Compounds > troxerutin
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

troxerutin

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Description

troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5486699
CHEMBL ID3182320
SCHEMBL ID142110
MeSH IDM0047701

Synonyms (99)

Synonym
flebil
tris(hydroxyethyl)rutin
troxarutin-ratiopharm
troxerutina [inn-spanish]
helveton
2-(3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-3-((6-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxy ethoxy)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
troxerutine [inn-french]
troxarutin
troxerutinum [inn-latin]
venaroid
flavone, 3,5-dihydroxy-3',4',7-tris(2-hydroxyethoxy)-, 3-(6-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)-beta-d-glucopyranoside)
troxerutin [inn:ban:dcf]
factor p-zyma
3',4',7-tris(hydroxyethyl)rutin
trihydroxyethylrutoside [french]
ccris 1798
veinamitol pulver
troksevazin
tris(hydroxyethyl)rutoside
venoruton p4
pur-rutin
z 6000
rufen-p4
7,3',4'-tris(o-(2-hydroxyethyl)rutin
posorutin
einecs 230-389-4
vitamin p4
veno sl
pherarutin
brn 4778232
troxerutin
D07180
7085-55-4
troxerutin (inn)
NCGC00095147-01
vastribil
veinamitol
trihydroxyethylrutin, >=80% (hplc)
2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
A837010
2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyloxy)phenyl]-7-(2-hydroxyethyloxy)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-6-[[(2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-6-methyl-3,4,5-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-tris(oxidanyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-oxidanyl-chromen-4-one
2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-[[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxanyl]oxymethyl]-2-oxanyl]oxy]-1-benzopyran-4-one
808o347b5y ,
unii-808o347b5y
55965-63-4
venoruton gel
nsc-758937
tox21_111450
cas-7085-55-4
dtxsid4045929 ,
dtxcid2025929
nsc 758937
7y4n11pxo8 ,
troxerutine
trihydroxyethylrutoside
troxerutina
unii-7y4n11pxo8
troxerutinum
trihydroxyethylrutin
AKOS016339659
veniten
ruven
trioxyethylrutin
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-3-((6-o-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl)-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-
troxerutin [inci]
troxerutin [who-dd]
troxerutin [ep monograph]
o-(.beta.-hydroxyethyl)rutoside, (3',4',7)-tri-
troxerutin [mart.]
troxerutin [mi]
z-6000 ,
troxerutin [inn]
SCHEMBL142110
KS-1394
succinimidyln-methylanthranilate
S2369
IYVFNTXFRYQLRP-VVSTWUKXSA-N
3,5-dihydroxy-3',4',7-tris(2-hydroxyethoxy)flavone 3-rutinoside
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-[[6-o-(6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl)-.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-
CHEMBL3182320
2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({[(2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4h-chromen-4-one
2-(3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-(((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-((((2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
tris-o-(2-hydroxyethyl)rutin
triher
tris-o-(b-hydroxyethyl)rutoside
3-[6-o-(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)-beta-delta-glucopyranoside]3,5-dihydroxy-3',4',7-tris(2-hydroxyethoxy)-flavone
3',4',7-tri-o-(b-hydroxyethyl)rutoside
3-[6-o-(6-deoxy-a-l-mannopyranosyl)-b-d-glucopyranoside]3,5-dihydroxy-3',4',7-tris(2-hydroxyethoxy)-flavone
troxerutin, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
DB13124
CS-8204
2-(3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(((2r,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yloxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
HY-N0139
mfcd00893813
troxerutin,(s)
BRD-K73529671-001-04-5
CCG-270428
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one,2-[3,4-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-[[6-o-(6-deoxy-a-l-mannopyranosyl)-b-d-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-
troxerutin (85%)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Troxerutin (TRX) is a natural flavonoid present abundantly in tea, coffee, olives, wheat, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. It is a bioflavonoid, which can be used to treat venous disorders, thrombosis and cerebrovascular diseases.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Troxerutin (TRX) is a water-soluble flavonoid which occurs commonly in the edible plants. "( Troxerutin flavonoid has neuroprotective properties and increases neurite outgrowth and migration of neural stem cells from the subventricular zone.
Masood, MI; Meiser, P; Naseem, M; Schäfer, KH; Weyland, M, 2020)		3.44
"Troxerutin is a natural flavonoid present abundantly in tea, coffee, olives, wheat, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. "( Chemopreventive effect of troxerutin against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human leukocytes through modulation of glutathione-dependent enzymes.
Barreto, FS; Cavalcanti, BC; Ferreira, JRO; Magalhães, HIF; Moraes, MO; Neto, JBA; Nobre Júnior, HV; Ricardo, NMPS; Silva, AAS; Silva, CRD; Vieira, ÍGP, 2021)		2.36
"Troxerutin is a bioflavonoid, which can be used to treat venous disorders, thrombosis and cerebrovascular diseases. "( Troxerutin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through NF‑κB/AKT/IRS1 in a rat model of type 2 diabetes.
Yu, Y; Zheng, G, 2017)		3.34
"Troxerutin is a flavonoid with pharmacological activity of antioxidation and anti-inflammation."( Troxerutin Reduces Kidney Damage against BDE-47-Induced Apoptosis via Inhibiting NOX2 Activity and Increasing Nrf2 Activity.
Lu, J; Shan, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, G; Zheng, Y; Zhuang, J, 2017)		2.62
"Troxerutin (TRX) is a mixture of semisynthetic hydroxyethylrutosides (Hers) arising from hydroxyethylation of rutin, a natural occurring flavonoid. "( Troxerutin, a mixture of O-hydroxyethyl derivatives of the natural flavonoid rutin: Chemical stability and analytical aspects.
Aprile, S; Bianchi, M; Canavesi, R; Del Grosso, E; Grosa, G, 2018)		3.37
"Troxerutin (Tx) is a natural flavonoid, also called vitamin P4, which is widely present in plants consumed as part of our daily diet, such as cereals, various fruits and vegetables, tea, and coffee, and possesses various biological activities, especially an anti-inflammatory effect."( Troxerutin suppresses the inflammatory response in advanced glycation end-product-administered chondrocytes and attenuates mouse osteoarthritis development.
Chen, B; Chen, Y; Pan, X; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xue, X; Zhan, J, 2019)		2.68
"Troxerutin is a natural flavonoid rutin mainly found in extracts of Sophora japonica, and is a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound used in experimental mouse models."( Troxerutin induces protective effects against ultraviolet B radiation through the alteration of microRNA expression in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells.
Ahn, KJ; An, IS; An, S; Bae, S; Cha, HJ; Hong, JT; Lee, GT; Lee, KK; Lee, KS, 2014)		2.57
"Troxerutin is a trihydroxyethylated derivative of the flavonoid, rutin. "( Effect of troxerutin on insulin signaling molecules in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat.
Karundevi, B; Sampath, S, 2014)		2.25
"Troxerutin (TXER) is a derivative of naturally occurring bioflavonoid rutin. "( Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies on the interaction of troxerutin with DNA.
Harikrishna, M; Lokeswara Rao, P; Mareeswaran, R; Ramamurthy, CH; Subastri, A; Sujatha, V; Suresh Kumar, M; Suyavaran, A; Thirunavukkarasu, C, 2015)		2.1
"Troxerutin (TRX) is a flavonoid present in tea, coffee, cereal grains, various fruits and vegetables have been reported to exhibit radioprotective, antithrombotic, nephro and hepato-protective effects. "( Troxerutin, a plant flavonoid, protects cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death through radical scavenging mechanism.
Ghaskadbi, SS; Maurya, DK; Panat, NA; Sandur, SK, 2016)		3.32
"Troxerutin is a natural bioflavonoid with nephro- and hepato-protective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties."( Troxerutin exerts neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease: Possible involvement of PI3K/ERβ signaling.
Baluchnejadmojarad, T; Jamali-Raeufy, N; Rabiee, N; Roghani, M; Zabihnejad, S, 2017)		2.62
"Troxerutin is a naturally fluorescent flavonoid which has been known to improve subjective signs of patients with chronic venous insufficiency."( [Transport and localization of troxerutin in the venous wall].
Carlsson, K; Gerentes, I; Patwardhan, A; Poullain, JC, 1996)		1.3

Effects

Troxerutin has attracted much attention owing to its favorable properties, including antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. It is currently used for the treatment of chronic varicosity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Troxerutin (TRX) has a beneficial effect on blood viscosity and platelet aggregation, and is currently used for the treatment of chronic varicosity. "( Beneficial effects of troxerutin on metabolic disorders in non-obese model of metabolic syndrome.
Hüttl, M; Kazdova, L; Malinska, H; Markova, I; Oliyarnyk, O; Poruba, M; Racova, Z; Vecera, R, 2019)		2.27
"Troxerutin (TRX) has a beneficial effect on blood viscosity and platelet aggregation, and is currently used for the treatment of chronic varicosity. "( Beneficial effects of troxerutin on metabolic disorders in non-obese model of metabolic syndrome.
Hüttl, M; Kazdova, L; Malinska, H; Markova, I; Oliyarnyk, O; Poruba, M; Racova, Z; Vecera, R, 2019)		2.27
"Troxerutin has attracted much attention owing to its favorable properties, including antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects."( Can troxerutin pretreatment prevent testicular complications in prepubertal diabetic male rats?
Ahmadi, M; Bavil, FM; Ghadiri, A; Hamidian, GR; Keyhanmanesh, R; Oghbaei, H; Oskuye, ZZ, 2020)		1.84
"Troxerutin has been reported to have cardioprotective functions."( Troxerutin attenuates oxygen‑glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‑induced oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing the PI3K/AKT/HIF‑1α signaling pathway in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.
Hua, X; Li, C; Li, J; Sheng, XS; Yu, HQ; Yu, ZP, 2020)		2.72

Treatment

Troxerutin-pretreatment may play an essential role in the management of the type-1 diabetes-induced testicular disorders by decreasing blood glucose and modulating apoptosis. TroxerutIn alleviated OGD/R‑induced oxidative stress.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Troxerutin treatment attenuated oxidative stress in the hippocampus of diabetic rats, as evidenced by the decreased MDA level and the increased SOD activity."( Troxerutin attenuates cognitive decline in the hippocampus of male diabetic rats by inhibiting NADPH oxidase and activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
Gao, M; Kang, Y; Li, H; Liu, L; Luan, X; Qu, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2020)		2.72
"Troxerutin and insulin treatments were begun immediately on the day of diabetes confirmation."( Can troxerutin pretreatment prevent testicular complications in prepubertal diabetic male rats?
Ahmadi, M; Bavil, FM; Ghadiri, A; Hamidian, GR; Keyhanmanesh, R; Oghbaei, H; Oskuye, ZZ, 2020)		1.84
"Troxerutin treatment improved these alterations compared to the diabetic group."( Can troxerutin pretreatment prevent testicular complications in prepubertal diabetic male rats?
Ahmadi, M; Bavil, FM; Ghadiri, A; Hamidian, GR; Keyhanmanesh, R; Oghbaei, H; Oskuye, ZZ, 2020)		1.84
"Troxerutin-pretreatment may play an essential role in the management of the type-1 diabetes-induced testicular disorders by decreasing blood glucose and modulating apoptosis."( Can troxerutin pretreatment prevent testicular complications in prepubertal diabetic male rats?
Ahmadi, M; Bavil, FM; Ghadiri, A; Hamidian, GR; Keyhanmanesh, R; Oghbaei, H; Oskuye, ZZ, 2020)		2.56
"Troxerutin pretreatment alleviated OGD/R‑induced oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the reduced generation of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde content, and the increased activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which were reduced by HIF‑1α‑siRNA."( Troxerutin attenuates oxygen‑glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‑induced oxidative stress and inflammation by enhancing the PI3K/AKT/HIF‑1α signaling pathway in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.
Hua, X; Li, C; Li, J; Sheng, XS; Yu, HQ; Yu, ZP, 2020)		2.72
"Troxerutin treatment significantly suppressed STAT3/RNF6 signaling."( The bioflavonoid troxerutin prevents gestational hypertension in mice by inhibiting STAT3 signaling.
Duan, B; Li, Y; Sun, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, X, 2021)		1.68
"Troxerutin treatment reduced the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in high-cholesterol-induced insulin-resistant mice and in type-2 diabetic patients."( Effect of troxerutin on insulin signaling molecules in the gastrocnemius muscle of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic adult male rat.
Karundevi, B; Sampath, S, 2014)		1.53
"When troxerutin pre-treated DU145 and PC3 cells were exposed to γ-radiation, cytotoxicity as estimated by MTT assay, was found to be further enhanced."( Troxerutin, a natural flavonoid binds to DNA minor groove and enhances cancer cell killing in response to radiation.
Ghaskadbi, SS; Maurya, DK; Panat, NA; Sandur, SK; Singh, BG, 2016)		2.33
"Troxerutin was treated by daily oral administration at doses of 150 mg/kg/day for 20 weeks."( Troxerutin Attenuates Enhancement of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by Inhibiting NOD Activation-Mediated Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Treated Mice.
Fan, S; Lu, J; Shan, Q; Su, W; Sui, J; Sun, C; Wang, X; Wu, D; Zhang, C; Zhang, Z; Zheng, G; Zheng, Y, 2016)		2.6
"Pretreatment with troxerutin as well as postconditioning can induce cardioprotection through prevention of the cell-cell interaction and release of inflammatory mediators, minimizing I/R pathological changes in myocardial cells."( Troxerutin Preconditioning and Ischemic Postconditioning Modulate Inflammatory Response after Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Model.
Abbaszadeh, A; Alihemmati, A; Badalzadeh, R; Baradaran, B; Yousefi, B, 2017)		2.22
"Pretreatment with troxerutin resulted in a significantly higher 30-day survival rate for 70% of mice compared with 30% of irradiation group after exposure to a potentially lethal dose of 8 Gy; LD50/30 of drug treatment group was 9 Gy compared with 7.7 Gy for irradiation group. "( Radioprotective effects of troxerutin against gamma irradiation in mice liver.
Enjin, J; Junfeng, J; Junqing, J; Ping, X, 2012)		1.01

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse drug reactions were assessed regarding causality."( Safety aspects of a coumarin-troxerutin combination regarding liver function in a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Becker, EW; Henneicke-von Zepelin, HH; Naser-Hijazi, B; Schmeck-Lindenau, HJ; Schnitker, J, 2003)		0.61
"No serious adverse drug reactions occurred."( Safety aspects of a coumarin-troxerutin combination regarding liver function in a double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Becker, EW; Henneicke-von Zepelin, HH; Naser-Hijazi, B; Schmeck-Lindenau, HJ; Schnitker, J, 2003)		0.61

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The maximal pharmacodynamic effects appeared simultaneous with the plasma drug peak."( Pharmacodynamics of troxerutine in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: correlations with plasma drug levels.
Auteri, A; Blardi, P; de Lillo, L; di Perri, T; Frigerio, C, 1990)		0.6
" The primary objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters, in particular the rate and extent of absorption (bioavailability) of two markers of Venoruton: mono-3'-HR and mono-4'-HR derivatives [glucuroconjugated forms (HG)], analysed in their deconjugated form as O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-quercetin (HQ): mono-3'-HQ and mono-4'-HQ, and to investigate dose proportionality."( Pharmacokinetics of mono-3'- and mono-4'-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside derivatives, after single doses of Venoruton powder in healthy volunteers.
Ghika, A; Kienzler, JL; Sallin, D; Schifflers, MH, 2002)		0.31
" Time to peak concentration of both Venoruton derivatives remained unaffected by the administered dose."( Pharmacokinetics of mono-3'- and mono-4'-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside derivatives, after single doses of Venoruton powder in healthy volunteers.
Ghika, A; Kienzler, JL; Sallin, D; Schifflers, MH, 2002)		0.31
" The rate of appearance and the elimination half-life of both molecules were not modified with the administered dose."( Pharmacokinetics of mono-3'- and mono-4'-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside derivatives, after single doses of Venoruton powder in healthy volunteers.
Ghika, A; Kienzler, JL; Sallin, D; Schifflers, MH, 2002)		0.31

Bioavailability

The W/O microemulsion can significantly promote the intestinal absorption of troxerutin in rats in vivo. The relative bioavailability of the microemulsions was about 205.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The relative bioavailability of the drug from Venelbin was 97."( [HPLC determination of troxerutin in plasma and urine following oral administration in man].
Beubler, E; Dittrich, P; Kukovetz, W; Ostrowski, J; Schraven, E, 1985)		0.58
"The bioavailability of both Venoruton derivatives (mono-3'-HQ and mono-4'-HQ) tended to be proportional to the dose."( Pharmacokinetics of mono-3'- and mono-4'-0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside derivatives, after single doses of Venoruton powder in healthy volunteers.
Ghika, A; Kienzler, JL; Sallin, D; Schifflers, MH, 2002)		0.31
" The W/O microemulsion can significantly promote the intestinal absorption of troxerutin in rats in vivo, and the relative bioavailability of the microemulsion was about 205."( Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of a water-in-oil microemulsion formulation for the oral delivery of troxerutin.
Chen, W; Jin, Y; Lin, Y; Xu, M; Yu, Q; Zhao, Q, 2016)		0.87
"These results suggest that novel W/O microemulsion could be used as an effective formulation for improving the oral bioavailability of troxerutin."( Development and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of a water-in-oil microemulsion formulation for the oral delivery of troxerutin.
Chen, W; Jin, Y; Lin, Y; Xu, M; Yu, Q; Zhao, Q, 2016)		0.85
"A facile and efficient whole-cell biocatalysis method was developed to synthesize troxerutin-acylated derivatives, markedly enhancing the bioavailability and antioxidant activities of troxerutin in cells."( Biocatalytic synthesis of acylated derivatives of troxerutin: their bioavailability and antioxidant properties in vitro.
Lai, F; Li, X; Xin, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, G, 2018)		0.96
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Four simple, accurate, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Troxerutin (TXN) and Carbazochrome (CZM) in their bulk powders, laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" These data were confirmed by excellent acceptability as well as subjective assessment by patients after 4 months' treatment at the dosage of 4 g/d."( [Clinical and rheological efficacy of troxerutin in obstetric gynecology].
Marhic, C, 1991)		0.55
" These data indicate that the intraarterial infusion of Venoruton at this dosage does not inhibit the ability of simultaneously infused histamine or bradykinin to increase transvascular fluid and macromolecular efflux in the canine forelimb perfused at constant arterial inflow."( O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (Venoruton) fails to block histamine or bradykinin-induced edema formation in the canine forelimb perfused at constant arterial inflow.
Dabney, JM; Dobbins, DE; Soika, CY, 1984)		0.27
" This proposed method was successfully applied to the detection of troxerutin in pharmaceutical dosage forms and satisfying results had been obtained."( The electrochemical oxidation of troxerutin and its sensitive determination in pharmaceutical dosage forms at PVP modified carbon paste electrode.
Hu, S; Wang, F; Yang, X, 2006)		0.85
"05) were obtained in the group using the higher dosage and the associated treatment."( Clinical improvement in chronic venous insufficiency signs and symptoms with Venoruton® (HR): an 8-month, open-registry, cost-efficacy study.
Bavera, P; Belcaro, G; Cesarone, MR; Corsi, M; Dugall, M; Hosoi, M; Ippolito, E; Ledda, A; Luzzi, R; Pellegrini, L; Ricci, A; Stuard, S, 2010)		0.36
"05) in the HR-treated groups with a significant decrease in edema score and ankle circumference in the higher dosage group."( Venoruton®: post thrombotic syndrome. Clinical improvement in venous insufficiency (signs and symptoms) with Venoruton®. A five-year, open-registry, efficacy study.
Bavera, P; Belcaro, G; Cesarone, MR; Corsi, M; Dugall, M; Errichi, BM; Errichi, S; Feragalli, B; Gizzi, G; Hosoi, M; Ippolito, E; Ledda, A; Luzzi, R; Pellegrini, L; Ricci, A, 2011)		0.37
"Four simple, accurate, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Troxerutin (TXN) and Carbazochrome (CZM) in their bulk powders, laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Validated spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of troxerutin and carbazochrome in dosage form.
Al-Ghobashy, MA; Ghoniem, NS; Hegazy, MA; Khattab, FI; Ramadan, NK, 2015)		0.85
" Group I (control group), group II (rotenone treated group): the rats were injected subcutaneously with a single rotenone dosage of 3 mg/kg repeated every 48 hours for 60 days to trigger retinal neurodegeneration."( Troxerutin downregulates C/EBP-β gene expression via modulating the IFNγ-ERK1/2 signaling pathway to ameliorate rotenone-induced retinal neurodegeneration.
El-Esawy, RO; El-Sakaa, MH; Ibrahim, RR, 2020)		2
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.80620.000229.305416,493.5996AID743075
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (6)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (250)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199048 (19.20)18.7374
1990's36 (14.40)18.2507
2000's44 (17.60)29.6817
2010's92 (36.80)24.3611
2020's30 (12.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.13

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.13 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.81 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.77 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index103.94 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (62.13)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials58 (21.25%)5.53%
Reviews14 (5.13%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (1.47%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other197 (72.16%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Resolution Enhancement by a Supplemental Obstruction Lessening Venoactive Drug for Eight Weeks in Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Pilot Study to Evaluate if Hydroxyethylrutoside Reduces the Risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome in Patients With DVT. [NCT04670432]Phase 344 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-08Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of the Fixed-dose Combination of Coumarin and Troxerutin (Venalot®) Versus Placebo in the Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Venous Insufficiency - VENACT [NCT01848210]Phase 4829 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01848210 (4) [back to overview]Change (Reduction) From Baseline in Local Complaint Severity
NCT01848210 (4) [back to overview]Mean Change (Reduction) From Baseline in Volume of Reference Leg at Week 16
NCT01848210 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01848210 (4) [back to overview]Overall Assessment by the Investigator

Change (Reduction) From Baseline in Local Complaint Severity

"Local Complaint Severity will be assessed using the Severity Score of Local Complaints that comprises 8 items: 1=tired legs, 2=heavy legs, 3= feeling of tension, 4=feeling of swelling, 5=aching legs, 6=tingling, 7=itching, 8=burning of soles of the feet.~Each item is classified with a Likert-type scale of 5 levels, where 0=absent, 1=low, 2=medium, 3=high, 4=very high.~A total score is calculated from the sum of the scores of all the 8 items and ranges from 0 (complaints absent) to 32 (very high severity)." (NCT01848210)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Coumarin + Troxerutin10.83
Placebo10.45

[back to top]

Mean Change (Reduction) From Baseline in Volume of Reference Leg at Week 16

Change in the partial volume of legs will be measured using a water plethysmometer. The volume of water (at 34 ± 0.2 °C) displaced after limb immersion is collected in an empty plastic Beaker which has been previously weighed (scale tare). The equilibrium/stability will be estimated using the absolute difference between measures of volume obtained at the Week 16 visit and Baseline to determine the reduction in edema. (NCT01848210)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionmilliliters (mL) (Mean)
Coumarin + Troxerutin1.13
Placebo5.78

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)

Adverse events are any unwanted medical occurrences in an individual taking part in a clinical study who is receiving a pharmaceutical product. The adverse event does not have necessarily a causal relationship with the treatment. In this definition, any adverse or unwanted signals and symptoms, or findings that appear from the start or that deteriorate during the clinical study are also included, i.e. any intercurrent diseases (recently diagnosed concomitant diseases or symptoms), accidents and clinically relevant changes in clinical laboratory values. (NCT01848210)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 16

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Coumarin + Troxerutin131
Placebo120

[back to top]

Overall Assessment by the Investigator

The investigator recorded their impression of the overall clinical picture at the end of the treatment period (Week 16), taking into account the clinical picture compared with the Baseline visit. Data is reported for the percentage of participants in each of the following assessment categories: worsening, unchanged, discreet improvement or accentuated improvement. (NCT01848210)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
WorseningUnchangedDiscreet improvementAccentuated improvement
Coumarin + Troxerutin0.611.225.362.9
Placebo0.814.324.460.4

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
choline
[no description available]		2.3820cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		6.654coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.96102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.3620aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.1510dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.8130metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.6630hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		1.96102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
taurine
[no description available]		2.4220amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.0510uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.5320isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.520hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		1.97101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.8840benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		1.9610benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		4.7521
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		1.9610piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.4110branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		7.1510nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		1.9610chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.1710
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
heptaminol
Heptaminol: An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism.		5.8231tertiary alcohol
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		8.5110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.3720aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.6930catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.0510
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		1.9610aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.1510chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9710ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.1510benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		5.2131oxopurine
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		1.9710N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		4.411aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		1.9610pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		1.9710alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		1.9610glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		1.941011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.17102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		4.7521indoles
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.1510nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		1.9810cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.1550D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		7.3720aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
mannitol
[no description available]		7.3720mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.3110arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.2510organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-ones
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.3720catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4220organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.3720diarylmethane
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		8.3711ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		7.07433'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.251017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		3.411organic molecular entity
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.0740dialdehydebiomarker
2-anthramine
2-anthramine: structure		2.1510anthracenamine
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.4220acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		7.4110nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2560alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.3920
ethamsylate
Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.		2.0110organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		1.9710chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.5120metal sulfateallergen
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		1.9610benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
calcium dobesilate
Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.		6.8841
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		1.9810N-alkylpiperazine
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		1.9810acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.0310D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
aminaftone
[no description available]		4.411naphthols
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available]		3.0540aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine
N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		2.0210L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antigen
methotrexate
[no description available]		7.4110dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.3920oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
tribenoside
tribenoside: anti-inflammatory agent used in edema of extremities, varicose veins & phlebitis; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search GLYCOSIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		8.5110glycoside
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.2110
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		6.9910peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.3620oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		1.97101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		7.2110isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0210cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.4220icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.0210cyclodextrin
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0310
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.3820flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		1.97101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.0440cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
quinine
[no description available]		2.0210cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
quercetin
[no description available]		10.21417-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.2110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		17.5224451disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		1.9710linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
diosmin
[no description available]		11.04104dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.02104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
rutin sulfate
rutin sulfate: RN refers to Na salt		1.9710
4(g)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin
4(G)-alpha-glucopyranosyl-rutin: structure given in first source		2.2110
venalot
[no description available]		3.7721
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		3.4311triterpenoid saponin
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.4220aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.1110morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		7.110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.1510
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		1.9610glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.39201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chitosan
[no description available]		7.610
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		3.3911
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		4.411
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		1.9610
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0210
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		3.3611
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.9240ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		8.9195benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		2.0110fatty acid ester
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.2110
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.3820
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		2.0310
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.0210
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.520purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.3820folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.520guanosinesbiomarker
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.6330
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.6330
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.3110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.3110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.6120
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.6120
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.7620
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.3110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.7620
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.9330
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.55220
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.86120
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		19.86120
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		07.9330
Autism
[description not available]		02.4110
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.920
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.4110
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.4982
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.7220
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.7220
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		013.583219
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		014.7195
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.6920
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.03130
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		07.6920
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.0540
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.9340
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.9340
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		08.0540
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.5920
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.2510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.8130
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		04.0931
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.3110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.842311
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		017.842311
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.2510
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.4260
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.5520
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.6390
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		07.2510
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		07.3110
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.3110
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.3110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.3110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.3110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.3110
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.1510
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.1510
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.1510
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.5920
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.0940
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.5920
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.0940
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		03.5111
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		03.5111
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.2110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.2110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.1710
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.5720
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.5720
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1710
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.7121
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.7121
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.1710
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.1710
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1710
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.2110
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		02.2110
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		02.2110
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.2110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.2110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.2110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.2110
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.2110
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.2110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.2110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.3110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.3110
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.2110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.4920
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.4920
Anasarca
[description not available]		011.74169
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		011.74169
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.5351
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.5351
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.520
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.520
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.110
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.110
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.110
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.2272
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		04.4111
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		05.3222
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		011.2272
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.1110
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.1110
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.1110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.1110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		06.1443
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		03.5311
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		06.1443
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1310
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1310
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.1510
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		07.1510
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.9140
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.1310
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.1310
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.1510
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.0410
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		07.0510
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		07.85105
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		07.0510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		07.6297
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		012.6297
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0510
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		02.0510
Varices
[description not available]		06.93127
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		04.8542
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		011.93127
Ache
[description not available]		08.5461
Dermatoses
[description not available]		06.8740
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		08.5461
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		06.8740
Postthrombotic Syndrome
A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.		02.0610
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.821
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		03.411
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		03.411
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.4220
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.411
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.411
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		02.3420
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		04.0431
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		02.3420
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		04.0431
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9410
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		01.9410
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		01.9410
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		01.9410
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9410
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		01.9310
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		06.9263
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		011.9263
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		03.8121
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		08.8121
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.6432
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.0210
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		04.0531
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0210
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.0310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.1131
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.4311
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		01.9610
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9610
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		01.9610
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9610
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		09.0531
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9610
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		01.9510
Amaurosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		01.9610
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9610
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9610
Arthropathies
[description not available]		01.9510
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		04.0431
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9510
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		01.9510
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		04.0431
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9510
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		03.7621
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		08.7621
Bleb
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		01.9810
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		01.9910
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.3920
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.3522
Asialia
[description not available]		04.3522
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.3522
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		09.3522
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		03.3911
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		0210
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		0210
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		0533
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.3911
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.3911
Bigfoot Disease
[description not available]		02.8910
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		03.3611
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		03.3611
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		03.3611
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.8840
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.3611
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.3611
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.3611
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.		02.3720
Postphlebitic Disease
[description not available]		03.3611
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.3611
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.3611
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		03.3611
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.3511
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.3511
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9710
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		01.9710
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		01.9710
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		01.9710
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		01.9710
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		01.9610
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9610
Pyrexia
[description not available]		01.9610
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9610
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9610
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		01.9610
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		01.9610
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		01.9710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9710
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		06.9710
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		06.9710
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9710
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		01.9610
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9610
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		01.9610