleske, J, 1996) |
| "Pathophysiologies of disorders with dystonia or myoclonus were studied by evaluating the effects of treatment." | ( Segawa, M, 1995) |
| "This disorder is a form of treatable dystonia in childhood and adolescence and it is recommended that patients in this age group with primary dystonia should be given a trial of low dose L-dopa even though they have a chronic course or severe disability." | ( Phanthumchinda, K; Vichichanyakul, M; Yodnophaklao, P, 1996) |
| "Treatment of tardive dystonia with oral baclofen produces ambivalent and overall disappointing results." | ( Dressler, D; Oeljeschläger, RO; Rüther, E, 1997) |
| "We report a case of cranial dystonia related to the administration of ranitidine." | ( Aul, EA; Davis, BJ; Granner, MA; Rodnitzky, RL, 1994) |
| "Acute dystonias consist of abnormal muscle spasms and postures and usually occur three to five days after antipsychotic therapy begins or the dosage is increased." | ( Holloman, LC; Marder, SR, 1997) |
| "To examine whether acute dystonia is induced by neuroleptic treatment, common marmosets were treated with haloperidol orally twice a week over 25 weeks until dystonic behavior was elicited." | ( Fukuoka, T; Kohda, A; Matsuo, M; Nakano, M; Okuno, Y, 1997) |
| "Generalized dystonia occurs in 15 to 25% of persons with cerebral palsy (CP) and responds poorly to medical and surgical treatments." | ( Albright, AL; Barry, MJ; Painter, MJ; Shultz, B, 1998) |
| "All forms of limb dystonia can be treated with botulin toxin injection." | ( Bogucki, A, 1998) |
| "The potentiation of dystonia following chronic DTG and fluvoxamine treatments suggests that these drugs sensitise the sigma2 receptors, an effect that does not appear to be shared by citalopram, sertraline or paroxetine." | ( Faherty, CJ; Harkin, AJ; Leonard, BE, 1998) |
| "In contrast, tardive dystonia is a long-lasting menace in the course of antipsychotic treatment, for which there is no established therapy." | ( Raja, M, 1998) |
| "Patients with generalized dystonia who responded to treatment in the 1970s with levodopa/carbidopa were surveyed by phone and then examined during a 3-day levodopa holiday." | ( Dewey, RB; Kishore, A; Muenter, MD; Snow, BJ, 1998) |
| "Tardive dystonia is a difficult condition to treat." | ( Ishiguro, T; Nisijima, K; Shimizu, M, 1998) |
| "Acute dystonia is a common adverse effect following anti-psychotic medication, which mainly appears shortly after beginning treatment or increasing the dosage." | ( Mors, NP; Nielsen, AS, 1998) |
| "The occurrence of acute dystonia was prospectively monitored in 39 schizophrenic patients (18 male and 21 female) treated with 9 to 27 mg/day of nemonapride, a selective dopamine antagonist, and the relationship of acute dystonia with characteristics of patients and plasma concentrations of the drug and prolactin was investigated." | ( Ishida, M; Kaneko, S; Kondo, T; Otani, K; Tokinaga, N; Yasui, N, 1999) |
| "dyskinesia, dystonia, motor blocks and details of drug therapy, were collected." | ( Behari, M; Denny, AP, 1999) |
| "Pharmacologic treatment of severe dystonia is often unsatisfactory." | ( Bara-Jimenez, W; Chen, R; Goldstein, SR; Hallett, M; Karp, BI; Samii, A, 1999) |
| "The duration and severity of dystonia is dependent on the dose administered and the age of the animal at testing." | ( Drew, T; Hess, EJ; Ho, T; Jinnah, HA; Rothstein, JD; Sepkuty, JP; Yitta, S, 2000) |
| "After three years of treatment for dystonia with tetrabenazine, a clear reduction in the frequency, intensity and duration of the crises was perceived." | ( Kowacs, PA; Lange, MC; Piovesan, EJ; Piovesan, LM; Tatsui, CE; Teive, HA; Werneck, LC, 2000) |
| "Some forms of dystonia respond to the intrathecal administration of baclofen, a specific gamma-aminobutyric acid-receptor (type B) agonist that inhibits sensory input to the neurons of the spinal cord." | ( Delhaas, EM; Hoff, JI; van de Beek, WJ; van Hilten, BJ; Voormolen, JH, 2000) |
| "Etiology of dystonia did not determine the efficacy of ITB therapy, as benefit or failure was seen in both primary and secondary dystonia." | ( Brin, MF; Danisi, FO; Germano, IM; Goodman, RR; Swope, DM; Walker, RH, 2000) |
| "Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is similar to Parkinson disease in that both disorders have impaired dopamine synthesis and respond to levodopa treatment." | ( Nutt, JG; Nygaard, TG, 2001) |
| "Treatment of more severe dystonia has been a difficult area, with only limited success from medical therapies." | ( Misbahuddin, A; Warner, TT, 2001) |
| "To our knowledge, acute dystonias associated with TGB treatment have yet to be described." | ( Grabowska-Grzyb, A; Wolańczyk, T, 2001) |
| "Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is an eminently treatable condition and its recognition is therefore of crucial importance." | ( Bandmann, O; Wood, NW, 2002) |
| "Childhood dystonia that does not respond to treatment with levodopa (dopa-nonresponsive dystonia, DND) has an unclear pathogenesis and is notoriously difficult to treat." | ( Assmann, B; Heales, S; Hoffmann, GF; Köhler, M; Surtees, R, 2002) |
| "The treatment of dystonia is exclusively difficult." | ( Kachi, T, 2001) |
| "Early diagnosis of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and its delineation from other dystonic syndromes is of great relevance because DRD is an eminently treatable condition." | ( Bandmann, O; Deuschl, G; Goertz, M; Hefter, H; Hoffmann, G; Jost, W; Müller, U; Oertel, W; Zöfel, P; Zschocke, J, 2003) |
| "Paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia responds variably to anticonvulsant therapy, but the literature does not report response to baclofen, especially in low doses." | ( Lim, EC; Wong, YS, 2003) |
| "Children with primary dystonia and those with tremor can be treated with deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus and thalamus, respectively." | ( Albright, AL, 2003) |
| "Perioral dystonia and treatment effect were assessed by using subjective global and visual analog scales, examiner-based video movement counts and rating scales, and quantitative EMG." | ( Bakke, M; Dalager, T; Møller, E; Prytz, S; Regeur, L; Werdelin, LM, 2003) |
| "This is the first report on generalised dystonia beneficially treated by olanzapine." | ( Chang, DC; Lin, JJ, 2004) |
| "In contrast, untreated dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is usually characterized by predictable diurnal fluctuation." | ( Calne, DB; de la Fuente-Fernández, R; Mak, E; Schulzer, M; Stoessl, AJ, 2004) |
| "In patients with dystonia receiving intrathecal baclofen therapy, the onset of dyspnea associated with increased muscle tone should prompt the investigation of baclofen withdrawal." | ( Ahmed, SU; Hord, ED; Santiago-Palma, J; Trella, J; Vallejo, R, 2004) |
| "Dyskinesia and dystonia are common complications of long-term levodopa therapy." | ( Mizusawa, H; Nishina, K, 2004) |
| "Gabapentin has been used to treat dystonias with variable results." | ( Modrego, PJ; Pina, MA, 2005) |
| "We have observed acute dystonias in the absence of antipsychotic treatment and in the context of seizure activity (or paroxysmal dyskinetic activity)." | ( Botts, SR; Coffey, GL; de Leon, J, 2005) |
| "Post-immobilization dystonia of lower limbs in PD is resistant to medical treatment and leads to significant functional disability." | ( Papapetropoulos, S; Singer, C, 2005) |
| "The treatment of dystonia has continued to evolve to include newer medications, different forms of botulinum toxin, and various surgical procedures." | ( Bhidayasiri, R, 2006) |
| "Treatment strategies for dystonia have significantly been updated with the introduction of different forms of botulinum toxin therapy, new pharmacologic agents, and most recently pallidal deep brain stimulation." | ( Bhidayasiri, R, 2006) |
| "The onset of dystonia coincided temporally with the removal of a transdermal scopolamine patch used as adjunctive antiemetic therapy." | ( Roberge, RJ, 2006) |
| "Paroxysmal dyskinesias with dystonia are a group of movement disorders which are regarded as ion channelopathies, but the role of Kv7 channels in the pathogenesis and as targets for the treatment have so far not been examined." | ( Richter, A; Rundfeldt, C; Sander, SE, 2006) |
| "However, dystonia was dramatically improved by a treatment with corticosteroids." | ( Bonakis, A; Kalfakis, N; Kontaxis, T; Papageorgiou, SG, 2007) |
| "Children with dystonia secondary to cerebral palsy benefited most and ITB can be used in these as a single treatment modality." | ( Tsegaye, M; Vloeberghs, MH; Woon, K, 2007) |
| "Data of 19 patients affected by dystonia as an outcome of infant CP in patients belonging to level V of Gross Motor Function Classification System treated with ITB were collected." | ( Antonello, CE; Motta, F; Stignani, C, 2008) |
| "The BFM dystonia scale score was initially 16 and improved to 12 on both immediate post-treatment and eight-week follow-up." | ( Irwin, D; Lippa, CF; Revuelta, G, 2009) |
| "Dopa-responsive dystonia, also known as hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation or Segawa's syndrome, is a rare hereditary progressive dystonia with two striking clinical features: a marked diurnal fluctuation of symptoms with symptoms worsening throughout the day and improving after sleep, and a dramatic response to levodopa therapy." | ( Hartsilver, EL; Sinha, A, 2009) |
| "Nine children and 1 adult with severe dystonia unresponsive to multiple oral medications were treated with IVB." | ( Albright, AL; Ferson, SS, 2009) |
| "A marked reversal of dystonia was produced in the first seven patients by the withdrawal or dose decrease of dopaminergic PS priming drug, and in the eighth patient an increase of dopaminergic therapy was necessary." | ( Cannas, A; Floris, G; Marrosu, F; Marrosu, MG; Piga, M; Serra, A; Solla, P; Tacconi, P, 2009) |
| "Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is an acute dystonia which can occur after initiation of antipsychotic treatment." | ( Akhtar, S; Praharaj, SK; Sarkhel, S, 2011) |
| "In the patient with laryngeal dystonia these symptoms appeared after restarting risperidone treatment, in the other patient after diminishing the dosage of risperidone and adding sertindole, and in the third patient the syndrome appeared after beginning ziprasidone." | ( Lerner, V; Miodownik, C; Witztum, E, 2011) |
| "Therapy of dystonia can be divided into the following categories: (1) physical, supportive, and ancillary therapy; (2) pharmacologic treatment; (3) chemodenervation with botulinum toxin; and (4) peripheral and central surgery (deep brain stimulation)." | ( Jankovic, J, 2013) |
| "The treatment of dystonia related to complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains unsatisfactory, raising the need of alternative targets for intervention." | ( Marinus, J; Schilder, JC; van der Plas, AA; van Hilten, JJ, 2013) |
| "Selecting the appropriate treatment for dystonia begins with proper classification of disease based on age, distribution, and underlying etiology." | ( Jankovic, J; Thenganatt, MA, 2014) |
| "The median length of acute dystonia after citalopram therapy was nine days." | ( Ahmadi, M; Monajemi, MB; Moosavi, SM, 2014) |
| "Treatment of severe spasticity and dystonia with intrathecal baclofen (ITB) in children has been shown to be effective and has therefore been employed in the Region of Southern Denmark." | ( Illum, NO; Kjærsgaard-Hansen, L; Overgård, TM; Søe, M, 2015) |
| "With a suspected diagnosis of dystonia, biperiden lactate 5 mg/ml was administered via the intramuscular route and the contractions abated within 30 seconds of the injection." | ( Giray, TA; Kavalci, C; Kayipmaz, AE; Kocalar, UG; Tasci, SS, 2015) |
| "A patient developed acute dystonia following intravenous administration of metocroplamide 20 mg." | ( Iwade, M; Kamata, K; Morioka, N; Nakashima, K; Ozaki, M; Takahashi, E, 2015) |
| "Classic L-dopa-responsive dystonia is characterized by the triad of dystonia, diurnal fluctuation of signs, and dramatic response of signs to low-dose L-dopa therapy." | ( Friedman, JR, 2016) |
| "As is typical in dopa-responsive dystonia, these patients displayed dramatic improvement with L-dopa/carbidopa therapy." | ( Friedman, JR, 2016) |
| ""Every child exhibiting dystonia merits an l-dopa trial, lest the potentially treatable condition of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is missed" has been a commonly cited and highly conserved adage in movement disorders literature stemming from the 1980s." | ( Lin, JP; Maas, RPPWM; van de Warrenburg, BPC; Wassenberg, T; Willemsen, MAAP, 2017) |
| "The treatment of spasticity and dystonia in these patients is difficult partly due to the relentless nature of this progressive disorder." | ( Ehrstedt, C; Hjartarson, HT; Tedroff, K, 2018) |
| "One serious TEAE (dystonia) was related to study treatment." | ( Anta, L; Ayani, I; Gutierro, I; Litman, RE; Llaudó, J; Martínez, J, 2018) |
| "Treatment options for dystonia are limited." | ( Djamshidian, A; Heim, B; Lücke, T; Peball, M; Saft, C; Seppi, K; Thiels, C; von Hein, SM, 2018) |
| "Focal dystonia may be treated successfully with DBS." | ( Aldecoa, I; Bailles, E; Bargalló, N; Boget, T; Carreño, M; Conde, E; Donaire, A; Gil, F; Manzanares, I; Martí, MJ; Muñoz, E; Painous, C; Pintor, L; Roldán, P; Rumià, J; Setoain, X; Valldeoriola, F; Valls-Solé, J, 2019) |
| "The response of early dystonia to the introduction of dopamine replacement therapy (levodopa, dopamine agonists) is variable; dystonia commonly occurs in PD patients following levodopa initiation." | ( Bhatia, KP; Lang, AE; Shetty, AS, 2019) |
| "She was treated for acute dystonia and intravenous procyclidine was given together with oral diazepam." | ( Loo, JL; Ohn, KM; Ohn, MH, 2021) |
| "Current guidelines in the treatments of dystonia, including oral therapy, are prescribed to improve symptoms and to restore functional capacity." | ( Fernandez, HH; Sy, MAC, 2021) |
| "We established a mouse model of dystonia by administering 3-NP." | ( Cai, HY; Fu, XX; Han, S; Jiang, H, 2021) |
| "the syndrome of dystonia-parkinsonism, is not uncommonly seen in movement disorders clinics and has a myriad of different underlying aetiologies, upon which treatment and prognosis depend." | ( Balint, B; Bhatia, KP; Fung, VSC; Morales-Briceno, H, 2022) |
| "A case of refractory tardive dystonia form of Pisa syndrome during treatment with stable low-dose amisulpride is presented in this report." | ( Erdem, NŞ; Özkaynak, SS, 2021) |
| "Presence of dystonia before treatment initiation was the only identified predictor of worse residual GAS score." | ( Dragašević-Mišković, N; Ječmenica Lukić, M; Jovanović, Č; Kostić, V; Kresojević, N; Marković, V; Pekmezović, T; Petrović, I; Stanković, I; Svetel, M; Tomić, A; Vitković, J, 2023) |
| "Generalized dystonia associated with CP has been treated with deep brain stimulation with mild improvement, but treatment with intrathecal baclofen and intraventricular baclofen improve those movements markedly." | ( Albright, AL, 2023) |
| "Most pharmacological treatments for dystonia aim to modulate the effects of one or more neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, but doing so effectively and with precision is far from straightforward." | ( Fox, S; Hess, EJ; Kurian, MA; Pisani, A; Reid, KM; Steel, D, 2023) |