Compounds > sabinene
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sabinene

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Description

Sabinene is a bicyclic monoterpene, a type of organic compound found naturally in various plants, especially in the essential oils of conifers, herbs, and spices. It is known for its characteristic woody and herbaceous aroma. Sabinene is often studied due to its potential biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. The compound is also considered a promising candidate for use in the pharmaceutical, food, and fragrance industries. Sabinene can be synthesized through various methods, including the use of biocatalysts and chemical reactions. Its biological effects have been investigated in various studies, showcasing its potential as a therapeutic agent. The importance of Sabinene lies in its versatility and potential applications in diverse fields. Further research into its properties and mechanisms of action is ongoing to fully understand its potential.'

sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
Laurus nobilisspeciesLaurus nobilis L. leaves are known for use in SPICES.[MeSH]LauraceaeA family of mainly aromatic evergreen plants in the order Laurales. The laurel family includes 2,200 species in 45 genera and from these are derived medicinal extracts, essential oils, camphor and other products.[MeSH]
Clausena anisataspecies[no description available]RutaceaeA plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.[MeSH]
CitrusgenusA plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.[MeSH]RutaceaeA plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID18818
CHEMBL ID452687
CHEBI ID50027
MeSH IDM0107834

Synonyms (48)

Synonym
carrot seed oil
black pepper
nutmeg
4(10)-thujene
bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-
nsc407278
sabinene
3387-41-5
CHEBI:50027 ,
4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
4-methylidene-1-(propan-2-yl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
1-isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
C16777 ,
CHEMBL452687
citrus
AKOS024318970
marjoram
FT-0674491
FT-0674492
FT-0634821
laurus nobilis
sabinene, natural, 75%
5-isopropyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
J-019353
(+/-)-sabinene
mfcd00064917
BCP25950
4(10)-thujene pound>>thuj-4(10)-ene
Q421278
sabinene (stabilized with tbc)
E75933
HY-108943
CS-0032596
MS-22801
(+/-)-sabinene 100 microg/ml in methanol
4-methylidene-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
sabinene, (-)-(sg)
EN300-250199
holm oak
pine
clausena anisata
bicyclic monoterpene
sabinene natural tanacetane
spiciness
us nat
spice
eu nat
norway spruce

Research Excerpts

Overview

Sabinene is an important naturally occurring bicyclic monoterpene. It can be used as flavorings, perfume additives, fine chemicals, and advanced biofuels.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sabinene is an important naturally occurring bicyclic monoterpene which can be used as flavorings, perfume additives, fine chemicals, and advanced biofuels. "( Biosynthesis and production of sabinene: current state and perspectives.
Cao, Y; Liu, H; Liu, W; Xian, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, R, 2018)		2.21

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sabinene has antifungal activity toward Alternaria alternata."( Characterization of a sabinene synthase gene from rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri).
Akimitsu, K; Gomi, K; Kohzaki, K; Ozawa, R; Takabayashi, J; Yamasaki-Kokudo, Y, 2009)		1.39

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Flavonoids are a ubiquitous family of phytochemicals that display a variety of biological effects, both beneficial and adverse depending on the individual compound."( Genetic toxicity of a standardized mixture of citrus polymethoxylated flavones.
Cox, D; Delaney, B; Manthey, J; Phillips, K; Vasquez, C; Wang, HB; Wilson, A, 2002)		0.31
" These data suggest the long-term daily oral consumption of NPI-028 as a part of the daily diet for 3 months, at the doses studied, is safe in rats."( Toxicity study of an antidipsotropic Chinese herbal mixture in rats: NPI-028.
Baker, JI; Boucher, TA; Keyler, DE; Lee, DY; Lenz, SK; Overstreet, DH, 2002)		0.31
"These tests indicated that from the 1:1 through the 1:128 concentrations, GSE remained toxic as well as bactericidal."( The effectiveness of processed grapefruit-seed extract as an antibacterial agent: II. Mechanism of action and in vitro toxicity.
Carino, E; Cottingham, J; Cox, R; Gusman, J; Heggers, JP; McCoy, L; Reagor, L; Zhao, JG, 2002)		0.31
" All three extracts were toxic to some extent; the diethyl ether extract was selected for further studies."( Toxic effects of lemon peel constituents on Ceratitis capitata.
Bardón, A; Borkosky, S; Salvatore, A; Willink, E, 2004)		0.32
"Statin monotherapy is generally well tolerated, with a low frequency of adverse events."( Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions.
Bellosta, S; Corsini, A; Paoletti, R, 2004)		0.32
" Sucrose octanoate topically applied was equally toxic to brown citrus aphid adults and nymphs with LC50 and LC90 values ranging from 356 to 514 and 1029 to 1420 ppm, respectively."( Sucrose octanoate toxicity to brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae).
Hunter, WB; McKenzie, CL; Puterka, GJ; Weathersbee, AA, 2004)		0.32
"The preparation of Chinese medicine compound is effective and safe for treatment of chololithiasis."( [Study on the cholelitholytic effect and safety of the preparation of Chinese medicine compound].
Guo, YN; Yang, H; Yang, ZX; Yi, H; Zhang, QW; Zhang, YX, 2006)		0.33
" Chlorpyrifos was consistently the most toxic pesticide to all four species of beneficial insects tested based on LC50 values recorded 24 h posttreatment compared with 48-h LC50 values with the neonicotinoid and pyrethroids or 96 h with the IGRs."( Toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four insect parasitoids attacking citrus and cotton pests.
Castle, SJ; Henneberry, TJ; Morse, JG; Naranjo, SE; Prabhaker, N; Toscano, NC, 2007)		0.34
" The bioassays indicated toxic properties of olive mill and citrus processing wastewaters."( Bioassays and biochemical biomarkers for assessing olive mill and citrus processing wastewater toxicity.
Albanis, TA; Cotou, E; Giannakou, U; Kamarianos, A; Karaouzas, I; Skoulikidis, NT, 2011)		0.37
"Chronic administration of the RC tea to overweight T2D on OADs caused significant improvements in markers of glycaemic control and modifications to the fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle, without adverse effects or hypoglycaemia."( Randomized and double-blinded pilot clinical study of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea, as used in Nigerian traditional medicine.
Abdallah, Z; Campbell-Tofte, JI; Cornett, C; Hansen, SH; Josefsen, K; Mu, H; Mølgaard, P; Nørregaard, JC; Petersen, HW; Richter, EA; Winther, K, 2011)		0.37
" The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients."( The safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.
Preuss, HG; Shara, M; Stohs, SJ, 2011)		0.37
" Animals were sacrificed on GD 21, and fetuses were examined for the presence of various developmental toxic endpoints."( Developmental toxicity of Citrus aurantium in rats.
Hansen, DK; Juliar, BE; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2011)		0.37
"At doses up to 100 mg synephrine/kg body weight, there were no adverse effects on embryolethality, fetal weight, or incidences of gross, visceral, or skeletal abnormalities."( Developmental toxicity of Citrus aurantium in rats.
Hansen, DK; Juliar, BE; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2011)		0.37
" Urinalysis, hematological, blood coagulation and serum biochemical examination as well as necropsy or histopathology showed that no observed adverse effect was found."( Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel (Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats.
Li, C; Pan, S; Xue, F, 2012)		0.38
" No adverse effects were reported in the three groups."( A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract.
Kaats, GR; Miller, H; Preuss, HG; Stohs, SJ, 2013)		0.39
" Because ephedrine has cardiovascular effects that may be exacerbated during physical exercise, the purpose of this study was to determine whether extracts containing synephrine produced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in exercising rats."( Cardiovascular toxicity of Citrus aurantium in exercised rats.
Abdel-Rahman, A; Fabricant, D; George, NI; Hansen, DK; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2013)		0.39
" No adverse effects were observed."( Clinical study to assess the efficacy and safety of a citrus polyphenolic extract of red orange, grapefruit, and orange (Sinetrol-XPur) on weight management and metabolic parameters in healthy overweight individuals.
Caillard, P; Cloarec, M; Dallas, C; Elbez, Y; Gerbi, A; Zamaria, N, 2014)		0.4
" Their effects, active ingredients as well as possible adverse effects will be discussed with special focus on clinical studies."( New insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects.
Koncic, MZ; Tomczyk, M, 2013)		0.39
" The supplementation of CFO to the basal diet did not produce any adverse effects in birds."( Amelioration of hepatotoxicity induced by aflatoxin using citrus fruit oil in broilers (Gallus domesticus).
Anitha, N; Kumar, DS; Kumar, PG; Rao, S; Satyanarayana, ML, 2015)		0.42
" This study therefore aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of the fruit extract using some biochemical and hematological parameters in rat model."( Assessment of toxic effects of the methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr. Fruit via biochemical and hematological evaluation in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
Alam, MR; Hasan, MM; Hasan, MR; Hossain, MM; Islam, AF; Rahman, T; Rana, MS; Uddin, N, 2014)		0.4
" No adverse effects were reported."( Cardiovascular Safety of Oral p-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Clinical Trial.
Mukattash, TL; Shara, M; Stohs, SJ, 2016)		0.43
" sinensis: (a) better maintenance of photosynthesis and energy balance via inducing photosynthesis and energy-related proteins; (b) less increased requirement for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and other toxic compounds, such as aldehydes, and great improvement of the total ability of detoxification; and (c) upregulation of low-phosphorus-responsive proteins."( Aluminum Toxicity-Induced Alterations of Leaf Proteome in Two Citrus Species Differing in Aluminum Tolerance.
Chen, LS; Guo, P; Li, H; Lu, YB; Qi, YP; Yang, LT, 2016)		0.43
" This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses."( Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine.
Stohs, SJ, 2017)		0.46
" We have prepared a non-phytotoxic composite material consisting of generally recognized as safe ZnO 800 particles and nanocopper-loaded silica gel (ZnO-nCuSi)."( Multimodal Generally Recognized as Safe ZnO/Nanocopper Composite: A Novel Antimicrobial Material for the Management of Citrus Phytopathogens.
Graham, JH; Johnson, EG; Myers, ME; Ozcan, A; Santra, S; Young, M, 2018)		0.48
" No adverse effects were reported in response to the bitter orange (p-synephrine)."( Safety evaluation of p-synephrine following 15 days of oral administration to healthy subjects: A clinical study.
Shara, M; Smadi, MM; Stohs, SJ, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of naringenin: A randomized, controlled, single-ascending-dose clinical trial.
Beyl, RA; Campagna, SR; Castro, HF; Coulter, AA; Greenway, FL; Kennedy, BJ; Lertora, JJL; Poulev, A; Ravussin, E; Rebello, CJ; Redman, LM; Ribnicky, DM, 2020)		0.56
"Ingestion of 150 to 900 mg doses of naringenin is safe in healthy adults, and serum concentrations are proportional to the dose administered."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of naringenin: A randomized, controlled, single-ascending-dose clinical trial.
Beyl, RA; Campagna, SR; Castro, HF; Coulter, AA; Greenway, FL; Kennedy, BJ; Lertora, JJL; Poulev, A; Ravussin, E; Rebello, CJ; Redman, LM; Ribnicky, DM, 2020)		0.56
" No other adverse effects were observed in the 90-day study."( An evaluation of the genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity of the peel extract of Ponkan cultivar 'Ohta ponkan' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) that is rich in nobiletin and tangeretin with anti-dementia activity.
Nakajima, A; Nemoto, K; Ohizumi, Y, 2020)		0.56
" In addition, the frequent emergence of resistance to pesticides and their adverse effects toward non-target organisms have generated the need to develop novel ecofriendly tools for pest control."( Side effects of two citrus essential oil formulations on a generalist insect predator, plant and soil enzymatic activities.
Baglieri, A; Barbagallo, RN; Biondi, A; Campolo, O; Cherif, A; Palmeri, V; Puglisi, I; Ricupero, M; Zappalà, L, 2020)		0.56
" In conclusion, Citrus limonia oil can ameliorate the toxic effect of cisplatin on mice kidneys, probably through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects."( Protective effects of Citrus limonia oil against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Abdel-Daim, MM; Al Badawi, MH; Alghamdi, J; Alkahtani, S; Mahmoud, OM; Salem, NA, 2020)		0.56
" sunki peel extract (FCPE) to provide the essential information required for safe use in human."( In vivo and in vitro safety evaluation of fermented Citrus sunki peel extract: acute and 90-day repeated oral toxicity studies with genotoxicity assessment.
Che, JH; Cho, EY; Han, KM; Jung, CW; Kang, BC; Kim, YS; Ku, SY; Kwon, E; Park, JS; Yun, JW, 2020)		0.56
"Single oral administration of FCPE did not cause any clinical signs and lethality in all animals, establishing LD50 to be over 2000 mg/kg BW."( In vivo and in vitro safety evaluation of fermented Citrus sunki peel extract: acute and 90-day repeated oral toxicity studies with genotoxicity assessment.
Che, JH; Cho, EY; Han, KM; Jung, CW; Kang, BC; Kim, YS; Ku, SY; Kwon, E; Park, JS; Yun, JW, 2020)		0.56
" To date, there have been only a few toxicological studies on 5DN, and both in vitro and in vivo on 5DN have not revealed significant toxic side effects."( 5-Demethylnobiletin: Insights into its pharmacological activity, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Ding, H; Li, D; Liu, Y; You, Q, 2022)		0.72
" However, frequent spraying of Bm is toxic to citrus."( Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chloroplast Ultrastructure Responses of Citrus Leaves to Copper Toxicity Induced by Bordeaux Mixture in Greenhouse.
Chen, L; Hu, P; Huang, Z; Lin, M; Lu, F; Ye, X, 2022)		0.72
" The pesticide Abamectin, applied alone and with Levanola oil was highly toxic to adults in all bioassays, with the exception of direct spray application on the mummified host."( Toxicity assessment of common acaricides and mineral oils on Anagyrus vladimiri, an effective biocontrol agent of citrus mealybug.
Kaspi, R; Kramer, RM; Protasov, A; Singh, S; Yaacobi, G, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The effect of drinking grapefruit juice on the acute pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic actions of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist felodipine given as a 5 mg plain tablet has been studied in nine, healthy, middle-aged males."( Acute effects of drinking grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of felodipine--and its potential clinical relevance.
Bailey, D; Bergstrand, R; Edgar, B; Johnsson, G; Regårdh, CG, 1992)		0.28
" Grapefruit juice increased the AUC and cmax of 1 statistically significantly by 103 (SD 73, range 48 to 265)% and 94 (SD 83, range -23 to 259)%, respectively."( Influence of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of a slow release nifedipine formulation.
Henschel, L; Hippius, M; Hoffmann, A; Kaufmann, K; Sigusch, H, 1994)		0.29
" The primary end points were QT prolongation on the surface electrocardiogram and the pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum concentration, and time to maximum concentration of terfenadine and its acid metabolite terfenadine carboxylate."( Grapefruit juice alters terfenadine pharmacokinetics, resulting in prolongation of repolarization on the electrocardiogram.
Benton, RE; Cantilena, LR; Honig, PK; Woosley, RL; Zamani, K, 1996)		0.29
" Using a crossover design, a 12-hr pharmacokinetic study was then conducted."( Effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients.
Ashton, K; Hunsicker, LG; Ku, YM; Martin, MF; Min, DI; Perry, PJ; Ukah, FO, 1996)		0.29
" For pharmacodynamic data, the electrocardiograms (ECGs) were performed for 12 hours, and the recordings were marked for ECG interval at all blood collection time periods."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine in healthy volunteers.
Geraets, DR; Ku, YM; Lee, H; Min, DI, 1996)		0.29
" Grapefruit juice drunk simultaneously with and 1, 4, 10 or 24 hours before the drug administration resulted in a 32-99% increase in mean Cmax values of felodipine, relative to concomitant water and felodipine intake."( Relationship between time of intake of grapefruit juice and its effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of felodipine in healthy subjects.
Edgar, B; Johnsson, G; Lundahl, J; Regårdh, CG, 1995)		0.29
"When amlodipine was coadministered with grapefruit juice, Cmax was 115% and AUC(0-72 h) was 116% compared with water, but tmax was not significantly changed."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in healthy volunteers.
Ahlner, J; Josefsson, M; Zackrisson, AL, 1996)		0.29
"Intake of grapefruit juice did not significantly alter the intravenous pharmacokinetics of felodipine compared to control treatment, whereas after oral drug administration it did lead to an increase in the mean AUC and Cmax by 72% and 173%, respectively, and the mean absolute bioavailability was increased by 112%."( Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion--pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of intravenously and orally administered felodipine in healthy men.
Edgar, B; Johnsson, G; Lundahl, J; Regårdh, CG, 1997)		0.3
" Plasma concentrations of itraconazole were measured by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters; Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, AUC, and AUC corrected by human body surface area: AUC/S, were calculated."( Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy subjects.
Hidaka, T; Ishizuka, T; Kawakami, M; Matsuki, Y; Nakamura, H; Suzuki, K, 1998)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice had no effect on any pharmacokinetic parameter of itraconazole."( Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy subjects.
Hidaka, T; Ishizuka, T; Kawakami, M; Matsuki, Y; Nakamura, H; Suzuki, K, 1998)		0.3
"Coadministration of grapefruit juice did not affect any pharmacokinetic parameter of itraconazole while that of orange juice decreased the parameters of T1/2, AUC, and AUC/S of the drug."( Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in healthy subjects.
Hidaka, T; Ishizuka, T; Kawakami, M; Matsuki, Y; Nakamura, H; Suzuki, K, 1998)		0.3
" Compared with water, administration with grapefruit juice significantly increased peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time (AUC) of cyclosporine."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine and its metabolite in healthy volunteers: does the formulation difference matter?
Flanigan, M; Ku, YM; Min, DI, 1998)		0.3
" The influence of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SD) was assessed with the Wilcoxon matched pairs test for 13 subjects (1 subject did not fast as instructed)."( Influence of grapefruit juice on cisapride pharmacokinetics.
Addison, RS; Goh, YD; Gross, AS; Shenfield, GM, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice increases the oral bioavailability of cisapride, with large interindividual variation in the change in Cmax and AUC."( Influence of grapefruit juice on cisapride pharmacokinetics.
Addison, RS; Goh, YD; Gross, AS; Shenfield, GM, 1999)		0.3
" There were no significant differences among the three treatment periods with regard to pharmacokinetic parameters of quinine, including the peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax), the time to reach Cmax (tmax), the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2), the area under the concentration-time curve and the apparent oral clearance."( Grapefruit juice has no effect on quinine pharmacokinetics.
Chalcroft, SC; Coville, PF; Ho, PC; Wanwimolruk, S, 1999)		0.3
"Concomitant administration of diclofenac reduced the partial clearance of quinidine by N-oxidation by 27%, while no effect was found for other pharmacokinetic parameters of quinidine."( Effect of diclofenac, disulfiram, itraconazole, grapefruit juice and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine.
Brosen, K; Damkier, P; Hansen, LL, 1999)		0.3
" Methods Using felodipine as a model drug, we constructed a pharmacokinetic model based on irreversible inhibition of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by GFJ."( Pharmacokinetic analysis of felodipine-grapefruit juice interaction based on an irreversible enzyme inhibition model.
Higuchi, S; Kuroda, K; Matsuo, H; Murakami, H; Ohnishi, A; Sata, H; Sawada, Y; Takanaga, H; Urae, A, 2000)		0.31
" Plasma was assayed for theophylline by HPLC and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy male volunteers.
Badyal, D; Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC; Malhotra, S, 1999)		0.3
"A clinical study was performed in eight healthy volunteers to investigate the effect of various timing of grapefruit juice intake on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and to validate our pharmacokinetic model."( Relationship between time after intake of grapefruit juice and the effect on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nisoldipine in healthy subjects.
Furuie, H; Higuchi, S; Irie, S; Kawano, K; Kimura, M; Matsukuma, K; Matsuo, H; Murakami, H; Ohnishi, A; Orii, Y; Sawada, Y; Takanaga, H; Tanaka, T; Urae, A, 2000)		0.31
" Grapefruit juice altered neither the plasma concentrations of alprazolam at any time points, any pharmacokinetic parameters, nor the majority of psychomotor function parameters in subjects."( Effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the single and multiple oral-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam.
Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Kondo, T; Ohkubo, T; Osanai, T; Otani, K; Sugawara, K; Uno, T; Yasui, N, 2000)		0.31
" Plasma was assayed for theophylline by a HPLC method and various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared."( Influence of kinnow juice on the pharmacokinetics of sustained release theophylline in healthy male volunteers.
Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Gupta, MC, 2000)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of racemic amlodipine (AUC, Cmax, tmax, and kel) were not markedly changed with grapefruit juice coadministration."( Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine.
Dogolo, LC; Foulds, G; Friedman, HL; Harris, SI; Vincent, J; Willavize, S, 2000)		0.31
" The Cmax value (6."( Influence of grapefruit juice on scopolamine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy male and female subjects.
Ebert, U; Kirch, W; Oertel, R, 2000)		0.31
"This study was conducted in order to (i) determine the effect of food, orange juice, or antacids on the absorption of a single oral 500-mg dose of ethionamide (ETA) in healthy volunteers, including an assessment of bioequivalence, and (ii) determine ETA population pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of ethionamide administered under fasting conditions or with orange juice, food, or antacids.
Adam, RD; Auclair, B; James, GT; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA, 2001)		0.31
" The animals were divided into two groups, one served as control and the other group was pretreated with 25 mg/kg naringin once a day for 7 consecutive days before the pharmacokinetic study."( Effect of the grapefruit flavonoid naringin on pharmacokinetics of quinine in rats.
Coville, PF; Wanwimolruk, S; Wong, CW; Zhang, H, 2000)		0.31
" Elimination half-life and renal clearance of both S- and R-verapamil were not affected."( Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil enantiomers in healthy volunteers.
Ghose, K; Ho, PC; Saville, D; Wanwimolruk, S, 2000)		0.31
"05) increased the mean Cmax value (1."( The effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin.
Kanazawa, S; Ohkubo, T; Sugawara, K, )		0.13
" Cmax was 16."( Effects of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetic exposure to indinavir in HIV-positive subjects.
DiFrancesco, R; Hewitt, RG; Shelton, MJ; Wynn, HE, 2001)		0.31
"It has been reported that grapefruit juice (GJ) causes a pharmacokinetic interaction with many drugs after co-ingestion."( Effects of furanocoumarin derivatives in grapefruit juice on nifedipine pharmacokinetics in rats.
Mohri, K; Uesawa, Y, 2001)		0.31
" Significant differences were observed in some of the pharmacokinetic parameters of losartan and its metabolite E3174 after losartan administration with and without co-administered GJ."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite E3174 in healthy volunteers.
Avni, B; Dishi, V; Gips, M; Golik, A; Scapa, E; Soback, S; Weissgarten, Y; Zaidenstein, R, 2001)		0.31
" The secondary objective was to determine whether the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction was influenced by P-glycoprotein genetic polymorphism."( Effect of grapefruit juice on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans.
Becquemont, L; Brinkmann, U; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Kerb, R; Lebot, M; Verstuyft, C, 2001)		0.31
" No relationship between MDR1 C3435T genotype and early digoxin pharmacokinetic changes could be detected."( Effect of grapefruit juice on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans.
Becquemont, L; Brinkmann, U; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Kerb, R; Lebot, M; Verstuyft, C, 2001)		0.31
" In control (water treated) subjects, the mean Cmax (30 +/- 13."( Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cisapride in healthy volunteers and the effect of repeated administration of grapefruit juice.
Backman, JT; Desta, Z; Flockhart, DA; Kivistö, KT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ; Soukhova, N, 2001)		0.31
" At present, there are no data on whether the enantiomers exhibit stereoselective pharmacodynamic actions."( Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cisapride in healthy volunteers and the effect of repeated administration of grapefruit juice.
Backman, JT; Desta, Z; Flockhart, DA; Kivistö, KT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ; Soukhova, N, 2001)		0.31
"To determine the effect of a high-fat meal, orange juice, and antacids on absorption of a single oral dose of cycloserine and to estimate its population pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of cycloserine under fasting conditions and with high-fat meal, orange juice, and antacids.
Adam, RD; Childs, JM; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA; Zhu, M, 2001)		0.31
" No other statistically significant differences were observed for Cmax and area under the curve from time zero to infinity across the four treatments."( Pharmacokinetics of cycloserine under fasting conditions and with high-fat meal, orange juice, and antacids.
Adam, RD; Childs, JM; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA; Zhu, M, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed with WinNonlin using noncompartmental methods and a one-compartmental model."( Pharmacokinetics of para-aminosalicylic acid granules under four dosing conditions.
Adam, RD; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA; Singleton, MD; Zhu, M, 2001)		0.31
"10 microg/ml), slightly increased the time to Cmax (1."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with grapefruit juice.
Bonaventure-Paci, S; Demarles, D; Fosse, S; Gillotin, C; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2002)		0.31
" For both NF and NS, subjects who ingested grapefruit 1 h before drug administration exhibited a greater Cmax and AUC0-24 than did subjects in the control group."( [Effect of grapefruit pulp on the pharmacokinetics of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists nifedipine and nisoldipine].
Itou, K; Kariya, S; Kasuyama, K; Kawabata, S; Kotaki, H; Morikawa, A; Nishida, N; Ohtani, M; Seo, I; Uchino, K, 2002)		0.31
"05) without altering other pharmacokinetic parameter values."( Effect of Seville orange juice and grapefruit juice on indinavir pharmacokinetics.
Acosta, EP; Desai, HD; Edwards, DJ; Hon, YY; Jann, MW; Penzak, SR; Turner, M, 2002)		0.31
" No significant changes were detected in any pravastatin pharmacokinetic parameter examined when pravastatin was taken with GFJ."( Effects of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and pravastatin in Japanese.
Fukazawa, I; Uchida, E; Uchida, N; Yasuhara, H, 2004)		0.32
" This review summarizes the pharmacokinetic properties of statins and emphasizes their clinically relevant drug interactions."( Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions.
Bellosta, S; Corsini, A; Paoletti, R, 2004)		0.32
"It has been reported that grapefruit juice (GJ) causes pharmacokinetic interactions with many drugs after co-ingestion, but the effects of the juice of sweetie fruit, a cross between a pomelo and a grapefruit, on the pharmacokinetics of medicines have not been clear."( [Effects of sweetie juice on nifedipine pharmacokinetics in rats].
Mohri, K; Uesawa, Y, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates (maximum concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, apparent oral clearance [CL/F]) were computed by standard noncompartmental methods."( Variation in oral clearance of saquinavir is predicted by CYP3A5*1 genotype but not by enterocyte content of cytochrome P450 3A5.
Lamba, J; Lamba, V; Matheny, C; Mouly, SJ; Paine, MF; Pusek, SN; Schuetz, EG; Smith, G; Stewart, PW; Watkins, PB, 2005)		0.33
" After administration of cyclosporine with cranberry juice, the ratios of least squares means for AUCt, AUCinf, and Cmax for cyclosporine were 95."( Pomelo juice, but not cranberry juice, affects the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in humans.
Ducharme, MP; Fradette, C; Grenier, J; Merritt, GJ; Morelli, G; Vranderick, M, 2006)		0.33
" Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of hesperetin and naringenin in plasma and urine, after their single oral administration in humans in the form of solid dispersion capsules, and also to improve the absorption rate of flavanones by using aglycones rather than the naturally occurring glycosides."( Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects.
Bounartzi, MI; Georgarakis, M; Kanaze, FI; Niopas, I, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for hesperetin and naringenin, such as C(max), T(max), AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), CL/F, V/F, t(1/2), MRT, A(e), A(e)((0-24)), and R(max) were calculated from their plasma or urine concentrations."( Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects.
Bounartzi, MI; Georgarakis, M; Kanaze, FI; Niopas, I, 2007)		0.34
" Naringenin and hesperetin were detected in plasma by RP-HPLC, pharmacokinetic parameters were processed using mode-independent methods with WINNONLIN."( Pharmacokinetics-based elucidation on disparity in clinical effectiveness between varieties of Zhi Zhu Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medical formula.
Cao, H; Chen, X; Lv, H; Sakurai, T; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhou, J, 2010)		0.36
"After oral administration of BZZW, both naringenin and hesperetin were detected in plasma, and demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics-based elucidation on disparity in clinical effectiveness between varieties of Zhi Zhu Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medical formula.
Cao, H; Chen, X; Lv, H; Sakurai, T; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhou, J, 2010)		0.36
"The distinct therapeutic orientations of the Chinese medical formula ZZWs with different Fructus Citrus Immaturus could be elucidated based on the pharmacokinetic parameters of constituents after oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics-based elucidation on disparity in clinical effectiveness between varieties of Zhi Zhu Wan, a Traditional Chinese Medical formula.
Cao, H; Chen, X; Lv, H; Sakurai, T; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhou, J, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration-time data."( Pharmacokinetics of geniposide in Zhi-Zi-Hou-Pu decoction and in different combinations of its constituent herbs.
Feng, F; Sun, Y; Yu, X, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate the interference of rat feed to pharmacokinetic of flavonoids."( Study on the interference of rat feed to pharmacokinetics of flavonoids.
Fang, SQ; Liu, MH; Su, Ww; Yang, CP; Zou, W, 2011)		0.37
"The results showed the flavonoids in animal food might interfere with pharmacological and pharmacokinetic study of foreign natural compounds."( Study on the interference of rat feed to pharmacokinetics of flavonoids.
Fang, SQ; Liu, MH; Su, Ww; Yang, CP; Zou, W, 2011)		0.37
"Two Phase I studies assessed the effects of multiple daily consumptions of Seville orange juice or grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy volunteers."( Effects of grapefruit and Seville orange juices on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy subjects.
Davis, MW; DiGiacinto, JL; Wason, S, 2012)		0.38
" Although it is considered to be a moderate concentration-dependent CYP3A4 inhibitor, grapefruit juice did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of colchicine."( Effects of grapefruit and Seville orange juices on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy subjects.
Davis, MW; DiGiacinto, JL; Wason, S, 2012)		0.38
"In the present study, pharmacokinetic differences of two flavonoid glycosides were detected after oral administration of the extract of single herb and different compatibility of Fructus Aurantii, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Semen Crotonis Pulveratum which at doses of approximately 700 mg/kg naringin and 300 mg/kg neohesperidin."( The influence of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine on the pharmacokinetic of main components in Fructus aurantii.
Gao, W; Hu, X; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Zhang, J, 2012)		0.38
"It indicated that the pharmacokinetic process of naringin and neohesperidin in four groups were demonstrated bimodal phenomenon after oral administration."( The influence of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine on the pharmacokinetic of main components in Fructus aurantii.
Gao, W; Hu, X; Liu, C; Liu, Z; Zhang, J, 2012)		0.38
" With pharmacokinetic analysis, the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters (i."( Pharmacokinetics of hesperetin and naringenin in the Zhi Zhu Wan, a traditional Chinese medicinal formulae, and its pharmacodynamics study.
Dong, T; Han, Y; Sakurai, T; Sun, H; Wang, X; Wu, X; Yan, G; Yang, J; Zhang, A, 2013)		0.39
"0 software was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters while the SPSS 16."( [Effect of different compatibility of zhizi dahuang decoction on pharmacokinetics of naringenin and hesperetin].
Feng, F; Liu, XY, 2014)		0.4
" In the present study, the pharmacokinetic characters showed that the absorption of the active components of Chenpi was accelerated under pathological conditions combined with Banxia."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of citrus peel extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury combined with Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum.
Gao, X; Guo, S; Jiang, W; Liu, L; Shi, L; Tang, X; Yang, P; Zhang, S; Zhao, H, 2018)		0.48
" This review provides highlights of Naringenin with respect to its distribution, pharmacokinetic and its use in conditions like oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and formulations aspects of Naringenin: An update.
Joshi, R; Kulkarni, YA; Wairkar, S, 2018)		0.48
" The pharmacokinetic variables were: maximal concentration: 15."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of naringenin: A randomized, controlled, single-ascending-dose clinical trial.
Beyl, RA; Campagna, SR; Castro, HF; Coulter, AA; Greenway, FL; Kennedy, BJ; Lertora, JJL; Poulev, A; Ravussin, E; Rebello, CJ; Redman, LM; Ribnicky, DM, 2020)		0.56
" Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that the metabolites of 5DN are mainly 5,3'-didemethylnobiletin (M1); 5,4'-didemethylnobiletin (M2) and 5,3',4'-tridemethylnobiletin (M3), in either, glucuronide-conjugated or monomeric form."( 5-Demethylnobiletin: Insights into its pharmacological activity, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Ding, H; Li, D; Liu, Y; You, Q, 2022)		0.72
" The purpose of the narrative review is to systematically review relevant studies on the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics of obacunone to provide researchers with the latest and useful information."( The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of obacunone from citrus fruits: A comprehensive narrative review.
Chen, X; Yang, S; Zheng, W, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Many adverse drug-drug interactions are attributable to pharmacokinetic problems and can be understood in terms of alterations of P450-catalyzed reactions."( Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug-drug interactions.
Guengerich, FP, 1997)		0.3
"Six plant essential oils alone as repellent and fumigant, and in combination with the controlled atmosphere against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were assessed in the laboratory."( Toxic effects of six plant oils alone and in combination with controlled atmosphere on Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).
Ding, W; Li, LS; Tsai, JH; Wang, JJ; Zhao, ZM, 2001)		0.31
"Fluoroquinolones are known to interact with drugs containing multivalent ions."( Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction.
Amsden, GW; Hejmanowsk, LG; Neuhofel, AL; Victory, JM; Wilton, JH, 2002)		0.31
" This study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of levofloxacin when administered in a fasting state as compared to when it was administered with a common breakfast of calcium-fortified orange juice and ready-to-eat cereal."( Lack of bioequivalence of levofloxacin when coadministered with a mineral-fortified breakfast of juice and cereal.
Amsden, GW; Johnson, PW; Whitaker, AM, 2003)		0.32
" The aim of this research was to determine if the attacks of green mold on orange could be reduced by usage of biocontrol agent alone or in combination with low dosage of imazalil or sodium bicarbonate."( Effect of fluorescent pseudomonades and Trichoderma sp. and their combination with two chemicals on Penicillium digitatum caused agent of citrus green mold.
Abadi, AA; Ahmadzadeh, M; Tehrani, AS; Zamani, M, 2006)		0.33
"The similarities and differences of essential oil components in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) were investigated by GC-MS combined with a chemometric method, named alternative moving window factor analysis (AMWFA)."( Comparative analysis of essential oil components in Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae by GC-MS combined with chemometric resolution method.
Gao, H; Li, H; Liang, Y; Wang, Y; Yi, L; Yuan, D; Zeng, M, 2008)		0.35
"The objectives of this study were to screen activity of citrus essential oil fractions (EOs) alone and in combination with organic acids against 2 species of Listeria."( In vitro antilisterial effects of citrus oil fractions in combination with organic acids.
Chalova, VI; Crandall, PG; Friedly, EC; O'Bryan, C; Ricke, SC; Roman, M, 2009)		0.35
" The goal of the present study was to determine whether AUR and ACA are effective either alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for suppressing SCC tumor growth."( Effects of ATRA combined with citrus and ginger-derived compounds in human SCC xenografts.
Adegboyega, P; Clifford, JL; Gill, JN; Kleiner-Hancock, HE; Mathis, JM; Prince, M; Remeika, A; Robbins, D; Shi, R; Syed, Z, 2010)		0.36
" However, in combination with ATRA at 5, 10, and 30 ppm, ACA 500 ppm significantly inhibited tumor volume by 56%, 62%, and 98%, respectively."( Effects of ATRA combined with citrus and ginger-derived compounds in human SCC xenografts.
Adegboyega, P; Clifford, JL; Gill, JN; Kleiner-Hancock, HE; Mathis, JM; Prince, M; Remeika, A; Robbins, D; Shi, R; Syed, Z, 2010)		0.36
"Tacrolimus is a well-known potent immunosuppressant agent, which has various drug-drug or food-drug interactions."( Food-drug interaction of tacrolimus with pomelo, ginger, and turmeric juice in rats.
Egashira, K; Higuchi, S; Ieiri, I; Sasaki, H, 2012)		0.38
"The curative and protective activity of sodium bicarbonate (SBC) at 1% alone or in combination with fludioxonil (FLU), thiabendazole (TBZ), or FLU and TBZ together, between 50 and 600 mg/L, was evaluated on fruit of different citrus species and cultivars."( Residue levels and efficacy of fludioxonil and thiabendazole in controlling postharvest green mold decay in citrus fruit when applied in combination with sodium bicarbonate.
Angioni, A; D'Aquino, S; Palma, A; Schirra, M, 2013)		0.39
" A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) method combined with the 'Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe' (QuEChERS) protocol was developed to quantify the levels of kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin residues in citrus."( Simultaneous detection and degradation patterns of kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin residues in citrus fruits by HPLC combined with QuEChERS.
Dai, XJ; Fang, JJ; Zhu, HM; Zhu, J, 2013)		0.39
"The control efficacy of tea polyphenol (TP) in combination with tea saponin (TS) against nectarine grey mould decay caused by Botrytis cinerea and the underlying mechanism were investigated."( Control of postharvest grey mould decay of nectarine by tea polyphenol combined with tea saponin.
Chen, JJ; Jiang, XD; Yang, XP; Zhang, SS, 2013)		0.39
"A new pretreatment method, SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was proposed for the determination of abamectin in citrus fruit samples for the first time."( Determination of abamectin in citrus fruits using SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC-UV detection.
Abdollahzadeh, Y; Fattahi, N; Mashayekhi, HA; Naeeni, MH; Rezaee, M; Saleh, A, 2013)		0.39
" This methodology was combined with a Lateral Flow Dipstick (LFD) device for visual detection of the resulting amplicons, eliminating the need for gel electrophoresis."( Rapid and sensitive detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by loop mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.
Castagnaro, AP; do Amaral, AM; Filippone, MP; Malamud, F; Marano, MR; Orce, IG; Rigano, LA; Vojnov, AA, 2014)		0.4
"Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) sample preparation and the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with DLLME were developed and compared for the analysis of ten pyrethroids in various fruit juices using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD)."( Determination of ten pyrethroids in various fruit juices: comparison of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction sample preparation and QuEChERS method combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
Jiao, B; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)		0.4
" In 'Desiderio' mandarins inoculated with PDs, a complete control of decay was achieved with 25 mg/L IMZ but in fruit inoculated with PDr, 25 mg/L IMZ were ineffective to control decay despite in combination with SBC at 2% a synergistic effect was detected."( Residue levels, persistence and effectiveness of imazalil against a resistant strain of penicillium digitatum when applied in combination with heat and sodium bicarbonate.
Angioni, A; D'Aquino, S; Palma, A; Schirra, M; Suming, D, 2013)		0.39
"An approach was proposed in 2007 for quantitative predictions of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions."( Reliability and extension of quantitative prediction of CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions based on clinical data.
Loue, C; Tod, M, 2014)		0.4
"A flow-injection mass spectrometric metabolic fingerprinting method in combination with chemometrics was used to differentiate Aurantii Fructus Immaturus from its counterfeit Poniciri Trifoliatae Fructus Immaturus."( Differentiation of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus from Poniciri Trifoliatae Fructus Immaturus using flow-injection mass spectrometric (FIMS) metabolic fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics.
Chang, YS; Chen, P; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
"A high-throughput screening system for Citrus lines were established with higher sugar and acid contents using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate analysis."( Sugar and acid content of Citrus prediction modeling using FT-IR fingerprinting in combination with multivariate statistical analysis.
Kim, IJ; Lee, YK; Song, SY, 2016)		0.43
" Combined with the metabolites-analyzing results, a model was then established and suggested that the reduction in proton pump activity is the key factor for the low citrate accumulation and the comprehensive metabolite alterations as well in 'HAL'."( Citrate Accumulation-Related Gene Expression and/or Enzyme Activity Analysis Combined With Metabolomics Provide a Novel Insight for an Orange Mutant.
Guo, LX; Jing, LF; Liu, X; Liu, YZ; Ning, DY; Shi, CY; Yang, H, 2016)		0.43
" In the present study, the pharmacokinetic characters showed that the absorption of the active components of Chenpi was accelerated under pathological conditions combined with Banxia."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of citrus peel extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury combined with Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum.
Gao, X; Guo, S; Jiang, W; Liu, L; Shi, L; Tang, X; Yang, P; Zhang, S; Zhao, H, 2018)		0.48
"The present study aimed to develop a strategy involving quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint qualitative analysis for performing the quality control of Aurantii Fructus."( Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker combined with HPLC fingerprint qualitative analyses for comprehensive evaluation of Aurantii Fructus.
Cai, X; Huang, D; Lei, Y; Lin, M; Luo, K; Sun, Z; Tan, S; Wang, Y; Xia, X; Yan, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.56
" This study confirmed the potential of HS-GC-IMS combined with PCA as a reliable analytical screening technique to discriminate between GCP and CP."( Rapid discrimination of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry fingerprints combined with principal component analysis.
Bi, F; Gu, L; He, J; Hou, H; Jiang, Y; Lin, T; Lv, W; Ren, Z; Zhang, J, 2020)		0.56
" Using Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP; dried mandarin orange peel) as an example, we developed a simple and low-cost fluorescence sensing strategy based on nanoparticles combined with spectral splicing and chemometrics for quality evaluation."( A novel fluorescence sensing strategy based on nanoparticles combined with spectral splicing and chemometrics for the recognition of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' and its storage year.
Chen, H; Fu, H; Guo, L; Lan, W; Li, S; Wang, S; Wei, L; Wu, Y; Xie, H; Yang, J, 2020)		0.56
" We therefore investigated in vitro whether the polymethoxyflavones nobiletin, sinensetin, and tangeretin and the flavonoid rutinosides didymin, hesperidin, and narirutin can inhibit human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1, which are important transporters mediating drug-drug and food-drug interactions."( Potential Risk of Food-Drug Interactions: Citrus Polymethoxyflavones and Flavanones as Inhibitors of the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1.
Bajraktari-Sylejmani, G; Weiss, J, 2020)		0.56
" Thin layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TLC-SERS) was established to simultaneously separate and detect 14 citrus flavonoids for the first time."( Simultaneous determination of 14 bioactive citrus flavonoids using thin-layer chromatography combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Bao, Y; Fauconnier, ML; He, L; Li, Y; Lu, C; Tian, G; Xiao, H; Zhao, C; Zheng, J; Zhou, S, 2021)		0.62
" In order to compress the backbone network, we utilize MobileNetv3 as a feature extractor, combined with deep separable convolution for further acceleration."( Research on Lightweight Citrus Flowering Rate Statistical Model Combined with Anchor Frame Clustering Optimization.
Chen, P; Deng, X; Lan, Y; Li, J; Lin, W; Lu, J; Luo, S; Mo, J; Niu, H, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, this study investigated the feasibility of using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) combined with a convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify PCR samples stored from 1 to 20 years."( Discrimination of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae in different years using Terahertz Time-Domain spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network.
Li, Q; Liu, Y; Pu, H; Sun, DW, 2023)		0.91
" Therefore, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technology combined with convolutional neural networks (CNN) was proposed to distinguish PCRs of different origins without damage in this study."( Distinguishing pericarpium citri reticulatae of different origins using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural networks.
Li, Q; Pu, H; Sun, DW; Wei, Q; Yu, J, 2023)		0.91
" Nobiletin (compound 8), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3', 4'-heptamethoxyflavone (9) and tangeretin (10) were isolated and purified by countercurrent chromatography combined with preparative liquid chromatography."( Matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with micro-fractionation bioactivity evaluation screening polymethoxylated flavones from Citrus peels.
Chu, C; Fang, L; Tong, S; Wen, M; Wu, C; Zou, Y, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of iron in the different breakfast meals varied markedly."( Absorption of iron from breakfast meals.
Björn-Rasmussen, E; Hallberg, L; Rossander, L, 1979)		0.26
"Intraluminal perfusion of human jejunum has not been previously reported to demonstrate differences in bioavailability of vitamins from a food product."( Comparative human intestinal bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from a synthetic and a natural source.
Cerda, JJ; Lane, H; Nelson, EW, 1976)		0.26
"Intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine has not been used extensively to study comparative bioavailability of vitamins."( Comparative bioavailability of folate and vitamin C from a synthetic and a natural source.
Cerda, JJ; Nelson, EW; Streiff, RR, 1975)		0.25
" bioavailability of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonists nifedipine and felodipine."( Inhibition of dihydropyridine metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes by flavonoids found in grapefruit juice.
Edgar, B; Eriksson, UG; Lundahl, J; Miniscalco, A; Regårdh, CG, 1992)		0.28
" The mean felodipine bioavailability with grapefruit juice was 284 (range 164-469)% of that with water."( Interaction of citrus juices with felodipine and nifedipine.
Arnold, JM; Bailey, DG; Munoz, C; Spence, JD, 1991)		0.28
"Two experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using a folate depletion/repletion protocol with rats fed an amino acid-based diet to measure the bioavailability of food folate."( Bioavailability of folates in selected foods incorporated into amino acid-based diets fed to rats.
Bills, ND; Clifford, AJ; Jones, AD, 1990)		0.28
"The bioavailability of sulpiride taken in film-coated tablet form with sodium bicarbonate or cimetidine or with natural orange juice or diluted hydrochloric acid was studied."( The bioavailability of sulpiride taken as a film-coated tablet with sodium bicarbonate, cimetidine, natural orange juice or hydrochloric acid.
Hamaguchi, T; Kobayashi, M; Mizuno, N; Shinkuma, D; Yamanaka, Y, 1989)		0.28
"We have determined the effects of orange juice on calcium bioavailability from CCM (a combination of CaCO3, citric acid, malic acid, 5:1:1, mol/mol/mol) and iron-calcium interaction by using whole body isotope retention techniques in rats."( Calcium bioavailability and iron-calcium interaction in orange juice.
Hudepohl, GR; Kanerva, RL; Mehansho, H; Smith, KT, 1989)		0.28
" Naringenin formation is thought to be the crucial step in determination of bioavailability of the compound, which undergoes rapid glucuronidation."( The fate of naringin in humans: a key to grapefruit juice-drug interactions?
Fuhr, U; Kummert, AL, 1995)		0.29
"Pretreatment with grapefruit juice is associated with increased bioavailability and changes in the pharmacodynamics of midazolam that may be clinically important, particularly in patients with other causes for increased midazolam bioavailability such as advanced age, cirrhosis of the liver, and administration of other inhibitors of cytochrome P450."( Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans.
Ha, HR; Krähenbühl, S; Kupferschmidt, HH; Meier, PJ; Ziegler, WH, 1995)		0.29
"Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of several drugs known to be metabolized by CYP3A enzymes."( Plasma concentrations of triazolam are increased by concomitant ingestion of grapefruit juice.
Hukkinen, SK; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Varhe, A, 1995)		0.29
"The lack of effect on systemic clearance after intravenous cyclosporine suggests that grapefruit juice improves oral bioavailability by increasing absorption or reducing gut wall metabolism."( Disposition of intravenous and oral cyclosporine after administration with grapefruit juice.
Ducharme, MP; Edwards, DJ; Warbasse, LH, 1995)		0.29
"The objective of the presented two-way randomized crossover study was to investigate whether repeated doses of grapefruit juice (200 ml at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h) enhanced bioavailability of diltiazem (120 mg, orally) in nine healthy male subjects."( Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on diltiazem bioavailability in normal subjects.
Henschel, L; Hoffmann, A; Kraul, H; Merkel, U; Sigusch, H, 1994)		0.29
"The objective of this study was to investigate in a twoway randomized crossover whether repeated uptake of grapefruit juice (200 ml at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 h enhances bioavailability of a nifedipine (1) slow release formulation (20 mg) in ten healthy volunteers."( Influence of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of a slow release nifedipine formulation.
Henschel, L; Hippius, M; Hoffmann, A; Kaufmann, K; Sigusch, H, 1994)		0.29
"The bioavailability of some dihydropyridine calcium antagonists can be markedly augmented by grapefruit juice and may involve the bioflavonoid naringin."( Effect of grapefruit juice and naringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics.
Arnold, JM; Bailey, DG; Munoz, C; Spence, JD; Strong, HA, 1993)		0.29
" The interaction could not be predicted from baseline pharmacokinetics with water and did not result in more consistent bioavailability among individuals."( Grapefruit juice--felodipine interaction: mechanism, predictability, and effect of naringin.
Arnold, JM; Bailey, DG; Munoz, C; Spence, JD, 1993)		0.29
"05) and bioavailability (0."( Factors affecting the absolute bioavailability of nifedipine.
Clarke, H; George, CF; Martin, U; Rashid, TJ; Renwick, AG; Waller, DG, 1995)		0.29
"Administration of grapefruit juice concomitantly with terfenadine may lead to an increase in systemic terfenadine bioavailability and result in increases in QT interval."( Grapefruit juice alters terfenadine pharmacokinetics, resulting in prolongation of repolarization on the electrocardiogram.
Benton, RE; Cantilena, LR; Honig, PK; Woosley, RL; Zamani, K, 1996)		0.29
"The effects of grapefruit juice on the bioavailability of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) after a single oral administration of 50 micrograms EE2 have been investigated."( Can grapefruit juice influence ethinylestradiol bioavailability?
Balogh, A; Börner, A; Jäger, R; Klinger, G; Matthey, K; Vollanth, R; Weber, A, 1996)		0.29
" Cumulative urinary recovery indicated low bioavailability ( < 25%) of naringin and hesperidin."( Flavanone absorption after naringin, hesperidin, and citrus administration.
Ameer, B; Johnson, JV; Rouseff, RL; Weintraub, RA; Yost, RA, 1996)		0.29
"This study investigated the effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine A (CsA) bioavailability in 10 renal transplant patients."( Effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant patients.
Ashton, K; Hunsicker, LG; Ku, YM; Martin, MF; Min, DI; Perry, PJ; Ukah, FO, 1996)		0.29
"Intake of grapefruit juice did not significantly alter the intravenous pharmacokinetics of felodipine compared to control treatment, whereas after oral drug administration it did lead to an increase in the mean AUC and Cmax by 72% and 173%, respectively, and the mean absolute bioavailability was increased by 112%."( Effects of grapefruit juice ingestion--pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of intravenously and orally administered felodipine in healthy men.
Edgar, B; Johnsson, G; Lundahl, J; Regårdh, CG, 1997)		0.3
"Some drugs demonstrate a significantly greater (up to 3-fold) mean oral bioavailability on coadministration with grapefruit juice."( Drug interactions with grapefruit juice.
Ameer, B; Weintraub, RA, 1997)		0.3
"91 h), the absorption rate constant (0."( Lack of kinetic interaction between valproic acid and citrus pectin.
de Carvalho, D; Issy, AM; Lanchote, VL; Silva, HC, 1997)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice enhances the effect of some commonly used medications by increasing their bioavailability via the selective down-regulation of a specific subfamily of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in the small intestine."( How grapefruit juice potentiates drug bioavailability.
Feldman, EB, 1997)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice has been found to significantly increase oral bioavailability of several drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (P450 3A4) through inhibiting the enzymatic activity and decreasing the content of intestinal P450 3A4."( Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice.
Hayes, RN; He, K; Hollenberg, PF; Iyer, KR; Sinz, MW; Woolf, TF, 1998)		0.3
" In particular, the ingestion of grapefruit juice leads to enhanced systemic bioavailability of terfenadine and of several important and frequently prescribed other drugs."( [Excessive terfenadine level due to drinking grapefruit juice].
de Wildt, SN; van den Anker, JN, 1997)		0.3
"The bioavailability of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers following oral administration was shown to be increased by concomitant intake of grapefruit juice for all drugs of this class tested up to now."( Grapefruit juice increases oral nimodipine bioavailability.
Blume, H; Fuhr, U; Huschka, C; Kuhlmann, J; Maier-Brüggemann, A; Mück, W; Rietbrock, S; Staib, AH; Unger, S; Zaigler, M, 1998)		0.3
" This results in a diminished first pass metabolism with higher bioavailability and increased maximal plasma concentrations of substrates of this enzyme."( Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Extent, probable mechanism and clinical relevance.
Fuhr, U, 1998)		0.3
"Previous studies with rats indicate that nifedipine undergoes both hepatic and extrahepatic presystemic metabolism after peroral (po) administration, and that its bioavailability is increased and absorption delayed by concomitant administration of grapefruit juice concentrate (GJC)."( Grapefruit juice and orange juice effects on the bioavailability of nifedipine in the rat.
Eliot, LA; Foster, RT; Grundy, JS; Kulmatycki, KM, 1998)		0.3
"The studies demonstrate that grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of saquinavir without affecting its clearance, suggesting that inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 may contribute."( Grapefruit juice enhances the bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in man.
Fattinger, KE; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Krähenbühl, S; Kupferschmidt, HH, 1998)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of several drugs known to be metabolized by CYP3A4."( Grapefruit juice greatly increases serum concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid.
Kantola, T; Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice has been reported to markedly improve the bioavailability of triazolam, midazolam, terfenadine, cyclosporine and several dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers including felodipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine and nisoldipine."( Interaction between grapefruit juice and diazepam in humans.
Aktan, Y; Boydag, BS; Cingi, MI; Musmul, A; Ozdemir, M, )		0.13
"The novel finding that grapefruit juice can markedly augment oral drug bioavailability was based on an unexpected observation from an interaction study between the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, felodipine, and ethanol in which grapefruit juice was used to mask the taste of the ethanol."( Grapefruit juice-drug interactions.
Arnold, O; Bailey, DG; Malcolm, J; Spence, JD, 1998)		0.3
" The variable effect with the particulate fraction may result from erratic bioavailability of unidentified primary active substances."( Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction: effect of naringin and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin in humans.
Bailey, DG; Bend, JR; Freeman, DJ; Kreeft, JH; Munoz, C, 1998)		0.3
"To examine the effect of grapefruit juice on the bioavailability of carbamazepine in patients with epilepsy."( Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy.
Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Kumar, N; Prabhakar, SK, 1998)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of carbamazepine by inhibiting CYP3A4 enzymes in gut wall and in the liver."( Effect of grapefruit juice on carbamazepine bioavailability in patients with epilepsy.
Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Kumar, N; Prabhakar, SK, 1998)		0.3
" Administration with grapefruit juice increased the absolute bioavailability of microemulsion cyclosporine by 45%."( Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine and its metabolite in healthy volunteers: does the formulation difference matter?
Flanigan, M; Ku, YM; Min, DI, 1998)		0.3
"The intestinal absorption of folate occurs at the monoglutamyl level, and an important measure of food folate bioavailability is how much folate from the food reaches the intestinal sites in forms that can readily be absorbed."( Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action.
Selhub, J; Seyoum, E, 1998)		0.3
"Buspirone has a low oral bioavailability because of extensive first-pass metabolism."( Grapefruit juice substantially increases plasma concentrations of buspirone.
Backman, JT; Kivistö, KT; Lamberg, TS; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)		0.3
"Oral co-administration with grapefruit juice and pranidipine was associated with increased bioavailability and changed the pharmacodynamics of pranidipine, particularly with regard to heart rate."( Interaction of citrus juices with pranidipine, a new 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in healthy subjects.
Azuma, J; Hashimoto, K; Kudo, S; Matsuoka, O; Okamoto, T; Onnagawa, O; Sekino, H; Shirafuji, T, )		0.13
" Grapefruit juice increases the oral bioavailability of many CYP3A4 substrates, including cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin), but intestinal P-glycoprotein may be a more important determinant of cyclosporine availability."( 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein.
Ducharme, MP; Edwards, DJ; Fitzsimmons, ME; Schuetz, EG; Schuetz, JD; Warbasse, LH; Watkins, P; Woster, PM; Yasuda, K, 1999)		0.3
" Reduced enterocyte CYP3A4 by 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin could be important for other drugs whose bioavailability is less dependent on P-glycoprotein."( 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein.
Ducharme, MP; Edwards, DJ; Fitzsimmons, ME; Schuetz, EG; Schuetz, JD; Warbasse, LH; Watkins, P; Woster, PM; Yasuda, K, 1999)		0.3
" On the basis of these considerations, the authors hypothesized that grapefruit juice should inhibit tricyclic antidepressant metabolism and thus increase the bioavailability of these drugs."( [Grapefruit juice as a contraindication? An approach in psychiatry].
Bizouard, P; Regina, W; Reix, I; Sechter, D; Vandel, P; Vandel, S, )		0.13
"Grapefruit juice increases the oral bioavailability of several drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4."( Influence of grapefruit juice on cisapride pharmacokinetics.
Addison, RS; Goh, YD; Gross, AS; Shenfield, GM, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice increases the oral bioavailability of cisapride, with large interindividual variation in the change in Cmax and AUC."( Influence of grapefruit juice on cisapride pharmacokinetics.
Addison, RS; Goh, YD; Gross, AS; Shenfield, GM, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice (GJ) is known to increase the oral bioavailability of many CYP3A-substrates by inhibiting intestinal phase-I metabolism."( Grapefruit juice activates P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport.
Benet, LZ; Christians, U; Silverman, JA; Soldner, A; Susanto, M; Wacher, VJ, 1999)		0.3
" From the amount of additional folate (350 microgram/d) and folic acid (250 microgram/d) consumed, the relative bioavailability of dietary folate compared to folic acid was calculated to be 60-98%, depending on the endpoint used."( Dietary folate from vegetables and citrus fruit decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans in a dietary controlled trial.
Brouwer, IA; Duran, M; Eskes, TK; Hautvast, JG; Meyboom, S; Steegers-Theunissen, RP; Thomas, CM; van Dusseldorp, M; van het Hof, KH; West, CE, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice has been shown to enhance oral bioavailability of several drugs including coumarin."( Naringenin and interindividual variability in interaction of coumarin with grapefruit juice.
Bourian, M; Freudenstein, J; Krisp, A; Legrum, W; Runkel, M; Tegtmeier, M, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice significantly increases the oral bioavailability of artemether without an effect on the elimination half-life."( Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether.
Gupta, V; Rutten, JP; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Wösten, TH, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice greatly increases the bioavailability of lovastatin and simvastatin."( Grapefruit juice increases serum concentrations of atorvastatin and has no effect on pravastatin.
Kivistö, KT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ, 1999)		0.3
"Extraction of beta-carotene from orange peels and its nutritional evaluation through feeding study were carried out to compare the bioavailability of the extractable beta-carotene with that of synthetic beta-carotene."( Extraction of beta-carotene from orange peels.
Ghazi, A, 1999)		0.3
" SV undergoes an important first pass metabolism and this is thought to be partly responsible for its low bioavailability after oral administration."( In vitro inhibition of simvastatin metabolism in rat and human liver by naringenin.
Hagenbach, J; Jung, L; Koffel, JC; Ubeaud, G; Vandenschrieck, S, 1999)		0.3
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grapefruit juice on the decreasing bioavailability over time of artemether."( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects.
Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice significantly increased the oral bioavailability of artemether but did not prevent the time-dependent reduction in bioavailability."( The effect of grapefruit juice on the time-dependent decline of artemether plasma levels in healthy subjects.
Gupta, V; van Agtmael, MA; van Boxtel, CJ; van der Graaf, CA, 1999)		0.3
"Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of several drugs that are metabolized during first pass by CYP3A4."( Repeated consumption of grapefruit juice considerably increases plasma concentrations of cisapride.
Backman, JT; Kivistö, KT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ, 1999)		0.3
" The more recent finding that grapefruit juice can increase the bioavailability of certain drugs, by reducing presystemic intestinal metabolism, has led to renewed interest in the area of 'food-drug interactions."( Influence of dietary components on the gastrointestinal metabolism and transport of drugs.
Evans, AM, 2000)		0.31
" In conclusion, short-term id exposure to GJ resulted in increased NFP bioavailability, whereas long-term administration of GJ resulted in reduced bioavailability and increased CL."( Effects of long-term grapefruit juice ingestion on nifedipine pharmacokinetics: induction of rat hepatic P-450 by grapefruit juice.
Mohri, K; Sagawa, Ki; Uesawa, Y, 2000)		0.31
" They may have potential as agents for reversing multidrug resistance or for recovering the bioavailability of certain drugs."( Polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice are inhibitors of P-glycoprotein but not cytochrome P450 3A4.
Matsuo, H; Morimoto, S; Ohnishi, A; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Shoyama, Y; Takanaga, H; Yamada, S, 2000)		0.31
"Grapefruit juice can increase the oral bioavailability of a broad range of medications."( Grapefruit juice--felodipine interaction in the elderly.
Bailey, DG; Carruthers, SG; Dresser, GK, 2000)		0.31
" Bioavailability enhancement by grapefruit juice, noted with other dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, does not occur with amlodipine."( Lack of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine.
Dogolo, LC; Foulds, G; Friedman, HL; Harris, SI; Vincent, J; Willavize, S, 2000)		0.31
"To investigate the effects of grapefruit juice on absolute bioavailability of scopolamine in healthy subjects and to evaluate differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between genders."( Influence of grapefruit juice on scopolamine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy male and female subjects.
Ebert, U; Kirch, W; Oertel, R, 2000)		0.31
"Pretreatment with grapefruit juice delayed the absorption and increased the bioavailability of scopolamine, whereas elimination was not significantly affected."( Influence of grapefruit juice on scopolamine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy male and female subjects.
Ebert, U; Kirch, W; Oertel, R, 2000)		0.31
" Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to more completely evaluate the interrelationships between peel intake, bioavailability of d-limonene, and other lifestyle factors."( Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Hakim, IA; Harris, RB; Ritenbaugh, C, 2000)		0.31
"Co-administration of Sandimmun Neoral with grapefruit juice resulted in an increased bioavailability of CsA, indicating unchanged pre-systemic enterocyte first-pass metabolism as compared to Sandimmun."( Effect of grapefruit juice on Sandimmun Neoral absorption among stable renal allograft recipients.
Bistrup, C; Dieperink, H; Jeppesen, UE; Nielsen, FT, 2001)		0.31
" Naringenin and hesperetin were bioavailable from the studied juices, but interindividual variation in bioavailability was remarkable."( Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice.
Alfthan, G; Aro, A; Erlund, I; Meririnne, E, 2001)		0.31
"1 h, where K(a) is the absorption rate constant, V is the volume of distribution, and CL is clearance."( Pharmacokinetics of ethionamide administered under fasting conditions or with orange juice, food, or antacids.
Adam, RD; Auclair, B; James, GT; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA, 2001)		0.31
"05) increase in the mean oral (+)- and (-)-nicardipine bioavailability (Fobs) (48."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the stereoselective disposition of nicardipine in humans: evidence for dominant presystemic elimination at the gut site.
Higashiyama, A; Ishizaki, T; Motomura, S; Ohkubo, T; Sugawara, K; Uno, T, 2000)		0.31
" It is concluded that inhibition of intestinal secretion may contribute to bioavailability enhancement upon GFJ intake."( Grapefruit juice enhances intestinal absorption of the P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol.
Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H, 2001)		0.31
"These results indicate that the bioavailability of erythromycin was increased by the inhibitory effect of grapefruit juice on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4-mediated metabolism in the small intestine."( The effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin.
Kanazawa, S; Ohkubo, T; Sugawara, K, )		0.13
"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of double-strength grapefruit juice on gastric pH and systemic bioavailability of indinavir in HIV-infected subjects receiving indinavir."( Effects of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetic exposure to indinavir in HIV-positive subjects.
DiFrancesco, R; Hewitt, RG; Shelton, MJ; Wynn, HE, 2001)		0.31
"One problem with saquinavir is that it is poorly absorbed by the body because it is rapidly destroyed by cytochrome P456 3A4, a liver enzyme found in the intestinal wall."( Grapefruit juice and saquinavir.
James, JS, 1995)		0.29
"The bioavailability of salicylates on the healthy volunteers in this study was significantly affected by concomitant administration of 40 degrees alcohol (spirit), beer and milk."( Influence of seven beverages on salicylate disposition in humans.
Barthélémy, C; Odou, P; Robert, H, 2001)		0.31
"The grapefruit juice component bergamottin is known to inactivate cytochrome P450 3A4, with grapefruit juice consumption causing increased absorption and enhanced oral bioavailability of many cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates."( Inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function by grapefruit juice psoralen.
Casciano, CN; Clement, RP; Johnson, WW; Wang, EJ, 2001)		0.31
" Inhibition of P-gp by citrus psoralens could present ways both to enhance bioavailability of therapies without increasing the dose and to diminish drug resistance in refractory cells."( Inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport function by grapefruit juice psoralen.
Casciano, CN; Clement, RP; Johnson, WW; Wang, EJ, 2001)		0.31
" This results in increased blood plasma levels of midazolam of 56% and increased midazolam bioavailability of 35%."( Oral midazolam-grapefruit juice drug interaction.
Goho, C, )		0.13
" Juice from the orange (Seville orange juice [SOJ]) is used to "knock out" intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in bioavailability studies."( Seville (sour) orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults.
Cold, JA; Desai, HD; Gurley, BJ; Hon, YY; Jann, MW; Penzak, SR, 2001)		0.31
" Our main objective was to determine whether grapefruit juice alters the bioavailability of digoxin, a P-glycoprotein substrate."( Effect of grapefruit juice on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans.
Becquemont, L; Brinkmann, U; Funck-Brentano, C; Jaillon, P; Kerb, R; Lebot, M; Verstuyft, C, 2001)		0.31
"To determine the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) granules."( Pharmacokinetics of para-aminosalicylic acid granules under four dosing conditions.
Adam, RD; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA; Singleton, MD; Zhu, M, 2001)		0.31
"Bergamottin, a furanocoumarin isolated from grapefruit juice, was investigated for the ability to increase diazepam bioavailability and for its effect on cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in the beagle dog liver and intestine."( The effect of bergamottin on diazepam plasma levels and P450 enzymes in beagle dogs.
Bauman, JN; Burleigh, JE; Gueneva-Boucheva, K; Reyner, EL; Sahi, J; Thomas, VH, 2002)		0.31
"Because of extensive first-pass metabolism, oral bioavailability of sildenafil reaches only 40%."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil.
Bulitta, J; Fuhr, U; Hering, U; Jetter, A; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Schreiner, P; Sörgel, F; Walchner-Bonjean, M, 2002)		0.31
"Grapefruit juice increases sildenafil bioavailability and tends to delay sildenafil absorption."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil.
Bulitta, J; Fuhr, U; Hering, U; Jetter, A; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Schreiner, P; Sörgel, F; Walchner-Bonjean, M, 2002)		0.31
"Certain foods, such as grapefruit juice, are known to substantially alter the bioavailability of some drugs."( Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine.
Affrime, M; Banfield, C; Gupta, S; Lim, J; Marino, M, 2002)		0.31
"To assess the effect of consumption of grapefruit juice on the oral bioavailability of two nonsedating antihistamines, fexofenadine and desloratadine."( Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine.
Affrime, M; Banfield, C; Gupta, S; Lim, J; Marino, M, 2002)		0.31
" In contrast, the bioavailability of desloratadine was unaffected by grapefruit juice."( Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine.
Affrime, M; Banfield, C; Gupta, S; Lim, J; Marino, M, 2002)		0.31
"The bioavailability of drugs that do not undergo significant intestinal or hepatic metabolism, such as fexofenadine, may be altered when administered with agents that influence drug transport mechanisms."( Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine.
Affrime, M; Banfield, C; Gupta, S; Lim, J; Marino, M, 2002)		0.31
"Grapefruit juice is known to increase the oral bioavailability of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine, by reducing presystemic clearance."( Clinical effects of grapefruit juice-nifedipine interaction in a 54-year-old Nigerian: a case report.
Adigun, AQ; Mudasiru, Z, 2002)		0.31
" In conclusion, bioavailability of iron from tofu is enhanced by supplementation with ascorbic acid."( Impact of tofu or tofu + orange juice on hematological indices of lacto-ovo vegetarian females.
Kandiah, J, 2002)		0.31
" Bioavailability (F) of DM increased significantly with grapefruit and seville orange juice, but only returned to half the baseline value after three days of washout."( The effect of grapefruit juice and seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A and P-glycoprotein.
Di Marco, MP; Ducharme, MP; Edwards, DJ; Wainer, IW, 2002)		0.31
"Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4 in the intestinal wall leading to a reduced intestinal first pass metabolism and thereby an increased oral bioavailability of certain drugs."( Intestinal first pass metabolism of midazolam in liver cirrhosis --effect of grapefruit juice.
Andersen, V; Larsen, NE; Larsen, S; Pedersen, N; Sonne, J, 2002)		0.31
"Our study was designed to determine the effect of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate on cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) activity in vitro and oral bioavailability of felodipine in humans."( Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo.
Bailey, DG; Dresser, GK; Wacher, V; Wong, HT; Wong, S, 2002)		0.31
" Grapefruit juice increased the oral bioavailability of felodipine by inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated presystemic drug metabolism."( Evaluation of peppermint oil and ascorbyl palmitate as inhibitors of cytochrome P4503A4 activity in vitro and in vivo.
Bailey, DG; Dresser, GK; Wacher, V; Wong, HT; Wong, S, 2002)		0.31
" This metabolic inhibition is manifested by an increase in the serum levels, oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity of drugs metabolized by CYP 3A4, a characteristic that may indeed be interesting for some of them, but which should be avoided for others."( [Metabolic effects and drug interactions provoked by certain vegetables: grapefruit, St. John's wort and garlic].
Neuman, M, 2002)		0.31
" The pear, apple, grapefruit, orange, and white grape juice significantly increased Fe bioavailability from FeCl(3)."( Red grape juice inhibits iron availability: application of an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model.
Boato, F; Glahn, RP; Liu, RH; Wortley, GM, 2002)		0.31
" Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of several orally administered CYP3A4 substrates by inhibiting CYP3A4 at the enterocyte level and could therefore increase the risk of halofantrine-induced QT interval prolongation."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between grapefruit juice and halofantrine.
Becquemont, L; Charbit, B; Funck-Brentano, C; Lepère, B; Peytavin, G, 2002)		0.31
"Grapefruit juice increases halofantrine bioavailability and halofantrine-induced QT interval prolongation."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between grapefruit juice and halofantrine.
Becquemont, L; Charbit, B; Funck-Brentano, C; Lepère, B; Peytavin, G, 2002)		0.31
"We determined the bioavailability of calcium from 3 different sources: orange juice fortified with calcium-citrate malate, skim milk, and a calcium carbonate supplement."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
" This finding suggests that the calcium bioavailability from the 3 sources was equivalent."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
"In elderly subjects, the calcium bioavailability of the 3 high-calcium dietary sources tested was equivalent, during both the acute postprandial and longer-term periods."( Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly.
Martini, L; Wood, RJ, 2002)		0.31
" Although citrus fruits and juices are widely consumed in the world, little information has been published on flavanone bioavailability in humans."( Bioavailability in humans of the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin after the ingestion of two doses of orange juice.
Bouteloup-Demange, C; Gil-Izquierdo, A; Manach, C; Morand, C; Rémésy, C, 2003)		0.32
"0 g in 200 mL of buffered water) for the presence of limonin to establish the absorption, metabolism, and bioavailability of citrus limonoids to humans."( Bioavailability of citrus limonoids in humans.
Breksa, AP; Hasegawa, S; Jacob, RA; Manners, GD; Schoch, TK, 2003)		0.32
"We examined the bioavailability of vitamin C in orange juice processed using high pressure (HP) and its effects on plasma levels of vitamin C, uric acid (UA), F2-isoprostanes (8-epiPGF(2alpha)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in a healthy human population."( High-pressurized orange juice consumption affects plasma vitamin C, antioxidative status and inflammatory markers in healthy humans.
Cano, MP; de Ancos, B; Granado, F; Martín, A; Olmedilla, B; Plaza, L; Sánchez-Moreno, C, 2003)		0.32
" Our results indicate that sudachi juice added to shirasuboshi was associated with increased calcium bioavailability and suppressed bone resorption in rats."( Japanese citrus fruit (sudachi) juice is associated with increased bioavailability of calcium from whole small fish and suppressed bone resorption in rats.
Fukuta, K; Nii, Y; Sakai, K; Yamamoto, S, 2004)		0.32
" Modulation of intestinal Pgp dependent transport by GFJ may lead to changes in bioavailability of drugs that are substrates of Pgp itself, by affecting their presystemic clearance."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein in the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2.
Chieli, E; Donati, A; Romiti, N; Tramonti, G, 2004)		0.32
" This investigation characterized the bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral ALF and tested the hypotheses that (1) first-pass ALF clearance reflects first-pass CYP3A activity, (2) miosis after oral ALF will reflect intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity, and (3) miosis can approximate plasma concentration-based pharmacokinetic measures for IV and oral ALF as a noninvasive in vivo probe for hepatic and first-pass CYP3A activity and drug interactions."( Intravenous and oral alfentanil as in vivo probes for hepatic and first-pass cytochrome P450 3A activity: noninvasive assessment by use of pupillary miosis.
Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Sheffels, P; Walker, A, 2004)		0.32
" Clinical studies in humans showed that fruit juices reduced the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine by preferentially inhibiting OATP over P-gp."( Effect of fruit juices on the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine in rats.
Chong, S; Kamath, AV; Yao, M; Zhang, Y, 2005)		0.33
"Bergamottin enhanced the oral bioavailability of felodipine and may cause a clinically relevant drug interaction in susceptible individuals."( Bergamottin contribution to the grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction and disposition in humans.
Bailey, DG; Cillié, D; Cohen, L; Dijkstra, HP; Goosen, TC; He, K; Hollenberg, PF; Rheeders, M; Williams, JA; Woster, PM; Yu, C, 2004)		0.32
" However, little information is known on the bioavailability of these compounds in vivo."( The differential tissue distribution of the citrus flavanone naringenin following gastric instillation.
Debnam, E; El Mohsen, MA; Gibson, G; Kuhnle, G; Marks, J; Moore, K; Rice-Evans, C; Srai, SK, 2004)		0.32
"The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of calcium from two fortification systems used in orange juice."( Calcium fortification systems differ in bioavailability.
Bierman, J; Dowell, MS; Heaney, RP; Rafferty, K, 2005)		0.33
" Although recent reports point to the inhibitory effects of grapefruit juice on the function of P-glycoprotein, which transports substrates from enterocytes back into the lumen, the contribution to the bioavailability of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein has not been established yet."( Undesirable effects of citrus juice on the pharmacokinetics of drugs: focus on recent studies.
Hasegawa, R; Hirata-Koizumi, M; Matsumoto, M; Saito, M; Urano, T, 2005)		0.33
"Ritodrine is known to undergo extensive presystemic sulfation in the intestinal mucosa, and its bioavailability is as low as 30%."( Inhibitory effects of various beverages on ritodrine sulfation by recombinant human sulfotransferase isoforms SULT1A1 and SULT1A3.
Hiratsuka, A; Nishimuta, H; Ogura, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2005)		0.33
"Sulfation of ritodrine by SULT1A3 was much higher than that by SULT1A1, suggesting that the bioavailability of ritodrine may be limited by intestinal SULT1A3."( Inhibitory effects of various beverages on ritodrine sulfation by recombinant human sulfotransferase isoforms SULT1A1 and SULT1A3.
Hiratsuka, A; Nishimuta, H; Ogura, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2005)		0.33
"Our results suggest that concomitant ingestion of beverages such as green tea and black tea may increase the bioavailability of orally administered ritodrine, and perhaps other beta2-agonists, and lead to an increase in the clinical effects or adverse reactions."( Inhibitory effects of various beverages on ritodrine sulfation by recombinant human sulfotransferase isoforms SULT1A1 and SULT1A3.
Hiratsuka, A; Nishimuta, H; Ogura, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2005)		0.33
" The relative oral bioavailability of alcohol calculated as the ratio of AUC(BHR)/AUC(Saline) was 42."( Altered oral absorption of alcohol by combined aqueous extracts of four herbal plants in rats.
Jun, H; Lee, DE; Lee, KR; Park, ES; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD, 2005)		0.33
"Saquinavir, a widely prescribed human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease inhibitor, has a low and variable oral bioavailability that has been attributed to extensive first-pass extraction mediated by hepatic or intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."( Variation in oral clearance of saquinavir is predicted by CYP3A5*1 genotype but not by enterocyte content of cytochrome P450 3A5.
Lamba, J; Lamba, V; Matheny, C; Mouly, SJ; Paine, MF; Pusek, SN; Schuetz, EG; Smith, G; Stewart, PW; Watkins, PB, 2005)		0.33
"Dietary flavonoids are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract."( Of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements, only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has antiproliferative activity.
Bensoussan, L; Gao, K; Heber, D; Henning, SM; Krul, C; Liu, Y; Lu, J; Niu, Y; Seeram, NP; Venema, K; Xu, A, 2006)		0.33
" However, hesperidin is proposed to have limited bioavailability due to the rutinoside moiety attached to the flavonoid."( Bioavailability is improved by enzymatic modification of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin in humans: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.
Barron, D; Chee, WS; Enslen, M; Frederiksen, H; Horcajada, MN; Nielsen, IL; Offord-Cavin, E; Poulsen, L; Rasmussen, SE; Williamson, G, 2006)		0.33
"Cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin) is a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate whose bioavailability increases when administered with grapefruit juice."( Pomelo juice, but not cranberry juice, affects the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in humans.
Ducharme, MP; Fradette, C; Grenier, J; Merritt, GJ; Morelli, G; Vranderick, M, 2006)		0.33
"These results suggest that pomelo juice increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine, possibly by inhibiting CYP3A or P-gp activity (or both) in the gut wall."( Pomelo juice, but not cranberry juice, affects the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in humans.
Ducharme, MP; Fradette, C; Grenier, J; Merritt, GJ; Morelli, G; Vranderick, M, 2006)		0.33
" The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and the effects of Origanum vulgare extract supplementation on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation in healthy nonsmoking men."( Consumption of juice fortified with oregano extract markedly increases excretion of phenolic acids but lacks short- and long-term effects on lipid peroxidation in healthy nonsmoking men.
Alfthan, G; Hiltunen, R; Kaikkonen, J; Mursu, J; Nurmi, A; Nurmi, T; Nyyssönen, K; Salonen, JT; Voutilainen, S, 2006)		0.33
" Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was the evaluation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of hesperetin and naringenin in plasma and urine, after their single oral administration in humans in the form of solid dispersion capsules, and also to improve the absorption rate of flavanones by using aglycones rather than the naturally occurring glycosides."( Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects.
Bounartzi, MI; Georgarakis, M; Kanaze, FI; Niopas, I, 2007)		0.34
" The cumulative urinary recovery data indicated low bioavailability for both flavanone aglycones, owing to extensive first-pass metabolism partly by cleavage of the C-ring by the enzymes of intestinal bacteria leading to degradation products such as phenolic acids."( Pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavanone aglycones hesperetin and naringenin after single oral administration in human subjects.
Bounartzi, MI; Georgarakis, M; Kanaze, FI; Niopas, I, 2007)		0.34
" In vitro and in vivo treatment was performed with an aerosol formulation, because the bioavailability of high molecular weight polyphenols is poor."( CYSTUS052, a polyphenol-rich plant extract, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in mice.
Droebner, K; Ehrhardt, C; Ludwig, S; Planz, O; Poetter, A, 2007)		0.34
"An in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell model may predict iron bioavailability to humans; however, direct comparisons are lacking."( Iron bioavailability from maize and beans: a comparison of human measurements with Caco-2 cell and algorithm predictions.
Beiseigel, JM; Glahn, RP; Hunt, JR; Maziya-Dixon, BB; Menkir, A; Welch, RM, 2007)		0.34
"The objective was to test the differences in iron bioavailability between 2 maize varieties and 2 bean varieties (white beans and colored beans) by comparing human, Caco-2, and algorithm results."( Iron bioavailability from maize and beans: a comparison of human measurements with Caco-2 cell and algorithm predictions.
Beiseigel, JM; Glahn, RP; Hunt, JR; Maziya-Dixon, BB; Menkir, A; Welch, RM, 2007)		0.34
" Nonheme iron bioavailability was determined from 2-wk retention of extrinsic radioiron tracers and was compared with Caco-2 cell and algorithm results from identical meals."( Iron bioavailability from maize and beans: a comparison of human measurements with Caco-2 cell and algorithm predictions.
Beiseigel, JM; Glahn, RP; Hunt, JR; Maziya-Dixon, BB; Menkir, A; Welch, RM, 2007)		0.34
"The aim of this study was to offer data about the bioavailability of flufenoxuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb in common commodities like mandarin, apricot and peach."( Bioavailability of insect growth regulators in citrus and stone fruits.
Barba, A; Camara, MA; Mulero, J; Oliva, J; Paya, P; Zafrilla, P, 2007)		0.34
" However, its bioavailability and metabolism have not been investigated."( Metabolism and absorption of auraptene (7-geranyloxylcoumarin) in male SD rats: comparison with 7-ethoxycoumarin.
Hosotani, K; Kuki, W; Murakami, A; Ohigashi, H, 2008)		0.35
"Metabolism and transport from intestinal cells back into the lumen by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is believed to limit the bioavailability of flavonoids."( Metabolism and transport of the citrus flavonoid hesperetin in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Barron, D; Brand, W; Rein, MJ; Rietjens, IM; van Bladeren, PJ; van der Wel, PA; Williamson, G, 2008)		0.35
" An earlier study on the bioavailability of limonin glucoside in humans had indicated that limonin glucoside was metabolized to give limonin and a second limonin metabolite."( Isolation and identification of the first C-17 limonin epimer, epilimonin.
Breksa, AP; Dragull, K; Wong, RY, 2008)		0.35
"The bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals may be influenced by the food matrix in which they are consumed."( Bioavailability and metabolism of orange juice flavanones in humans: impact of a full-fat yogurt.
Archeveque, MA; Crozier, A; Edwards, CA; Matsumoto, H; Mullen, W, 2008)		0.35
" AA bioavailability in the presence of flavonoids has yielded controversial results."( Vitamin C and the role of citrus juices as functional food.
Cánovas, JA; Martí, N; Mena, P; Micol, V; Saura, D, 2009)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge in the field of bioavailability of pollutants in agricultural food samples."( Bioavailability of insect growth regulator residues in citrus.
Barba, A; Cámara, MA; Oliva, J; Payá, P; Zafrilla, P, 2009)		0.35
"Study results showed that pummelo juice reduced the rate and extent of sildenafil bioavailability to around 60% [maximum plasma concentration (C(max)); from 212."( The effects of pummelo juice on pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy adult male Jordanian volunteers.
AbuRuz, SM; Al-Ghazawi, MA; Tutunji, MS, 2010)		0.36
" However, absorption and metabolism of flavonoids are complex processes that determine its bioavailability which remain not clear until now."( Hesperidin and hesperetin membrane interaction: understanding the role of 7-O-glycoside moiety in flavonoids.
Creczynski-Pasa, T; Jaramillo, C; Lima, VR; Londoño-Londoño, J, 2010)		0.36
" Extrapolation of preclinical data to human cancer is limited, in part, by inadequate information on the oral bioavailability and tissue disposition of d-limonene in humans."( Adipose tissue accumulation of d-limonene with the consumption of a lemonade preparation rich in d-limonene content.
Chew, W; Chow, HH; Hakim, IA; Miller, JA; Thompson, P; Thomson, CA, 2010)		0.36
"A new type of interaction in which fruit juices diminish oral drug bioavailability through inhibition of uptake transport is the focus of this review."( Fruit juice inhibition of uptake transport: a new type of food-drug interaction.
Bailey, DG, 2010)		0.36
" Here, an algal bioassay to investigate the potential bioavailability of particulate P in soil collected from a citrus orchard was conducted."( Potential bioavailability of phosphorus in citrus orchard soil to Microcystis aeruginosa.
Inoue, T; Okubo, Y; Tsushima, K; Yokota, K, 2011)		0.37
" After oral administration of NOB/SD, higher exposure of NOB was observed with increases of bioavailability and CNS distribution by 13- and sevenfold, respectively, compared with those of crystalline NOB."( Development of high-energy amorphous solid dispersion of nanosized nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxylated flavone, with improved oral bioavailability.
Hashimoto, N; Kawabata, Y; Ogawa, K; Onoue, S; Seto, Y; Takahashi, H; Uchida, A; Yamada, S; Yuminoki, K, 2011)		0.37
" The result illustrated that the oral bioavailability of geniposide was dramatically enhanced when ZZ was combined with HP or/and ZS."( Pharmacokinetics of geniposide in Zhi-Zi-Hou-Pu decoction and in different combinations of its constituent herbs.
Feng, F; Sun, Y; Yu, X, 2012)		0.38
" The higher efficacy of Hp at a lower plasma concentration than naringin, as well as the identification of the major circulating metabolite of hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide) underlines the importance of flavanone bioavailability and metabolism in their biological efficacy and suggests a structure-function relationship in the mechanism of action of the active metabolites."( Differential effects of two citrus flavanones on bone quality in senescent male rats in relation to their bioavailability and metabolism.
Barron, D; Gil-Izquierdo, A; Habauzit, V; Horcajada, MN; Morand, C; Offord, E; Pinaud, S; Sacco, SM; Trzeciakiewicz, A, 2011)		0.37
" This study investigated the effects of co-administering CGP on the bioavailability of cyclosporine and tacrolimus."( Citrus grandis peel increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine and tacrolimus, two important immunosuppressants, in rats.
Chao, PD; Hou, YC; Lin, SP; Tsai, SY; Wang, MJ, 2011)		0.37
"1 %) from citrus extract or with highly bioavailable curcumin from Curcuma longa extract (0."( Effect of citrus polyphenol- and curcumin-supplemented diet on inflammatory state in obese cats.
Freuchet, B; Jeusette, I; Le Bloc'h, J; Leray, V; Nguyen, P; Torre, C, 2011)		0.37
" Although numerous studies of nutrient-drug interactions have been published and systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these studies are available, no generalizations on the effect of nutrient-drug interactions on drug bioavailability are currently available."( Potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable-drug interactions: effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
Burchiel, SW; Martínez-Arismendi, JL; Orozco-Bustos, D; Reyes-Esparza, J; Rodríguez-Fragoso, L; Torres, E, 2011)		0.37
" Specific absorption rate and transport were also affected, leading to important changes in the distribution of this element inside the plant."( Flooding affects uptake and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in citrus seedlings.
Forner-Giner, MÁ; Iglesias, DJ; Jover, S; Legaz, F; Martínez-Alcántara, B; Primo-Millo, E; Quiñones, A; Rodríguez-Gamir, J, 2012)		0.38
" Bioavailability is a complex process involving several different stages: liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination phases (LADME)."( Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: a challenging journey to bioefficacy.
Actis-Goretta, L; Cruz-Hernandez, C; da Silva Pinto, M; Rein, MJ; Renouf, M; Thakkar, SK, 2013)		0.39
" No differences concerning the bioavailability were detected between men and women in controlboth groups."( Physical activity increases the bioavailability of flavanones after dietary aronia-citrus juice intake in triathletes.
Cejuela-Anta, R; Domínguez-Perles, R; Ferreres, F; García-Viguera, C; Gil-Izquierdo, A; Martínez-Sanz, JM; Medina, S, 2012)		0.38
" After oral administration of NOB/SD (2 mg NOB/kg) in rats, compared with crystalline NOB, improved pharmacokinetic behavior was observed with increases of bioavailability and hepatic delivery by ca."( Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization of amorphous solid dispersion of nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxylated flavone, with improved hepatoprotective effects.
Asakawa, T; Hashimoto, N; Hiza, A; Kan, T; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, K; Onoue, S; Tsukaguchi, Y; Uchida, A; Yamada, S; Yuminoki, K, 2013)		0.39
" Bioactivities of carotenoids greatly depend on their bioavailability that could be modulated by the presence of other dietary constituents."( Citrus flavanones enhance carotenoid uptake by intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Alexandrine, D; Bertrand, C; Claudie, DM; Franck, T; Marie-Josephe, A, 2013)		0.39
" The oral bioavailability of lipophilic compounds can be enhanced by promoting their intestinal lymphatic transport through co-administration with digestible lipids."( Enhanced lymphatic transport of bioactive lipids: cell culture study of polymethoxyflavone incorporation into chylomicrons.
Chen, J; McClements, DJ; Song, M; Xiao, H; Yao, M; Zheng, J, 2013)		0.39
" However, the poor water solubility, low stability and limited bioavailability have prevented the use of BEO in cancer therapy."( Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells.
Britti, D; Carafa, M; Celia, C; Di Marzio, L; Locatelli, M; Morittu, VM; Navarra, M; Paolino, D; Trapasso, E; Ventura, CA; Wolfram, J, 2013)		0.39
"Pomelo fruit juice and pomelo ethylacetate extract have been shown to increase the bioavailability of some CYP3A substrates."( The effect of pomelo mix ethyl acetate extract on CYP3A6 and P-glycoprotein gene transcripts in rabbits.
Al-Antary, ET; Al-Embideen, SN; Amireh, AO; Irshaid, YM; Zihlef, MA; Zmaily, MG; Zmeili, SM, 2014)		0.4
" Observational, in vitro, animal model and human studies suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin has greater bioavailability from its common food sources than do alpha- and beta-carotene from theirs."( Beta-cryptoxanthin as a source of vitamin A.
Burri, BJ, 2015)		0.42
" In conclusion, co-administration of cyclosporine and pomelo pulp increased the relative bioavailability of cyclosporine."( Pomelo enhances cyclosporine bioavailability in healthy male Thai volunteers.
Anlamlert, W; Jones, S; Sermsappasuk, P; Yokubol, D, 2015)		0.42
" Because of their hydrophobic structure and high melting point, crystallized PMFs usually have poor systemic bioavailability when consumed orally."( Influence of processing parameters on morphology of polymethoxyflavone in emulsions.
Ho, CT; Huang, Q; Li, CC; Ting, Y; Wang, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Our objective was to compare the bioavailability of lycopene from tangerine to red tomato juice, and elucidate physical deposition forms of these isomers in tomatoes by light and electron microscopy."( Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial.
Clinton, SK; Cooperstone, JL; Francis, DM; Haufe, TC; King, SA; Lesinski, GB; Ralston, RA; Riedl, KM; Schwartz, SJ; Schweiggert, RM; Timmers, CD, 2015)		0.42
" The enhanced bioavailability of sildenafil by Seville orange may be attributed to inhibition of its intestinal first-pass effect (CYP3A4 and or p-glycoprotein)."( Effects of Lemon and Seville Orange Juices on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Sildenafil in Healthy Subjects.
Abdelkawy, KS; Donia, AM; Elbarbry, F; Turner, RB, 2016)		0.43
" Thus, this three-dimensional network system of BPH may be a potential delivery system to improve the stability and bioavailability of functional agents in both food and non-food fields."( Preparation and Self-Assembly Mechanism of Bovine Serum Albumin-Citrus Peel Pectin Conjugated Hydrogel: A Potential Delivery System for Vitamin C.
Chen, S; Luo, M; Ning, F; Peng, H; Xiong, H; Zhu, X, 2016)		0.43
" Moreover, we also discuss the chemistry, bioavailability and proposed mechanisms of action of hesperidin."( Potential Anti-inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin from the Genus Citrus.
Capó, X; Martorell, M; Pinya, S; Pons, A; Sureda, A; Tejada, S; Tur, JA, 2018)		0.48
" While there is no suitable alternative to Cu available to date for agricultural uses, it is possible to reduce Cu per application by supplementing with Zn and improving Cu bioavailability using nanotechnology."( Multimodal Generally Recognized as Safe ZnO/Nanocopper Composite: A Novel Antimicrobial Material for the Management of Citrus Phytopathogens.
Graham, JH; Johnson, EG; Myers, ME; Ozcan, A; Santra, S; Young, M, 2018)		0.48
" Obtained findings suggested that CLE was able to enhance nitric oxide bioavailability that might dampen the vasoconstriction effect of phenylephrine."( Effects of citrus leaf extract on aortic vascular reactivity in hypertensive rats fed repeatedly heated vegetable oil.
Jaarin, K; Kamisah, Y; Mohamed, S; Siti, HN, 2019)		0.51
" Although the bioavailability of active components did not significantly change, the distribution of active components in tissues increased, particularly in the target organ."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of citrus peel extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury combined with Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum.
Gao, X; Guo, S; Jiang, W; Liu, L; Shi, L; Tang, X; Yang, P; Zhang, S; Zhao, H, 2018)		0.48
" However, due to the poor gastrointestinal absorption of polyphenols, novel formulations have recently been developed for getting a better bioavailability of polyphenolic rich fractions of citrus species extract rich in polyphenols."( Hypoglycemic and Hypolipemic Effects of a New Lecithin Formulation of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo- Controlled Study.
Allegrini, P; Bombardelli, E; Calandruccio, C; Carresi, C; Casale, F; Gliozzi, M; Maiuolo, J; Mollace, V; Musolino, V; Nucera, S; Paone, S; Petrangolini, G; Riva, A; Ronchi, M; Scicchitano, M, 2019)		0.51
"Dietary constituents can influence the bioavailability of carotenoids."( Hesperetin and Hesperidin Improved β-Carotene Incorporation Efficiency, Intestinal Cell Uptake, and Retinoid Concentrations in Tissues.
Huang, W; Jiang, N; Li, D; Liu, C; Nie, M; Zhang, Z, 2019)		0.51
" To cope with the low bioavailability of naringin, a new bienzyme whole-cell system was developed for bioconversion of naringin into two lipophilic derivatives."( One-pot biocatalytic synthesis and antioxidant activities of highly lipophilic naringin derivatives by using bi-functional whole-cells.
Lai, X; Li, X; Nong, J; Xiao, X; Zhao, G; Zhao, Y, 2020)		0.56
" The absolute oral bioavailability of nobiletin in lean (22."( Comparative Analyses of Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Excretion of Nobiletin in Lean and Obese Rats.
Cao, Y; Feng, K; Ho, CT; Huang, Q; Kan, Q; Xiao, J; Xin, Y; Yin, B; Zhang, M, 2020)		0.56
" acidophilus LA85 may potentially contribute to the bioavailability of citrus flavanones, and to be applied as functional cultures to obtain more bioavailable and bioactive metabolites in food products or in the human gastrointestinal tract."( Biotransformation of two citrus flavanones by lactic acid bacteria in chemical defined medium.
Guo, A; Guo, X; Li, E, 2021)		0.62
"The oral bioavailability of tangeretin, a poly(methoxyflavone) found in citrus fruits, is typically very low because of its extremely limited solubility."( Biopolymer Additives Enhance Tangeretin Bioavailability in Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems: An
Hu, Y; Li, B; Li, Y; Liu, F; McClements, DJ; Pang, J; Zhou, Z, 2021)		0.62
" Citrus flavonoids have limited bioavailability after oral administration, leaving the major part unabsorbed and persisted in the colon."( The biological fate and bioefficacy of citrus flavonoids: bioavailability, biotransformation, and delivery systems.
Ho, CT; Huang, Q; Yang, W; Zhang, M; Zhu, S, 2021)		0.62
" However, in the future, newer natural binding agents with higher binding capacity might accelerate the encapsulating potential, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability of citrus bioflavonoids."( Recent developments in citrus bioflavonoid encapsulation to reinforce controlled antioxidant delivery and generate therapeutic uses: Review.
Dadwal, V; Gupta, M, 2023)		0.91
" Presence of oxidized lipids in foods may affect the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive components after ingestion."( Adverse effects of linoleic acid: Influence of lipid oxidation on lymphatic transport of citrus flavonoid and enterocyte morphology.
Du, H; Han, Y; Julian McClements, D; Kitamura, F; Xiao, H; Yao, M, 2022)		0.72
" Finally, it is important to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and bioavailability on the action of citrus (poly)phenols."( Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies.
Visvanathan, R; Williamson, G, 2023)		0.91
"The Heirloom Golden tangerine tomato fruit variety is highly nutritious due to accumulation of tetra-cis-lycopene, that has a higher bioavailability and recognised health benefits in treating anti-inflammatory diseases compared to all-trans-lycopene isomers found in red tomatoes."( Tangerine tomato roots show increased accumulation of acyclic carotenoids, less abscisic acid, drought sensitivity, and impaired endomycorrhizal colonization.
Anwar, S; Cazzonelli, CI; Chen, ZH; Foo, E; Krishna, P; Nayak, JJ; Plett, JM, 2022)		0.72
" However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents."( Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin-Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)-Mini-Review.
Bazan-Woźniak, A; Cielecka-Piontek, J; Pietrzak, R; Walkowiak, J; Wdowiak, K, 2022)		0.72
" However, many in vitro studies disregard bioavailability data, a key factor determining responses in humans."( Review of factors affecting citrus polyphenol bioavailability and their importance in designing in vitro, animal, and intervention studies.
Visvanathan, R; Williamson, G, 2022)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the oral bioavailability of obacunone is low."( The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of obacunone from citrus fruits: A comprehensive narrative review.
Chen, X; Yang, S; Zheng, W, 2023)		0.91
" Unfortunately, the bioavailability and bioactivity of phytochemicals such as polyphenolic flavonoids are reduced due to conjugation with sugar moieties."( Combined acid hydrolysis and fermentation improves bioactivity of citrus flavonoids in vitro and in vivo.
Dornmayr, M; Kofel, D; König, A; Müller, A; Neuhauser, C; Sadova, N; Schwarzinger, B; Stadlbauer, V; Tona, R; Wallner, M; Weghuber, J; Woischitzschläger, J, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The higher plasma concentrations of felodipine taken with grapefruit juice resulted in a greater change in blood pressure measured in the morning 3 h after dosing (-9%) than did water (0%)."( Acute effects of drinking grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of felodipine--and its potential clinical relevance.
Bailey, D; Bergstrand, R; Edgar, B; Johnsson, G; Regårdh, CG, 1992)		0.28
" Glucose gel or orange juice cannot be recommended, at least in light of our experimental procedure and at the dosage used therein."( The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions.
Bornet, FR; Desplanque, N; Dhunputh, I; Letanoux, M; Pudar, H; Slama, G; Tchobroutsky, G; Traynard, PY, 1990)		0.28
" The two high bioavailability subjects took one tablet (100 mg) with 100 ml of water (1) alone, (2) together with 1 g of sodium bicarbonate or (3) during concurrent dosing with cimetidine, 200 mg three times a day."( The bioavailability of sulpiride taken as a film-coated tablet with sodium bicarbonate, cimetidine, natural orange juice or hydrochloric acid.
Hamaguchi, T; Kobayashi, M; Mizuno, N; Shinkuma, D; Yamanaka, Y, 1989)		0.28
" A dose-response association with dermatitis was suggested for Omite-CR exposure, but not for Carzol, Omite-CR + Carzol, or other pesticides."( Outbreak of Omite-CR-induced dermatitis among orange pickers in Tulare County, California.
Ames, RG; Jackson, RJ; Knaak, JB; Saunders, LD, 1987)		0.27
" Increasing the dosage of naled to 3 times the labeled rate for ground treatment resulted in greater than 95% mortality."( Evaluation of equipment modifications and dosage rates of ground ULV applications of naled against Aedes taeniorhynchus in a Florida citrus grove.
Curtis, GA; Mason, J, 1988)		0.27
"Aluminium absorption from four doses of the antacid preparation 'Aludrox' when taken alone, with orange juice or with milk was compared by measuring the change in urinary aluminium following Aludrox dosage in 15 normal adults."( Orange juice enhances aluminium absorption from antacid preparation.
Fairweather-Tait, S; Hickson, K; McGaw, B; Reid, M, 1994)		0.29
"To investigate the single dose-response effects of grapefruit juice on terfenadine disposition and electrocardiographic measurements."( Grapefruit juice-terfenadine single-dose interaction: magnitude, mechanism, and relevance.
Arnold, MO; Bailey, DG; Bend, JR; Rau, SE; Spence, JD; Tran, LT, 1997)		0.3
" Urine samples were collected up to 24 h after dosing and 7-hydroxycoumarin was quantified fluorimetrically in urine hydrolysates after HPLC separation to determine the excretion rates."( The character of inhibition of the metabolism of 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) by grapefruit juice in human.
Bourian, M; Legrum, W; Runkel, M; Tegtmeier, M, 1997)		0.3
" Haematology and clinical chemistry tests were conducted on blood samples taken on day -6 and day 0 of the control period and at 7 and 15 days during the SAIB dosing period."( Effect of sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) ingestion on the hepatobiliary function of normal human male and female volunteers.
Chappel, CI; Chiang, M; Gray, K, 1998)		0.3
" They also received diets containing 100 or 500 ppm auraptene for 4 weeks in groups of "initiation" feeding, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."( Citrus auraptene exerts dose-dependent chemopreventive activity in rat large bowel tumorigenesis: the inhibition correlates with suppression of cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation and with induction of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Hara, A; Kakumoto, M; Kawabata, K; Koshimizu, K; Kuki, W; Maeda, M; Murakami, A; Odashima, S; Ohigashi, H; Ota, T; Takahashi, Y; Tanaka, T; Yamane, T; Yonei, H, 1998)		0.3
" A protective effect with dose-response was also seen for intake of beta-carotene and total carotenoids."( Dietary factors and risk of lung cancer in never-smokers.
Agrenius, V; Nyberg, F; Pershagen, G; Svartengren, K; Svensson, C, 1998)		0.3
"6 kg, and their mean sertraline dosage was 55 mg/d."( The effects of grapefruit juice on sertraline metabolism: an in vitro and in vivo study.
Buffum, J; Bui, BC; Chan, WK; Harralson, AF; Lee, AJ, 1999)		0.3
" Further studies to elucidate the precise mechanism of action and optimal dosing schedule in mice can now be performed to improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in the mouse."( Effect of grapefruit juice on serum voriconazole concentrations in the mouse.
Liu, XP; Sugar, AM, 2000)		0.31
" Plasma drug concentrations were monitored up to 48 h after alprazolam dosing together with evaluation of psychomotor function."( Effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the single and multiple oral-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam.
Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Kondo, T; Ohkubo, T; Osanai, T; Otani, K; Sugawara, K; Uno, T; Yasui, N, 2000)		0.31
" Slope of dose-response curve (DRS, %/mg/mL) was higher in atopic rhinitic children than in nonatopic rhinitic, atopic control and nonatopic control subjects (14."( Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine is increased in citrus red mite (Panonychus citri)-sensitive children without asthmatic symptoms.
Cho, SH; Kim, YK; Kim, YY; Lee, BJ; Lee, MH; Min, KU; Park, HS; Son, JW, 2000)		0.31
" They also received MJ, MJ2, or MJ5 as a drinking water at night for 36 weeks, starting 1 week after the last dosing of AOM."( Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats by mandarin juices rich in beta-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin.
Azuma, Y; Kagami, S; Kohno, H; Murakami, M; Ogawa, H; Shimada, R; Sumida, T; Tanaka, T, 2000)		0.31
"m(-)(2) did not further improve decay control and caused rind browning and necrotic peel, the extent of damage depending on treatment dosage and harvest date."( Ultraviolet C irradiation at 0.5 kJ.m(-)(2) reduces decay without causing damage or affecting postharvest quality of star ruby grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.).
Ben-Yehoshua, S; D'hallewin, G; Pala, M; Schirra, M, 2000)		0.31
" Moreover, there was a dose-response relationship between higher citrus peel in the diet and degree of risk lowering."( Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Hakim, IA; Harris, RB; Ritenbaugh, C, 2000)		0.31
") dosing of quinine was investigated."( Effect of the grapefruit flavonoid naringin on pharmacokinetics of quinine in rats.
Coville, PF; Wanwimolruk, S; Wong, CW; Zhang, H, 2000)		0.31
" However, all of the mean kinetic parameters of both the enantiomers after the intravenous dosing of racemic nicardipine did not differ between the grapefruit juice- and water-intake trial phases."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the stereoselective disposition of nicardipine in humans: evidence for dominant presystemic elimination at the gut site.
Higashiyama, A; Ishizaki, T; Motomura, S; Ohkubo, T; Sugawara, K; Uno, T, 2000)		0.31
" Grapefruit juice appears to affect this metabolic disposal of (-)-nicardipine to a somewhat greater extent compared with that of (+)-nicardipine, with an early postdose transient tachycardia after the oral dosing of racemic nicardipine."( Effects of grapefruit juice on the stereoselective disposition of nicardipine in humans: evidence for dominant presystemic elimination at the gut site.
Higashiyama, A; Ishizaki, T; Motomura, S; Ohkubo, T; Sugawara, K; Uno, T, 2000)		0.31
"05% nobiletin for 5 weeks, starting one week before the first dosing of AOM."( Dietary administration of citrus nobiletin inhibits azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats.
Kohno, H; Koshimizu, K; Murakami, A; Nishino, H; Ohigashi, H; Tanaka, T; Tokuda, H; Tsukio, Y; Yano, M; Yoshitani, S, 2001)		0.31
" On day 7, concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers were determined during one dosing interval, and model independent pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."( Effects of grapefruit juice and smoking on verapamil concentrations in steady state.
Fuhr, U; Harder, S; Jünemann, M; Kern, R; Lopez-Rojas, P; Müller-Peltzer, H; Staib, AH, 2002)		0.31
" Plasma samples were collected prior to dosing and for up to 48 hours after."( Lack of bioequivalence of levofloxacin when coadministered with a mineral-fortified breakfast of juice and cereal.
Amsden, GW; Johnson, PW; Whitaker, AM, 2003)		0.32
" The dose-response of the males to sex pheromone was tested within the range of 25-1,600 microg."( Sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri: synthesis and optimization of trap parameters.
Assael, F; Dunkelblum, E; Gross, S; Harel, M; Mendel, Z; Zada, A, 2004)		0.32
"05% nobiletin for 34 weeks, starting one week after the last dosing of AOM."( Citrus nobiletin inhibits azoxymethane-induced large bowel carcinogenesis in rats.
Kohno, H; Koshimizu, K; Murakami, A; Nishino, H; Ohigashi, H; Suzuki, R; Tanaka, T; Tokuda, H; Yano, M, 2004)		0.32
"311 and 417 can increase I(I(Ca-L)) n ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs in a dose-response manner."( [Effect of jiuxinfumai injection on L-type calcium currents in single guinea pig ventricular myocytes].
Fang, F; Fang, YX; Liang, SP; Liu, ML; Song, T; Xie, LX; Zhou, HH, 2004)		0.32
"The rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval and blood pressure were measured before dosing and at 1, 3, 5, and 8 hours after dosing."( Absence of QTc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjects.
Cios, D; Kluger, J; Min, B; White, CM, 2005)		0.33
" A single dosage corresponding to 70x the human-daily-dose was non-toxic when administered to 6-week-old NMRI lean mice or 6- or 11-week-old C57BL/6J lean mice."( Tissue lipid lowering-effect of a traditional Nigerian anti-diabetic infusion of Rauwolfia vomitoria foilage and Citrus aurantium fruit.
Campbell, JI; Mortensen, A; Mølgaard, P, 2006)		0.33
" Comparative dose-response data were determined by both techniques to endosulfan, dimethoate, cyfluthrin, and acetamiprid."( Establishment of baseline susceptibility data to various insecticides for Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by comparative bioassay techniques.
Byrne, F; Castle, S; Henneberry, TJ; Prabhaker, N; Toscano, NC, 2006)		0.33
" There was a drug dose-response effect of HES in reducing MnPCE and increasing the PCE/PCE+NCE ratio in bone marrow cells."( Radioprotective effects of hesperidin against gamma irradiation in mouse bone marrow cells.
Hosseinimehr, SJ; Nemati, A, 2006)		0.33
" On the basis of results it seems that high dosage of the diosmin-hesperidin mixture induces slight changes in the Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe content of the liver, however it may decrease the scavenger capacity and the activity of SOD when applied either alone or together with thioacetamide."( Effects of citrus flavonoids on redox homeostasis of toxin-injured liver in rat.
Blázovics, A; Fehér, E; Kurucz, T; Lugasi, A; Pallai, Z; Rapavi, E; Székely, E; Szentmihályi, K, 2006)		0.33
" The dose-response effect of naringenin consumption was tested in weanling rats (n=6-8/group) with a 2x4 factorial design using high or low oxidative stress (Hox or Lox, respectively) diets, created by adequate or deficient amounts of vitamin E and selenium, with three increasing naringenin concentrations (30, 60, or 120 mg/kg of diet)."( Effect of the citrus flavanone naringenin on oxidative stress in rats.
Andrade, JE; Burgess, JR, 2007)		0.34
" A sigmoid dose-response model was used to fit the data and to estimate the IC50 values of the potential inhibitors."( Polymethoxylated flavones and other phenolic derivates from citrus in their inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of talinolol in Caco-2 cells.
Butterweck, V; De Castro, WV; Derendorf, H; Manthey, JA; Mertens-Talcott, SU, 2007)		0.34
" The aim of this research was to determine if the attacks of green mold on orange could be reduced by usage of biocontrol agent alone or in combination with low dosage of imazalil or sodium bicarbonate."( Effect of fluorescent pseudomonades and Trichoderma sp. and their combination with two chemicals on Penicillium digitatum caused agent of citrus green mold.
Abadi, AA; Ahmadzadeh, M; Tehrani, AS; Zamani, M, 2006)		0.33
" For a lemon resin dosage of 10 g l(-1), sorption affinity of divalent metal ions is found to be in an order of Pb>Cu>Ni>Fe>Cd>Zn>Co>Mn."( Preparation of cation exchanger from lemon and sorption of divalent heavy metals.
Arslanoglu, H; Soner Altundogan, H; Tumen, F, 2008)		0.35
" Efficacy of medicine in groups with high dosage was stronger than those with low dosage."( [Physiological effects of cold and cool Chinese herbal medicine of channel tropism of stomach on rats with stomach-heat syndrome].
Guo, BJ; Li, XE; Li, XM; Liu, JZ; Sun, GB, 2007)		0.34
" Growth kinetics and dose-response profiles were determined from experimental data obtained with a suitable macrodilution methodology based on a turbidimetric technique."( Effect of lemon extract on foodborne microorganisms.
Conte, A; Del Nobile, MA; Sinigaglia, M; Speranza, B, 2007)		0.34
" This study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of the major (synephrine) and minor (tyramine, N-methyltyramine, octopamine, and hordenine) adrenergic protoalkaloids in a suite of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) bitter orange Standard Reference Materials (SRMs): SRM 3258 Bitter Orange Fruit, SRM 3259 Bitter Orange Extract, and SRM 3260 Bitter Orange Solid Oral Dosage Form."( Mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium).
Nelson, BC; Putzbach, K; Sander, LC; Sharpless, KE, 2007)		0.34
" The inhibition observed in the LPS-challenge/TNFalpha assay correlated with the HMF levels in the blood sera of mice dosed (ip) with either 33 or 100 mg/kg body weight."( Anti-inflammatory activity of an orange peel polymethoxylated flavone, 3',4',3,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, in the rat carrageenan/paw edema and mouse lipopolysaccharide-challenge assays.
Bendele, P; Manthey, JA, 2008)		0.35
" This effect was abrogated in Nrf2(-/-) mice dosed with oltipraz, attenuated in mice Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with auraptene and imperatorin, and still significant in Nrf2(-/-) mice treated with isopimpinellin."( Comparison of citrus coumarins on carcinogen-detoxifying enzymes in Nrf2 knockout mice.
Childers, A; Itoh, K; Kleiner, HE; Li, Y; Prince, M; Yamamoto, M, 2009)		0.35
"4 in the two groups that included a dosing point prior to alcohol ingestion."( Clinical effectiveness of KSS formula, a traditional folk remedy for alcohol hangover symptoms.
Koike, K; Li, W; Sadamoto, K; Takahashi, M, 2010)		0.36
" Our results demonstrate accumulation of d-limonene in adipose tissue after oral dosing and support additional studies of d-limonene for chemoprevention in tissues such as the breast that are comprised of a significant fat fraction."( Adipose tissue accumulation of d-limonene with the consumption of a lemonade preparation rich in d-limonene content.
Chew, W; Chow, HH; Hakim, IA; Miller, JA; Thompson, P; Thomson, CA, 2010)		0.36
"The RC tea was produced using the Nigerian traditional recipe and tested in the traditional dosage on 23 Danish type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients."( Randomized and double-blinded pilot clinical study of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea, as used in Nigerian traditional medicine.
Abdallah, Z; Campbell-Tofte, JI; Cornett, C; Hansen, SH; Josefsen, K; Mu, H; Mølgaard, P; Nørregaard, JC; Petersen, HW; Richter, EA; Winther, K, 2011)		0.37
"Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily by gavage with one of several different doses of synephrine from one of two different extracts."( Developmental toxicity of Citrus aurantium in rats.
Hansen, DK; Juliar, BE; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2011)		0.37
" The produced solid oral dosage form preserved high polyphenols content, showed complete disaggregation in few minutes and satisfying dissolution rate of the bioactive constituents in simulated biological fluids."( Citrus bergamia juice: phytochemical and technological studies.
Aquino, RP; Lauro, MR; Mencherini, T; Picerno, P; Prota, L; Rastrelli, L; Sansone, F, 2011)		0.37
" Maximum concentrations of nobiletin in both plasma and brain were observed at 1h after single oral dosing (50 mg/kg)."( Permeability determination and pharmacokinetic study of nobiletin in rat plasma and brain by validated high-performance liquid chromatography method.
Jain, GK; Patel, K; Singh, SP; Tewari, D, 2011)		0.37
"The comparison between the same dosage MJH and GJH showed the result had significant dissimilarity, the role intensity of MJH was bigger than that of GJH."( [Comparison on dissolving sputum and anti-inflammation of "mao ju hong" and "guang ju hong"].
Chen, Z; Lin, L; Zhang, X, 2004)		0.32
"Female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily by gavage for 28 days with synephrine from two different extracts."( Physiological effects following administration of Citrus aurantium for 28 days in rats.
Abdel-Rahman, A; Fabricant, D; George, NI; Hansen, DK; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2012)		0.38
" These four probe drugs were simultaneously administered to rats after single and multiple dosing of Ougan juice by gastric irrigation."( Effects of Ougan juice on P450 activities using a cocktail method.
Hu, LF; Lin, GY; Ma, JS; Wang, XQ; Wang, Z; Xu, RA, 2012)		0.38
" Increasing of applied ozone dosage was not significantly effect on the removal percentages of pesticides whereas increasing of ozonation temperature caused a negative effect on the removal percentages of pesticides."( Removal of chloropyrifos ethyl, tetradifon and chlorothalonil pesticide residues from citrus by using ozone.
Ceyhan, M; Kusvuran, E; Mavruk, F; Yildirim, D, 2012)		0.38
" Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily by gavage for 28 days with 10 or 50 mg of synephrine/kg body weight from one of two different extracts; caffeine was added to some doses."( Cardiovascular toxicity of Citrus aurantium in exercised rats.
Abdel-Rahman, A; Fabricant, D; George, NI; Hansen, DK; Pellicore, LS; White, GE, 2013)		0.39
"The data suggest that the anxiolytic-like activity observed in the light/dark box procedure after acute (5 mg/kg) or 14-day repeated (1 mg/kg/day) dosing was mediated by the serotonergic system (5-HT(1A) receptors)."( Citrus aurantium L. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-HT(1A)-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment.
Cassettari, BO; Costa, CA; Costa, M; Cury, TC; Flório, JC; Takahira, RK, 2013)		0.39
" The hepatoprotective effects and pharmacokinetic behavior of orally dosed NOB/SD were evaluated in rats."( Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization of amorphous solid dispersion of nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxylated flavone, with improved hepatoprotective effects.
Asakawa, T; Hashimoto, N; Hiza, A; Kan, T; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, K; Onoue, S; Tsukaguchi, Y; Uchida, A; Yamada, S; Yuminoki, K, 2013)		0.39
"The presence of few gene hybridization abnormalities, corroborated by gene dosage measurements, were hypothetically due to the segregation of hemizygous alleles and minor genomic rearrangements occurring during the haploidization procedure."( Cytological and molecular characterization of three gametoclones of Citrus clementina.
Aleza, P; Carrera, E; Chen, C; Chiancone, B; Costantino, G; Dambier, D; Deng, X; Federici, CT; Froelicher, Y; Germana, MA; Gmitter, FG; Guo, W; Ibáñez, V; Juárez, J; Kwok, K; Luro, F; Machado, MA; Naranjo, MA; Navarro, L; Ollitrault, P; Ríos, G; Roose, ML; Talon, M; Xu, Q, 2013)		0.39
" Previous studies of anaerobic digestion of citrus waste under different conditions are presented; however, some controversy exists regarding the limiting dosage of limonene for a stable process (24-192 mg of citrus essential oil per liter of digester and day)."( Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: an overview.
Flotats, X; Ruiz, B, 2014)		0.4
" And 43 compounds were detected in dosed SD rat plasma samples, including 9 prototypes which were identified as hesperetin, isosinensetin, sinensetin, tetramethyl-O-isoscutellarein, nobiletin, tetramethyl-O-scutellarein, HMF (3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone), tangeretin and 5-demethylnobiletin and 34 metabolites underwent metabolic process of demethylation, glucuronide conjugation, sulfate conjugation or mixed modes."( Chemical fingerprint and metabolic profile analysis of Citrus reticulate 'Chachi' decoction by HPLC-PDA-IT-MS(n) and HPLC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS method.
Cao, D; Fan, G; Huang, Q; Song, F; Wu, F; Ye, X; Zhao, X, 2014)		0.4
"This study aimed to investigate the association between dental erosive wear and potential background, behavioural and dietary risk indicators and to assess whether there is a dose-response relationship between the level of acidic beverage consumption and dental erosive wear among adolescents."( Sour sweets and acidic beverage consumption are risk indicators for dental erosion.
Mulic, A; Sandvik, L; Skudutyte-Rysstad, R; Søvik, JB; Tveit, AB, 2015)		0.42
" Random effect dose-response meta-regression (DRMR) was performed to investigate the dose-response relationship."( Dietary intakes of citrus fruit and risk of gastric cancer incidence: an adaptive meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Bae, JM; Kim, EH, 2016)		0.43
" Plasma samples were collected for 12 h after dosing and analyzed for sildenafil concentration."( Effects of Lemon and Seville Orange Juices on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Sildenafil in Healthy Subjects.
Abdelkawy, KS; Donia, AM; Elbarbry, F; Turner, RB, 2016)		0.43
" All flavanone interventions were effective at attenuating transient impairments in FMD induced by the double meal (7 h post intake; P<0·05), but no dose-response effects were observed."( Flavanone-rich citrus beverages counteract the transient decline in postprandial endothelial function in humans: a randomised, controlled, double-masked, cross-over intervention study.
Altieri, V; Belanger, RL; Blaze, M; Corona, G; Dong, H; Harkness, L; Hou, Y; Jackson, KG; Lovegrove, JA; Nunez, MA; Rendeiro, C; Saunders, C; Spencer, JP, 2016)		0.43
" Proline betaine displayed a dose-response relationship to orange juice intake in 24 h and fasting samples (p < 0."( Demonstration of the utility of biomarkers for dietary intake assessment; proline betaine as an example.
Brennan, L; Flynn, A; Frost, G; Gibbons, H; Gibney, MJ; McNulty, BA; Michielsen, CJR; Nugent, AP; Rundle, M; Walton, J, 2017)		0.46
" Extensive research is required on overcoming the challenges regarding allergies and obtaining safer dosage limits."( Citrus essential oils: Extraction, authentication and application in food preservation.
Baral, E; Cho, MH; Koteswararao, R; Mahato, N; Sharma, K; Sinha, M, 2019)		0.51
" Various attempts have been made to formulate advanced dosage forms to address issue of solubility of Naringenin."( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and formulations aspects of Naringenin: An update.
Joshi, R; Kulkarni, YA; Wairkar, S, 2018)		0.48
" Since EOs can be cytotoxic in higher concentrations, models may be used for qualitative and quantitative dosage predictions of the antifungal activity of EOs."( Development and validation of mathematical models for testing antifungal activity of different essential oils against Candida species.
Arsić Arsenijević, V; Milić Lemić, A; Perić, M; Rajković, K; Živković, R, 2019)		0.51
"5, 55, 550, and 5,500 ppm) administered in artificial diet to approximate the dosage required to reduce feeding activity and prevent salivation/ingestion activity."( Evaluating the Effect of Imidacloprid Administered in Artificial Diet on Feeding Behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Using Electropenetrography.
Ebert, TA; Langdon, KW; Rogers, ME, 2019)		0.51
" In the Rotarod test, Kabuchii did not affect the motor performance, even at the highest dosage tested (3 mg/cage), whereas diazepam decreased it dose- dependently."( Enhancement of Pentobarbital-induced Sleep by the Vaporized Essential Oil of Citrus keraji var. kabuchii and its Characteristic Component, y-Terpinene.
Fua, Z; Kinjo, Y; Kobayashi, Y; Shimizu, E; Takemoto, H, 2016)		0.43
" Overall, an acute dosage of 100 mg CAF and 100 mg CA did not elicit any differences in anaerobic performance or in perceived measures of effort and fatigue in young males who habitually consume caffeine."( The Effects of Caffeine and Citrus Aurantium on Performance During Repeated Maximal Anaerobic Exercise Bouts in Habitual Caffeine Users.
Bailey, P; Bechke, EE; Kliszczewicz, B; McLester, CN; McLester, JR; Williamson, CM, 2021)		0.62
" Therefore, this treatment design provides an useful tool to assess the ACP behavioral response to the odors from citrus plants, and it can also help in the discrimination of dose-response screenings for VOCs or conspecific insects."( Behavioral responses of Diaphorina citri to host plant volatiles in multiple-choice olfactometers are affected in interpretable ways by effects of background colors and airflows.
Carvalho, RI; Delfino, JY; Esperança, V; Freitas, R; Luvizotto, RAG; Magnani, RF; Miranda, MP; Mulinari, TA; Peña, L; Volpe, HXL; Wulff, NA; Zanardi, OZ, 2020)		0.56
" Two dose-response studies were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks."( Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial (Citrus study).
Arola, L; Caimari, A; Calderón-Pérez, L; Canela, N; Companys, J; Del Bas, JM; Giralt, M; Llauradó, E; Martín-Luján, F; Mayneris-Perxachs, J; Moragas, A; Ortega, Y; Pedret, A; Pla-Pagà, L; Puiggrós, F; Romeu, M; Rubió, L; Solà, R; Valls, RM, 2021)		0.62
" We observed a positive linear dose-response relationship between total citrus intake and skin cancer risk (HR = 1."( Citrus intake and risk of skin cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC).
Al-Rahmoun, M; Amiano, P; Botteri, E; Boutron-Ruault, MC; Caini, S; Cervenka, I; Colorado-Yohar, S; Dahm, CC; Ezponda, A; Ghiasvand, R; Grioni, S; Jakszyn, P; Katzke, VA; Kühn, T; Kvaskoff, M; La Vecchia, C; Lasheras, C; Mahamat-Saleh, Y; Mancini, FR; Olsen, A; Overvad, K; Palli, D; Panico, S; Peppa, E; Perez-Cornago, A; Ricceri, F; Rodríguez-Barranco, M; Sacerdote, C; Scalbert, A; Schulze, MB; Severi, G; Skeie, G; Sonestedt, E; Tjønneland, A; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Veierod, MB; Weiderpass, E, 2020)		0.56
" Further careful human pharmacokinetic studies are also needed to establish dosage ranges, as well as addressing preliminary safety and tolerability of naringenin, before proceeding to larger-scale endpoint trials."( A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Effects of Naringenin, a Citrus-Derived Flavonoid, on Risk Factors for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Hosseinzadeh-Attar, MJ; Naeini, F; Namkhah, Z; Ostadrahimi, A; Tutunchi, H, 2021)		0.62
" We conducted the excretion study and pharmacokinetics study of nobiletin via oral administration and intravenous injection and 15 day consecutive dosing study using the high fat diet-induced obese rats and their lean counterparts."( Comparative Analyses of Bioavailability, Biotransformation, and Excretion of Nobiletin in Lean and Obese Rats.
Cao, Y; Feng, K; Ho, CT; Huang, Q; Kan, Q; Xiao, J; Xin, Y; Yin, B; Zhang, M, 2020)		0.56
"Meta-analyses of Dichotomy and dose-response relationship."( Citrus fruit intake and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Gao, J; Qian, BY; Qian, Y; Wang, J; Xie, L; Xu, HL; Yu, H, 2021)		0.62
" Besides, there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between Citrus intake and lung cancer risk within a certain range."( Citrus fruit intake and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Gao, J; Qian, BY; Qian, Y; Wang, J; Xie, L; Xu, HL; Yu, H, 2021)		0.62
" However, the anxiolytic effect of these essential oils must be proper evaluated appropriate as well as the suitable dosage and side effect need further research."( Anxiolytic effect of Anthemis nobilis L. (roman chamomile) and Citrus reticulata Blanco (tangerine) essential oils using the light-dark test in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Poleti Martucci, ME; Santos Rubio, KT; Silveira, V, 2022)		0.72
" Furthermore, subgroup analysis and dose-response analysis were performed."( Different types of fruit intake and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Chen, JL; Han, YW; Li, H; Su, K; Wu, ZY, 2023)		0.91
" Citrus intake showed a non-linear dose-response relationship with the risk of CRC."( Different types of fruit intake and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies.
Chen, JL; Han, YW; Li, H; Su, K; Wu, ZY, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Acure Seriously Soothing Cloud Cream -- 1.7 fl ozAcureBeauty & Personal Carechamomile, calendula, cetyl alcohol, tocopherol, tocopherol, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glyceryl laurate, marjoram2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alkalol Nasal Wash -- 16 fl ozAlkalolHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathypine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Alkalol Nasal Wash Kit -- 16 fl ozAlkalolVitamins & Supplementspine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Andalou Naturals MEN Invigorating Body Wash 3 In 1 -- 8.5 fl ozAndalou NaturalsBeauty & Personal Careallantoin, vitamin C, cocamidopropyl betaine, panthenol, hemp, lactic acid, pine, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Andalou Naturals MEN Smooth Glide Shave Cream -- 6 fl ozAndalou NaturalsBeauty & Personal Careallantoin, vitamin C, bisabolol, cetyl alcohol, tocopherol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, tocopherol, hemp, phenoxyethanol, pine, potassium stearate, stearyl alcohol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Arthur Andrew Medical Inc. Proferia Advanced Dermal Progesterone -- 2 ozArthur Andrew Medical Inc.Professional Supplements Chamomile, Pine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Bathroom Cleaner Citrus Zest -- 27.1 fl ozAttitudeHousehold Essentials1,3-propanediol, citric acid, terpineol, saponins, citric acid, decanal, caprylyl glucoside, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Daily Shower & Tile Cleaner Citrus Zest -- 27.1 fl ozAttitudeHousehold Essentialsterpineol, saponins, decanal, sodium gluconate, caprylyl glucoside, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Dishwashing Liquid Eco Refill - Citrus Zest -- 135.26 fl ozAttitudeHousehold Essentialsterpineol, decanal, sodium gluconate, citrus, sodium citrate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Floor Surface Cleaner - For Tiles & Wood Floors Citrus Zest -- 35.2 fl ozAttitudeHousehold Essentialsterpineol, saponins, decanal, sodium gluconate, caprylyl glucoside, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Liquid Laundry Detergent 4X Concentrated HE Citrus Zest -- 67.6 fl oz - 80 LoadsAttitudeHousehold Essentialsallyl caproate, terpineol, decanal, sodium gluconate, glycerin, citrus, sodium citrate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Attitude Window & Mirror Cleaner Citrus Zest -- 27 fl ozAttitudeHousehold Essentialsacetic acid, terpineol, saponins, decanal, caprylyl glucoside, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Badger Organic Navigator Class Man Care Organic Hair Pomade -- 2 ozBadgerBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, black pepper, vanilla2024-11-29 10:47:42
Badger Organic Navigator Class Man Care Shave Soap -- 3.15 ozBadgerBeauty & Personal Careblack pepper, sodium citrate, vanilla2024-11-29 10:47:42
Badger Shampoo Bar -- 3 ozBadgerBeauty & Personal CareBlack Pepper, Sodium Citrate, Vanilla2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Joint & Mobility Support Powder for Dogs & Cats -- 1.69 ozBark & WhiskersPet SuppliesAscorbic Acid, Methylsulfonylmethane, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bigelow Tea Black Tea Lemon Lift -- 20 Tea BagsBigelow TeaFood & Beveragesspice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bigelow Tea Herbal Tea Sweet Dreams® -- 20 Tea BagsBigelow TeaFood & BeveragesChamomile, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bigelow Tea Turmeric Herbal Tea Ginger Peach -- 18 Tea BagsBigelow TeaFood & Beverageschamomile, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Coromega Turmeric Max -- 30 PacketsCoromegaVitamins & SupplementsBlack Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Country Life Carotenoid Complex -- 60 SoftgelsCountry LifeVitamins & SupplementsAstaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Carrot Seed Oil, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Ecover Ecological Toilet Bowl Cleaner -- 25 fl ozEcoverHousehold Essentialscitric acid, citric acid, pine, citrate, citrate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Every Man Jack Body Bar Soap - Yosemite Falls -- 5 ozEvery Man JackBeauty & Personal Carealpha iso methyl ionone, benzyl alcohol, palm, kaolin, limonene, pine, sodium hydroxide, titanium dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Everyone Hand Soap Holiday Scent Orange + Spice -- 12.75 fl ozEveryoneHousehold Essentialsorange, citric acid, benzyl alcohol, citric acid, tocopherol, panthenol, tocopherol, phenoxyethanol, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Evlution Nutrition FlexMode Advanced Joint Support -- 90 Veggie CapsulesEvlution NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessMethylsulfonylmethane, Quercetin, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Farm Rx Bakuchiol Serum -- 1 fl ozFarm RxBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, bakuchiol, tocopherol, tocopherol, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Fitcode CodeShred -- 60 Veggie CapsulesFitcodeWeight ManagementCholine, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6, Black Pepper, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Gaia Herbs Turmeric Supreme Extra Strength -- 120 Vegan Liquid Phyto CapsGaia HerbsHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy Curcuminoids, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Gaia Herbs Turmeric Supreme Extra Strength -- 60 Vegan CapsulesGaia HerbsHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy Curcuminoids, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Gaia Herbs Turmeric Supreme Joint Health -- 120 Vegan Liquid Phyto-CapsGaia HerbsHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathy Curcuminoids, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Green Beaver Natural Toothpaste Spearmint -- 2.5 fl ozGreen BeaverBeauty & Personal Carecalcium ascorbate, glycerin, citrus, sorbitol, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hain Pure Foods Safflower Mayonnaise -- 12 ozHain Pure FoodsFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hilma Dairy + Gluten Digestive Enzymes -- 30 CapsulesHilmaVitamins & Supplements Lipase, Curcuminoids, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Hippie Snacks Avocado Crisps Guacamole -- 2.5 ozHippie SnacksFood & Beveragescitric acid, vinegar, Vitamin C, citric acid, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Host Defense Mushrooms Organic MycoBotanicals Liver Capsules -- 60 CapsulesHost DefenseHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyBlack Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
House Of Tsang Dipping Sauce Bangkok Peanut -- 11.5 ozHouse Of TsangFood & Beveragescitric acid, Vitamin C, citric acid, Vitamin A, spice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Longer, Stronger Hair and Nails -- 120 Liquid SoftgelsIrwin NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Biotin, dextrin, glycerin, Lysine, Manganese, Proline, Citrus, titanium dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Love My Legs™ Vein + Circulation -- 60 Liquid SoftgelsIrwin NaturalsVitamins & Supplementsannatto, Vitamin C, dextrin, glycerin, maltodextrin, Citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Irwin Naturals Vision Sharp® Multi-Nutrient Eye Health -- 42 Liquid SoftgelsIrwin NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, glycerin, Lutein, Manganese, Vitamin A, Citrus, titanium dioxide, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kettle Brand Krinkle Potato Chips Salt & Pepper -- 5 ozKettle BrandFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kettle Brand Potato Chips Honey Dijon -- 13 ozKettle BrandFood & Beveragescitric acid, vinegar, citric acid, maltodextrin, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Kettle Brand Potato Chips Honey Dijon -- 5 ozKettle BrandFood & Beveragescitric acid, vinegar, citric acid, maltodextrin, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Koyo Dry Ramen Lemongrass Ginger -- 2.1 ozKoyoFood & Beveragesblack pepper, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Koyo Ramen Made With Organic Noodles Garlic Pepper -- 2.1 ozKoyoFood & Beveragesblack pepper, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Koyo Reduced Sodium Ramen Asian Vegetable -- 2 ozKoyoFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Koyo Reduced Sodium Ramen Garlic Pepper -- 2.1 ozKoyoFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Late July Tortilla Chips Made With Organic Yellow Corn Gluten Free Hawaiian Habenero -- 7.8 ozLate JulyFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, spice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Legal Sea Foods Gluten Free Lemon Dill Marinade & Dressing -- 11 fl ozLegal Sea FoodsFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Legendary Foods Protein Pop Chips BBQ -- 1.2 oz Each / Pack of 7Legendary FoodsActive Lifestyle & Fitnessspice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Legendary Foods Protein Pop Chips Nacho Cheese -- 1.2 oz Each / Pack of 7Legendary FoodsActive Lifestyle & Fitnessspice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Legendary Foods Protein Pop Chips Pizza -- 7 BagsLegendary FoodsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, citric acid, spice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Legendary Foods Protein Pop Chips Ranch -- 1.2 oz Each / Pack of 7Legendary FoodsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, citric acid, malic acid, spice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lifetime Noni Mangosteen Goji Berry and Acai Juice Blend -- 32 fl ozLifetimeHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathycitric acid, citric acid, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Organic Whole Grain Rice & Wild Rice Garlic & Basil -- 6 ozLundbergFood & BeveragesVitamin C, basil, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Organic Whole Grain Spanish Rice -- 6 ozLundbergFood & BeveragesCitric Acid, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Vitamin A, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Rice Chips Barbecue -- 5.5 ozLundbergFood & Beveragesblack pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Risotto Butternut Squash -- 5.8 ozLundbergFood & Beveragescitric acid, Vitamin C, citric acid, Vitamin A, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Risotto Creamy Parmesan -- 5.5 ozLundbergFood & Beverageslactic acid, spice, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Lundberg Risotto Garlic Primavera -- 5.5 ozLundbergFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, black pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Masala Mama La Bamba Black Beans -- 10 ozMasala MamaFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Maya Kaimal Soup Spiced Lentil -- 17.4 fl ozMaya KaimalFood & Beveragesblack pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Maya Kaimal Soup Creamy Chickpea Kale -- 17.6 fl ozMaya KaimalFood & Beveragesblack pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Maya Kaimal Soup Tomato & Warm Spices -- 17.6 ozMaya KaimalFood & Beveragesblack pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mighty Spark Chicken Snack Sticks Terriyaki Style -- 4 ozMighty SparkFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mina Tagine Moroccan Cooking Sauce Chicken -- 12 ozMinaFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mina Tagine Moroccan Cooking Sauce Fish -- 12 ozMinaFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mina Tagine Moroccan Cooking Sauce Lamb or Beef -- 12 ozMinaFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Miracle Noodle Chicken Noodle Soup Bone Broth -- 7.6 ozMiracle NoodleFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Miracle Noodle Ready-To-Eat-Meal Japanese Curry Noodles -- 9.9 ozMiracle NoodleFood & Beverageslactic acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Modern Products Spike Original Magic Gourmet Natural Seasoning -- 14 ozModern ProductsFood & Beverageskelp, cloves, tarragon, basil, marjoram2024-11-29 10:47:42
MyChelle Dermaceuticals Ageless G2 Instant Firming Serum -- 1 fl ozMyChelle DermaceuticalsBeauty & Personal Careorange, citrus2024-11-29 10:47:42
MyChelle Dermaceuticals Strengthen Creamy Pumpkin Cleanser -- 4.4 fl ozMyChelle DermaceuticalsBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, astaxanthin, behenyl alcohol, glycerin, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, phenethyl alcohol, nutmeg, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
MyChelle Dermaceuticals Strengthen Pumpkin Renew Cream -- 1.2 fl ozMyChelle DermaceuticalsBeauty & Personal CareD-alpha, caprylyl glycol, orange, astaxanthin, gluconolactone, D-beta, carnosine, cetearyl alcohol, chlorophyll, palm, tocopherol, tocopherol, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, lactic acid, phenyl t-butylnitrone, phenethyl alcohol, nutmeg, sodium benzoate, tocotrienols, totarol2024-11-29 10:47:42
NuNaturals NuStevia® Syrup Pumpkin Spice -- 16 fl ozNuNaturalsFood & Beverages Glycerin, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Organic Traditions 5 Mushroom Coffee Blend Dirty Chai -- 3.5 ozOrganic TraditionsFood & Beveragesnutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacha Soap Co Salt Block - Muscle -- 5 ozPacha Soap CoBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, camphor, citric acid, mustard, pine, sodium bicarbonate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pipcorn Cheese Balls White Cheddar -- 4.5 ozPipcornFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pop Daddy Pretzel Sticks Yellow Mustard -- 7.5 ozPop DaddyFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, malic acid, maltodextrin, mustard, niacin, Vitamin A, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Seeds of Change Organic Brown Jasmine Rice Cilantro Lime -- 8.5 ozSeeds of ChangeFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Seitenbacher Brown Gravy -- 1 ozSeitenbacherFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, marjoram2024-11-29 10:47:42
Seitenbacher Gluten Free Oat Bread Easy Baking Mix -- 1.1 lbSeitenbacherFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Selina Naturally Organic Lemon Pepper Seasoning with a Hint of Celtic Sea Salt -- 1.8 ozSelina NaturallyFood & BeveragesVitamin C, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Selina Naturally Organic Mexican Fiesta Seasoning with a Hint of Celtic Sea Salt -- 1.73 ozSelina NaturallyFood & BeveragesVitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sensible Portions Garden Veggie Flavor Burst Tortilla Chips Nacho Cheese -- 10 ozSensible PortionsFood & Beveragesspice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Seventh Generation Dish Liquid Soap - Fresh Lime & Ginger -- 19 fl ozSeventh GenerationHousehold Essentialsmethylisothiazolinone, orange, geranium, citric acid, citric acid, decyl glucoside, lauramine oxide, glycerin, nutmeg, sodium lauryl sulfate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Carnitas Seasoning -- 1.29 ozSieteFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Enchilada Sauce Green -- 15 ozSieteFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Enchilada Sauce Red -- 15 ozSieteFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Fajita Seasoning Non GMO Gluten Free Beef -- 1 ozSieteFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Fajita Seasoning Non GMO Gluten Free Chicken -- 1 ozSieteFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Fajita Seasoning Non GMO Gluten Free Lemon Pepper -- 1 ozSieteFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Kettle Cooked Potato Chips Chipotle BBQ -- 5.5 ozSieteFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Potato Chips Gluten Free Kettle Cooked Variety Pack -- 6 BagsSieteFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Taco Seasoning - Mild -- 1.31 ozSieteFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Siete Taco Seasoning Non GMO Gluten Free Al Pastor -- 1 ozSieteFood & Beveragescitric acid, citric acid, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Simple Truth Gluten Free Rice & Almond Thin Crackers Sea Salt & Pepper -- 3.5 ozSimple TruthFood & Beveragesmaltodextrin, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Simply Organic Organic Gravy Mix Brown -- 1 ozSimply OrganicFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Snack Factory Pretzel Crisps Deli Style Buffalo Wing -- 7.2 ozSnack FactoryFood & Beveragescitric acid, vinegar, citric acid, folic acid, maltodextrin, niacin, riboflavin, spice, sodium diacetate, monosodium glutamate, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Snack Factory Pretzel Crisps® Deli Style Sea Salt & Cracked Pepper -- 7.2 ozSnack FactoryFood & Beveragescitric acid, vinegar, Vitamin C, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, maltodextrin, Vitamin A, spice, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
SOF Hydrating Foaming Hand Wash Sweet Almond -- 8 fl ozSOFHousehold Essentialscitric acid, citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, glycerin, nutmeg, sodium benzoate2024-11-29 10:47:42
SOF Triple Milled Soap Bar Sweet Almond -- 6 ozSOFBeauty & Personal Careglycerin, nutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
SOMOS Taco Filling Plant Based Peacadillo with Vegetables -- 10 ozSOMOSFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sprout Living Probiotic Almonds Italian Truffle -- 10 PacketsSprout LivingVitamins & Supplementsbasil, marjoram2024-11-29 10:47:42
Stash Black Tea Chai Spice -- 20 Tea BagsStashFood & Beveragesnutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Stonewall Kitchen Dressing & Dipping Sauce Balsamic Fig -- 11 fl ozStonewall KitchenFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, black pepper, sugar, sulfer dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Stonewall Kitchen Dressing Maple Bacon Balsamic -- 11 fl ozStonewall KitchenFood & Beveragescitric acid, Vitamin C, citric acid, maltodextrin, sodium phosphate, potassium chloride, Vitamin A, black pepper, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Stonewall Kitchen Jam Hot Pepper Peach -- 11.25 ozStonewall KitchenFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
SuperSeedz Gourmet Pumpkin Seeds Somewhat Spicy -- 5 ozSuperSeedzFood & Beveragesvinegar, basil, Manganese, Phosphorus, marjoram2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tazo Chai Tea Latte Decaf Tea -- 32 fl ozTazoFood & BeveragesVitamin C, cloves, Vitamin A, black pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tazo Classic Chai Latte -- 32 fl ozTazoFood & Beveragescloves, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tazo Pumpkin Spice Latte Tea Concentrate -- 32 fl ozTazoFood & Beveragescloves, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tazo Spiced Chai Skinny Latte Black Tea Concentrate for Hot or Iced Chai Latte -- 32 fl ozTazoFood & Beveragescloves, black pepper, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Teeccino Roasted Herbal Tea Organic Caffeine Free Dandelion Red Chai -- 10 Tea BagsTeeccinoFood & BeveragesVitamin C, Caffeine, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
TheraNeem Pet Shampoo Neem Therapé -- 12 fl ozTheraNeemPet Supplieschamomile, panthenol, glycerin, pine2024-11-29 10:47:42
TheraNeem Shampoo -- 12 fl ozTheraNeemBeauty & Personal CareChamomile, Panthenol, Lauramide DEA, Pine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tonnino Yellowfin Tuna Fillets with Jalapeno in Olive Oil -- 6.7 ozTonninoFood & Beveragesblack pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinings Chai Tea Pumpkin Spice -- 20 Tea BagsTwiningsFood & Beveragesnutmeg2024-11-29 10:47:42
Unisoy Vegan Jerky Cracked Black Pepper -- 3.5 ozUnisoyFood & Beveragesmaltose, maltodextrin, black pepper, D-sorbitol, sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Walden Farms Dressing Zero Calorie Coleslaw -- 12 fl ozWalden FarmsFood & Beveragesspice, titanium dioxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Walden Farms Dressing Zero Calorie Vinaigrette Balsamic -- 12 fl ozWalden FarmsFood & Beverageserythritol, basil, black pepper, sodium citrate2024-11-29 10:47:42
Wilde Gluten Free Protein Chips Nashville Hot Chicken -- 2.25 ozWildeActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, vinegar, Vitamin C, citric acid, maltodextrin, Vitamin A, black pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
You Need This Plant-Based Churro Puffs Cinnamon -- 4 ozYou Need ThisFood & Beveragesnutmeg, cane sugar2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Turmeric Extra Strength Formula -- 1000 mg - 60 CapsulesYoutheoryHerbs, Botanicals & Homeopathymicrocrystalline cellulose, Black Pepper2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zand Super C Plus Elderberry -- 60 TabletsZandVitamins & Supplementsorange, Vitamin C, Cellulose, Vitamin D3, maltodextrin, citrus, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zand Super C Plus PM -- 60 TabletsZandVitamins & Supplementsorange, Vitamin C, Cellulose, Vitamin D3, maltodextrin, Melatonin, citrus, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zatik Nurturing & Refreshing Conditioner Neem & Bay Leaf -- 10.8 fl ozZatikBeauty & Personal Careglucono delta lactone, cetearyl alcohol, decyl glucoside, vitamin B5, laurus nobilis2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zatik Nurturing & Refreshing Shampoo Neem & Bay Leaf -- 10.8 fl ozZatikBeauty & Personal Carecitric acid, glucono delta lactone, citric acid, decyl glucoside, hydroxyethyl cellulose, vitamin B5, laurus nobilis2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zhou Ashwagandha -- 1200 mg - 60 Veggie CapsulesZhouHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyBlack Pepper, Ashwagandha2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zoup Chicken Bone Broth Chicken Potpie Soup -- 16 ozZoupFood & Beveragesfolic acid, niacin, riboflavin, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zoup Savory Veggie Broth Gluten Free Black Bean Chili -- 16 ozZoupFood & Beveragesspice2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zoup Savory Veggie Broth Portabella Mushroom Bisque -- 16 ozZoupFood & Beveragesfolic acid, niacin, riboflavin, spice2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
thujeneA monoterpene based on a thujane skeleton.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
monoterpene biosynthesis1913
Myrcene biosynthesis013

Bioassays (13)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1102293Fungicidal activity against Phytophthora infestans infected second leaf-stage of tomato plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray after 4 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102304Fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani infected in third leaf stage of rice plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray after 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102308Fungicidal activity against Magnaporthe grisea infected second leaf stage of rice plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray after 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102298Fungicidal activity against Botryotinia fuckeliana infected first-leaf stage of cucumber plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray after 4 to 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102294Fungicidal activity against Phytophthora infestans infected second leaf-stage of tomato plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray after 4 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102283Fungicidal activity against Blumeria graminis infected first-leaf stage of barley plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102303Fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani infected in third leaf stage of rice plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray after 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102289Fungicidal activity against Puccinia recondita infected first leaf stage of wheat plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray after 10 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102299Fungicidal activity against Botryotinia fuckeliana infected first-leaf stage of cucumber plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray after 4 to 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID360503Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Santolindiacetylene, a polyacetylene derivative isolated from the essential oil of Santolina canescens.
AID1102309Fungicidal activity against Magnaporthe grisea infected second leaf stage of rice plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray after 5 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102288Fungicidal activity against Puccinia recondita infected first leaf stage of wheat plant at 500 mg/l applied as spray after 10 days under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
AID1102284Fungicidal activity against Blumeria graminis infected first-leaf stage of barley plant at 1000 mg/l applied as spray under green house conditions relative to control2003Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Mar-12, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Fungicidal property of Curcuma longa L. rhizome-derived curcumin against phytopathogenic fungi in a greenhouse.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (8,656)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990852 (9.84)18.7374
1990's608 (7.02)18.2507
2000's1936 (22.37)29.6817
2010's3445 (39.80)24.3611
2020's1815 (20.97)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 40.42

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index40.42 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.15 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.97 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index69.20 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (40.42)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials362 (3.99%)5.53%
Reviews426 (4.70%)6.00%
Case Studies148 (1.63%)4.05%
Observational2 (0.02%)0.25%
Other8,132 (89.66%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.94110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.13104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.7730ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		7.49381monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.7430aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetoin
[no description available]		1.9510methyl ketone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		metabolite
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.0510ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.4206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		210guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.78110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
benzene
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		3.830benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		2.9240amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		1.9410halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.8130alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		5.77201amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.3920carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
carnitine
[no description available]		4.2531amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		5.62220alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		2.6320cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		12.021066tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		5.71191halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.6390chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0610coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		4.93310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		3.2560benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.78100trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.6630gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.0210(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.9240guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		210amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0310catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0210hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
cytosine
[no description available]		2.3720aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		6.041422-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0110alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.0850aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.5170alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		6.38121alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.0310hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.730carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		3.2560aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		4.981elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		3.0950diatomic iodinenutrient
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.2110aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.0310dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.59202-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		5.76310alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.0210inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7530cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		3.140acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		3.9520N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		3.74100metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.4620pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.4711pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		5.76201monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.110nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		6.48131monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		2.7430gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4620octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		210pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4420alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		4.3200C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.780phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		2.3110carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
putrescine
[no description available]		3.360alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyridoxal
[no description available]		1.9510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		1.9510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		1.9510aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		2.3520hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.5120benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2.5202-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		1.9610selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.7130divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		3.0740polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.0140polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.1240alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		4.0331sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		4.360primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.4420methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.3720pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.33124uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.16111isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii
Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.		2.610uroporphyrinogenEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0210benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		210xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		3.6120p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.4520hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		4.47200aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		3.2960chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		210dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
meglutol
Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.		2.55203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary alcohol		anticholesteremic drug;
antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.0410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
phenytoin
[no description available]		3.3411imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.4520monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		3.5680acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
albendazole
[no description available]		4.4641aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.4920phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.3911organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		5.4153dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.82211-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.6432dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.3372benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atrazine
[no description available]		2.7130chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		1.9510benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.25101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		210alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.730ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		3.3960benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		210pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		3.4110alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen
5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.		5.491515-methoxyfurocoumarin;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
psoralens		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.3811azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
caffeine
[no description available]		10.77317purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		5.8283aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.8330bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.3811dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.73301-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.2510quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		1.9910pyridinium ion
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.610aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		1.9510benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		4.26170chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.91101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.0310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		5.3841aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		5.36170
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.3911aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		5.8264benzamides
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		3.3911monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		1.9510aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		1.9910dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210clonidine;
imidazoline
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.0310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		3.411carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9810dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.14311,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.9440amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.6330benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.3620pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9510dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.8940monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.4220ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.830organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.37203-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		3.3811branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.5720aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.4120trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		2.4120cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.7430
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		210ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		10.692815dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		5.4220aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.411anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.6730organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4720conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0810ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.3110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.5220chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		5.4220aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.0810
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.3711N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.3920dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		3.2550glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		3.3110
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.7630methoxybenzenes
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		2.0210acetamides
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		210aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
heptachlor
Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.		210cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		3.3911organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.0310one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.3611monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.0210benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		1.9810dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.4620aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.21103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.1510carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4110secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.0340catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.4120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2.4206-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.17101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
letrozole
[no description available]		2.0810nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		3.3911benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.3911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		4140diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.5920guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		1.9810benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		1.9210polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.4220aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		5.49151aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0210methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.4820C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		7.0574imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
myristicin
myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;		2.5120organic molecular entitymetabolite
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.4220benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
naled
Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		1.9710dialkyl phosphate;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		3.3911benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		8.36174C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.38112-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.6332C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		4.8721C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		3.71100phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.85213-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.0931aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		1.9810carbazoles
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		1.9810N-alkylpyrrolidine
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.3622aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		3.3450furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.1550barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.78212,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.0310acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		2.1510dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.5420benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.4520inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.8421isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.110aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prometryne
Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.		210diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.1110phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.3741naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		2.4220trihydroxybenzoic acid
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		4.1311,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		3.3811ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.9540chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		4.6332fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.2510haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		1.9710benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		9.26194diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0810quaternary ammonium ion
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.953701,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
tremorine
[no description available]		1.9810N-alkylpyrrolidine
triacetin
Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.		1.9410triglycerideadjuvant;
antifungal drug;
food additive carrier;
food emulsifier;
food humectant;
fuel additive;
plant metabolite;
solvent
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.9933triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
triclosan
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.4110polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.4520N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
tyramine
[no description available]		5.18150monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.411aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane
[no description available]		2.3420carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vinca
Vinca: A plant genus of the family Apocynaceae.		3.1750alkaloid
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.679011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.475111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.6830glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.9340pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.5520benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.6530nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		3.18504-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.41112-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		1.9810ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.371111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.371117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.462017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		3.1350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.6430pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.5520organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.4220nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.8640dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.3560chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.3920alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.3860L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.8940aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		4.4660aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.0510pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		9.05684glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		5.173117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		3.3970ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		210pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.1550adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.680D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.4920monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.8871phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2560ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		1.9410azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		3.2450benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.5920amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.4320aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		3.5720adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.250organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		3.1850amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.0510methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		4.0831quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.041017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.6530carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.0710cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.6530lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.6320aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.7330amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		6.6462alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.1510penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		210antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.4520psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.5220diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		5.661chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.39114-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.081017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0810beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.7571mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		2.6930non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.110C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1710amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.3660erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		4.06140arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.0510alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.7130chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.5520alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.0510fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.93120benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.4220primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.9140
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		3.4770monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.9340alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		2.1110acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		7.3620a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		6.16390pineneplant metabolite
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		1.9510amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.39116-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		2.3720
picryl chloride
Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
explosive;
hapten
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		9.19150monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.9440mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1710xanthene
methyleugenol
methyleugenol: structure		2.0510phenylpropanoid
synephrine
[no description available]		12.64904ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.7130benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		1.9910carbonyl compound
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.89110butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		4130aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.4920trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		1.9810botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
alpha phellandrene
alpha phellandrene: can be irritating to, & absorbed by the skin; ingestion can cause vomiting, diarrhea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phellandrene : One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).		2.1710cyclohexadiene;
phellandrene		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		4.95110cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-cymene
4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.		4.2350monoterpene;
toluenes		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.4420styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		2.0210sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		1.9310primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
citronellal
citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.		2.0810aldehyde;
monoterpenoid		antifungal agent;
metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		3.7590enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
glyoxal
[no description available]		2.4110dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		3.2250alkane
biuret
Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.		1.9310condensed ureas
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		5.24150cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.7530alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		5.6192pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.7830mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		7.7130cycloalkene
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.7330hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
dicofol
Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.6830monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine acaricide;
tertiary alcohol
linalyl acetate
linalyl acetate: structure in first source; RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation. linalyl acetate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-linalyl acetate. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.. 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.		2.5420acetate ester;
monoterpenoid
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.3820aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0810benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		2.0310isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.6530naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		3.0730alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.081020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.110methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		210D-aldohexose derivative
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		4.5351hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		6.62151catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		4.0640ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		3.8130acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		4.74270cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.0810isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		3.54701,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.161501,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0510diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.0410organic cation
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.940phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		4.3760azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon
[no description available]		3.5690aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.1510N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.4120amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.4711monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorfenvinphos
Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.		2.3720dichlorobenzene;
organic phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.3920calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		3.94120
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		1.9310isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.5120dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		7.8330botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		1.9410quinone iminedye
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.2510
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.1110thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.5420hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
myrtenol
myrtenol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source		2.6320
elemene
elemene: a sclerosing and antineoplastic agent isolated from Curcuma wenyujin & Rhizoma zedoariae; beta- and delta- elemene are also available		2.110
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0810furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		17.527283'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.7630
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		2.0210cellobioseepitope
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.110amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		8.38438dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4220long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.8530arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride
Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.		2.0210
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.4311organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
beta-phellandrene
[no description available]		3.6790phellandreneplant metabolite
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		4.7790terpineol;
tertiary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.8930bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.75100flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
terpinolene
[no description available]		4.89100p-menthadieneinsect repellent;
plant metabolite;
sedative;
volatile oil component
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		1.9610aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.9940acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		4.4522aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.6332cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.4320N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.0510N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		8.1894potassium saltdiuretic
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.1510ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		210phenylacetaldehydes
dichlofluanid
dichlofluanid: structure. dichlofluanid : A member of the class of sulfamides that is sulfamide in which the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups, while those attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a phenyl and a [dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanediyl group. A fungicide introduced in 1965 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.		2.0110organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylsulfamide fungicide;
sulfamides		acaricide;
antifungal agrochemical
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		2.1310
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.6830
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		5.2280alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		3.5970zinc molecular entity
beta-pinene
beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.		4.39200pineneplant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.0410hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.0510glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		6.6151alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		3.1950
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		2.0810diarylmethane
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		2.42012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.0110aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.9540organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810tertiary amine
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		210aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
alpha-terpineol
terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.		4.5970terpineolplant metabolite
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.0210fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		3.0840primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0110fluorescein isothiocyanate
1-octen-3-ol
1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.		2.0610alkenyl alcohol;
medium-chain fatty alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fungal metabolite;
insect attractant;
volatile oil component
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.9340D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
ecdysone
[no description available]		2.131014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.3360antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.2460carbon oxoanion
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		5.0570dioxolane
maleic hydrazide
Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.		2.110pyridazinone
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		10.831381cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4920f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		4.08150elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		4.5690elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		3.5990chromium group element atommicronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.2510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.9740elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.8230iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		4.48200copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.3520manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.8330titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		1.9610chromium group element atommicronutrient
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		1.9410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		4.39200cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.520f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		4.8271chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		4.53220copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		2.1510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		1.9610elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.5580titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.6320aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.7930D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.7530chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0710delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9610diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.3110metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		6.8962calcium phosphate
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0510metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.420inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.0510potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		2.2510
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.7830dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		3.2560diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		4.2550
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		3.4980elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.4520cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.0310
rhamnose
[no description available]		3.1250L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		1.9410ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
3-carene
3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		8.84110monoterpene
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0410
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		3.3411organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		4.04140acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		7.71271halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
benomyl
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
iodine
[no description available]		2.6430halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.4520aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		2.3720C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.11430benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		9.8874chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
myrcene
myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.03130monoterpeneanabolic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
chloroprene
Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.		2.110chloroolefin
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alkenes
[no description available]		4.26170
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		7.2182organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7830glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		3.82110
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		1.9710inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		2.4120pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.4720penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.6830taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		2.420peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.11103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diflubenzuron
Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.		3.2760benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes		insect sterilant
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.0710alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.37115-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.920alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.1510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		5.7522monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.3820aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.6432delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.7173delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.36223-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.6332aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.1710imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
atorvastatin
[no description available]		4.3622aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
verbenol
verbenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.3110monoterpenoid
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		1.9910trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		1.9610
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		2.0210
colestipol
Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.		1.9710
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		8.7213hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		8.45403D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.2510iodine oxoacid
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9510cephalosporinfungal metabolite
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.47701,2,3-triazole
isocoumarins
Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.		2.2510isocoumarins
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.4120anthocyanidin chloride
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.3811dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.7921artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		210conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		3.8521macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.0110bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
alpha-bergamotene
alpha-bergamotene: RR (13434-59-4) refers to the (trans)-isomer. alpha-bergamotene : A sesquiterpene consisting of a bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene skeleton substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 6 by a 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl group.		2.110bridged compound;
polycyclic olefin;
sesquiterpene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.610adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.77213-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.610
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.8942iditolfungal metabolite
beta-thujone
[no description available]		2.1110beta-thujone
beta-eudesmol
beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).		2.1510carbobicyclic compound;
eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		volatile oil component
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		5.6854amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
elemol
elemol: monocyclic sespuiterpenoid tertiary alcohol; RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure in first source. elemol : A sesquiterpenoid that is isopropanol which is substituted at position 2 by a (3S,4S)-3-isopropenyl-4-methyl-4-vinylcyclohexyl group.		2.1510olefinic compound;
sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		fragrance;
plant metabolite
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		4.2360D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		210
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.4170cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.421801,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.0840proanthocyanidin
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.7730
terpinyl acetate
terpinyl acetate: ingredient in perfume of spray starch causing contact urticaria		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		3.0340fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.520nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0610methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.2110dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
aspartame
[no description available]		5.2741carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.830D-xylose
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		2.1110quinomethane
phytol
[no description available]		2.1310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		9.04294amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		3.0140
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.4119-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.5680oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		1.9810camphor
cyclocolorenone
cyclocolorenone: sesquiterpenoid isolated from the liverwort, Plagiochila acanthophylla subsp. japonica; structure		2.0810
oxypeucadanin
oxypeucadanin: furanocoumarin from W. Afr. medicinal plant Clausena anisata; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. oxypeucedanin : A furanocoumarin that is 7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one substituted by a [(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]methoxy group at position 4.		2.1110psoralens
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		3.7821
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.7620biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.9940amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9510
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		5.7240
aromadendrene
aromadendrene: do not confuse with aromadendrin		2.110sesquiterpenoid
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		3.0410divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.9640aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		6.433acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cortisone
[no description available]		1.991011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.793014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.4220
solanine
Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].		1.9410
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.05101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.0410
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		3.4820
carboplatin
[no description available]		2.110
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		3.3760
arabinose
[no description available]		3.4770L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.1510N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.0510peptide
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.0710
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		3.0640raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.0310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.4220myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.6730dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		2.0110
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		3.73100cellotriose
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9410monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.6332cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.0710alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.03101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.0210cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		5.262L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		3.411011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		340
1-alpha-terpineol
(S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.		1.9810alpha-terpineolplant metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.4620tripeptide
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		5.14101cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.5820acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		3.16503beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.0510retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.5220icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.1110farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.5920resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		7.34131retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.5370octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.6480macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		2.110farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		16.622508D-galactopyranuronic acid
geranyl pyrophosphate
geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.		2.110polyprenyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		5.17111benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		3.3911icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
lycopene
[no description available]		9.07224acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0210epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.3110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.		2.0210geranylgeranyl diphosphatemouse metabolite
eptifibatide
[no description available]		2.110homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.4920
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		1.9510actinomycinmutagen
streptothricins
Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.		2.1710
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		4.1531flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0510
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.5680one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0110organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		3.1650organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
spathulenol
spathulenol: sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. & Artemisia dracunculus L.. spathulenol : A tricyclic sesquiterpenoid that is 4-methylidenedecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying three methyl substituents at positions 1, 1 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 7.		2.7930
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.0510anetholeflavouring agent
geraniol
[no description available]		2.1103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		10.07740
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.4120chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.52230isomethyleugenol
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.1710enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.9130stilbene
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		4.7490alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.4820flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.7830diphosphate ion
amygdalin
[no description available]		3.1510
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.4220pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		8.07671
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		1.9410thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.06152aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
penicillic acid
Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.		2.4110
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		4.331capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
geranyl acetate
geranyl acetate: constituted about 90% of the palmarosa oil. geranyl acetate : A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester derivative of geraniol.		2.5320acetate ester;
monoterpenoid		plant metabolite
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.2110
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4320cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		3.7430one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		6.03271cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4820thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.0931cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.5420stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		4.5251
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.3622pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.3222C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		3.5780
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		2.0410
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.8430alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		2.8730dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		1.9310nitrogen oxide
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		2.6320
phosphamidon
Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.3520
thiophanate
Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		2.1510benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal drug
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.5320beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		5.7261cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		5.18111
t-muurolol
T-muurolol: antifungal from Calocedrus formosana leaf; structure in first source. (-)-Tau-muurolol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that consists of 4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene having a hydroxy substituent at position 1 and (1S,4S,4aR,8aS)-configuration.		2.110cadinane sesquiterpenoid;
carbobicyclic compound;
octahydronaphthalenes;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
marine metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.0710
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		3.0140
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		4.6861organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.610
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.7430organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.0110sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		8.122917-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.4951biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.79221prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.1850monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		6.65151trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.14503'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.5780octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.0110D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.8221hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9310
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		10.07483carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.1310hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
furylfuramide
Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.		2.4120acrylamides;
C-nitro compound;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
primary carboxamide
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		7.4444hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		4.32413beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		865D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		4.08150disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.0310prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		3.0940carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.1510harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.84307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kava
Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.		2.4520
cryptoxanthins
Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.		10.96395carotenolantioxidant;
biomarker;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		3.1550carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.110alpha-humulene
diosmin
[no description available]		5.49190dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.0310thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.110
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9810hydrochloride
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0610morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.4220morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.17101-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
beta-farnesene
beta-farnesene: structure given in first source		2.4720beta-farnesene
ligustilide
ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		1.9710butenolidemetabolite
nerolidol
nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.		2.110nerolidol
beta-ocimene
beta-ocimene : The trans-stereoisomer of ocimene.. (Z)-beta-ocimene : A beta-ocimene that consists of octa-1,3,6-triene bearing two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 (the 3Z-isomer).		3.0340beta-ocimeneplant metabolite
caryophyllene
caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		3.790
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		5.23190carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		1.9410carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
butylidenephthalide
butylidenephthalide: structure in first source. (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide : A gamma-lactone that is phthalide substituted by a butylidene group at position 3. Isolated from Ligusticum porteri, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		1.9710isobenzofuranone
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.08101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		2.4320metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.3820alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		7.66441boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		2.4420alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		2.2510metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		6.58150metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.3920boron group element atom
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.81216-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.4420boron group element atom
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.3622dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		5.49141chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
methoprene
Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.		2.1110isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate;
isopropyl ester		juvenile hormone mimic
germacrene d
germacrene D: RN in 9th CI Form Index for unspecified stereoisomer: 37839-63-7		2.9940
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		2.05101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.722014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		3.0310alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.2260cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.3820carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		4.88340monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		4.78280boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.2360morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		1.9510
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.0710triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		5.224502-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0310cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.8530ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
bisabolol
bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation		2.5320
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		2.0510carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		3.4370chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		210
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.1310chalcogen;
metalloid atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		2.7330
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.8330maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pregnanediol
[no description available]		1.9410
cadinol
cadinol: from callus cultures of Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae)		2.5520
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		1.9610cholestanoid
zeta carotene
zeta Carotene: A carotenoid produced in most carotenogenic organisms. It is one of several sequentially synthesized molecules that are precursors to BETA CAROTENE.		4.4111zeta-carotene
comfrey
Comfrey: Perennial herb Symphytum officinale, in the family Boraginaceae, used topically for wound healing. It contains ALLANTOIN, carotene, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE); GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, resin, SAPONINS; TANNINS; triterpenoids, VITAMIN B12, and ZINC. Comfrey also contains PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS and is hepatotoxic if ingested.		2.0510
cgp-56697
Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.		2.2510
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.0810
borneol
[no description available]		2.420borneol
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.2510cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.8130beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		5.1852beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
bornyl acetate
[no description available]		2.1510acetate ester;
monoterpenoid
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.9640penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.8730biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0510
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		2.940
fenpyroximate
fenpyroximate: structure in first source		3.3660pyrazole acaricide;
tert-butyl ester		mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		5.78250aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
tocotrienols
tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.		3.8621diterpenoid
zeolites
[no description available]		2.520
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.7630
tribulus
Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.		3.1810
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		1.9910methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
struvite
Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.		2.0410hydrate;
phosphate mineral		fertilizer
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.8430
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.4110D-ribose;
ribopyranose
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		2.6730alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
cubebol
cubebol: antifeedants against Acusta despesta from the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica II; structure in first source. (-)-cubebol : A tertiary alcohol resulting from the formal addition of water to the double bond of alpha-cubebene.		2.0810carbotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		1.9410nystatins
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.9840benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.84110
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.4110
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.55201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.6961
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		6.4162
carbocysteine
sabinol: RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3beta,5alpha))isomer; structure given in first source		2.4120
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.7330
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.4620
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		3.790
jaw
[no description available]		1.9310indolecarboxamide
aflatoxin m1
Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9610aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
tertiary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.7230organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.4720
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.1510oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		2.0310
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.4110polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.5120
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.0110
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.4511peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.4620
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.7530
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.3820
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		3.8621
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.4511
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		8.28472glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.5520
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.41201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		6.54570chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		6.2851
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.0710
chitosan
[no description available]		6.12340
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.0510inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		2.1310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.4220inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		2.1510monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.7130
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		210
hygromycin b
[no description available]		2.9940
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.0510
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		2.3620
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		1.9410
mannans
[no description available]		3.0140
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		1.9710
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.3110
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.1510
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.0810
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		5.6961
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.1250
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.4820
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.0210
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		14.6321315ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.1510carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.6861
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.4320
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.4460
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.0510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		4.7161monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		11.781282benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tenuazonic acid
Tenuazonic Acid: 3-Acetyl-5-sec-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one. A metabolite found in a strain of the fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct. which functions as an antibiotic with antiviral and antineoplastic properties, and may also act as a mycotoxin.. tenuazonic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is 5-(butan-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2,4-dione carrying an additional acetyl group at position 3. A mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi.		2.4420
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		1.9410
citrinin
Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.		2.4220
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.2110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.6180aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.2850
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		3.5620
pyrethrins
[no description available]		4.44200
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.6530
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.4110
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		4.3541
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.2660
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		2.3720
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.2110
ascophyllum
Ascophyllum: A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin.		2.3110
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.7830
diospyros
Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.		5.170
gibberellins
[no description available]		5.61230
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		3.411
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		10.874315
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		2.0710
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		2.0310
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9510
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.9440
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.4820
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		5.3572
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.1550
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.18503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		4.1531purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine pentaphosphate
Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.		2.2110guanosine 5'-phosphate;
guanosine bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.2110guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.95102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		9.51224folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		3.4570
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.8453cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.3141benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		3.2760nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		5.2462citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		4.1531guanosinesbiomarker
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		2.3110
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		1.9510
eye
[no description available]		1.9210
chromomycin a3
Chromomycin A3: Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.		2.7130
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.830
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.4320
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.4420
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.6530
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.541
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.821
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		08.63190
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.9440
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		08.63190
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		010.431170
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		04.2631
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		04.2631
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.01120
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		04.32170
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.01120
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		04.32170
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		08.3470
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		08.3470
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		010.93286
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		010.93286
Loa loa Filariasis
[description not available]		02.3110
Eye Infections, Parasitic
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.		02.3110
Loiasis
A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.		02.3110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.36480
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		011.36480
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		03.5180
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.5180
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		011.123210
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		011.123210
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		05.57110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		013.76876
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		07.74220
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		013.76876
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		014.787710
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		010.52698
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		09.66223
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		09.66223
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		06.7203
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		06.84530
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		04.41190
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		010.221133
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.63201
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.4110
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		05.89110
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		05.89110
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		04.65240
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		04.65240
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		04.0550
Metastase
[description not available]		06.85140
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		06.85140
Allodynia
[description not available]		03.0130
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.3110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.3110
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		06.8781
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		010.67214
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		010.67214
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		06.8781
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		02.5720
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.3110
Diathesis
[description not available]		06.51163
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		06.4351
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		06.4351
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		07.2140
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.17121
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		02.3110
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.5761
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.9830
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.5761
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.9830
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.4110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.0230
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.0230
Crush Fractures
[description not available]		02.3110
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		012.72117
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.4110
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.4110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		06.35240
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		06.35240
Impotence
[description not available]		02.6120
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.6120
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		02.9440
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9440
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.8640
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.8640
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.9440
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.9440
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.453
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		03.811
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.453
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.150
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		04.150
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.4110
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.77100
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.5820
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.5820
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		08.53261
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		08.53261
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		03.74100
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		03.74100
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		07.1544
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		07.1544
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.4110
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.4110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		07.27110
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.27110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.930
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		03.3670
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.930
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.49101
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.4260
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		07.49101
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.4260
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.2860
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.2860
Triploid
[description not available]		03.4970
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5120
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.4110
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.76270
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.4110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.4110
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		05.0231
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		05.0231
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		05.41100
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		04.3740
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		04.3740
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.7590
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		06.37260
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.7590
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		06.37260
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		010.15273
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		010.15273
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		014.84406
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.4110
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.4110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.8640
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.6120
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.191
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.8640
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.6120
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.191
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		013.433410
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		013.433410
Envenomation, Snakebite
[description not available]		02.4110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		06.8641
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		06.8641
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		09.96303
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		09.96303
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		08.27314
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.3340
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.27314
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.3340
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		04.2931
Ache
[description not available]		010.331710
Dermatoses
[description not available]		04.3980
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		010.331710
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		04.3980
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.610
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		06.84230
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		06.84230
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.08141
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.08141
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		04.11160
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		04.11160
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.610
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		04.5590
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.2431
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.610
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.5590
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.2431
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.5720
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.2460
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.5720
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.2460
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.610
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.610
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		06.7261
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		06.7261
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.2450
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.9821
Haemonchiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.		03.9821
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		05.47100
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		06.61130
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		05.47100
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		06.61130
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		04.4450
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		04.4450
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.9911
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		03.9911
Pyrosis
[description not available]		03.3970
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		03.3970
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.6820
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		06.12290
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		06.12290
Allergy, Nut
[description not available]		03.0640
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		05.88241
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		05.88241
Nut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system.		03.0640
Acne
[description not available]		03.4420
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		03.4420
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.610
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.610
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.610
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.610
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		04.4570
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		06.14100
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		06.14100
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.2110
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.4970
Polyploid
[description not available]		04.25170
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		08.19113
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		08.19113
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.1210
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.3951
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		03.1210
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.0450
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		05.3951
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		03.8921
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.2110
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.8921
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2110
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.3870
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.7730
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.7730
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.2510
Tetraploid
[description not available]		04.21150
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		09.47193
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		09.47193
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.2110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.32260
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.32260
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		03.1210
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.1431
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.1431
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.2510
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.2510
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.0540
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.0540
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.0140
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.0140
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.8130
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.8130
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.8130
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		03.690
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		03.690
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.8130
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		010.39284
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.8940
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		010.39284
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.8940
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.36120
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.36120
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.2510
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		03.4120
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		03.4120
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		04.3870
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		04.3870
Infection
[description not available]		02.9430
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.9430
Indigestion
[description not available]		04.1831
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		04.1831
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		06.0461
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		06.0461
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.9640
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		05.4240
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		05.4240
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		09.32168
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		03.1710
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.5420
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5420
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.6320
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.1650
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.1650
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		07.53173
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		07.53173
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		05.0491
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		05.0491
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.97130
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.97130
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.89120
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.9440
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.55120
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		06.9380
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		06.9380
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		03.5180
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.2510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.2510
Dental Wear
[description not available]		03.0140
Tooth Erosion
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)		013.098812
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		05.252
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		05.3962
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.3962
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.0850
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.0850
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		04.5140
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		04.5140
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		02.7530
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		02.4620
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		05.95132
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		04.9621
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.2510
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		04.9621
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.2510
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		06.161
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		04.7732
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.4720
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.4720
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.7220
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.7220
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.4870
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.5270
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.5270
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.2310
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.2310
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.3110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.3110
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.3110
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.9321
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.711
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		03.711
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.5220
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		04.9881
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.651
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.651
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.7430
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.7430
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.4370
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.6620
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.6620
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		02.6630
Asystole
[description not available]		02.3110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.3110
Adult Sandhoff Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Sandhoff Disease
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.		02.3110
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.4720
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.3110
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.4720
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		02.3110
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		02.3110
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.3110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.3110
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		05.16180
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		03.78110
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		03.78110
Amentia
[description not available]		04.7860
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		04.7860
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		05.0833
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.711
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		05.0833
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.711
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.4110
Cacosmia
[description not available]		03.3920
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		05.9350
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		04.7532
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		04.5450
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		04.5450
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.1310
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.1310
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		05.632
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		05.632
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.7930
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.7930
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		03.5311
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		03.5311
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.5120
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		09.79130
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		09.79130
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		04.761
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.7330
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.7330
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		04.0730
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.0730
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.1510
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.1510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.4470
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.75110
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.75110
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.7730
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.7730
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.1510
Pediculosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Lice Infestations
Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)		02.4820
HPV Infection
[description not available]		02.4920
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		02.4920
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		03.9120
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1710
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.3820
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.3820
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.3260
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.3260
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.1710
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.1710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
E coli Infections
[description not available]		03.1950
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.7730
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		03.470
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		03.1950
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		03.470
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		0560
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		0560
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.1710
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.1710
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.5220
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.5220
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		0340
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		0340
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		05.56100
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		03.2960
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		05.56100
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.1710
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.4720
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.4720
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.830
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.1710
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.1710
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.1710
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.3341
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		04.1131
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.01103
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		04.1131
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		02.2110
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1210
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		05.5461
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.1210
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		05.5461
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.1710
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		02.3820
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		02.3820
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.1630
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.1630
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		02.2110
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.2110
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.2110
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.7230
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.7230
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.5111
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.5111
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2110
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.2110
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.5911
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		03.840
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.4320
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		04.3470
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		04.3470
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.8640
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.7830
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		02.7830
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.7630
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.0810
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		0310
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		0310
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.3820
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0810
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.690
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		04.7821
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		04.7821
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.0810
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		05.5763
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		05.5763
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.2860
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.2860
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		02.110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		05.7171
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		05.7171
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.110
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4520
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		02.4520
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.7161
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.7161
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.110
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.3920
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.3920
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.0650
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.0650
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.110
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.110
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.110
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		03.8521
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.110
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.9850
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.110
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.4370
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.4370
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		04.9831
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		04.9831
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		09.63140
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		09.63140
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		04.1331
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.9840
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.9840
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.4620
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.4620
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.110
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.411
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.411
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.97160
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.921
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.1110
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.4811
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.3541
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.110
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.9750
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		06.1310
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.9750
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.9220
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.1110
Coronary Occlusion
Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.1110
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		06.2372
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.5420
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.5420
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.1110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.1110
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		05.06101
Hives
[description not available]		02.8840
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.8840
Bleb
[description not available]		02.7530
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		05.2841
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		05.2841
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.1110
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.1110
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.6630
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		02.1310
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.1310
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.1310
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		03.4420
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		03.4420
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.1110
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		02.1110
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		04.0350
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		04.0350
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1110
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.1110
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.1110
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.1310
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.1310
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.1310
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.1310
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.7230
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.7230
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.3820
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.1310
Mange, Sarcoptic
[description not available]		02.1310
Scabies
A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.		02.1310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.6561
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.520
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1310
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1310
Hay Fever
[description not available]		05.0291
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		05.0291
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System
Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.		02.1510
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		03.0410
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.3620
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.3620
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.0950
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.7530
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.4320
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		03.1350
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.4320
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.7530
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.86100
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.1510
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.5220
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.5220
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.1310
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.5111
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		05.1962
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		05.1962
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.5120
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.5120
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		02.1510
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.690
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1510
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.0731
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.0731
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1510
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.940
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		06.2251
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		04.6632
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		02.0410
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		04.6632
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.0410
Lentigines
[description not available]		02.4220
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		02.4220
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		02.3620
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.		02.4420
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.9440
Demineralization, Tooth
[description not available]		04.0831
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.8840
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.2360
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.2360
Acariasis
[description not available]		03.2860
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.1150
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.1150
Attrition, Dental
[description not available]		03.1250
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.420
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		04.4851
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.		02.0410
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.420
Injuries, Teeth
[description not available]		02.3320
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9210
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		03.4311
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.83120
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.83120
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.94103
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.4311
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.94103
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		02.9610
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.5661
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.0510
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.0510
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.7430
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Adenitis, Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.4620
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0510
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		05.62300
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.8121
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		05.6132
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		05.6132
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.0510
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.420
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.420
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		03.8521
Farmer's Lung
A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.		02.0510
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		02.0510
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		02.0510
Emesis
[description not available]		03.4980
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.4980
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.9710
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.9710
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		03.4411
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		03.4411
Aphthae
[description not available]		010.06139
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		010.06139
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0610
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.0610
Melanoma, Amelanotic
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.4720
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.4720
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.8440
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4320
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.4320
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.		02.4720
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		03.821
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.6630
Asialia
[description not available]		03.8240
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		03.8240
Regurgitation, Gastric
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER		02.0610
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.		02.0610
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.0610
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.0610
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0610
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0610
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		02.4320
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.8442
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.8442
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.0710
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.0710
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.0610
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.3920
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.3920
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.1460
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		03.8421
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		03.8421
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		03.4511
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		02.4720
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		02.8940
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		05.241
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		04.3711
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.3711
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		04.3711
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.3711
Infections, Rhabditida
[description not available]		02.4820
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.0610
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0610
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.0610
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.9910
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.9910
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		03.4611
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		03.4611
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.0810
Ascaridiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.		03.4611
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.0150
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.0150
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		04.0250
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0710
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.0710
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.0710
Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		02.0710
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0710
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0710
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0710
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.0710
Aberrant Crypt Foci
Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.		02.0810
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		02.1110
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		03.6430
HbS Disease
[description not available]		03.4711
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		03.4711
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		03.3911
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		03.3911
Mouth, Edentulous
Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.		02.8840
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.9210
Parakeratosis
Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9210
Tooth Loss
The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.		02.4220
Cranial Nerve I Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Cretinism
[description not available]		02.0110
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.0110
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		02.0110
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.0110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.3111
Dysphagia
[description not available]		04.3111
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.3111
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.3111
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		02.0110
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.4220
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		02.3620
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		02.3620
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0110
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3320
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		02.3320
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9310
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.6330
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9310
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.3520
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9310
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.3420
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9310
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.3420
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		01.9310
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.6430
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		01.9310
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.6430
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.3420
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.3420
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		01.9310
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		01.9310
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.6230
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		01.9310
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		01.9310
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		01.9310
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		01.9310
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		01.9310
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.3420
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9310
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		02.3420
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.3420
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		01.9310
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		02.3420
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.6330
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.6330
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic
[description not available]		01.9310
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		01.9310
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.		01.9310
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		01.9310
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.3720
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		02.8640
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		01.9410
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.3720
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		02.8510
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.8510
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8510
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.8510
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8510
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.8510
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		02.8510
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		02.8510
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.8510
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.8510
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.8740
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.8740
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		01.9410
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.3420
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		01.9410
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		01.9410
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.6630
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		01.9310
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		01.9310
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		01.9310
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		01.9310
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		01.9210
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		01.9210
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		04.341
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		04.341
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		06.8240
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.0150
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		06.8240
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.7130
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.0210
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.0210
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		09.6399
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.0110
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.0110
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0210
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		03.76110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.0210
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0210
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.6930
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.6930
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0210
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.4220
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0210
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4320
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.4120
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0210
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4320
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.4120
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.4120
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		02.4120
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.0210
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.0210
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		04.8681
Fatigue, Mental
[description not available]		02.0210
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.0210
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.0210
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.0310
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.0310
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		02.0210
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		02.0210
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.9410
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.9410
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.9410
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.9410
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.9410
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		03.0650
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		03.0650
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		02.0310
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		02.0310
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.0310
Allergy, Peanut
[description not available]		02.0310
Peanut Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.		02.0310
Candida Infection
[description not available]		03.68100
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		02.9140
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.68100
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		02.9140
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.0310
Grippe
[description not available]		02.0310
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.0310
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.0310
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.0310
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0310
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		02.0310
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.3820
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.8940
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0310
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.0410
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0410
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		01.9210
Angle's Classification
[description not available]		02.0410
Malocclusion
Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)		02.0410
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		02.0410
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		02.0410
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		0210
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		0210
Parotiditis
[description not available]		03.4311
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		04.2611
Alactasia
[description not available]		04.2611
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		04.2611
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9510
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		01.9610
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		03.2360
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		03.2360
Aura
[description not available]		03.7721
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.		01.9610
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.7721
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		01.9610
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3620
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.6430
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		01.9610
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.6430
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9810
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9810
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.3670
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		03.3670
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		01.9810
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		01.9810
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9810
Arachnidism
[description not available]		01.9810
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		01.9810
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		02.420
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		02.420
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		01.9810
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		01.9810
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		01.9810
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		01.9810
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.3620
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.3620
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		01.9810
Acrania
[description not available]		01.9810
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		01.9810
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		01.9810
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		04.88140
Diverticulum, Meckel
[description not available]		03.2920
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		02.3620
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.3820
Adenoma, Pleomorphic
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3920
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Parotid
[description not available]		02.6830
Parotid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.		02.6830
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Hypervitaminosis A
A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.		01.9810
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		03.2260
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3920
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3920
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		02.3920
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.3920
Dental Fluoroses
[description not available]		01.9910
Fluorosis, Dental
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)		01.9910
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.3920
Itching
[description not available]		02.6830
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.3920
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.6830
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.3720
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.3720
Autism
[description not available]		01.9910
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		01.9910
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		01.9910
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		01.9910
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.420
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		01.9910
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.3620
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		01.9910
Adenolymphoma
A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.		02.420
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.910
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.910
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.3720
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.3720
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		01.9910
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		01.9910
Rubeola
[description not available]		01.9910
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		01.9910
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		01.9910
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		01.9910
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.9110
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.3920
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.3920
Cramp
[description not available]		02.9110
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		02.9110
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		0210
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		0210
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		0210
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		0210
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.3720
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		0210
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.9110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.9110
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		0210
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3920
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.3920
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.3911
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.3911
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		03.3911
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3920
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.6530
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		0210
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		0210
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		0210
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		0210
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		0210
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		0210
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		0210
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		0210
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.6530
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6530
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		0210
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		0210
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		03.3911
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		03.3911
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9810
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		03.3911
Varices
[description not available]		0210
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		0210
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		0210
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		0210
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		0210
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		0210
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.0110
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.3320
Measles, German
[description not available]		03.3411
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.3520
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.3520
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9510
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9510
Cerebrospinal Fluid Effusion, Subdural
[description not available]		01.9510
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		01.9510
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.6430
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.6430
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.3820
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9810
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9810
Insulin Coma
Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.		01.9710
Bites
[description not available]		01.9710
Cattle Plague
[description not available]		01.9710
Caprine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiac Neurosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		01.9610
Gagging
Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.		01.9610
Sphingolipid Storage Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9610
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9610
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		01.9510
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		01.9510
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9410
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		01.9410
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9410
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		01.9410
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Carditis
[description not available]		01.9410
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		01.9410
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9510
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		01.9510
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		01.9510
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		01.9510
Embolus
[description not available]		01.9510
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		01.9510
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		01.9410
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		01.9410
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		01.9410
Flatus
[description not available]		01.9410
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		01.9410
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		02.3520
Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9410
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		01.9410
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		01.9410
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		01.9410
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		01.9410
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		01.9410
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		01.9410
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9410
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		01.9410
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		01.9410
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9410
Icterus
[description not available]		01.9410
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		01.9410
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		01.9410
Geotrichosis
Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.		01.9410