Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia

Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by ORTHOSTATIC HEADACHE and occasionally by an ABDUCENS NERVE PALSY; HEARING LOSS; NAUSEA; neck stiffness, and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAK; SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)

Synonyms(6)

Synonym
CSF Hypovolemia
Cerebrospinal Fluid Hypovolemia
Intracranial Hypotension
Intracranial Hypotension, Essential
Intracranial Hypotension, Spontaneous
Intracranial Hypotension, Secondary

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an increasingly recognized cause of postural headache."( Binder, DK; Dillon, WP; Fishman, RA; Schmidt, MH, 2002)
"The syndrome of spontaneous intracranial hypotension is characterized by orthostatic headaches in conjunction with reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure or CSF volume, and characteristic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings."( Guhlmann, A; Nowak, DA; Rodiek, SO; Topka, H; Zinner, J, 2003)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is characterized by orthostatic headache, low CSF pressure, and MRI findings of diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement without previous history of head trauma or lumbar puncture."( Ferrante, E; Nappi, G; Sances, G; Savino, A, 2004)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a well defined entity, however it is characterised by a relevant clinical heterogeneity."( Clerici, AM; Mazza, S; Merlo, P; Noce, M; Rebecchi, V; Stival, B, 2005)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is an infrequent clinical entity characterized by orthostatic headache, low cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and magnetic resonance imaging findings of diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement without previous history of head trauma or lumbar puncture."( Cristiano, E; Doctorovich, D; Patrucco, L; Rojas, JI; Romano, M, 2006)
"Intracranial hypotension is a syndrome of low cerebrospinal fluid pressure with a variable clinical presentation ranging from postural headaches to coma."( Henderson, JM; Lad, SP; Li, G; Lin, SC, 2008)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a rare complication of connective tissue disorders."( Kollár, K; Kordas, M; Móser, J; Rosdy, B; Várallyay, G, 2009)
"Intracranial hypotension is a frequently misdiagnosed syndrome which is caused by reduced intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure due to spontaneous spinal CSF leakage."( Musahl, C; Papke, K; Schick, U, 2010)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a rare syndrome characterized by orthostatic headache not associated with trauma or dural puncture."( Ayoub, C; Ayoub, S; El Khatib, M; Hujeily, E; Rizk, M; Skaf, G; Yamout, B, 2015)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare syndrome defined by postural headache, associated with a low cerebrospinal fluid pressure, without history of previous dural trauma or invasive treatment on rachis."( Angrisani, L; Clarice, A; Proietta, M; Rocchietti March, M; Scorza, A; Trappolini, F; Trappolini, M, 2006)
"We report a case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a pregnant patient successfully treated by epidural injection of dextran-40 and paramethasone, with adjuvant oral steroid therapy."( Bel, I; Gomar, C; Moreno, LA, 2006)
"We present our series of intracranial hypotension regarding especially the required diagnostic imaging and the treatment."( Musahl, C; Papke, K; Schick, U, 2010)
"We report a case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension successfully treated with repetitive epidural blood patch after warfarin reversal."( Hanaoka, M; Ishihara, M; Matsuda, T; Matsuzaki, K; Miyake, H; Niki, H; Satoh, K, 2019)
"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a clinical syndrome that is increasingly recognized as an important and treatable secondary cause of headaches."( Amrhein, TJ; Gray, L; Kranz, PG; Malinzak, MD, 2019)

Research

Studies (166)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19901 (0.60)23.3326
1990's13 (7.83)12.5806
2000's80 (48.19)18.1394
2010's54 (32.53)28.8240
2020's18 (10.84)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
methane0low10
salicylic acid0low10
aminocaproic acid0low10
lactic acid0low20
dimethyl sulfoxide0low10
glycerol0low30
histamine0low10
nitrous oxide0low10
pyruvic acid0low10
phenytoin0low10
acetazolamide0low20
theophylline0low30
aspirin0low20
azathioprine0low10
baclofen0low20
bupivacaine0low20
caffeine0low50
carmustine0low10
pentetic acid0medium122
erythrosine0low10
furosemide0low10
ibuprofen0low10
lidocaine0low30
iomeprol0low10
iotrolan0low10
isoflurane0low10
ketamine0low10
methadone0low10
nicardipine0low10
omeprazole0low10
propofol0low10
zolpidem0low10
mitomycin0low10
prednisolone0medium41
phentolamine0low10
prednisone0low30
paramethasone0low10
aspartic acid0low10
lysine0low10
mannitol0low40
arginine0low10
triamcinolone acetonide0low10
methylprednisolone0low50
ergotamine0low10
fluorescein0low10
n-methylaspartate0low10
enbucrilate0low20
technetium0low10
gadolinium0medium401
xenon0low10
cresyl violet0low10
fludrocortisone0low20
transferrin0low20
glutamic acid0low20
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester0low10
propiconazole0low50
esmolol0low10
adenosine0low10
iopamidol0low10
fluorodeoxyglucose f180low10
fibrinogen0low10
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate0low10
deriphyllin0low10
methotrexate0low20
technetium tc 99m pentetate0low50
retinol0low10
tacrolimus0low10
bilirubin0low20
dexmedetomidine0low10
gadolinium dtpa0low90
losartan potassium0low10
technetium tc 99m exametazime0low10
nad0low10
cardiovascular agents0low10
warfarin0low10
phenprocoumon0low10
cyclosporine0low10
eye0medium31

Protein Targets (922)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE110011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii0011
Chain A, Carbonic Anhydrase Ii0011
Chain A, Beta-lactamase7007
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Endochitinase0101
Chain A, Class Iii Chitinase Chia10101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase II0101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase0101
Chain B, Carbonic anhydrase0101
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 0001
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
thioredoxin reductase150015
GALC protein4004
GLI family zinc finger 3250025
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3130013
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4160016
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]250025
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1260026
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha220022
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha260026
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
arylsulfatase A130013
Carbonic anhydrase0101
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2280028
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1120012
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a9009
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1220022
geminin230023
peripheral myelin protein 22130013
survival motor neuron protein isoform d8008
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 16006
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi85114
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3019019
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4019020
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60505
Carbonic anhydrase 120419
Prolyl endopeptidase0101
Carbonic anhydrase-related protein 110102
Bile salt export pump024024
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0202
Renin0404
Carbonic anhydrase 109118
Carbonic anhydrase 209219
Carbonic anhydrase 20202
Cytochrome P450 1A20101
Carbonic anhydrase 30418
Cathepsin B0101
Cytochrome P450 3A40607
Steryl-sulfatase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0203
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Cytochrome P450 2D60303
Cytochrome P450 2A60101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 011011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0202
Androgen receptor0404
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-185114
Translocator protein0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta85114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-285215
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-585114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-385114
Cannabinoid receptor 10101
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
Cytochrome P450 2B60202
Carbonic anhydrase 40418
Carbonic anhydrase 60418
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-185114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-285114
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0101
Adenosine receptor A108112
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 10202
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-485114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-385114
Endochitinase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-685114
Adenosine receptor A2a08215
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Cytochrome P450 2C190203
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0419
Carbonic anhydrase0102
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Carbonic anhydrase 70418
Carbonic anhydrase0101
D(1A) dopamine receptor1102
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 10202
Carbonic anhydrase0103
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-186216
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-385114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-285215
Cholinesterase0202
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10404
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B08212
Squalene synthase0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Carbonic anhydrase 90419
Carbonic anhydrase0202
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0103
Carbonic anhydrase 30101
Carbonic anhydrase0104
Carbonic anhydrase0104
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Delta carbonic anhydrase0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
Renin0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0103
Endochitinase A10101
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 130215
GABA theta subunit85114
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1018018
Carbonic anhydrase 40204
Carbonic anhydrase 150204
Acidic mammalian chitinase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 130407
Carbonic anhydrase 70101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon85114
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 140419
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 2, isoform A 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0419
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE160016
Chain A, Membrane lipoprotein tmpC0011
Chain A, Membrane lipoprotein tmpC0011
Chain A, Membrane lipoprotein tmpC0011
Chain A, Structure of PAE2307 in complex with adenosine0011
Chain B, Structure of PAE2307 in complex with adenosine0011
Chain A, ADENOSINE RECEPTOR A2A0101
Chain A, ADENOSINE RECEPTOR A2A0101
Chain A, tRNA (guanine-N(1)-)-methyltransferase0011
Chain A, Uncharacterized protein MJ08830011
AR protein330033
signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced1001
regulator of G-protein signaling 48008
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha340034
NPYLR7B0011
IDH1100010
Histone H2A.x7007
glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform 10011
mitogen-activated protein kinase 13003
flap endonuclease 19009
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1100010
high affinity choline transporter 1 isoform a0101
Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 10202
Calcium dependent protein kinase0101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 70011
Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 20202
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit110011
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 33003
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0101
Epidermal growth factor receptor0404
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 0101
Adenosine deaminase0001
Avidin0011
Adenosine deaminase0001
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase0202
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-20101
Insulin receptor0001
Phosphoglycerate kinase 20101
Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha0112
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta0001
Adenosine receptor A30528
Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A 0101
Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein0011
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 10001
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 20101
Endoplasmin0112
Glutamate receptor 2113115
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 0101
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 20001
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 40001
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 30001
Streptavidin0011
Adenosylhomocysteinase0001
Adenosine receptor A30404
Adenosine receptor A2a05513
Adenosine receptor A2b0216
Adenosine receptor A2b0417
Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrial0101
Adenosine receptor A105414
Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 0101
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha0203
Adenosine receptor A10314
Adenosine kinase0001
Adenosine deaminase 0001
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 20202
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-beta0203
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific0101
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 10202
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2-alpha0203
Solute carrier family 28 member 30202
Adenosine kinase0102
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta0203
5-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine deaminase0001
Adenosine transporter 10001
Chain A, PLASMINOGEN0011
Chain A, PLASMINOGEN0011
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q13003
Chain A, Ferritin light chain8008
Chain A, Apolipoprotein0011
15-lipoxygenase, partial4004
ATAD5 protein, partial100010
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1180018
EWS/FLI fusion protein140014
nonstructural protein 16006
D(1A) dopamine receptor5005
chromobox protein homolog 1150015
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 14004
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 18008
lamin isoform A-delta10210021
Plasminogen0213
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
phosphopantetheinyl transferase160016
NFKB1 protein, partial3003
GLS protein140014
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor100010
alpha-galactosidase2002
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor6006
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)120012
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M19009
lethal factor (plasmid)6006
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial0103
Nitric oxide synthase, brain0102
Nitric oxide synthase, brain 0001
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0102
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible0114
Cationic amino acid transporter 30202
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase110011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60124
Excitatory amino acid transporter 40202
Glutamate transporter homolog0011
N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0103
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 07211
Excitatory amino acid transporter 10304
Excitatory amino acid transporter 20304
Excitatory amino acid transporter 30304
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 07211
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C07211
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10124
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20124
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0003
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D07211
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B07211
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A07211
Chain A, Phospholipase A2 isoform 30011
Chain A, HADH2 protein8008
Chain B, HADH2 protein8008
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase9009
GTP-binding protein (rab7)0011
ras protein, partial0011
interleukin 84004
hypothetical protein, conserved2002
cytochrome P450 2D69009
glucocerebrosidase2002
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta130013
Rac1 protein0011
cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa), partial0011
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 16006
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 19009
Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0202
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0303
Integrin beta-32114
Myeloperoxidase0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10303
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-10101
Integrin alpha-IIb2114
Glutathione hydrolase 1 proenzyme0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10505
Substance-P receptor0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20505
Urotensin-2 receptor0101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0202
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma5005
Ras-related protein Rab-2A0011
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20303
Rho-associated protein kinase 20101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0202
Solute carrier family 22 member 200505
Solute carrier family 22 member 60505
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10112
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10011
acetylcholinesterase9009
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma200020
SMAD family member 27007
Fumarate hydratase4004
SMAD family member 37007
TDP1 protein220022
Microtubule-associated protein tau9009
thioredoxin glutathione reductase3003
farnesoid X nuclear receptor120012
pregnane X nuclear receptor180018
G7007
polyprotein4004
P531001
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma130013
aryl hydrocarbon receptor120012
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a170017
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor6006
activating transcription factor 69009
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)100010
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 15005
hemoglobin subunit beta2002
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a4004
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2220022
heat shock protein beta-17007
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 18008
M-phase phosphoprotein 84004
Bile salt export pump0606
Interferon beta100010
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 7007
Cellular tumor antigen p53240024
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 17007
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5110011
Ataxin-2120012
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40202
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial7007
67.9K protein5005
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase6006
Chain A, Cruzipain2002
USP1 protein, partial130013
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA8008
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor2002
Caspase-72002
Inositol monophosphatase 14004
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30204
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10304
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30202
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20134
Potassium channel subfamily K member 90101
Chain A, Glycogen Phosphorylase0101
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Chain A, Chitinase0101
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor3003
DNA polymerase beta2002
Cholinesterase0202
Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0101
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0202
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0202
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
Acetylcholinesterase0303
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0303
Vasopressin V2 receptor0002
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR0202
Adenosine receptor A2a0202
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform 0202
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
Adenylate cyclase type 10002
Chitotriosidase-10202
Serine-protein kinase ATM0101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR0101
Adenosine receptor A2b0103
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0101
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM0134
Endochitinase B10202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0102
Phosphodiesterase 0101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20506
Guanine deaminase0101
Liver carboxylesterase 10001
endonuclease IV4004
huntingtin isoform 23003
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0505
Alpha-synuclein1102
Glutathione reductase0101
Thymidine kinase 2 0101
Deoxycytidine kinase0001
Probable deoxycytidylate deaminase0001
Cytidine deaminase0001
AAA family ATPase 0001
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH 0011
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor 0011
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 12002
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor2002
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0528
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0325
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0112
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0528
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0325
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0325
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0325
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0326
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0516
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0325
Histamine H2 receptor5016
Cereblon isoform 40202
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor150015
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 50011
Choline O-acetyltransferase 0101
Protein cereblon0202
Adenylate cyclase 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40606
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck0101
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10404
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0404
D(2) dopamine receptor0303
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0416
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0404
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10202
D(1A) dopamine receptor0202
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0112
Thromboxane-A synthase 0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0606
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60202
Genome polyprotein 0112
Luciferase5005
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog2002
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B6006
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor3003
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a2002
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a1001
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I2002
relaxin receptor 1 isoform 11001
Flavin reductase (NADPH)0011
large T antigen0101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor 0011
progesterone receptor150015
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 26006
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit8008
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)130013
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a4004
Chain A, Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase0101
glp-1 receptor, partial3003
Skn7p0001
pregnane X receptor4004
Thrombopoietin1001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 27007
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 12002
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor3003
plasminogen precursor3003
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor3003
Vpr1001
Solute carrier family 22 member 80001
Amyloid-beta precursor protein1102
Thymidylate synthase0303
Aromatase0101
HSP40, subfamily A [Plasmodium falciparum 3D7]0001
Albumin0336
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase0202
Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 10101
Cytochrome P450 2J20505
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating0202
Spike glycoprotein100010
Holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10101
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10202
G-protein coupled receptor 350112
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 10202
Chain A, GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBUNIT 20101
Chain A, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain B, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain A, Slr1257 protein0011
Chain A, Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]0101
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0202
Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 10101
Prothrombin0011
ATP-citrate synthase 0101
Glutamate receptor 10314
Glutamate receptor 30314
Glutamate receptor 40314
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10314
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50123
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20314
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 20213
Glutamate receptor 30112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30303
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80011
Glutamate receptor 40213
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 0001
Glutamate racemase0001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 40303
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0303
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50303
Glutamate racemase0001
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0202
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO0202
Chain B, EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E0011
Chain A, CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II0011
Chain A, Protein (female-specific Histamine Binding Protein 2)0011
aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator0001
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA12002
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d7007
transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 30001
Solute carrier family 22 member 20001
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0001
Solute carrier family 22 member 30102
Plasma kallikrein0001
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor0202
Histamine H2 receptor0123
Histamine H1 receptor0134
Histamine H1 receptor0213
Histamine H1 receptor0325
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Histamine N-methyltransferase 0101
Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 10102
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 40001
Histamine H4 receptor0123
Histamine H4 receptor0123
Histamine H4 receptor 0101
Histamine H4 receptor0123
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Carboxylic ester hydrolase 0001
Solute carrier family 22 member 20102
Histamine H3 receptor0123
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 34004
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 12002
snurportin-12002
Acid-sensing ion channel 30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Dihydrofolate reductase0304
Albumin0101
Albumin0022
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70103
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Caspase-10101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C30101
Caspase-30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A10101
Caspase-40101
Caspase-50101
Caspase-90101
Acid-sensing ion channel 10101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
TAR DNA-binding protein 436006
Solute carrier family 22 member 60203
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0102
Solute carrier family 22 member 80203
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 90101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70101
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0304
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20505
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0202
Smad31001
Type-1A angiotensin II receptor 0101
Type-1B angiotensin II receptor0202
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor0101
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B0202
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor0101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0202
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0303
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X20011
Aldehyde oxidase 1 0101
Chain B, DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE0011
Chain B, DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE0011
Chain B, DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE0011
acid sphingomyelinase1001
dopamine D1 receptor1001
ClpP3003
Thymidylate synthase 0101
Thymidylate synthase 0101
polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX121001
nuclear receptor coactivator 1 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens]0101
DNA polymerase eta isoform 11001
transactivating tegument protein VP16 [Human herpesvirus 1]0101
nuclear receptor coactivator 3 isoform a0101
Toll-like receptor 40101
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30102
Dihydrofolate reductase0203
Dihydrofolate reductase 0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0203
Thymidylate synthase0101
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL10011
Thymidylate synthase0202
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
High mobility group protein B10022
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0224
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Folate receptor beta0101
Cytochrome P450 11B1, mitochondrial 0101
Folate receptor alpha0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Histidine decarboxylase0101
Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-30101
Cyclin-dependent kinase 20011
Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC0202
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 0001
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Reduced folate transporter0202
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial0103
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A30001
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Pteridine reductase 10101
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial0103
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10102
Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-30101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 110001
Proton-coupled folate transporter0101
Multidrug resistance associated protein0102
Solute carrier family 22 member 110001
PPM1D protein2002
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)5005
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20022
Glucocorticoid receptor08215
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10808
Glycine receptor subunit beta0808
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20808
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30808
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease2002
caspase-32002
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10101
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A3003
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Neutrophil elastase0101
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial0101
Collagenase 30101
Parkin1001
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor1001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor1001
ras-related protein Rab-9A1001
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 10101
B2 bradykinin receptor0101
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
Beta-lactamase0101
Quinolone resistance protein NorA0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D0101
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic0101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Mcl-10101
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a1001
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B3003
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0101
N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 10101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 0101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-10101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-30101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-20101
Bifunctional cytochrome P450/NADPH--P450 reductase0011
Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta0101
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60101
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40102
Bombesin receptor subtype-30011
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0101
Fatty acid synthase0202
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-20101
Potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta0101
Potassium-transporting ATPase alpha chain 20001
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-30101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma0101
WD repeat-containing protein 50101
Glutathione S-transferase omega-10101
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A0101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-40101
Cytosolic endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Gag-Pol polyprotein0101
Protease 0303
Hsf1 protein0011
estrogen receptor beta isoform 10101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0011
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0202
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0213
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0213
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 0202
Nischarin0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0101
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor3003
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10325
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20325
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30314
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30224
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20224
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
luciferase0001
Estrogen receptor0202
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Androgen receptor0202
Glutamine synthetase0011
Nociceptin receptor0011
Estrogen receptor beta0202
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G2002
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20001
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A80001
Monocarboxylate transporter 40001
Monocarboxylate transporter 20001
Monocarboxylate transporter 10001
C-terminal-binding protein 20101
Monocarboxylate transporter 20101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10101
Chain A, PLASMA RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN PRECURSOR0011
Retinol-binding protein 40011
Beta-lactoglobulin0011
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Estrogen receptor0001
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
Cytochrome P450 3A50101
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A0213
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1B0011
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform0101
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP50101
Splicing factor 3B subunit 30101
Chain A, Pyridoxal kinase0101
Chain A, Pyridoxal Kinase0101
Phosphodiesterase 0202
cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A 0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D 0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0101
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Adenosine receptor A10202
Adenosine receptor A10101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0202
High affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0101
Phospholipase A-2-activating protein0101
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 70101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 0202
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 10101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]